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Colen CG, Drotning KJ, Sayer LC, Link B. A Matter of Time: Racialized Time and the Production of Health Disparities. J Health Soc Behav 2024; 65:126-140. [PMID: 37377057 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231182377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
An expansive and methodologically varied literature designed to investigate racial disparities in health now exists. Empirical evidence points to an overlapping, complex web of social conditions that accelerate the pace of aging and erodes long-term health outcomes among people of color, especially Black Americans. However, a social exposure-or lack thereof-that is rarely mentioned is time use. The current paper was specifically designed to address this shortcoming. First, we draw on extant research to illustrate how and why time is a critical source of racial disparities in health. Second, we employ fundamental causes theory to explain the specific mechanisms through which the differential distribution of time across race is likely to give rise to unequal health outcomes. Finally, we introduce a novel conceptual framework that identifies and distinguishes between four distinct forms of time use likely to play an outsized role in contributing to racial disparities in health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruce Link
- University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Amerikaner L, Yan HX, Sayer LC, Doan L, Fish JN, Drotning KJ, Rinderknecht RG. Blurred border or safe harbor? Emotional well-being among sexual and gender minority adults working from home during COVID-19. Soc Sci Med 2023; 323:115850. [PMID: 36966549 PMCID: PMC10022182 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adults have experienced pronounced declines in well-being. However, less is known about how changes to daily routines and settings, such as the shift to remote work within many occupations, may be playing a role in well-being outcomes. Drawing on a unique time diary data source (N = 3515 respondents and 7650 episodes) collected between April 2020-July 2021 through online crowdsourcing platforms, we conducted random effects analyses to examine how working from home has been associated with experienced well-being among LGBTQ and cisgender heterosexual workers in the United States during the pandemic. Findings indicate LGBTQ adults felt significantly less stressed and tired while doing paid work at home than while working at a workplace. In addition, working at a workplace, rather than working from home, appeared to be more detrimental to LGBTQ adults' well-being compared to their non-LGBTQ counterparts. Adjusting for work characteristics explained some of the difference, whereas adjusting for family characteristics had little impact on the results. It is possible that for LGBTQ employees, working from home mitigates some of the minority stressors experienced during paid work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layne Amerikaner
- University of Maryland, College Park, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Hope Xu Yan
- University of Maryland, College Park, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Liana C Sayer
- University of Maryland, College Park, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Long Doan
- University of Maryland, College Park, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jessica N Fish
- University of Maryland, College Park, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Kelsey J Drotning
- University of Maryland, College Park, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - R Gordon Rinderknecht
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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Salerno JP, Doan L, Sayer LC, Drotning KJ, Rinderknecht RG, Fish JN. Changes in Mental Health and Well-Being Are Associated With Living Arrangements With Parents During COVID-19 Among Sexual Minority Young Persons in the U.S. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers 2023; 10:150-156. [PMID: 37283818 PMCID: PMC10241357 DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Sexual minority young persons may be at risk for compounding mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic due to their existing vulnerabilities for psychological inequities. Indeed, recent research has documented that sexual minority young persons are experiencing compounding psychiatric effects associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, researchers and practitioners hypothesized that sexual minority youth and young adults may experience unique hardships related to their sexual and gender identities and familial conflict as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and living arrangement changes with their parents and families. This study aims to investigate whether there are changes in sexual minority (and non-sexual minority) young adults' (SMYAs) mental health and wellbeing among those living with and living without their parents before and after the start of COVID-19. Among a cross-sectional sample of SMYAs (n=294; Mage=22 years; age range=18-26) and non-SMYAs (n=874; Mage=22 years; age range=18-26) defined by whether they were living with or living without their parents before and after the start of COVID-19, we retrospectively analyzed changes in psychological distress and wellbeing. SMYAs who returned to their parents' homes during post-onset of COVID-19 reported greater mental distress and lower wellbeing, followed by those who were living with their parents both before and after the start of COVID-19. Patterns were not consistent among non-SMYAs, and lower magnitudes of change were seen. There is a significant public health need for mental health services and family education resources for supporting SMYAs in the context of COVID-19 and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Salerno
- Department of Behavioral & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 1234, College Park, MD, USA 20742
| | - Long Doan
- Department of Sociology, College of Behavioral & Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States, 2112 Parren Mitchell Art-Sociology Building, 3834 Campus Dr, College Park, MD, USA 20742
| | - Liana C. Sayer
- Department of Sociology, College of Behavioral & Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States, 2112 Parren Mitchell Art-Sociology Building, 3834 Campus Dr, College Park, MD, USA 20742
| | - Kelsey J. Drotning
- Department of Sociology, College of Behavioral & Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States, 2112 Parren Mitchell Art-Sociology Building, 3834 Campus Dr, College Park, MD, USA 20742
| | - R. Gordon Rinderknecht
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Laboratory of Digital and Computational Demography, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jessica N. Fish
- Department of Family Science, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 1234, College Park, MD, USA 20742
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Drotning KJ, Doan L, Sayer LC, Fish JN, Rinderknecht RG. Not All Homes Are Safe: Family Violence Following the Onset of the Covid-19 Pandemic. J Fam Violence 2023; 38:189-201. [PMID: 35221467 PMCID: PMC8860732 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from victim service providers suggests the COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in family violence. However, empirical evidence has been limited. This study uses novel survey data to investigate the occurrence of family violence during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Data come from the second wave of the Assessing the Social Consequences of COVID-19 study, an online non-probability sample collected in April and May 2020. Family violence is measured using four variables: any violence, physical violence, verbal abuse, and restricted access. The authors use logistic regression and KHB decomposition to examine the prevalence of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that sexual minorities, in particular bisexual people, experienced higher rates of family violence than heterosexual respondents. Women were the only group to report an increase in the frequency of family violence. Household income loss is associated with the incidence of verbal violence. Our findings demonstrate the importance of expanding victim services to address the additional barriers victims face within the pandemic context and beyond, including broad contexts of social isolation and financial precarity experienced by individuals at risk of family violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J. Drotning
- Department of Sociology, Univeristy of Maryland, 2112 Parren Mitchell Art-Sociology Building, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Long Doan
- Department of Sociology, Univeristy of Maryland, 2112 Parren Mitchell Art-Sociology Building, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Liana C. Sayer
- Department of Sociology, Univeristy of Maryland, 2112 Parren Mitchell Art-Sociology Building, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Jessica N. Fish
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
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Yan HX, Sayer LC, Negraia DV, Rinderknecht RG, Doan L, Drotning KJ, Fish JN, Buck C. Mothering and Stress during COVID-19: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Employment. Socius 2022; 8:23780231221103056. [PMID: 36158313 PMCID: PMC9490394 DOI: 10.1177/23780231221103056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Using primary data from the Assessing the Social Consequences of COVID-19 study, the authors examined how the pandemic affected the stress levels of women with and without coresiding minor children (mothers vs. nonmothers), paying special attention to the moderating role of employment status. The ordinary least squares regression results show that following the pandemic outbreak, among full-time working women, mothers reported smaller stress increases than nonmothers. In contrast, among part-time and nonemployed women, mothers and nonmothers experienced similar stress increases. Also, full-time working mothers reported smaller stress increases than women with most other mothering and employment statuses. Changes in women's employment status, following pandemic onset, had limited impacts on the patterns of stress change. This study contributes to research on parenting and health by showing that during times of crisis, full-time employment may be protective of mothers' mental health but may not buffer the mental health deterioration of women not raising children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Xu Yan
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Long Doan
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Fish JN, Salerno J, Williams ND, Rinderknecht RG, Drotning KJ, Sayer L, Doan L. Sexual Minority Disparities in Health and Well-Being as a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic Differ by Sexual Identity. LGBT Health 2021; 8:263-272. [PMID: 33887160 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2020.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has accentuated long-standing population health disparities in the United States. We examined how the pandemic and its social consequences may differentially impact sexual minority adults, relative to heterosexual adults. Methods: Data are from a U.S. national sample of adults (n = 2996; 18.06%) collected from online panels from April to May 2020. We used eight indicators of well-being-mental health, physical health, quality of life, stress, loneliness, psychological distress, alcohol use, and fatigue-to assess the degree to which sexual identity subgroups (i.e., heterosexual, gay/lesbian, bisexual, and "other" sexual minority) varied in retrospective pre- and postpandemic onset indicators of well-being and whether groups varied in their rate of change from pre- and postpandemic onset. Results: The results showed consistent patterns of decline in well-being across sexual identity subgroups, although changes in mental health, physical health, quality of life, stress, and psychological distress were more robust among sexual minority adults in general, relative to heterosexual adults. Adjusted multivariate models testing differences in change in retrospective pre- and postpandemic onset found that well-being among bisexual men and women was most negatively impacted by the pandemic. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic may have distinct health consequences for sexual minority adults in the United States. Our findings support and further legitimize calls for more comprehensive surveillance and cultural responsiveness in emergency preparedness as it relates to sexual minority people and the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Fish
- Department of Family Science and School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - John Salerno
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha D Williams
- Department of Family Science and School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - R Gordon Rinderknecht
- Laboratory of Digital and Computational Demography, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kelsey J Drotning
- Department of Sociology, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Liana Sayer
- Department of Sociology, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Long Doan
- Department of Sociology, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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