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Andrikopoulos P, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Chakaroun R, Myridakis A, Forslund SK, Nielsen T, Adriouch S, Holmes B, Chilloux J, Vieira-Silva S, Falony G, Salem JE, Andreelli F, Belda E, Kieswich J, Chechi K, Puig-Castellvi F, Chevalier M, Le Chatelier E, Olanipekun MT, Hoyles L, Alves R, Helft G, Isnard R, Køber L, Coelho LP, Rouault C, Gauguier D, Gøtze JP, Prifti E, Froguel P, Zucker JD, Bäckhed F, Vestergaard H, Hansen T, Oppert JM, Blüher M, Nielsen J, Raes J, Bork P, Yaqoob MM, Stumvoll M, Pedersen O, Ehrlich SD, Clément K, Dumas ME. Evidence of a causal and modifiable relationship between kidney function and circulating trimethylamine N-oxide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5843. [PMID: 37730687 PMCID: PMC10511707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The host-microbiota co-metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is linked to increased cardiovascular risk but how its circulating levels are regulated remains unclear. We applied "explainable" machine learning, univariate, multivariate and mediation analyses of fasting plasma TMAO concentration and a multitude of phenotypes in 1,741 adult Europeans of the MetaCardis study. Here we show that next to age, kidney function is the primary variable predicting circulating TMAO, with microbiota composition and diet playing minor, albeit significant, roles. Mediation analysis suggests a causal relationship between TMAO and kidney function that we corroborate in preclinical models where TMAO exposure increases kidney scarring. Consistent with our findings, patients receiving glucose-lowering drugs with reno-protective properties have significantly lower circulating TMAO when compared to propensity-score matched control individuals. Our analyses uncover a bidirectional relationship between kidney function and TMAO that can potentially be modified by reno-protective anti-diabetic drugs and suggest a clinically actionable intervention for decreasing TMAO-associated excess cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Andrikopoulos
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Section of Genomic & Environmental Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Judith Aron-Wisnewsky
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Rima Chakaroun
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Sofia K Forslund
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin and the Max-Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Trine Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Solia Adriouch
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | | | - Julien Chilloux
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Vieira-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Gwen Falony
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Joe-Elie Salem
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Fabrizio Andreelli
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eugeni Belda
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, IRD, Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, UMMISCO, F-93143, Bondy, France
| | - Julius Kieswich
- Diabetic Kidney Disease Centre, Renal Unit, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kanta Chechi
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Genomic & Environmental Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesc Puig-Castellvi
- European Genomics Institute for Diabetes, EGENODIA, INSERM U1283, CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mickael Chevalier
- European Genomics Institute for Diabetes, EGENODIA, INSERM U1283, CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Michael T Olanipekun
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Renato Alves
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerard Helft
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, INSERM, 1166, Paris, France
| | - Richard Isnard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luis Pedro Coelho
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Rouault
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- INSERM UMR 1124, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saint-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Jens Peter Gøtze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edi Prifti
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, IRD, Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, UMMISCO, F-93143, Bondy, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- European Genomics Institute for Diabetes, EGENODIA, INSERM U1283, CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Section of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jean-Daniel Zucker
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, IRD, Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, UMMISCO, F-93143, Bondy, France
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Bornholms Hospital, Rønne, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-Michel Oppert
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Yonsei Frontier Lab (YFL), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Muhammad M Yaqoob
- Diabetic Kidney Disease Centre, Renal Unit, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Dusko Ehrlich
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France.
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Marc-Emmanuel Dumas
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Section of Genomic & Environmental Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- European Genomics Institute for Diabetes, EGENODIA, INSERM U1283, CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France.
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
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Randall DW, Kieswich J, Hoyles L, McCafferty K, Curtis M, Yaqoob MM. Gut Dysbiosis in Experimental Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Rodent Repository Data. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:533-553. [PMID: 36846952 PMCID: PMC10103368 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Alterations in gut microbiota contribute to the pathophysiology of a diverse range of diseases, leading to suggestions that chronic uremia may cause intestinal dysbiosis that contributes to the pathophysiology of CKD. Various small, single-cohort rodent studies have supported this hypothesis. In this meta-analysis of publicly available repository data from studies of models of kidney disease in rodents, cohort variation far outweighed any effect of experimental kidney disease on the gut microbiota. No reproducible changes in animals with kidney disease were seen across all cohorts, although a few trends observed in most experiments may be attributable to kidney disease. The findings suggest that rodent studies do not provide evidence for the existence of "uremic dysbiosis" and that single-cohort studies are unsuitable for producing generalizable results in microbiome research. BACKGROUND Rodent studies have popularized the notion that uremia may induce pathological changes in the gut microbiota that contribute to kidney disease progression. Although single-cohort rodent studies have yielded insights into host-microbiota relationships in various disease processes, their relevance is limited by cohort and other effects. We previously reported finding metabolomic evidence that batch-to-batch variations in the microbiome of experimental animals are significant confounders in an experimental study. METHODS To attempt to identify common microbial signatures that transcend batch variability and that may be attributed to the effect of kidney disease, we downloaded all data describing the molecular characterization of the gut microbiota in rodents with and without experimental kidney disease from two online repositories comprising 127 rodents across ten experimental cohorts. We reanalyzed these data using the DADA2 and Phyloseq packages in R, a statistical computing and graphics system, and analyzed data both in a combined dataset of all samples and at the level of individual experimental cohorts. RESULTS Cohort effects accounted for 69% of total sample variance ( P <0.001), substantially outweighing the effect of kidney disease (1.9% of variance, P =0.026). We found no universal trends in microbial population dynamics in animals with kidney disease, but observed some differences (increased alpha diversity, a measure of within-sample bacterial diversity; relative decreases in Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillus ; and increases in some Clostridia and opportunistic taxa) in many cohorts that might represent effects of kidney disease on the gut microbiota . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that current evidence that kidney disease causes reproducible patterns of dysbiosis is inadequate. We advocate meta-analysis of repository data as a way of identifying broad themes that transcend experimental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Randall
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julius Kieswich
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran McCafferty
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Curtis
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammed M. Yaqoob
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Sheikh MH, Errede M, d'Amati A, Khan NQ, Fanti S, Loiola RA, McArthur S, Purvis GSD, O'Riordan CE, Ferorelli D, Dell'Erba A, Kieswich J, Reutelingsperger C, Maiorano E, Yaqoob M, Thiemermann C, Baragetti A, Catapano AL, Norata GD, Marelli-Berg F, Virgintino D, Solito E. Impact of metabolic disorders on the structural, functional, and immunological integrity of the blood-brain barrier: Therapeutic avenues. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22107. [PMID: 34939700 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101297r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence has linked the metabolic disease to neurovascular disorders and cognitive decline. Using a murine model of a high-fat high-sugar diet mimicking obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in humans, we show that pro-inflammatory mediators and altered immune responses damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB) structure, triggering a proinflammatory metabolic phenotype. We find that disruption to tight junctions and basal lamina due to loss of control in the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) causes BBB impairment. Together the disruption to the structural and functional integrity of the BBB results in enhanced transmigration of leukocytes across the BBB that could contribute to an initiation of a neuroinflammatory response through activation of microglia. Using a humanized in vitro model of the BBB and T2DM patient post-mortem brains, we show the translatable applicability of our results. We find a leaky BBB phenotype in T2DM patients can be attributed to a loss of junctional proteins through changes in inflammatory mediators and MMP/TIMP levels, resulting in increased leukocyte extravasation into the brain parenchyma. We further investigated therapeutic avenues to reduce and restore the BBB damage caused by HFHS-feeding. Pharmacological treatment with recombinant annexin A1 (hrANXA1) or reversion from a high-fat high-sugar diet to a control chow diet (dietary intervention), attenuated T2DM development, reduced inflammation, and restored BBB integrity in the animals. Given the rising incidence of diabetes worldwide, understanding metabolic-disease-associated brain microvessel damage is vital and the proposed therapeutic avenues could help alleviate the burden of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha H Sheikh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio d'Amati
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.,Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Noorafza Q Khan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Fanti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo A Loiola
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique, Faculty Jean Perrin, EA 2465, Université d'Artois, Arras, France
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gareth S D Purvis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline E O'Riordan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Davide Ferorelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dell'Erba
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Julius Kieswich
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Chis Reutelingsperger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Magdi Yaqoob
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy.,S.I.S.A. Centre for the Study of Atherosclerosis-Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Federica Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Randall DW, Kieswich J, Swann J, McCafferty K, Thiemermann C, Curtis M, Hoyles L, Yaqoob MM. Batch effect exerts a bigger influence on the rat urinary metabolome and gut microbiota than uraemia: a cautionary tale. Microbiome 2019; 7:127. [PMID: 31477171 PMCID: PMC6720068 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent models are invaluable for studying biological processes in the context of whole organisms. The reproducibility of such research is based on an assumption of metabolic similarity between experimental animals, controlled for by breeding and housing strategies that minimise genetic and environmental variation. Here, we set out to demonstrate the effect of experimental uraemia on the rat urinary metabolome and gut microbiome but found instead that the effect of vendor shipment batch was larger in both areas than that of uraemia. RESULTS Twenty four Wistar rats obtained from the same commercial supplier in two separate shipment batches underwent either subtotal nephrectomy or sham procedures. All animals undergoing subtotal nephrectomy developed an expected uraemic phenotype. The urinary metabolome was studied using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and found to vary significantly between animals from different batches, with substantial differences in concentrations of a broad range of substances including lactate, acetate, glucose, amino acids, amines and benzoate derivatives. In animals from one batch, there was a complete absence of the microbiome-associated urinary metabolite hippurate, which was present in significant concentrations in animals from the other batch. These differences were so prominent that we would have drawn quite different conclusions about the effect of uraemia on urinary phenotype depending on which batch of animals we had used. Corresponding differences were seen in the gut microbiota between animals in different batches when assessed by the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, with higher alpha diversity and different distributions of Proteobacteria subtaxa and short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria in the second batch compared to the first. Whilst we also demonstrated differences in both the urinary metabolome and gut microbiota associated with uraemia, these effects were smaller in size than those associated with shipment batch. CONCLUSIONS These results challenge the assumption that experimental animals obtained from the same supplier are metabolically comparable, and provide metabolomic evidence that batch-to-batch variations in the microbiome of experimental animals are significant confounders in an experimental study. We discuss strategies for reducing such variability and the need for transparency in research publications about the supply of experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David William Randall
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 8BQ UK
| | - Julius Kieswich
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 8BQ UK
| | - Jonathan Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Kieran McCafferty
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 8BQ UK
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 8BQ UK
| | - Michael Curtis
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Muhammed Magdi Yaqoob
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 8BQ UK
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5
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Andrikopoulos P, Kieswich J, Pacheco S, Nadarajah L, Harwood SM, O'Riordan CE, Thiemermann C, Yaqoob MM. The MEK Inhibitor Trametinib Ameliorates Kidney Fibrosis by Suppressing ERK1/2 and mTORC1 Signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 30:33-49. [PMID: 30530834 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During kidney fibrosis, a hallmark and promoter of CKD (regardless of the underlying renal disorder leading to CKD), the extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway, is activated and has been implicated in the detrimental differentiation and expansion of kidney fibroblasts. An ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor, trametinib, is currently used in the treatment of melanoma, but its efficacy in the setting of CKD and renal fibrosis has not been explored. METHODS We investigated whether trametinib has antifibrotic effects in two mouse models of renal fibrosis-mice subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or fed an adenine-rich diet-as well as in cultured primary human fibroblasts. We also used immunoblot analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and other tools to study underlying molecular mechanisms for antifibrotic effects. RESULTS Trametinib significantly attenuated collagen deposition and myofibroblast differentiation and expansion in UUO and adenine-fed mice. We also discovered that in injured kidneys, inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway by trametinib ameliorated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, another key profibrotic signaling pathway. Trametinib also inhibited the ERK1/2 pathway in cultured primary human renal fibroblasts stimulated by application of TGF-β1, the major profibrotic cytokine, thereby suppressing downstream mTORC1 pathway activation. Additionally, trametinib reduced the expression of myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin and the proliferation of renal fibroblasts, corroborating our in vivo data. Crucially, trametinib also significantly ameliorated renal fibrosis progression when administered to animals subsequent to myofibroblast activation. CONCLUSIONS Further study of trametinib as a potential candidate for the treatment of chronic renal fibrotic diseases of diverse etiologies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Andrikopoulos
- Diabetic Kidney Disease Centre, Renal Unit, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK; and .,Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Julius Kieswich
- Diabetic Kidney Disease Centre, Renal Unit, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK; and.,Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sabrina Pacheco
- Diabetic Kidney Disease Centre, Renal Unit, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK; and.,Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Luxme Nadarajah
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Steven Michael Harwood
- Diabetic Kidney Disease Centre, Renal Unit, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK; and.,Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Caroline E O'Riordan
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- Diabetic Kidney Disease Centre, Renal Unit, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK; and.,Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Muhammad M Yaqoob
- Diabetic Kidney Disease Centre, Renal Unit, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK; and.,Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Muthuppalaniappan VM, Kieswich J, McCafferty K, Yaqoob MM. FP473DOES PERITONEAL DIALYSIS VINTAGE AFFECT RELATIVE LEUCOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH; A NOVEL BIOMARKER OF AGEING? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy104.fp473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julius Kieswich
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvery Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran McCafferty
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Magdi Yaqoob
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Kieswich J, Sayers SR, Silvestre MF, Harwood SM, Yaqoob MM, Caton PW. Monomeric eNAMPT in the development of experimental diabetes in mice: a potential target for type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2477-2486. [PMID: 27541013 PMCID: PMC5506101 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Serum extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT) concentrations are elevated in type 2 diabetes. However, the relationship between abnormally elevated serum eNAMPT and type 2 diabetes pathophysiology is unclear. eNAMPT circulates in functionally and structurally distinct monomeric and dimeric forms. Dimeric eNAMPT promotes NAD biosynthesis. The role of eNAMPT-monomer is unclear but it may have NAD-independent proinflammatory effects. However, studies of eNAMPT in type 2 diabetes have not distinguished between monomeric and dimeric forms. Since type 2 diabetes is characterised by chronic inflammation, we hypothesised a selective NAD-independent role for eNAMPT-monomer in type 2 diabetes. METHODS Two mouse models were used to examine the role of eNAMPT-monomer in type 2 diabetes; (1) a mouse model of diabetes fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks received i.p. injections with an anti-monomeric-eNAMPT antibody; and (2) lean non-diabetic mice received i.p. injections with recombinant monomeric eNAMPT daily for 14 days. RESULTS Serum monomeric eNAMPT levels were elevated in HFD-fed mouse models of diabetes, whilst eNAMPT-dimer levels were unchanged. eNAMPT-monomer neutralisation in HFD-fed mice resulted in lower blood glucose levels, amelioration of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and whole-body insulin resistance, improved pancreatic islet function, and reduced inflammation. These effects were maintained for at least 3 weeks post-treatment. eNAMPT-monomer administration induced a diabetic phenotype in mice, characterised by elevated blood glucose, IGT, impaired pancreatic insulin secretion and the presence of systemic and tissue inflammation, without changes in NAD levels. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We demonstrate that elevation of monomeric-eNAMPT plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diet-induced diabetes via proinflammatory mechanisms. These data provide proof-of-concept evidence that the eNAMPT-monomer represents a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Kieswich
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sophie R Sayers
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Marta F Silvestre
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Human Nutrition Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steven M Harwood
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Muhammad M Yaqoob
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Paul W Caton
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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8
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Maggioli E, McArthur S, Mauro C, Kieswich J, Kusters DHM, Reutelingsperger CPM, Yaqoob M, Solito E. Estrogen protects the blood-brain barrier from inflammation-induced disruption and increased lymphocyte trafficking. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:212-222. [PMID: 26321046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences have been widely reported in neuroinflammatory disorders, focusing on the contributory role of estrogen. The microvascular endothelium of the brain is a critical component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and it is recognized as a major interface for communication between the periphery and the brain. As such, the cerebral capillary endothelium represents an important target for the peripheral estrogen neuroprotective functions, leading us to hypothesize that estrogen can limit BBB breakdown following the onset of peripheral inflammation. Comparison of male and female murine responses to peripheral LPS challenge revealed a short-term inflammation-induced deficit in BBB integrity in males that was not apparent in young females, but was notable in older, reproductively senescent females. Importantly, ovariectomy and hence estrogen loss recapitulated an aged phenotype in young females, which was reversible upon estradiol replacement. Using a well-established model of human cerebrovascular endothelial cells we investigated the effects of estradiol upon key barrier features, namely paracellular permeability, transendothelial electrical resistance, tight junction integrity and lymphocyte transmigration under basal and inflammatory conditions, modeled by treatment with TNFα and IFNγ. In all cases estradiol prevented inflammation-induced defects in barrier function, action mediated in large part through up-regulation of the central coordinator of tight junction integrity, annexin A1. The key role of this protein was then further confirmed in studies of human or murine annexin A1 genetic ablation models. Together, our data provide novel mechanisms for the protective effects of estrogen, and enhance our understanding of the beneficial role it plays in neurovascular/neuroimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maggioli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - S McArthur
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Westminster, New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - C Mauro
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J Kieswich
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - D H M Kusters
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 4062 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
| | - C P M Reutelingsperger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Yaqoob
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - E Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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9
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Andrikopoulos P, Kieswich J, Harwood SM, Baba A, Matsuda T, Barbeau O, Jones K, Eccles SA, Yaqoob MM. Endothelial Angiogenesis and Barrier Function in Response to Thrombin Require Ca2+ Influx through the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18412-28. [PMID: 25979335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin acts on the endothelium by activating protease-activated receptors (PARs). The endothelial thrombin-PAR system becomes deregulated during pathological conditions resulting in loss of barrier function and a pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic endothelial phenotype. We reported recently that the ion transporter Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) operating in the Ca(2+)-influx (reverse) mode promoted ERK1/2 activation and angiogenesis in vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated primary human vascular endothelial cells. Here, we investigated whether Ca(2+) influx through NCX was involved in ERK1/2 activation, angiogenesis, and endothelial barrier dysfunction in response to thrombin. Reverse-mode NCX inhibitors and RNAi-mediated NCX1 knockdown attenuated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to thrombin or an agonist of PAR-1, the main endothelial thrombin receptor. Conversely, promoting reverse-mode NCX by suppressing Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity enhanced ERK1/2 activation. Reverse-mode NCX inhibitors and NCX1 siRNA suppressed thrombin-induced primary human vascular endothelial cell angiogenesis, quantified as proliferation and tubular differentiation. Reverse-mode NCX inhibitors or NCX1 knockdown preserved barrier integrity upon thrombin stimulation in vitro. Moreover, the reverse-mode NCX inhibitor SEA0400 suppressed Evans' blue albumin extravasation to the lung and kidneys and attenuated edema formation and ERK1/2 activation in the lungs of mice challenged with a peptide activator of PAR-1. Mechanistically, thrombin-induced ERK1/2 activation required NADPH oxidase 2-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and reverse-mode NCX inhibitors and NCX1 siRNA suppressed thrombin-induced ROS production. We propose that reverse-mode NCX is a novel mechanism contributing to thrombin-induced angiogenesis and hyperpermeability by mediating ERK1/2 activation in a ROS-dependent manner. Targeting reverse-mode NCX could be beneficial in pathological conditions involving unregulated thrombin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Andrikopoulos
- From Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary's University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom,
| | - Julius Kieswich
- From Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary's University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Steven M Harwood
- From Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary's University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Akemichi Baba
- the Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsuda
- the Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and
| | - Olivier Barbeau
- the Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Jones
- the Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne A Eccles
- the Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad M Yaqoob
- From Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary's University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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10
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Silvestre MFP, Kieswich J, Yaqoob MM, Holness MJ, Sugden MC, Caton PW. A key role for interferon regulatory factors in mediating early-life metabolic defects in male offspring of maternal protein restricted rats. Horm Metab Res 2014; 46:252-8. [PMID: 24627105 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1370933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An adverse intra-uterine environment, induced by maternal consumption of diets high in saturated fat or low in protein have been implicated as a potential trigger for development of metabolic disease in later life. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this programming of obesity have yet to be described. Recent studies have demonstrated that interferon regulatory factors 3 (IRF3) and 4 (IRF4) function to repress adipogenesis. We investigated whether impaired IRF3 and IRF4 function may predispose to development of metabolic disease in a model of programmed obesity. Changes in IRF3 and IRF4 levels, adipogenic gene expression, and adiponectin signalling were measured in white adipose tissue from programmed male offspring of rat dams fed a low-protein diet (MLP), which are predisposed to obesity. 3T3L1 adipocytes were used to determine novel regulatory mechanisms governing IRF expression. IRF3 and IRF4 levels were suppressed in MLP rats, together with raised lipogenic and adipogenic gene expression. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptor 1 and 2 mRNA levels were reduced in MLP rats, along with levels of PPARα and activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 2 downstream targets of adiponectin. Further studies determined that both IRF3 and IRF4 are induced by adiponectin, with adiponectin-AMPK and adiponectin-PPARα signalling regulating IRF3 and IRF4, respectively. We have demonstrated that impaired ability to repress adipogenesis and lipogenesis, through dysregulated adiponectin-PPARα-AMPK-IRF signalling, may play a causal role in predisposing MLP offspring to development of obesity and metabolic disease in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F P Silvestre
- Centre for Diabetes, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - J Kieswich
- Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutic, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - M M Yaqoob
- Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutic, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - M J Holness
- Centre for Diabetes, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - M C Sugden
- Centre for Diabetes, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - P W Caton
- Centre for Diabetes, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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11
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McCafferty K, Byrne CJ, Kieswich J, Raftery M, Thiemermann C, Yaqoob MM. The effect of uraemia on the duration of arrhythmias in the context of cardioprotective ischaemic conditioning strategies. Heart Asia 2014; 6:76-82. [PMID: 27326175 DOI: 10.1136/heartasia-2013-010432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden cardiac death is a leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease. Ischaemic conditioning strategies confer profound myocardial protection and, in the absence of uraemia, have been reported to reduce myocardial dysrhythmias. Recent data confirms that ischaemic conditioning can protect the uraemic heart. However, the effect of uraemia on myocardial arrhythmogenesis in the context of ischaemia-reperfusion injury and whether ischaemic conditioning can modulate this is unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of underling chronic uraemia on the duration of arrhythmias in the context of cardioprotective ischaemic conditioning strategies. METHODS We examined the effect of chronic uraemia on arrhythmias occurring in the context of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury and the ability of ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) and ischaemic postconditioning (iPOST) to suppress arrhythmogenesis in uraemic and non-uraemic animals. RESULTS IPC led to a reduction in the frequency and duration of arrhythmias occurring during ischaemia and reperfusion. Neither RIPC nor iPOST affected the duration or frequency of ischaemic or reperfusion arrhythmias. Underlying uraemia did not alter the frequency or duration of ischaemic arrhythmias in any of the experiments however it was associated with a reduction in reperfusion arrhythmia duration in the IPC and iPOST experiments. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that underlying chronic uraemia does not reduce the threshold for arrhythmia timing or duration resulting from myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion and underlying uraemia did not alter the effects of these cardioprotective ischaemic conditioning strategies in the context of arrhythmia duration. SUMMARY This novel work in a rodent model of chronic uraemia establishes that underlying uraemia does not increase the susceptibility to myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion induced arrhythmias. When compared with the non-uraemic heart, the uraemic heart has a similar response to the effects of ischaemic conditioning strategies in terms of their effect on arrhythmia timing and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran McCafferty
- Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics , William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London , London , UK
| | - Conor J Byrne
- Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics , William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London , London , UK
| | - Julius Kieswich
- Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics , William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London , London , UK
| | - Martin Raftery
- Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics , William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London , London , UK
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics , William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London , London , UK
| | - Muhammad M Yaqoob
- Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics , William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London , London , UK
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12
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Caton PW, Richardson SJ, Kieswich J, Bugliani M, Holland ML, Marchetti P, Morgan NG, Yaqoob MM, Holness MJ, Sugden MC. Sirtuin 3 regulates mouse pancreatic beta cell function and is suppressed in pancreatic islets isolated from human type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1068-77. [PMID: 23397292 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sirtuin (SIRT)3 is a mitochondrial protein deacetylase that regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. As chronic inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are key factors mediating pancreatic beta cell impairment in type 2 diabetes, we investigated the role of SIRT3 in the maintenance of beta cell function and mass in type 2 diabetes. METHODS We analysed changes in SIRT3 expression in experimental models of type 2 diabetes and in human islets isolated from type 2 diabetic patients. We also determined the effects of SIRT3 knockdown on beta cell function and mass in INS1 cells. RESULTS SIRT3 expression was markedly decreased in islets isolated from type 2 diabetes patients, as well as in mouse islets or INS1 cells incubated with IL1β and TNFα. SIRT3 knockdown in INS1 cells resulted in lowered insulin secretion, increased beta cell apoptosis and reduced expression of key beta cell genes. SIRT3 knockdown also blocked the protective effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide on pro-inflammatory cytokines in beta cells. The deleterious effects of SIRT3 knockdown were mediated by increased levels of cellular ROS and IL1β. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Decreased beta cell SIRT3 levels could be a key step in the onset of beta cell dysfunction, occurring via abnormal elevation of ROS levels and amplification of beta cell IL1β synthesis. Strategies to increase the activity or levels of SIRT3 could generate attractive therapies for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Caton
- Centre for Diabetes, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
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13
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Byrne CJ, McCafferty K, Kieswich J, Harwood S, Andrikopoulos P, Raftery M, Thiemermann C, Yaqoob MM. Ischemic conditioning protects the uremic heart in a rodent model of myocardial infarction. Circulation 2012; 125:1256-65. [PMID: 22319109 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.055392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in patients with chronic kidney disease are extremely poor. Ischemic conditioning techniques are among the most powerful cytoprotective strategies discovered to date. However, experimental data suggest that comorbidity may attenuate the protective effects of ischemic conditioning. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted investigations into the effects of chronic uremia on myocardial infarct size and the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC), remote ischemic preconditioning, and ischemic postconditioning in 2 rodent models of chronic uremia. In addition, a limited investigation into the signaling mechanisms involved in cardioprotection after IPC was performed in both uremic and nonuremic animals. Myocardial infarct size was increased in uremic animals, but all 3 conditioning strategies (IPC, remote IPC, ischemic postconditioning) proved highly efficacious in reducing myocardial infarct size (relative reduction, 86%, 39%, and 65% [P<0.005, P<0.05, and P<0.05], respectively). Moreover, some protocols (IPC and ischemic postconditioning) appeared to be more effective in uremic than in sham (nonuremic) animals. Analysis of the signaling mechanisms revealed that components of both the reperfusion injury salvage kinase and survivor activating factor enhancement pathways were similarly upregulated in both uremic and nonuremic animals after an IPC stimulus. CONCLUSION Conditioning strategies may present the best opportunity to improve outcomes for patients with chronic kidney disease after an acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Byrne
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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14
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Tudhope SJ, Wang CC, Petrie JL, Potts L, Malcomson F, Kieswich J, Yaqoob MM, Arden C, Hampson LJ, Agius L. A novel mechanism for regulating hepatic glycogen synthesis involving serotonin and cyclin-dependent kinase-5. Diabetes 2012; 61:49-60. [PMID: 22106156 PMCID: PMC3237670 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic autonomic nerves regulate postprandial hepatic glucose uptake, but the signaling pathways remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) exerts stimulatory and inhibitory effects on hepatic glucose disposal. Ligands of diverse 5-HT receptors were used to identify signaling pathway(s) regulating glucose metabolism in hepatocytes. 5-HT had stimulatory and inhibitory effects on glycogen synthesis in hepatocytes mediated by 5-HT1/2A and 5-HT2B receptors, respectively. Agonists of 5-HT1/2A receptors lowered blood glucose and increased hepatic glycogen after oral glucose loading and also stimulated glycogen synthesis in freshly isolated hepatocytes with greater efficacy than 5-HT. This effect was blocked by olanzapine, an antagonist of 5-HT1/2A receptors. It was mediated by activation of phosphorylase phosphatase, inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase, and activation of glycogen synthase. Unlike insulin action, it was not associated with stimulation of glycolysis and was counteracted by cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors. A role for cdk5 was supported by adaptive changes in the coactivator protein p35 and by elevated glycogen synthesis during overexpression of p35/cdk5. These results support a novel mechanism for serotonin stimulation of hepatic glycogenesis involving cdk5. The opposing effects of serotonin, mediated by distinct 5-HT receptors, could explain why drugs targeting serotonin function can cause either diabetes or hypoglycemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Tudhope
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Chung-Chi Wang
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - John L. Petrie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Lloyd Potts
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Fiona Malcomson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Julius Kieswich
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
| | - Muhammad M. Yaqoob
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
| | - Catherine Arden
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Laura J. Hampson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Loranne Agius
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
- Corresponding author: Loranne Agius,
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15
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Caton PW, Kieswich J, Yaqoob MM, Holness MJ, Sugden MC. Metformin opposes impaired AMPK and SIRT1 function and deleterious changes in core clock protein expression in white adipose tissue of genetically-obese db/db mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13:1097-104. [PMID: 21733059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM AMPK activates SIRT1 in liver and skeletal muscle. Impaired circadian function is associated with development of obesity. SIRT1 regulates circadian function and is suppressed in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese patients. We examined the potential role of AMPK and SIRT1 in regulation of circadian components in WAT of obese db/db mice and in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and investigated whether metformin-mediated activation of AMPK opposed any deleterious changes in the WAT clock mechanism. METHODS db/+ and db/db mice were administered metformin (250 mg/kg/day; 7 days). Separately, mice were fed HFD for 16-weeks. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with metformin, EX527 or FK866, inhibitors of SIRT1 and NAMPT, respectively. Gene and protein expression were measured by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. RESULTS AMPK activity, NAMPT expression and SIRT1 expression were decreased in WAT of db/db and HFD mice, in association with suppressed expression of the core circadian components CLOCK and BMAL1. Expression of Pparγ and the adipogenic repressors Irf3 and Irf4 were also suppressed. Metformin increased AMPK activity in WAT of db/db mice and in metformin-treated adipocytes, with increased NAMPT, SIRT1 and circadian component expression. Metformin-mediated induction of Clock mRNA in adipocytes was blocked by inhibition of NAMPT and SIRT1. CONCLUSIONS Decreased AMPK-SIRT1 signalling in db/db and HFD mice impacts WAT circadian function causing dysregulated lipid regulation, favouring an obese phenotype. Metformin mediates a phenotypic shift away from lipid accretion through AMPK-NAMPT-SIRT1 mediated changes in clock components, supporting chronotherapeutic treatment approaches for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Caton
- Centre for Diabetes, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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16
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Caton PW, Kieswich J, Yaqoob MM, Holness MJ, Sugden MC. Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated impairment of mouse islet function. Diabetologia 2011; 54:3083-92. [PMID: 21901281 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme for NAD(+) biosynthesis, exists as intracellular NAMPT (iNAMPT) and extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT). eNAMPT, secreted from adipose tissue, promotes insulin secretion. Administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a product of the eNAMPT reaction, corrects impaired islet function in Nampt ( +/- ) mice. One of its potential targets is the NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 1. We hypothesised that altered NAMPT activity might contribute to the suppression of islet function associated with inflammation, and aimed to determine whether NMN could improve cytokine-mediated islet dysfunction. METHODS Acute effects of NMN on cytokine-mediated islet dysfunction were examined in islets incubated with TNFα and IL1β, and in mice fed a fructose-rich diet (FRD) for 16 weeks. Changes in iNAMPT, eNAMPT and inflammation levels were determined in FRD-fed mice. RESULTS FRD-fed mice displayed markedly lower levels of circulating eNAMPT, with impaired insulin secretion and raised islet expression of Il1b. NMN administration lowered Il1b expression and restored suppressed insulin secretion in FRD-fed mice. NMN also restored insulin secretion in islets cultured with pro-inflammatory cytokines. The changes in islet function corresponded with changes in key markers of islet function and differentiation. The anti-inflammatory effects of NMN were partially blocked by inhibition of sirtuin 1. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Chronic fructose feeding causes severe islet dysfunction in mice. Onset of beta cell failure in FRD-fed mice may occur via lowered secretion of eNAMPT, leading to increased islet inflammation and impaired beta cell function. Administration of exogenous NMN to FRD-fed mice corrects inflammation-induced islet dysfunction. Modulation of this pathway may be an attractive target for amelioration of islet dysfunction associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Caton
- Centre for Diabetes, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
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Abstract
Abnormal elevation of hepatic gluconeogenesis is central to the onset of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin corrects hyperglycaemia through inhibition of gluconeogenesis, but its mechanism of action is yet to be fully described. SIRT1 and GCN5 (listed as KAT2A in the MGI Database) have recently been identified as regulators of gluconeogenic gene expression through modulation of levels and activity of the coactivators cAMP-response element binding protein-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (TORC2 or CRTC2 as listed in the MGI Database) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC1alpha or PPARGC1A as listed in the MGI Database). We report that in db/db mice, metformin (250 mg/kg per day; 7 days) increases hepatic levels of GCN5 protein and mRNA compared with the untreated db/db mice, as well as increases levels of SIRT1 protein and activity relative to controls and untreated db/db mice. These changes were associated with reduced TORC2 protein level and decreased gene expression and activation of the PGC1alpha gene target phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and lower plasma glucose and insulin. Inhibition of SIRT1 partially blocked the effects of metformin on gluconeogenesis. SIRT1 was increased through an AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated increase in gene expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the salvage pathway for NAD(+). Moreover, levels of GCN5 were dramatically reduced in db/db mice compared with the controls. This indicates that loss of GCN5-mediated inhibition of gluconeogenesis appears to constitute a major mechanism for the onset of abnormally elevated hepatic glucose production in db/db mice. In conclusion, induction of GCN5 and SIRT1 potentially represents a critical mechanism of action of metformin. In addition, these data identify induction of hepatic GCN5 as a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Caton
- Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
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Ashman N, Harwood SM, Kieswich J, Allen DA, Roberts NB, Mendes-Ribeiro AC, Yaqoob MM. Albumin stimulates cell growth, L-arginine transport, and metabolism to polyamines in human proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1878-89. [PMID: 15840035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pure albumin stimulates proximal tubular epithelial cell (PTEC) proliferation, and may have a role in homeostasis in health, as well as in disrupted PTEC turnover in proteinuric nephropathies. We investigated a role for arginine and its metabolites, the polyamines, in this process, given the ability of polyamines to trigger proliferation in other mammalian cells. METHODS [(3)H]-L-arginine uptake was examined after incubation with 20 mg/mL recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) in HK-2 PTEC monolayers. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase activity was measured; NOS, arginase, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) expression was identified by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Polyamine synthesis and intracellular amino acid concentrations were compared using high-performance liquid chromatography, and cell growth measured by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. RESULTS In HK-2 PTEC exposed to 20 mg/mL rHSA for 24 hours, cell proliferation as determined by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation was increased. In parallel, L-arginine transport capacity was increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect was specific to rHSA, and was not seen with transferrin or immunoglobulin G. The intracellular concentration of L-arginine remained unchanged, although L-ornithine was increased with rHSA incubation. rHSA up-regulated type II arginase mRNA, and increased arginase activity, although no difference in nitric oxide synthase expression or activity was seen. ODC mRNA was increased, as were intracellular polyamine concentrations. alpha-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an ODC inhibitor, reduced intracellular polyamine concentrations and rHSA-induced cell proliferation to control levels. CONCLUSION The arginine-ornithine-polyamine pathway appears enhanced in PTEC incubated with rHSA and is involved in cellular proliferation; this may offer novel approaches to understanding progressive proteinuric nephropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Ashman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Sharples EJ, Patel N, Brown P, Stewart K, Mota-Philipe H, Sheaff M, Kieswich J, Allen D, Harwood S, Raftery M, Thiemermann C, Yaqoob MM. Erythropoietin protects the kidney against the injury and dysfunction caused by ischemia-reperfusion. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15:2115-24. [PMID: 15284297 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000135059.67385.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is upregulated by hypoxia and causes proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow through inhibition of apoptosis. EPO receptors are expressed in many tissues, including the kidney. Here it is shown that a single systemic administration of EPO either preischemia or just before reperfusion prevents ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat kidney. Specifically, EPO (300 U/kg) reduced glomerular dysfunction and tubular injury (biochemical and histologic assessment) and prevented caspase-3, -8, and -9 activation in vivo and reduced apoptotic cell death. In human (HK-2) proximal tubule epithelial cells, EPO attenuated cell death in response to oxidative stress and serum starvation. EPO reduced DNA fragmentation and prevented caspase-3 activation, with upregulation of Bcl-X(L) and XIAP. The antiapoptotic effects of EPO were dependent on JAK2 signaling and the phosphorylation of Akt by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These findings may have major implications in the treatment of acute renal tubular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Sharples
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Nephrology, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine, Queen Mary College, University of London, United Kingdom.
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