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Kiely K, Mase WA, Hansen AR, Schwind J. Association between the Health Belief Model, Exercise, and Nutrition Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15516. [PMID: 36497591 PMCID: PMC9737333 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has affected our nation's health further than the infection it causes. Physical activity levels and dietary intake have suffered while individuals grapple with the changes in behavior to reduce viral transmission. With unique nuances regarding the access to physical activity and nutrition during the pandemic, the constructs of Health Belief Model (HBM) may present themselves differently in nutrition and exercise behaviors compared to precautions implemented to reduce viral transmission studied in previous research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of exercise and nutritional behavior change during the COVID-19 pandemic and explain the reason for and extent of this change using HBM constructs (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit of action, and barriers to action). METHODS This study used a cross-sectional design to collect 206 surveys. This survey collected information on self-reported exercise and nutrition changes during the pandemic and self-reported levels of the HBM constructs. RESULTS Findings showed individuals with medium or high exercise behavior change had greater odds of increased HBM score than individuals with little to no exercise behavior change (OR = 1.117, 95% CI: 1.020-1.223, SE: 0.0464, p = 0.0175). There was no association between nutritional behavior change and HBM score (OR = 1.011, 95% CI: 0.895-1.142, p = 08646). CONCLUSION Individuals who reported a more drastic change in either exercise had greater odds of increased feelings of perceived susceptibility and severity related to COVID-19 and decreased perceived benefits and increased barriers to exercise. This relationship was not found regarding nutrition behavior change. These results encourage public health practitioners to understand how an individual's perceived feelings about a threat may affect exercise and nutritional behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keagan Kiely
- Water’s College of Health Professions, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - William A. Mase
- Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Andrew R. Hansen
- Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Jessica Schwind
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
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Colquitt G, Kiely K, Caciula M, Li L, Vogel RL, Moreau NG. Community-Based Upper Extremity Power Training for Youth with Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2020; 40:31-46. [PMID: 31282292 DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2019.1636924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To examine the effects of an upper-extremity, community-based, and power-training intervention.Methods: Twelve participants with cerebral palsy (CP) [8 males, 4 females; mean age 14 years 6 months (SD 5 years 4 months), range 7-24] were randomly assigned to a rest-training (RT; n = 6) or training-rest (n = 6) group in this randomized, cross-over design. Training took place in participants' home or school, three times per week for 6 weeks. We examined changes in upper extremity average power output (Pavg) in watts (W) and changes in function via the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI).Results: Each participant completed at least 15 of the 18 total training sessions (91.2% adherence). Pavg increased 92.2% on average among participants (p < .05). There was a significant three-way interaction among treatment, sequence, and period with the data stratified by (Bimanual Fine Motor Function [BFMF]) level on the pain subscale of the PODCI (p = 0.0118). All participants decreased pain after training with the exception of individuals with lower functioning (BFMF II-V) in the RT group.Conclusion: A community-based upper extremity power-training intervention was feasible and effective at improving power among young people with CP and has the potential to improve pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Colquitt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Keagan Kiely
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Manuela Caciula
- Department of Fitness, Exercise and Sports, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Robert L Vogel
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Noelle G Moreau
- Department of Physical Therapy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Kiely K. GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN HEALTHY WORKING LIFE EXPECTANCIES IN AUSTRALIA. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kiely
- Centre for Research on Ageing Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Kiely K, Colquitt G, Coker N, Li L, Kendall K, Vogel RL. Changes in Power Output during Training among Young People with Cerebral Palsy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000478537.81679.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hyde P, Fairman C, Beck J, Kiely K, Coker N, Yarbrough MB, Phillips K, Kendall K. Utilization of non-invasive measures to evaluate eccentric exercise damage in an untrained population. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014. [PMCID: PMC4271632 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-s1-p37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Stein W, Schrepfer S, Van Der Bogt K, Kiely K, Hoyt G, Masuda E, Taylor V, Robbins R. 462: Prevention of Acute Rejection with a Novel Syk Inhibitor. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2007.11.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Stein W, Schrepfer S, Van Der Bogt K, Kiely K, Pelletier M, Li H, Chang B, Taylor V, Robbins R. 233: The Prevention of Acute Rejection with a Novel JAK Inhibitor. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2007.11.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Resorbable fixation technology offers several benefits, including easily cut and shaped plates, strong and predictable resorption qualities, and improved patient acceptance and expectations. Moreover, resorbable fixation implants can be completely reabsorbed into the body, eliminating the need for subsequent removal. This article describes the use of this innovative technology in orthognathic surgery, including preoperative and postoperative patient needs, intraoperative patient care, and potential complications.
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Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E, Wozniak J, Kiely K, Guite J, Ablon JS, Warburton R, Reed E. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a multigenerational pedigree. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39:906-8. [PMID: 8860195 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S V Faraone
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, Boston, USA
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Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Ablon JS, Warburton R, Reed E, Davis SG. Impact of adversity on functioning and comorbidity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:1495-503. [PMID: 8543518 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199511000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior research on risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has shown that familial risk factors play a role in the disorder's etiology. This study investigated whether features of the family environment were associated with ADHD. METHOD One hundred forty children with ADHD and 120 normal control probands were studied. Subjects were Caucasian, non-Hispanic males between the ages of 6 and 17 years. Exposure to parental psychopathology and exposure to parental conflict were used as indicators of adversity, and their impact on ADHD and ADHD-related psychopathology and dysfunction in children was assessed. RESULTS Increased levels of environmental adversity were found among ADHD compared with control probands. The analyses showed significant associations between the index of parental conflict and several of the measures of psychopathology and psychosocial functioning in the children. In contrast, the index of exposure to parental psychopathology had a much narrower impact, affecting primarily the child's use of leisure time and externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS A relationship appears to exist between adversity indicators and the risk for ADHD as well as for its associated impairments in multiple domains. These findings confirm previous work and stress the importance of adverse family-environment variables as risk factors for children who have ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Biederman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit in Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Milberger S, Norman D, Seiverd K, Benedict K, Guite J, Mick E, Kiely K. Effects of family history and comorbidity on the neuropsychological performance of children with ADHD: preliminary findings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:1015-24. [PMID: 7665440 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199508000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because ADHD is heterogeneous with respect to psychiatric comorbidity, familiality, and learning disabilities, it was hypothesized that such features might influence the severity and pattern of neuropsychological function in ADHD. METHOD Subjects were 9- to 20-year-old males with DSM-III-R ADHD (n = 65) and normal controls (n = 45). Information on neuropsychological performance was obtained in a standardized manner, blind to the proband's clinical status. RESULTS ADHD probands were significantly impaired on neuropsychological functions compared with controls irrespective of composite psychiatric comorbidity status, and those with a family history of ADHD were most impaired. ADHD probands with learning disabilities showed a pattern suggestive of reduced motor dominance and extremely slow reading speed. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that neuropsychological performance in ADHD is significantly affected by familial status and presence of learning disabilities. The similarity of findings between ADHD children with and without comorbid psychiatric disorders suggests that the neuropsychological impairments in our sample were associated with ADHD. These findings raise the possibility of alterations of cerebral dominance and of frontal networks in ADHD. Further research is needed to replicate these findings in larger samples, to clarify the role of specific comorbid psychiatric disorders, and to assess directly cerebral functioning in subjects with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Seidman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit (ACC 725), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Biederman J, Santangelo SL, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Reed ED, Kraus I, Jellinek M, Perrin J. Clinical correlates of enuresis in ADHD and non-ADHD children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995; 36:865-77. [PMID: 7559850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enuresis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common childhood disorders that often co-occur. Although each has been linked to neurodevelopmental immaturity and increased risk for psychopathology, the clinical correlates of enuresis remain unclear. Subjects were 140 6-17-year-old boys with DSM-III-R ADHD and 120 non-ADHD controls. Information on enuresis and psychiatric diagnoses was obtained in a standardized manner blind to the child's clinical status. Our results show that (1) enuresis did not increase the risk for psychopathology in children with or without ADHD; (2) enuresis was not associated with psychosocial adversity or developmental immaturity; (3) enuresis was associated with increased risk for learning disability, impaired intellectual functioning, and impaired school achievement in normal control children but not in children with ADHD; and (4) the same pattern of findings was obtained after stratifying children with enuresis by primary versus secondary and by nocturnal versus diurnal subtypes. These results suggest that the clinical implications of enuresis may differ for ADHD and non-ADHD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Biederman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit (ACC 725), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Wozniak J, Biederman J, Kiely K, Ablon JS, Faraone SV, Mundy E, Mennin D. Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:867-76. [PMID: 7649957 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199507000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of mania among referred children aged 12 or younger. Many case reports challenge the widely accepted belief that childhood-onset mania is rare. Sources of diagnostic confusion include the variable developmental expression of mania and its symptomatic overlap with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD The authors compared 43 children aged 12 years or younger who satisfied criteria for mania, 164 ADHD children without mania, and 84 non-ADHD control children. RESULTS The clinical picture was fully compatible with the DSM-III-R diagnosis of mania in 16% (n = 43) of referred children. All but one of the children meeting criteria for mania also met criteria for ADHD. Compared with ADHD children without mania, manic children had significantly higher rates of major depression, psychosis, multiple anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder as well as evidence of significantly more impaired psychosocial functioning. In addition, 21% (n = 9) of manic children had had at least one previous psychiatric hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Mania may be relatively common among psychiatrically referred children. The clinical picture of childhood-onset mania is very severe and frequently comorbid with ADHD and other psychiatric disorders. Because of the high comorbidity with ADHD, more work is needed to clarify whether these children have ADHD, bipolar disorder, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wozniak
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Ablon S, Warburton R, Reed E. Family-environment risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A test of Rutter's indicators of adversity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:464-70. [PMID: 7771916 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950180050007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether family-environment risk factors are associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Compelling work by Rutter and coworkers revealed that it was the aggregate of adversity factors (severe marital discord, low social class, large family size, paternal criminality, maternal mental disorder, and foster care placement) rather than the presence of any single factor that led to impaired development. Based on the work of Rutter, we hypothesized a positive association between indicators of adversity and the diagnosis of ADHD and ADHD-associated impairments. METHODS We studied 140 ADHD and 120 normal control probands. Subjects were non-Hispanic white boys between the ages of 6 and 17 years. Rutter's indicators of adversity were used to predict ADHD-related psychopathology as well as impaired cognitive and psychosocial functioning. RESULTS The odds ratio for the diagnosis of ADHD increased as the number of Rutter's adversity index predicted ADHD-related psychopathology (depression, anxiety, and conduct disorder), learning disabilities, cognitive impairment, and psychosocial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS A positive association appears to exist between adversity indicators and the risk for ADHD as well as for its associated psychiatric, cognitive, and psychosocial impairments. These findings support the work of Rutter and stress the importance of adverse family-environment variables as risk factors for children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Biederman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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Wilens TE, Biederman J, Kiely K, Bredin E, Spencer TJ. Pilot study of behavioral and emotional disturbances in the high-risk children of parents with opioid dependence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:779-85. [PMID: 7608052 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199506000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the prevalence of nonalcohol substance abuse disorders, few data are available on the high-risk children of parents with these disorders. To this end as a preliminary study, children of opioid-dependent parents were assessed on measures of emotional and behavioral problems. METHOD Child Behavior Checklist data from 15 girls and 29 boys (mean age 10.4 years) from 27 families of parents receiving treatment in a methadone maintenance clinic were compared with matched data from referred children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder plus comorbid psychiatric disorders ("comorbid ADHD children") and medically referred children without ADHD ("controls"). RESULTS The children of opioid-dependent parents had significantly poorer competency scores, and higher scores on both Internalizing and Externalizing subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist, compared with controls (p values < .01), but not compared with comorbid ADHD children. Twenty-four children (55%) of opioid-dependent parents had elevated subscale scores indicative of significant psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS These pilot data seem to indicate that the 4- to 18-year-old children of parents with opioid dependence have high rates of psychopathology and significant dysfunction and suggest the need for further controlled studies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Wilens
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Biederman J, Wozniak J, Kiely K, Ablon S, Faraone S, Mick E, Mundy E, Kraus I. CBCL clinical scales discriminate prepubertal children with structured interview-derived diagnosis of mania from those with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:464-71. [PMID: 7751260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the discriminative ability of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to identify children with structured interview-derived diagnosis of bipolar disorder. METHOD We evaluated the convergence of CBCL scales with the diagnosis of mania in 31 children with mania, 120 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and 77 prepubertal normal control children aged 12 years or younger. We evaluated the strength of association between each CBCL scale and structured interview-derived diagnoses with total predictive value and the odds ratio. RESULTS Excellent convergence was found between the CBCL scales of Delinquent Behavior, Aggressive Behavior, Somatic Complaints, Anxious/Depressed, and Thought Problems and the diagnosis of mania. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the CBCL could serve as a rapid and useful screening instrument to identify manic children in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Biederman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Biederman J, Faraone SV, Mick E, Spencer T, Wilens T, Kiely K, Guite J, Ablon JS, Reed E, Warburton R. High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:431-5. [PMID: 7864271 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.152.3.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although well-documented in clinical and epidemiological studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, the familial nature of the adult syndrome has not been well investigated. One approach to evaluate the familial nature of adult ADHD is through a high-risk design aimed at estimating the risk for the disorder in children of parents with child-hood-onset ADHD. METHOD Children at risk for ADHD were ascertained from the study group of 84 referred adults with clinical diagnoses of childhood onset of the disorder, confirmed by structured interviews. Diagnostic information on the disorder was derived from the ADHD module of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children--Epidemiologic Version, supplemented with information regarding treatment for ADHD for the affected child and school history including repeated grades, placement in special classes, and tutoring. RESULTS Of the 84 children at risk, 48 (57%) met criteria for ADHD. The rate of the disorder in children of adults with the disorder was significantly higher than the previously reported rate of ADHD among siblings of children with the disorder. Of the 48 ADHD children of parents with the disorder, 36 (75%) were treated for it. The rates of school failure were almost identical to those previously reported in a group of referred children and adolescents with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS These results support the validity of the adult diagnosis of ADHD and suggest that the adult form of this disorder may have stronger familial etiological risk factors than its pediatric form. If these results are confirmed, families selected through adult probands with ADHD might be especially useful for testing genetic hypotheses about the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Biederman
- Child Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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Meisel S, Kiely K. Graphic prescription labels. Am J Hosp Pharm 1981; 38:1116. [PMID: 7270551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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