1
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Park HS, Yin A, Barranta C, Lee JS, Caputo CA, Sachithanandham J, Li M, Yoon S, Sitaras I, Jedlicka A, Eby Y, Ram M, Fernandez RE, Baker OR, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Lau B, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Shapiro JR, Ou J, Na YB, Knoll MD, Ornelas-Gatdula E, Arroyo-Curras N, Gniadek TJ, Caturegli P, Wu J, Ndahiro N, Betenbaugh MJ, Ziman A, Hanley DF, Casadevall A, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Gebo KA, Tobian AA, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Sullivan DJ. Outpatient COVID-19 convalescent plasma recipient antibody thresholds correlated to reduced hospitalizations within a randomized trial. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178460. [PMID: 38483534 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDCOVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) virus-specific antibody levels that translate into recipient posttransfusion antibody levels sufficient to prevent disease progression are not defined.METHODSThis secondary analysis correlated donor and recipient antibody levels to hospitalization risk among unvaccinated, seronegative CCP recipients within the outpatient, double-blind, randomized clinical trial that compared CCP to control plasma. The majority of COVID-19 CCP arm hospitalizations (15/17, 88%) occurred in this unvaccinated, seronegative subgroup. A functional cutoff to delineate recipient high versus low posttransfusion antibody levels was established by 2 methods: (i) analyzing virus neutralization-equivalent anti-Spike receptor-binding domain immunoglobulin G (anti-S-RBD IgG) responses in donors or (ii) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.RESULTSSARS-CoV-2 anti-S-RBD IgG antibody was volume diluted 21.3-fold into posttransfusion seronegative recipients from matched donor units. Virus-specific antibody delivered was approximately 1.2 mg. The high-antibody recipients transfused early (symptom onset within 5 days) had no hospitalizations. A CCP-recipient analysis for antibody thresholds correlated to reduced hospitalizations found a statistical significant association between early transfusion and high antibodies versus all other CCP recipients (or control plasma), with antibody cutoffs established by both methods-donor-based virus neutralization cutoffs in posttransfusion recipients (0/85 [0%] versus 15/276 [5.6%]; P = 0.03) or ROC-based cutoff (0/94 [0%] versus 15/267 [5.4%]; P = 0.01).CONCLUSIONIn unvaccinated, seronegative CCP recipients, early transfusion of plasma units in the upper 30% of study donors' antibody levels reduced outpatient hospitalizations. High antibody level plasma units, given early, should be reserved for therapeutic use.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT04373460.FUNDINGDepartment of Defense (W911QY2090012); Defense Health Agency; Bloomberg Philanthropies; the State of Maryland; NIH (3R01AI152078-01S1, U24TR001609-S3, 1K23HL151826NIH); the Mental Wellness Foundation; the Moriah Fund; Octapharma; the Healthnetwork Foundation; the Shear Family Foundation; the NorthShore Research Institute; and the Rice Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Yin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caelan Barranta
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John S Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher A Caputo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maggie Li
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steve Yoon
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yolanda Eby
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reinaldo E Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Owen R Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Emily S Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Hammel
- Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Valerie C Cluzet
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Oei
- Ascada Research, Fullerton, California, USA
| | | | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Christi E Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | | | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | | | - Atika Singh
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David M Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Janna R Shapiro
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiangda Ou
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | - Yu Bin Na
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria D Knoll
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elysse Ornelas-Gatdula
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Netzahualcoyotl Arroyo-Curras
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinke Wu
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson Ndahiro
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alyssa Ziman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wing-Kwai and Alice Lee-Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Ar Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Park HS, Yin A, Barranta C, Lee JS, Caputo CA, Sachithanandham J, Li M, Yoon S, Sitaras I, Jedlicka A, Eby Y, Ram M, Fernandez RE, Baker OR, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Lau B, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Shapiro JR, Ou J, Na YB, Knoll MD, Ornelas-Gatdula E, Arroyo-Curras N, Gniadek TJ, Caturegli P, Wu J, Ndahiro N, Betenbaugh MJ, Ziman A, Hanley DF, Casadevall A, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Gebo KA, Tobian AAR, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Sullivan DJ. Outpatient COVID-19 convalescent plasma recipient antibody thresholds correlated to reduced hospitalizations within a randomized trial. medRxiv 2023:2023.04.13.23288353. [PMID: 37131659 PMCID: PMC10153328 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.13.23288353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) viral specific antibody levels that translate into recipient post-transfusion antibody levels sufficient to prevent disease progression is not defined. METHODS This secondary analysis correlated donor and recipient antibody levels to hospitalization risk among unvaccinated, seronegative CCP recipients within the outpatient, double blind, randomized clinical trial that compared CCP to control plasma. The majority of COVID-19 CCP arm hospitalizations (15/17, 88%) occurred in this unvaccinated, seronegative subgroup. A functional cutoff to delineate recipient high versus low post-transfusion antibody levels was established by two methods: 1) analyzing virus neutralization-equivalent anti-S-RBD IgG responses in donors or 2) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 anti-S-RBD IgG antibody was diluted by a factor of 21.3 into post-transfusion seronegative recipients from matched donor units. Viral specific antibody delivered approximated 1.2 mg. The high antibody recipients transfused early (symptom onset within 5 days) had no hospitalizations. A CCP recipient analysis for antibody thresholds correlated to reduced hospitalizations found a significant association with Fisher's exact test between early and high antibodies versus all other CCP recipients (or control plasma) with antibody cutoffs established by both methods-donor virus neutralization-based cutoff: (0/85; 0% versus 15/276; 5.6%) p=0.03 or ROC based cutoff: (0/94; 0% versus 15/267; 5.4%) p=0.01. CONCLUSION In unvaccinated, seronegative CCP recipients, early transfusion of plasma units corresponding to the upper 30% of all study donors reduced outpatient hospitalizations. These high antibody level plasma units, given early, should be reserved for therapeutic use.Trial registration: NCT04373460. FUNDING Defense Health Agency and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Yin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caelan Barranta
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John S Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Caputo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maggie Li
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steve Yoon
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yolanda Eby
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Reinaldo E Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Owen R Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Emily S Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Hammel
- Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT, USA
| | | | - Valerie C Cluzet
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC, USA
| | - Christi E Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anusha Yarava
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nichol A McBee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicky Karlen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atika Singh
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- Department of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David M Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janna R Shapiro
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiangda Ou
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Bin Na
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria D Knoll
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elysse Ornelas-Gatdula
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Netzahualcoyotl Arroyo-Curras
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinke Wu
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nelson Ndahiro
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa Ziman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wing-Kwai and Alice Lee-Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Huaman MA, Raval JS, Paxton JH, Mosnaim GS, Patel B, Anjan S, Meisenberg BR, Levine AC, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Shenoy AG, Heath SL, Currier JS, Fukuta Y, Blair JE, Spivak ES, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco M, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Kassaye SG, Ram M, Wang Y, Das P, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Ford DE, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Ehrhardt S, Lau B, Baksh SN, Shade DM, Casadevall A, Hanley DF, Ou J, Gniadek TJ, Ziman A, Shoham S, Gebo KA, Bloch EM, Tobian AAR, Sullivan DJ, Gerber JM. Transfusion reactions associated with COVID-19 convalescent plasma in outpatient clinical trials. Transfusion 2023; 63:1639-1648. [PMID: 37534607 PMCID: PMC10720768 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) is an important therapeutic option for outpatients at high risk of hospitalization from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We assessed the safety of outpatient CCP transfusions administered during clinical trials. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data pertaining to transfusion-related reactions from two randomized controlled trials in the U.S. that evaluated the efficacy of CCP versus control plasma in various ambulatory settings. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess whether CCP was associated with transfusion reactions, after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS The combined study reported 79/1351 (5.9%) adverse events during the transfusion visit, with the majority 62/1351 (4.6%) characterized by mild, allergic-type findings of urticaria, and/or pruritus consistent with minor allergic transfusion reactions; the other reported events were attributed to the patients' underlying disease, COVID-19, or vasovagal in nature. We found no difference in the likelihood of allergic transfusion reactions between those receiving CCP versus control plasma (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.75; 95% CI, 0.43-1.31). Risk of urticaria and/or pruritus increased with a pre-existing diagnosis of asthma (AOR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.16-4.67). We did not observe any CCP-attributed antibody disease enhancement in participants with COVID-19 or increased risk of infection. There were no life-threatening severe transfusion reactions and no patients required hospitalization related to transfusion-associated complications. DISCUSSION Outpatient plasma administration was safely performed for nearly 1400 participants. CCP is a safe therapeutic option for outpatients at risk of hospitalization from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises A Huaman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital & Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christi E Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anusha Yarava
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, DC, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Emily S Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Hammel
- Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Valerie C Cluzet
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Oei
- Ascada Research, Fullerton, California, USA
| | | | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, DC, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Piyali Das
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nichol A McBee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicky Karlen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- The Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David M Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiangda Ou
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Alyssa Ziman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wing-Kwai and Alice Lee-Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Sullivan DJ, Gebo KA, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Lau B, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Gniadek TJ, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Foster EC, Roth M, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Casadevall A, Tobian AAR, Hanley DF. Early Outpatient Treatment for Covid-19 with Convalescent Plasma. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1700-1711. [PMID: 35353960 PMCID: PMC9006786 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2119657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyclonal convalescent plasma may be obtained from donors who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). The efficacy of this plasma in preventing serious complications in outpatients with recent-onset Covid-19 is uncertain. METHODS In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of Covid-19 convalescent plasma, as compared with control plasma, in symptomatic adults (≥18 years of age) who had tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, regardless of their risk factors for disease progression or vaccination status. Participants were enrolled within 8 days after symptom onset and received a transfusion within 1 day after randomization. The primary outcome was Covid-19-related hospitalization within 28 days after transfusion. RESULTS Participants were enrolled from June 3, 2020, through October 1, 2021. A total of 1225 participants underwent randomization, and 1181 received a transfusion. In the prespecified modified intention-to-treat analysis that included only participants who received a transfusion, the primary outcome occurred in 17 of 592 participants (2.9%) who received convalescent plasma and 37 of 589 participants (6.3%) who received control plasma (absolute risk reduction, 3.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 5.8; P = 0.005), which corresponded to a relative risk reduction of 54%. Evidence of efficacy in vaccinated participants cannot be inferred from these data because 53 of the 54 participants with Covid-19 who were hospitalized were unvaccinated and 1 participant was partially vaccinated. A total of 16 grade 3 or 4 adverse events (7 in the convalescent-plasma group and 9 in the control-plasma group) occurred in participants who were not hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS In participants with Covid-19, most of whom were unvaccinated, the administration of convalescent plasma within 9 days after the onset of symptoms reduced the risk of disease progression leading to hospitalization. (Funded by the Department of Defense and others; CSSC-004 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04373460.).
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sullivan
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Evan M Bloch
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Bryan Lau
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Bela Patel
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Sonya L Heath
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Adam C Levine
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Barry R Meisenberg
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Emily S Spivak
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Shweta Anjan
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Moises A Huaman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Janis E Blair
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Judith S Currier
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - James H Paxton
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Joann R Petrini
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Patrick B Broderick
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - William Rausch
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Marie-Elena Cordisco
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Jean Hammel
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Benjamin Greenblatt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Valerie C Cluzet
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Daniel Cruser
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Kevin Oei
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Matthew Abinante
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Donald N Forthal
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Martin S Zand
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Edward R Cachay
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Jay S Raval
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - E Colin Foster
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Michael Roth
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Christi E Marshall
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Anusha Yarava
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Karen Lane
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Nichol A McBee
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Amy L Gawad
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Nicky Karlen
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Atika Singh
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Daniel E Ford
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - David M Shade
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Sabra L Klein
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
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Sullivan DJ, Gebo KA, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Lau B, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Gniadek TJ, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Foster EC, Roth M, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Casadevall A, Tobian AAR, Hanley DF. Randomized Controlled Trial of Early Outpatient COVID-19 Treatment with High-Titer Convalescent Plasma. medRxiv 2021:2021.12.10.21267485. [PMID: 34981068 PMCID: PMC8722611 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.10.21267485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of polyclonal high titer convalescent plasma to prevent serious complications of COVID-19 in outpatients with recent onset of illness is uncertain. METHODS This multicenter, double-blind randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy and safety of SARS-CoV-2 high titer convalescent plasma to placebo control plasma in symptomatic adults ≥18 years positive for SARS-CoV-2 regardless of risk factors for disease progression or vaccine status. Participants with symptom onset within 8 days were enrolled, then transfused within the subsequent day. The measured primary outcome was COVID-19-related hospitalization within 28 days of plasma transfusion. The enrollment period was June 3, 2020 to October 1, 2021. RESULTS A total of 1225 participants were randomized and 1181 transfused. In the pre-specified modified intention-to-treat analysis that excluded those not transfused, the primary endpoint occurred in 37 of 589 (6.3%) who received placebo control plasma and in 17 of 592 (2.9%) participants who received convalescent plasma (relative risk, 0.46; one-sided 95% upper bound confidence interval 0.733; P=0.004) corresponding to a 54% risk reduction. Examination with a model adjusting for covariates related to the outcome did not change the conclusions. CONCLUSION Early administration of high titer SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma reduced outpatient hospitalizations by more than 50%. High titer convalescent plasma is an effective early outpatient COVID-19 treatment with the advantages of low cost, wide availability, and rapid resilience to variant emergence from viral genetic drift in the face of a changing pandemic. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04373460.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Barry R Meisenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Emily S Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Joann R Petrini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Patrick B Broderick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - William Rausch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Marie Elena Cordisco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Jean Hammel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Benjamin Greenblatt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Valerie C Cluzet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Kevin Oei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Matthew Abinante
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - E Colin Foster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Michael Roth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Christi E Marshall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Anusha Yarava
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Nichol A McBee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Nicky Karlen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Atika Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - David M Shade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
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Briggs DN, Bong G, Leong E, Oei K, Lestari G, Bell AT. Effects of support composition and pretreatment on the activity and selectivity of carbon-supported PdCunClx catalysts for the synthesis of diethyl carbonate. J Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kemerink GJ, Frantzen MJ, Oei K, Sluzewski M, van Rooij WJ, Wilmink J, van Engelshoven JMA. Patient and occupational dose in neurointerventional procedures. Neuroradiology 2002; 44:522-8. [PMID: 12070727 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-002-0780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2001] [Accepted: 01/03/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurointerventional procedures can involve very high doses of radiation to the patient. Our purpose was to quantify the exposure of patients and workers during such procedures, and to use the data for optimisation. We monitored the coiling of 27 aneurysms, and embolisation of four arteriovenous malformations. We measured entrance doses at the skull of the patient using thermoluminescent dosemeters. An observer logged the dose-area product (DAP), fluoroscopy time and characteristics of the digital angiographic and fluoroscopic projections. We also measured entrance doses to the workers at the glabella, neck, arms, hands and legs. The highest patient entrance dose was 2.3 Gy, the average maximum entrance dose 0.9+/-0.5 Gy. The effective dose to the patient was estimated as 14.0+/-8.1 mSv. Other average values were: DAP 228+/-131 Gy cm(2), fluoroscopy time 34.8+/-12.6 min, number of angiographic series 19.3+/-9.4 and number of frames 267+/-143. The highest operator entrance dose was observed on the left leg (235+/-174 microGy). The effective dose to the operator, wearing a 0.35 mm lead equivalent apron, was 6.7+/-4.6 microSv. Thus, even the highest patient entrance dose was in the lower part of the range in which nonstochastic effects might arise. Nevertheless, we are trying to reduce patient exposure by optimising machine settings and clinical protocols, and by informing the operator when the total DAP reaches a defined threshold. The contribution of neurointerventional procedures to occupational dose was very small.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Kemerink
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Maastricht, P. Debijelaan 25, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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