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Patel JC, Cole M, Rubis AB, Burzalff K, Cruz V, Edge K, Kudish K, Liko J, Pena S, Thomas ES, Skoff TH, McNamara LA. Differences in Pertussis Incidence by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2010-2017. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae177. [PMID: 38665172 PMCID: PMC11045015 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background An increased pertussis burden has been demonstrated among Hispanic or Latino and American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) infants. However, data on potential disparities among other age and racial groups are limited. Methods We analyzed pertussis cases reported through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance from 2010 to 2017. Pertussis and severe pertussis incidence were calculated by race (White, Black or African American, AI/AN, and Asian or Pacific Islanders), ethnicity (Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or non-Latino), and age. Results Compared with White persons, overall incidence was lower among Black or African American (incidence rate ratio [IRR], .57; 95% confidence interval [CI], .53-.61), AI/AN (IRR, 0.65; 95% CI, .58-.72), and Asian or Pacific Islander persons (IRR, 0.39; 95% CI, .35-.43). Overall incidence of pertussis was higher (1.5-fold; 95% CI, 1.37-1.60) among Hispanic or Latino compared with non-Hispanic or non-Latino adults, potentially related to household size or lower pertussis vaccine uptake among adult Hispanic or Latino cases. Severe pertussis incidence was similar among Black or African American and AI/AN persons compared with White persons. Among infants, severe pertussis incidence was 1.4-fold higher (95% CI, 1.03-1.82) among Black or African American infants than among White infants, and 2.1-fold higher (95% CI, 1.67-2.57) among Hispanic or Latino infants than non-Hispanic or non-Latino infants. Conclusions The contrast between lower reported incidence but similar or higher severe pertussis incidence among Black or African American and AI/AN persons compared with White persons warrants further investigation and may reflect underdiagnosis or underreporting of mild disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymin C Patel
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew Cole
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy B Rubis
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kari Burzalff
- Department of Health, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Victor Cruz
- Department of Health, Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karen Edge
- Colorado Disease Control and Environmental Epidemiology Division, Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kathy Kudish
- Department of Health, Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Juventila Liko
- Health Authority, Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sandra Pena
- Department of Health, New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ebony S Thomas
- Department of Health, Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tami H Skoff
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lucy A McNamara
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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McNamara LA, Rubis AB, Pawloski L, Briere E, Misegades L, Brusseau AA, Peña S, Edge K, Wester R, Burzlaff K, Cruz V, Tondella L, Skoff TH. High post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) uptake among household contacts of pertussis patients enrolled in a PEP effectiveness evaluation - United States, 2015-2017. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285953. [PMID: 37200360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for pertussis is recommended for household contacts of pertussis cases in the United States within 21 days of exposure, but data on PEP effectiveness for prevention of secondary cases in the setting of widespread pertussis vaccination are limited. We implemented a multi-state evaluation of azithromycin PEP use and effectiveness among household contacts. METHODS Culture- or PCR-confirmed pertussis cases were identified through surveillance. Household contacts were interviewed within 7 days of case report and again 14-21 days later. Interviewers collected information on exposure, demographics, vaccine history, prior pertussis diagnosis, underlying conditions, PEP receipt, pertussis symptoms, and pertussis testing. A subset of household contacts provided nasopharyngeal and blood specimens during interviews. RESULTS Of 299 household contacts who completed both interviews, 12 (4%) reported not receiving PEP. There was no evidence of higher prevalence of cough or pertussis symptoms among contacts who did not receive PEP. Of 168 household contacts who provided at least one nasopharyngeal specimen, four (2.4%) were culture or PCR positive for B. pertussis; three of these received PEP prior to their positive test result. Of 156 contacts with serologic results, 14 (9%) had blood specimens that were positive for IgG anti-pertussis toxin (PT) antibodies; all had received PEP. CONCLUSIONS Very high PEP uptake was observed among household contacts of pertussis patients. Although the number of contacts who did not receive PEP was small, there was no difference in prevalence of pertussis symptoms or positive laboratory results among these contacts compared with those who did receive PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A McNamara
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Amy B Rubis
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lucia Pawloski
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Briere
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lara Misegades
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Aurora A Brusseau
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Sandra Peña
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Karen Edge
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Rachel Wester
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Kari Burzlaff
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Victor Cruz
- Minnesota Department of Public Health, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Lucia Tondella
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tami H Skoff
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Waltenburg MA, Rose CE, Victoroff T, Butterfield M, Dillaha JA, Heinzerling A, Chuey M, Fierro M, Jervis RH, Fedak KM, Leapley A, Gabel JA, Feldpausch A, Dunne EM, Austin C, Pedati CS, Ahmed FS, Tubach S, Rhea C, Tonzel J, Krueger A, Crum DA, Vostok J, Moore MJ, Kempher H, Scheftel J, Turabelidze G, Stover D, Donahue M, Thomas D, Edge K, Gutierrez B, Berl E, McLafferty M, Kline KE, Martz N, Rajotte JC, Julian E, Diedhiou A, Radcliffe R, Clayton JL, Ortbahn D, Cummins J, Barbeau B, Carpenter S, Pringle JC, Murphy J, Darby B, Graff NR, Dostal TKH, Pray IW, Tillman C, Rose DA, Honein MA. Coronavirus Disease among Workers in Food Processing, Food Manufacturing, and Agriculture Workplaces. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 27. [PMID: 33075274 PMCID: PMC7774547 DOI: 10.3201/eid2701.203821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among US food manufacturing and agriculture workers and provide updated information on meat and poultry processing workers. Among 742 food and agriculture workplaces in 30 states, 8,978 workers had confirmed COVID-19; 55 workers died. Racial and ethnic minority workers could be disproportionately affected by COVID-19.
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Mbayei SA, Faulkner A, Miner C, Edge K, Cruz V, Peña SA, Kudish K, Coleman J, Pradhan E, Thomas S, Martin S, Skoff TH. Severe Pertussis Infections in the United States, 2011-2015. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:218-226. [PMID: 30321305 PMCID: PMC7108152 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of pertussis in the United States has increased in recent years. While characteristics of severe pertussis infection have been described in infants, fewer data are available in older children and adults. In this analysis, we characterize pertussis infections in hospitalized patients of all ages. Methods Cases of pertussis with cough onset from 1 January 2011 through 31 December 2015 from 7 US Emerging Infections Program Network states were reviewed. Additional information on hospitalized patients was obtained through abstraction of the inpatient medical record. Descriptive and multivariable analyses were conducted to characterize severe pertussis infection and identify potential risk factors. Results Among 15942 cases of pertussis reported, 515 (3.2%) were hospitalized. Three hospitalized patients died. Infants aged <2 months accounted for 1.6% of all pertussis cases but 29.3% of hospitalizations. Infants aged 2–11 months and adults aged ≥65 years also had high rates of hospitalization. Infants aged <2 months whose mothers received acellular pertussis during the third trimester and children aged 2 months to 11 years who were up to date on pertussis-containing vaccines had a 43%–66% reduced risk of hospitalization. Among adolescents aged 12–20 years, 43.5% had a history of asthma, and among adults aged ≥65 years, 26.8% had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusions Individuals at the extreme ends of life may be the most vulnerable to severe pertussis infections, though hospitalization was reported across all age groups. Continued monitoring of severe pertussis infections will be important to help guide prevention, control, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Mbayei
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amanda Faulkner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christine Miner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karen Edge
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver
| | | | | | - Kathy Kudish
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford
| | - Joan Coleman
- Multnomah County Health Department, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Stepy Thomas
- Emory School of Medicine, Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta
| | - Stacey Martin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tami H Skoff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Bozio CH, Blain A, Edge K, Farley MM, Harrison LH, Poissant T, Schaffner W, Scheuer T, Torres S, Triden L, Briere E, Oliver SE. Clinical characteristics and adverse clinical outcomes of invasive Haemophilus influenzae serotype a cases - United States, 2011-2015. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e3670-e3676. [PMID: 32668450 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence of invasive disease due to H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) increased an average of 13% annually from 2002-2015. We described clinical characteristics and adverse clinical outcomes of U.S. invasive Hia cases detected through multi-state surveillance during 2011-2015. METHODS Medical record data were abstracted for cases reported in eight jurisdictions conducting active population- and laboratory-based surveillance for invasive Hia disease across the United States. Isolates from sterile sites were serotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Adverse clinical outcomes were defined as any possible complication of meningitis, bacteremic pneumonia, or bacteremia (including hearing loss, developmental delay, and speech delay, but excluding death), and were assessed at hospital discharge and one-year post-disease onset. RESULTS During 2011-2015, 190 Hia cases were reported to the eight participating sites; 169 (88.9%) had data abstracted. Many patients were aged <5 years (42.6%) or ≥65 years (20.7%). Meningitis was the most common clinical presentation among <1 year olds (71.4%); bacteremic pneumonia was the most common presentation among persons aged ≥50 years (78.7%). Overall, 95.9% of patients were hospitalized: among those hospitalized, 47.5% were admitted to an intensive care unit, and 6.2% died during hospitalization. At hospital discharge and one-year post-disease onset, adverse outcomes were identified in 17.7% and 17.8% of patients overall, and in 43.9% and 48.5% of patients with meningitis (primarily children). CONCLUSIONS Hia infection can cause severe disease requiring hospitalization and may also cause short- and long-term adverse clinical outcomes, especially among children. Novel vaccines could prevent morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Bozio
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA.,National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amy Blain
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Karen Edge
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Colorado
| | - Monica M Farley
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lee H Harrison
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Tara Scheuer
- California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, CA
| | | | - Lori Triden
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN
| | - Elizabeth Briere
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sara E Oliver
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA
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Waltenburg MA, Victoroff T, Rose CE, Butterfield M, Jervis RH, Fedak KM, Gabel JA, Feldpausch A, Dunne EM, Austin C, Ahmed FS, Tubach S, Rhea C, Krueger A, Crum DA, Vostok J, Moore MJ, Turabelidze G, Stover D, Donahue M, Edge K, Gutierrez B, Kline KE, Martz N, Rajotte JC, Julian E, Diedhiou A, Radcliffe R, Clayton JL, Ortbahn D, Cummins J, Barbeau B, Murphy J, Darby B, Graff NR, Dostal TKH, Pray IW, Tillman C, Dittrich MM, Burns-Grant G, Lee S, Spieckerman A, Iqbal K, Griffing SM, Lawson A, Mainzer HM, Bealle AE, Edding E, Arnold KE, Rodriguez T, Merkle S, Pettrone K, Schlanger K, LaBar K, Hendricks K, Lasry A, Krishnasamy V, Walke HT, Rose DA, Honein MA. Update: COVID-19 Among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities - United States, April-May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020. [PMID: 32644986 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Meat and poultry processing facilities face distinctive challenges in the control of infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (1). COVID-19 outbreaks among meat and poultry processing facility workers can rapidly affect large numbers of persons. Assessment of COVID-19 cases among workers in 115 meat and poultry processing facilities through April 27, 2020, documented 4,913 cases and 20 deaths reported by 19 states (1). This report provides updated aggregate data from states regarding the number of meat and poultry processing facilities affected by COVID-19, the number and demographic characteristics of affected workers, and the number of COVID-19-associated deaths among workers, as well as descriptions of interventions and prevention efforts at these facilities. Aggregate data on confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths among workers identified and reported through May 31, 2020, were obtained from 239 affected facilities (those with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 case in one or more workers) in 23 states.* COVID-19 was confirmed in 16,233 workers, including 86 COVID-19-related deaths. Among 14 states reporting the total number of workers in affected meat and poultry processing facilities (112,616), COVID-19 was diagnosed in 9.1% of workers. Among 9,919 (61%) cases in 21 states with reported race/ethnicity, 87% occurred among racial and ethnic minority workers. Commonly reported interventions and prevention efforts at facilities included implementing worker temperature or symptom screening and COVID-19 education, mandating face coverings, adding hand hygiene stations, and adding physical barriers between workers. Targeted workplace interventions and prevention efforts that are appropriately tailored to the groups most affected by COVID-19 are critical to reducing both COVID-19-associated occupational risk and health disparities among vulnerable populations. Implementation of these interventions and prevention efforts† across meat and poultry processing facilities nationally could help protect workers in this critical infrastructure industry.
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Waltenburg MA, Victoroff T, Rose CE, Butterfield M, Jervis RH, Fedak KM, Gabel JA, Feldpausch A, Dunne EM, Austin C, Ahmed FS, Tubach S, Rhea C, Krueger A, Crum DA, Vostok J, Moore MJ, Turabelidze G, Stover D, Donahue M, Edge K, Gutierrez B, Kline KE, Martz N, Rajotte JC, Julian E, Diedhiou A, Radcliffe R, Clayton JL, Ortbahn D, Cummins J, Barbeau B, Murphy J, Darby B, Graff NR, Dostal TKH, Pray IW, Tillman C, Dittrich MM, Burns-Grant G, Lee S, Spieckerman A, Iqbal K, Griffing SM, Lawson A, Mainzer HM, Bealle AE, Edding E, Arnold KE, Rodriguez T, Merkle S, Pettrone K, Schlanger K, LaBar K, Hendricks K, Lasry A, Krishnasamy V, Walke HT, Rose DA, Honein MA. Update: COVID-19 Among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities - United States, April-May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:887-892. [PMID: 32644986 PMCID: PMC7732361 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6927e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Meyer S, Faulkner A, Miner C, Edge K, Cruz V, Bargsten M, Kudish K, Coleman J, Pradhan E, Thomas S, Martin SW, Skoff T. Pertussis Infections in Hospitalized Patients—United States, 2010–2014. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw194.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Meyer
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amanda Faulkner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christine Miner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karen Edge
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado
| | - Victor Cruz
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | | | - Kathy Kudish
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Joan Coleman
- Multnomah Department of Health, Portland, Oregon
| | - Eva Pradhan
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Stepy Thomas
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program/Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stacey W. Martin
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tami Skoff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Haley CC, Ong KL, Hedberg K, Cieslak PR, Scallan E, Marcus R, Shin S, Cronquist A, Gillespie J, Jones TF, Shiferaw B, Fuller C, Edge K, Zansky SM, Ryan PA, Hoekstra RM, Mintz E. Risk factors for sporadic shigellosis, FoodNet 2005. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:741-7. [PMID: 20113209 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 450,000 cases of shigellosis occur annually in the United States. Outbreaks have been associated with food, water, child daycare centers, and men who have sex with men. However, for sporadic infections, which account for the majority of cases, risk exposures are poorly characterized. METHODS Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) conducts active, laboratory-based shigellosis surveillance in 10 US sites. We interviewed cases with illness onset during 2005 about exposures during the week before symptom onset using a standardized questionnaire. The proportion of patients who denied nonfood risks was used to estimate the burden attributable to foodborne transmission. RESULTS Overall, 1494 cases were identified. The approximate incidence was 3.9/100,000, with the highest rates among children aged 1-4 years (16.4) and Hispanics (8.4). Of the 929 cases interviewed, 223 (24%) reported international travel in the week before symptom onset. Of the 626 nontraveling cases with complete risk factor information, 298 (48%) reported exposure to daycare or a household member with diarrhea; 99 (16%) reported drinking untreated water or recreational exposure to water; and 16 (3%) reported sexual contact with a person with diarrhea. Two hundred and fifty-nine (41%) denied all nonfood exposures examined. CONCLUSIONS Sporadic shigellosis is most common among young children and Hispanics. Common exposures include international travel and contact with ill persons or daycare. However, more than one-third of US shigellosis cases annually might be due to food consumed in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton C Haley
- Office of Workforce and Career Development, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
Sporadic infection with Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in New Mexico increased from 0.9 cases per 100,000 population (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5–1.36) in 2004 to 1.7 (95% CI 1.14–2.26) in 2007. Non-O157 STEC was more common in nonwhite residents, children <5 years of age, and urban residents.
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Abstract
Sporadic infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in New Mexico increased from 0.9 cases per 100,000 population (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-1.36) in 2004 to 1.7 (95% CI 1.14-2.26) in 2007. Non-O157 STEC was more common in nonwhite residents, children <5 years of age, and urban residents.
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Ailes E, Demma L, Hurd S, Hatch J, Jones TF, Vugia D, Cronquist A, Tobin-D'Angelo M, Larson K, Laine E, Edge K, Zansky S, Scallan E. Continued decline in the incidence of Campylobacter infections, FoodNet 1996-2006. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:329-37. [PMID: 18767978 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide. In the United States, changes in the incidence of culture-confirmed Campylobacter infections have been monitored by the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) since 1996. In 2006, the incidence of culture-confirmed Campylobacter infection in the FoodNet sites was 12.7 per 100,000 persons. This represents a 30% decline (95% confidence = 35% to 24% decrease) compared to the 1996-1998 illness baseline; however, most of the decline occurred between 1996 and 1999 and the incidence still remains above the national health objective. Important declines were observed in four FoodNet sites (California, Connecticut, Georgia, and Maryland), all age groups, and both sexes. To promote continued progress towards achieving the national health objective, the epidemiology of Campylobacter infections in the United States, including geographic variation and higher incidence among the very young, warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ailes
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Nelson JM, Bednarczyk R, Nadle J, Clogher P, Gillespie J, Daniels A, Plantenga M, Ingram A, Edge K, Furuno JP, Scallan E. FoodNet survey of food use and practices in long-term care facilities. J Food Prot 2008; 71:365-72. [PMID: 18326188 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.2.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illness is an important problem among the elderly. One risk factor for foodborne illness and diarrhea-associated mortality among the elderly is residence in a long-term care facility (LTCF); thus, these facilities must implement measures to ensure safe food. To assess safe food practices, knowledge, and policies, we used a mailed, self-administered questionnaire to survey food service directors at LTCFs that were certified to receive Medicare or Medicaid at eight Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) sites. Surveys were distributed to 1,630 LTCFs; 55% (865 of 1,568) of eligible facilities returned a completed questionnaire. Only three LTCFs completely followed national recommendations for prevention of Listeria monocytogenes contamination. Nine percent of LTCFs reported serving soft cheeses made from unpasteurized milk. Most LTCFs reported routinely serving ready-to-eat deli meats; however, few reported always heating deli meats until steaming hot before serving (only 19% of the LTCFs that served roast beef, 13% of those that served turkey, and 11% of those that served ham). Most LTCFs (92%) used pasteurized liquid egg products, but only 36% used pasteurized whole shell eggs. Regular whole shell eggs were used by 62% of facilities. Few LTCFs used irradiated ground beef (7%) or irradiated poultry products (6%). The results of this survey allowed us to identify several opportunities for prevention of foodborne illnesses in LTCFs. Some safety measures, such as the use of pasteurized and irradiated foods, were underutilized, and many facilities were not adhering to national recommendations on the avoidance of certain foods considered high risk for elderly persons. Enhanced educational efforts focusing on food safety practices and aimed at LTCFs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Nelson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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14
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Edge K, Chinoy H, Cooper RG. Serum alanine aminotransferase elevations correlate with serum creatine phosphokinase levels in myositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45:487-8. [PMID: 16418193 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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