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Gerard O, Ramesh S, Ramesh K, Numan A, Norhaffis Mustafa M, Khalid M, Ramesh S, Tiong SK. Evaluation of the effect of precursor ratios on the electrochemical performances of binder-free NiMn-phosphate electrodes for supercapattery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 667:585-596. [PMID: 38657542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Binary metal phosphate electrodes have been widely studied for energy storage applications due to the synergistic effects of two different transition elements that able to provide better conductivity and stability. Herein, the battery-type binder-free nickel-manganese phosphate (NiMn-phosphate) electrodes were fabricated with different Ni:Mn precursor ratios via microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique for 5 min at 90 °C. Overall, NiMn3P electrode (Ni:Mn = 1:3) showed an outstanding electrochemical performance, displaying the highest specific (areal) capacity at 3 A/g of 1262.4 C/g (0.44 C/cm2), and the smallest charge transfer resistance of 108.8 Ω. The enhanced performance of NiMn3P electrode can be ascribed to the fully grown amorphous nature and small-sized flake and flower structures of NiMn3P electrode material on the nickel foam (NF) surface. This configuration offered a higher number of active sites and a larger exposed area, facilitating efficient electrochemical reactions with the electrolyte. Consequently, the NiMn3P//AC electrode combination was chosen to further investigate its performance in supercapattery. The NiMn3P//AC supercapattery exhibited remarkable energy density of 105.4 Wh/kg and excellent cyclic stability with 84.7% retention after 3000 cycles. These findings underscored the superior electrochemical performance of the battery-type binder-free NiMn3P electrode, and highlight its potential for enhancing the overall performance of supercapattery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ong Gerard
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - K Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arshid Numan
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Norhaffis Mustafa
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India; Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - S Ramesh
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S K Tiong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Prakash J, Ramesh K, Tripathi D, Kumar R. Corrigendum to "Numerical simulation of heat transfer in blood flow altered by electroosmosis through tapered micro-vessels" [Microvasc. Res. 118 (2018) 162-172]. Microvasc Res 2024; 153:104657. [PMID: 38267351 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2024.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- J Prakash
- Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Thalambur, Chennai 600120, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Ramesh
- Department of Mathematics, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144411, Punjab, India
| | - D Tripathi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India.
| | - R Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India
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Varsi F, Ahmad S, Chakraborty M, Chandra A, Dugad SR, Goswami UD, Gupta SK, Hariharan B, Hayashi Y, Jagadeesan P, Jain A, Jain P, Kawakami S, Kojima H, Lipari P, Mahapatra S, Mohanty PK, Moharana R, Muraki Y, Nayak PK, Nonaka T, Oshima A, Pant BP, Pattanaik D, Paul S, Pradhan GS, Rameez M, Ramesh K, Reddy LV, Saha S, Sahoo R, Scaria R, Shibata S, Zuberi M. Evidence of a Hardening in the Cosmic Ray Proton Spectrum at around 166 TeV Observed by the GRAPES-3 Experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:051002. [PMID: 38364164 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
We present the measurement of the cosmic ray proton spectrum from 50 TeV to 1.3 PeV using 7.81×10^{6} extensive air shower events recorded by the ground-based GRAPES-3 experiment between 1 January 2014 and 26 October 2015 with a live time of 460 day. Our measurements provide an overlap with direct observations by satellite and balloon-based experiments. The electromagnetic and muon components in the shower were measured by a dense array of plastic scintillator detectors and a tracking muon telescope, respectively. The relative composition of the proton primary from the air shower data containing all primary particles was extracted using the multiplicity distribution of muons which is a sensitive observable for mass composition. The observed proton spectrum suggests a spectral hardening at ∼166 TeV and disfavors a single power law description of the spectrum up to the Knee energy (∼3 PeV).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Varsi
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - S Ahmad
- Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - M Chakraborty
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - A Chandra
- Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - S R Dugad
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - U D Goswami
- Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, India
| | - S K Gupta
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - B Hariharan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Y Hayashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - P Jagadeesan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - A Jain
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - P Jain
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - S Kawakami
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - H Kojima
- College of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - P Lipari
- INFN, Sezione Roma "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | - P K Mohanty
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - R Moharana
- Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Y Muraki
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - P K Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - T Nonaka
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, Tokyo University, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - A Oshima
- College of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - B P Pant
- Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - D Pattanaik
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, India
| | - S Paul
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - G S Pradhan
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - M Rameez
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - K Ramesh
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - L V Reddy
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - S Saha
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - R Sahoo
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - R Scaria
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - S Shibata
- College of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - M Zuberi
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
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Alwala AM, Ramesh K, Swayampakula H, Vura NG, Shaik SB, Vidya Hiranmayi K. Analysis of the Effectiveness of 3D Printed Patient-Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Maxillary Defect Secondary to Mucormycosis. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2023; 22:728-733. [PMID: 37534351 PMCID: PMC10390382 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-023-01922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients affected with mucormycosis of maxilla have been increasing following Covid-19 infections. We followed the reconstruction of the maxilla using 3D manufactured patient-specific implants. The additive manufacturing technology is capable of fabricating custom-made titanium implants precisely for oral and maxillofacial reconstructions. Aim To analyse the effectiveness of 3D manufactured patient-specific implants in the reconstruction of maxilla affected by mucormycosis secondary to Covid-19. Methodology: This study was conducted among 20 patients receiving patient-specific implants for surgical and prosthetic reconstruction of the maxilla. The parameters analysed at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months were pain, implant exposure, infection, wound dehiscence, fit of implant, postoperative surgical rating scale, and patient experience evaluation rating scale. Results Inferential Statistics revealed a positive correlation. Conclusion From the present data, it can be concluded that within the limitations of the study, patient-specific implant systems are an effective treatment strategy for the reconstruction of the maxilla affected by mucormycosis secondary to Covid-19. More studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up periods are required to substantiate the results from the present study. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12663-023-01922-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mohan Alwala
- Department Of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MNR Dental College & Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana 502294 India
| | - K. Ramesh
- Department Of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MNR Dental College & Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana 502294 India
| | - Himaja Swayampakula
- Department Of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MNR Dental College & Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana 502294 India
| | | | - Sheraz Bar Shaik
- Department Of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MNR Dental College & Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana 502294 India
| | - K. Vidya Hiranmayi
- Sri Sai Multispeciality Dental Clinic, Hyderabad, Telangana 500039 India
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Kumar SSA, M NB, Batoo KM, Wonnie Ma IA, Ramesh K, Ramesh S, Shah MA. Fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide-based polymer nanocomposite coatings, improved stability and hydrophobicity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8946. [PMID: 37268705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, acrylic-epoxy-based nanocomposite coatings loaded with different concentrations (0.5-3 wt.%) of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were successfully prepared via the solution intercalation approach. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the inclusion of GO nanoparticles into the polymer matrix increased the thermal stability of the coatings. The degree of transparency evaluated by the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy showed that the lowest loading rate of GO (0.5 wt.%) had completely blocked the incoming irradiation, thus resulting in zero percent transmittance. Furthermore, the water contact angle (WCA) measurements revealed that the incorporation of GO nanoparticles and PDMS into the polymer matrix had remarkably enhanced the surface hydrophobicity, exhibiting the highest WCA of 87.55º. In addition, the cross-hatch test (CHT) showed that all the hybrid coatings exhibited excellent surface adhesion behaviour, receiving 4B and 5B ratings respectively. Moreover, the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs confirmed that the presence of the functional groups on the GO surface facilitated the chemical functionalization process, which led to excellent dispersibility. The GO composition up to 2 wt.% showed excellent dispersion and uniform distribution of the GO nanoparticles within the polymer matrix. Therefore, the unique features of graphene and its derivatives have emerged as a new class of nanofillers/inhibitors for corrosion protection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma Ashok Kumar
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nujud Badawi M
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Mujasam Batoo
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - I A Wonnie Ma
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Physics/Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University (SIMATS), Chennai, India.
| | - S Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Physics/Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Mohd Asif Shah
- College of Business and Economics, Kebri Dehar University, 250, Kebri Dehar, Somali, Ethiopia.
- School of Business, Woxsen University, Kamkole, Sadasivpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502345, India.
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144001, Punjab, India.
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Kumar VS, Sivasubramanian S, Padmanabhan P, Anupama CP, Ramesh K, Gunasekaran P, Krishnasamy K, Kitambi SS. Etiological Profile and Clinico Epidemiological Patterns of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in Tamil Nadu, India. J Glob Infect Dis 2023; 15:52-58. [PMID: 37469472 PMCID: PMC10353646 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_179_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Establishing the etiological cause of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is challenging due to the distinct distribution of various etiological agents. This study aims to determine the etiological profiles of both viruses and bacteria and their associated clinico-epidemiological features among the AES suspected cases in Tamil Nadu, India. Methods Samples of 5136 suspected AES cases from January 2016 to December 2020 (5 years) were subjected to the detection of etiological agents for AES through serological and molecular diagnosis methods. Further, the clinical profile, age- and gender-wise susceptibility of cases, co-infection with other AES etiological agents, and seasonality pattern with respect to various etiological agents were examined. Results AES positivity was established in 1480 cases (28.82%) among the 5136 suspected cases and the positivity for male and female groups were 57.77% and 42.23%, respectively. The pediatric group was found to be more susceptible than others. Among the etiological agents tested, the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was the predominant followed by Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Varicella Zoster virus, and others. Co-infection with other AES etiological agents was observed in 3.5% of AES-positive cases. Seasonality was observed only for vector-borne diseases such as JEV, dengue virus, and West Nile virus infections in this study. Conclusion AES was found to be a significant burden for Tamil Nadu with a diverse etiological spectrum including both sporadic and outbreak forms. Overlapping clinical manifestations of AES agents necessitate the development of region-specific diagnostic algorithm with distinct etiological profiles for early detection and effective case management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayan Senthil Kumar
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Sivasubramanian
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Padmapriya Padmanabhan
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Cherayi Padinjakare Anupama
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruba Ramesh
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palani Gunasekaran
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaveri Krishnasamy
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satish Srinivas Kitambi
- Department of Translational Sciences, Institute for Healthcare Education and Translational Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Ramesh K, Ethiraj K, Srinivasan S, Krishnasamy K, Rajendran K, Selvaraj G, Padmanaban P. Evolution and phylodynamics of Hemagglutinin protein of Influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates from India during 2009 to 2020. Jpn J Infect Dis 2023. [PMID: 36858600 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09 virus evolves through continuous antigenic variation in both surface antigens such as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins impacting pathogenicity, immune effectiveness and drug resistance. This study reports on evolution and dynamics of 527 HA protein sequences of influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09 Indian isolates submitted between the years 2009-2020. These isolates were aligned along with a reference sequence and 22 sequences representing different clades using MEGA X and subjected to phylogenic analyses. The results revealed that the strains were predominantly grouped in clades 6B.1 and 6B.2. Prediction of glycosylation site using BioEdit and NetNglyc server showed twelve glycosylation sites distributed in both stem and globular head regions of HA. Studies on functional evaluation of mutations showed that there were 22 deleterious mutations that could impact the function of HA. Besides, there were 403 unique mutations distributed across various isolates indicating the dynamics of antigenic variation in Indian isolates. Our analysis will help researchers to understand the frequency, phylodynamics and impact of mutations in Indian isolates of Influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09 with respect to global isolates. Monitoring of genomic evolution of the virus will support studies on strain selection for vaccine development and devising control and preventive measures to manage this respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiruba Ramesh
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, India.,Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, India
| | - Kannapiran Ethiraj
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, India.,Department of Fisheries Science, Alagappa University, India
| | | | - Kaveri Krishnasamy
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, India
| | - Kumar Rajendran
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, India
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Chahal S, Prabhudessai AG, Shekhawat R, Vinoth S, Ramesh K. Structure-property relationships in critically connected (GeTe 4) 100-x(As 2Se 3) x glasses. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:12100-12113. [PMID: 35903976 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01969h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermal, optical, mechanical and structural studies were carried out on glasses in the pseudo-binary joint GeTe4-As2Se3 prepared by a melt quenching method. (GeTe4)100-x(As2Se3)x glasses in the entire composition range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 100 have an average coordination number (Zav) = 2.4, where the glass forming ability is found to be maximum. In general, for Zav ≤ 2.4, the glass transition is found to be dominated by the network connectivity and the chemical composition effects are minimal. Although Zav of Ge20Te80 (GeTe4) and As2Se3 (As40Se60) is 2.4, GeTe4 is a poor glass former and As2Se3 is an excellent glass former. The glass-forming ability is expected to increase with the addition of As2Se3. Surprisingly, the glass forming ability is found to decrease with the initial addition of As2Se3 and then shows an increasing trend. Glass transition (Tg) shows a large variation from 175 °C for x = 0 to 108 °C for x = 30. Based on the variation in the properties, the tie-line can be divided into three regions: region I (0 ≤ x ≤ 20) where Tg shows a decreasing trend, region II (25 ≤ x ≤ 55) where Tg remains almost constant and region III (60 ≤ x ≤ 100) where Tg shows an increasing trend. Hardness measurement also shows a similar trend in the three regions. Thermal stability shows a continuous increase with the increase of As2Se3. The fragility index varies between 15 and 30 for all these glasses except for x = 0 (GeTe4) indicating the strong nature of the melts containing As2Se3. Raman studies indicate that the glassy network is dominated mainly by GeTe(4/2) in region I and in region III the network is dominated by AsSe(3/2) based structures. Glasses in region II are found to be dominated by AsTe3/2 based structures. This study brings out the dominance of chemical composition effects over the network connectivity in a critically coordinated network. These glasses are also found to transmit IR light up to 18 μm and offer a wide composition range to prepare bulk glasses to be useful for infrared applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Chahal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | | | - Roopali Shekhawat
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - S Vinoth
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - K Ramesh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Nasuha S, Pershaanaa M, Bashir S, Ramesh K, Ramesh S. Manganese-doped zinc sulfide binary nanostructures as binder-free electrode materials for supercapattery. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Prasad VK, Chuang MF, Das A, Ramesh K, Yi Y, Dinesh KP, Borzée A. Coexisting good neighbours: acoustic and calling microhabitat niche partitioning in two elusive syntopic species of balloon frogs, Uperodon systoma and U. globulosus (Anura: Microhylidae) and potential of individual vocal signatures. BMC ZOOL 2022; 7:27. [PMID: 37170156 PMCID: PMC10127398 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-022-00132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Most amphibians use a repertoire of acoustic signals to propagate signals in social contexts. The description of these repertoires provides a key towards the understanding of the behaviour of individuals and the evolutionary functions of calls. Here, we assessed the variations in advertisement calls within and between two fossorial sympatric species, Uperodon systoma and Uperodon globulosus, that share their breeding season and breeding sites. For each species, we applied Beecher’s index of total information capacity (HS) for the individual vocal signature, determined the difference in call properties and demonstrated the segregation in the calling microhabitat niche between the two species.
Results
Our results demonstrated that the advertisement calls of U. systoma are pulsatile with a call rate of 3.00 ± 0.97 calls per second while those of U. globulosus are not pulsatile with a lower call rate of 0.53 ± 0.22 calls per second. For both species, the variations in call properties among individuals was higher than that within individual, a pattern consistent with that of other fossorial anurans. The body condition and air temperature did not significantly impact the call properties of either species. The outcome of the Beecher’s index (HS) showed that the calls of U. systoma can be used to identify 14 different individuals and the calls of U. globulosus can be used to identify 26 different individuals. The statistical analyses on the advertisement call of the two species showed a significant difference in the temporal properties as the call duration, and fall time and rise time were significantly different between the two species. Lastly, we successfully demonstrated that there is a clear segregation in calling site microhabitat between the two species, where U. globulosus calls floating close to the bank of the waterbody while U. systoma calls floating further away from the bank.
Conclusion
This study highlights the potential for pre-mating isolation, character displacement and assortative mating in two syntopic fossorial anurans, leading to association between acoustic, calling microhabitat niche and body index divergence as important behavioural and ecological traits.
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Arunkumar S, Ramesh K. Design and optimization of solar parabolic trough collector with evacuated absorber by grey relational analysis. CURR SCI INDIA 2022. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v122/i4/410-418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rafidi N, Bashir S, Hina M, Gunalan S, Ramesh S, Ramesh K. Renewable and soft dynamic supercapacitors based on poly (acrylamide) hydrogel electrolytes and porous carbon electrodes. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-04032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Quadri M, Thirumalai G, Kumar BA, Ramesh K, Raghavan D, Ananth KS, Jain N. Robot Assisted Laparoscopic Repair of Vesicovaginal Fistula: A Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Centre, Chennai, India. J Clin Diagn Res 2022. [DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2022/49950.15861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Vesicovaginal Fistula (VVF) is the most common acquired fistula of the urinary tract in women. Robotic surgery is recently introduced for VVF repair and has benefits over conventional methods. Aim: To describe experience with robot-assisted laparoscopic repair of VVF in patients. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted from February 2014 to February 2018, at Department of Urology, Apollo Main Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The study included 24 patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic VVF repair. After cystoscopy ureteric catheter was passed through the fistula and retrieved through vagina. Bilateral ureteric catheters were placed simultaneously with vaginal packing. Da Vinci Si robot was docked with patient in trendelenburg position. After trocar placement transperitoneally the fistula was approached. Through vertical or transverse cystotomy, fistula was identified. With the circumferential incision around the fistula, both the bladder and vagina was separated and the fistulous tract was excised. Bladder was closed vertically and vaginal opening was closed transversely interposing the Omentum. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: The mean age of participants was 40.33 years. Elective hysterectomy done for benign conditions (91.67%) was the major cause of VVF in patients followed by emergency hysterectomy (8.33%). All of the patients underwent adhesiolysis while two patients performed right ureteric re-implantation additionally. The median operative time was 127.50 minutes. The median duration of drain and hospital stay was three days each. Urethral Foley’s catheter removal done at 2-3 weeks based on operating surgeon’s preference and the mean duration of follow-up was 26 months. Conclusion: Robot-assisted laparoscopic VVF repair is convenient and an effective approach in the successful management of VVF in complex fistulas and recurrent cases.
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Kitambi S, Srinivasan S, Selvaraj G, Gopalan V, Padmanabhan P, Ramesh K, Govindan K, Chandran A, Dhandapani P, Krishnasamy K. Epitope identification and designing a potent multi-epitope vaccine construct against SARS-CoV-2 including the emerging variants. J Glob Infect Dis 2022; 14:24-30. [PMID: 35418729 PMCID: PMC8996455 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_96_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The emergence of a novel coronavirus in China has turned into a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with high fatality. As vaccines are developed through various strategies, their immunogenic potential may drastically vary and thus pose several challenges in offering immune responses against the virus. Methods: In this study, we adopted an immunoinformatics-aided approach for developing a new multi-epitope vaccine construct (MEVC). In silico approach was taken for the identification of B-cell and T-cell epitopes in the Spike protein, for MEVC various cytotoxic T-lymphocyte, helper T-lymphocyte, and B-cell epitopes with the highest affinity for the respective HLA alleles were assembled and joined by linkers. Results: The computational data suggest that the MEVC is nontoxic, nonallergenic and thermostable and elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Subsequently, the biological activity of MEVC was assessed by bioinformatic tools using the interaction between the vaccine candidate and the innate immune system receptors TLR3 and TLR4. The epitopes of the construct were analyzed with that of the strains belonging to various clades including the emerging variants having multiple unique mutations in S protein. Conclusions: Due to the advantageous features, the MEVC can be tested in vitro for more practical validation and the study offers immense scope for developing a potential vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 in view of the public health emergency associated with COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Indumathy D, Ramesh K, Senthilkumar G, Sudha S. Investigations on coronary artery plaque detection and subclassification using machine learning classifier. J Xray Sci Technol 2022; 30:513-529. [PMID: 35147573 DOI: 10.3233/xst-211077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery diseases are one of the high-risk diseases, which occur due to the insufficient blood supply to the heart. The different types of plaques formed inside the artery leads to the blockage of the blood stream. Understanding the type of plaques along with the detection and classification of plaques supports in reducing the mortality of patients. The objective of this study is to present a novel clustering method of plaque segmentation followed by wavelet transform based feature extraction. The extracted features of all different kinds of calcified and sub calcified plaques are applied to first train and test three machine learning classifiers including support vector machine, random forest and decision tree classifiers. The bootstrap ensemble classifier then decides the best classification result through a voting method of three classifiers. A training dataset including 64 normal CTA images and 73 abnormal CTA images is used, while a testing dataset consists of 111 normal CTA images and 103 abnormal CTA images. The evaluation metrics shows better classification rate and accuracy of 97.7%. The Sensitivity and Specificity rates are 97.8% and 97.5%, respectively. As a result, our study results demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of developing and applying this new image processing and machine learning scheme to assist coronary artery plaque detection and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Indumathy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, India
| | | | - G Senthilkumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | - S Sudha
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India
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Qi F, Chang Y, Ramesh K, Hemalatha P. Online and offline teaching connection system of college ideological and political education based on deep learning. Prog Artif Intell 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13748-021-00268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Gorrela H, Alwala AM, Ramesh K, Tunkimetla S, Prakash R, Zainuddinelyaskhan Y. Arthroplasty Followed by Distraction Osteogenesis Versus Distraction Osteogenesis Followed by Arthroplasty in the Management of TMJ Ankylosis: A Comparative Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2021; 20:674-679. [PMID: 34776702 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-020-01463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To compare treatment outcome of arthroplasty followed by distraction osteogenesis (AFD) and distraction osteogenesis followed by arthroplasty (DFA) in the management of mandibular deficiencies in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis. Materials and methods A total of 20 patients with TMJ Ankylosis were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of patients for whom arthroplasty was done prior to distraction osteogenesis (AFD) for the correction of deficient mandible. Group 2 included patients where distraction osteogenesis was performed prior to arthroplasty (DFA). The treatment outcome was assessed based on maximum interincisal distance, overjet, corpus length, ramus height, upper airway, lower airway, duration of the procedure and the complications for the treatment at the end of 3, 6 and 12 months. Results After the treatment was ended, the patients of both groups had increase in mouth opening and appearance was improved remarkably. There was general increase in all the parameters in both the groups. But at the end of 12 months, airway and the ramus height were more stable and the control of the proximal segment was superior in DFA group. Open bite was noticed in 2 cases of AFD group which was treated by elastics. There required additional surgery for the removal of distractors in the AFD Group. Establishing the airway during the surgery was easier in AFD group. Conclusion The study concludes that distraction followed by arthroplasty was a better procedure for the management of TMJ ankylosis owing to its stable results and less number of surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Gorrela
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aditya Mohan Alwala
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Ramesh
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srilatha Tunkimetla
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rathod Prakash
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Y Zainuddinelyaskhan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Mallareddy Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India
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Bashir S, Hasan K, Hina M, Ali Soomro R, Mujtaba M, Ramesh S, Ramesh K, Duraisamy N, Manikam R. Conducting polymer/graphene hydrogel electrodes based aqueous smart Supercapacitors: A review and future prospects. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sivasubramanian S, Gopalan V, Ramesh K, Padmanabhan P, Mone K, Govindan K, Velladurai S, Dhandapani P, Krishnasamy K, Kitambi SS. Phylodynamic Pattern of Genetic Clusters, Paradigm Shift on Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Clades, and Impact of Spike Glycoprotein Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Isolates from India. J Glob Infect Dis 2021; 13:164-171. [PMID: 35017872 PMCID: PMC8697821 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_97_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with high morbidity and mortality, with the emergence of numerous variants. The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 with respect to clade distribution is uneven, unpredictable and fast changing. Methods: Retrieving the complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from India and subjecting them to analysis on phylogenetic clade diversity, Spike (S) protein mutations and their functional consequences such as immune escape features and impact on infectivity. Whole genome of SARS-CoV-2 isolates (n = 4,326) deposited from India during the period from January 2020 to December 2020 is retrieved from Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) and various analyses performed using in silico tools. Results: Notable clade dynamicity is observed indicating the emergence of diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants across the country. GR clade is predominant over the other clades and the distribution pattern of clades is uneven. D614G is the commonest and predominant mutation found among the S-protein followed by L54F. Mutation score prediction analyses reveal that there are several mutations in S-protein including the RBD and NTD regions that can influence the virulence of virus. Besides, mutations having immune escape features as well as impacting the immunogenicity and virulence through changes in the glycosylation patterns are identified. Conclusions: The study has revealed emergence of variants with shifting of clade dynamics within a year in India. It is shown uneven distribution of clades across the nation requiring timely deposition of SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Functional evaluation of mutations in S-protein reveals their significance in virulence, immune escape features and disease severity besides impacting therapeutics and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Sivasubramanian
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vidya Gopalan
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruba Ramesh
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Padmapriya Padmanabhan
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruthiga Mone
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Govindan
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvakumar Velladurai
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabu Dhandapani
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaveri Krishnasamy
- Department of Virology, State Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satish Srinivas Kitambi
- Department of Translational Sciences, Institute for Healthcare Education and Translational Sciences, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
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Bose RSC, Ramesh K. Study of anisotropic thermal conductivity in textured thermoelectric alloys by Raman spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24456-24465. [PMID: 35479038 PMCID: PMC9036683 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04886d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycrystalline p-type Sb1.5Bi0.5Te3 (SBT) and n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 (BTS) compounds possessing layered crystal structure show anisotropic electronic and thermal transport properties. This research is in pursuit of better understanding the anisotropic thermal properties using Raman spectroscopy. A systematic Raman spectroscopic study of the hot-pressed pellet of the textured p-type SBT and n-type BTS is reported in both directions: parallel (‖) and perpendicular (⊥) to the pressing axis as a function of temperature and laser power. The first-order temperature coefficient, optical thermal conductivity, and phonon lifetime are qualitatively determined from the temperature and laser power-dependent frequency and full-width half maximum (FWHM) of Raman peaks (A1 1g, E2 g & A2 1g). Anisotropy in experimental phonon thermal conductivity in both directions is correlated with the approximated optical thermal conductivity, phonon lifetime and phonon anharmonicity. The anisotropy in phonon anharmonicity in both directions is explained by the modified Klemens-Hart-Aggarwal-Lax phonon decay model. In this study, the symmetric three-phonon scattering process is considered responsible for thermal transport in the temperature range of 300 to 473 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapaka S C Bose
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru 560012 India
| | - K Ramesh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru 560012 India
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21
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Farhana N, Bashir S, Ramesh S, Ramesh K. Augmentation of dye-sensitized solar cell photovoltaic conversion efficiency via incorporation of terpolymer Poly(vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) based gel polymer electrolytes. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Syafiq A, Vengadaesvaran B, Rahim NA, Pandey AK, Bushroa AR, Ramesh K, Ramesh S. Synthesis of a Hybrid Self-Cleaning Coating System for Glass. Composite Materials 2021:79-98. [DOI: 10.1201/9781003080633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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23
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Hina M, Bashir S, Kamran K, Ramesh S, Ramesh K. Synthesis and characterization of self-healable poly (acrylamide) hydrogel electrolytes and their application in fabrication of aqueous supercapacitors. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Iqbal J, Numan A, Omaish Ansari M, Jafer R, Jagadish PR, Bashir S, Hasan PMZ, Bilgrami AL, Mohamad S, Ramesh K, Ramesh S. Cobalt Oxide Nanograins and Silver Nanoparticles Decorated Fibrous Polyaniline Nanocomposite as Battery-Type Electrode for High Performance Supercapattery. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122816. [PMID: 33261072 PMCID: PMC7768478 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, silver (Ag) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4) decorated polyaniline (PANI) fibers were prepared by the combination of in-situ aniline oxidative polymerization and the hydrothermal methodology. The morphology of the prepared Ag/Co3O4@PANI ternary nanocomposite was studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, while the structural studies were carried out by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphological characterization revealed fibrous shaped PANI, coated with Ag and Co3O4 nanograins, while the structural studies revealed high purity, good crystallinity, and slight interactions among the constituents of the Ag/Co3O4@PANI ternary nanocomposite. The electrochemical performance studies revealed the enhanced performance of the Ag/Co3O4@PANI nanocomposite due to the synergistic/additional effect of Ag, Co3O4 and PANI compared to pure PANI and Co3O4@PANI. The addition of the Ag and Co3O4 provided an extended site for faradaic reactions leading to the high specific capacity. The Ag/Co3O4@PANI ternary nanocomposite exhibited an excellent specific capacity of 262.62 C g−1 at a scan rate of 3 mV s−1. The maximum energy and power density were found to be 14.01 Wh kg−1 and 165.00 W kg−1, respectively. The cyclic stability of supercapattery (Ag/Co3O4@PANI//activated carbon) consisting of a battery type electrode demonstrated a gradual increase in specific capacity with a continuous charge–discharge cycle until ~1000 cycles, then remained stable until 2500 cycles and later started decreasing, thereby showing the cyclic stability of 121.03% of its initial value after 3500 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.I.); (P.M.Z.H.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Arshid Numan
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, SIST, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Omaish Ansari
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.I.); (P.M.Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.A.); (S.R.); Tel.: +966-540461642 (M.O.A.); +603-7967-4391 (S.R.); Fax: +603-7967-4146 (S.R.)
| | - Rashida Jafer
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Priyanka R. Jagadish
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (S.B.); (K.R.)
| | - P. M. Z. Hasan
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.I.); (P.M.Z.H.)
| | - Anwar L. Bilgrami
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sharifah Mohamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - K. Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (S.B.); (K.R.)
| | - S. Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (S.B.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.A.); (S.R.); Tel.: +966-540461642 (M.O.A.); +603-7967-4391 (S.R.); Fax: +603-7967-4146 (S.R.)
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Bashir S, Hina M, Iqbal J, Rajpar AH, Mujtaba MA, Alghamdi NA, Wageh S, Ramesh K, Ramesh S. Fundamental Concepts of Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2702. [PMID: 33207715 PMCID: PMC7697203 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we focused on the fundamental concepts of hydrogels-classification, the polymers involved, synthesis methods, types of hydrogels, properties, and applications of the hydrogel. Hydrogels can be synthesized from natural polymers, synthetic polymers, polymerizable synthetic monomers, and a combination of natural and synthetic polymers. Synthesis of hydrogels involves physical, chemical, and hybrid bonding. The bonding is formed via different routes, such as solution casting, solution mixing, bulk polymerization, free radical mechanism, radiation method, and interpenetrating network formation. The synthesized hydrogels have significant properties, such as mechanical strength, biocompatibility, biodegradability, swellability, and stimuli sensitivity. These properties are substantial for electrochemical and biomedical applications. Furthermore, this review emphasizes flexible and self-healable hydrogels as electrolytes for energy storage and energy conversion applications. Insufficient adhesiveness (less interfacial interaction) between electrodes and electrolytes and mechanical strength pose serious challenges, such as delamination of the supercapacitors, batteries, and solar cells. Owing to smart and aqueous hydrogels, robust mechanical strength, adhesiveness, stretchability, strain sensitivity, and self-healability are the critical factors that can identify the reliability and robustness of the energy storage and conversion devices. These devices are highly efficient and convenient for smart, light-weight, foldable electronics and modern pollution-free transportation in the current decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.H.); (K.R.)
| | - Maryam Hina
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.H.); (K.R.)
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - A. H. Rajpar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Jouf University, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - M. A. Mujtaba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Energy Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - N. A. Alghamdi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Alaqiq 65779-77388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - S. Wageh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - K. Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.H.); (K.R.)
| | - S. Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.H.); (K.R.)
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Vishwakarma NK, Patel VK, Mitra P, Ramesh K, Mitra K, Vishwakarma S, Acharya K, Misra N, Maiti P, Ray B. Synthesis of ABA-type double hydrophilic amphiphilic PU-based block copolymers of poly(N-Vinylpyrrolidone) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) via click chemistry. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2020.1840920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay Kumar Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Payel Mitra
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - K. Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Kheyanath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sambhav Vishwakarma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nira Misra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Pralay Maiti
- School of Material Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Biswajit Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic Resonance Imaging is most widely used for early diagnosis of abnormalities in human organs. Due to the technical advancement in digital image processing, automatic computer aided medical image segmentation has been widely used in medical diagnostics. DISCUSSION Image segmentation is an image processing technique which is used for extracting image features, searching and mining the medical image records for better and accurate medical diagnostics. Commonly used segmentation techniques are threshold based image segmentation, clustering based image segmentation, edge based image segmentation, region based image segmentation, atlas based image segmentation, and artificial neural network based image segmentation. CONCLUSION This survey aims at providing an insight about different 2-Dimensional and 3- Dimensional MRI image segmentation techniques and to facilitate better understanding to the people who are new in this field. This comparative study summarizes the benefits and limitations of various segmentation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shirly
- Department of Computer Applications, Anna University Regional-Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Ramesh
- Department of Computer Applications, Anna University Regional-Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Prasad VK, Gautam KB, Gupta SK, Murthy RS, Ramesh K, Shinde AD, DAS A. Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach. Zootaxa 2020; 4851:zootaxa.4851.3.2. [PMID: 33056717 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive inventory of amphibians from Panna Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh based on morphological, molecular and bioacoustic data. Representatives of 15 anuran species were collected, corresponding to roughly four fifths of the known amphibian species of Madhya Pradesh. The main results of this study are: (1) Description of advertisement calls of eleven species, including the first-time description of advertisement calls of Sphaerotheca pashchima. (2) Identification of cryptic species using acoustic and molecular techniques. (3) Five new significant range extensions and new state records. (4) Description of geographical variation in call properties in three anuran species. This study also provides morphological descriptions with ecological and natural history notes for each species that may be useful in management planning for amphibian conservation in Panna Tiger Reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar Prasad
- Wildlife Institute of India, P. O. Box 18, Chandrabani-248001, Uttarakhand, India.
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Ramesh K, Tripathi D, Bhatti M, Khalique C. Electro-osmotic flow of hydromagnetic dusty viscoelastic fluids in a microchannel propagated by peristalsis. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ammar S, Ma IAW, Muhammad FMS, Bashir S, Selvaraj M, Assiri MA, Ramesh K, Ramesh S. Electrochemical studies of 1,2,3-Benzotriazole inhibitor for acrylic-based coating in different acidic media systems. J Polym Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Guan KH, Farhana NK, Omar FS, Saidi NM, Bashir S, Ramesh S, Ramesh K. Influence of tetraglyme towards magnesium salt dissociation in solid polymer electrolyte for electric double layer capacitor. J Polym Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Khanmirzaei MH, Ramesh S, Ramesh K. Effect of 1-Hexyl-3-Methylimidazolium Iodide Ionic Liquid on Ionic Conductivity and Energy Conversion Efficiency of Solid Polymer Electrolyte-Based Nano-Crystalline Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2020; 20:2423-2429. [PMID: 31492257 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.17192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were prepared using rice starch as the polymer, sodium iodide (NaI) as the salt and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (HMII) as the ionic liquid (IL). The solution casting technique was used for preparation of the PEs. The ionic conductivity and temperaturedependent properties of the PEs were measured and all the SPEs were found to follow the Arrhenius thermal activated model. Ionic conductivity increased as the percentage of ILs increased. The SPE containing 20% (wt) of HMII IL showed the highest ionic conductivity of 1.83×10-3 S/cm. Spectral and structural characterization of the PEs were performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicate that the decomposition temperature (Tdc), glass transition temperatures (Tg) and melting points (Tm) shifted when complexation with HMII occurred. The PEs were used to fabricate dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and the DSSCs were analyzed under a 1-sun simulator. The SPE with the highest ionic conductivity displayed a short circuit current density (Jsc) of 9.07 (mA cm-2), open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.58 (V), a fill factor (FF) of 0.65 and had the highest energy conversion efficiency of 3.42%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Khanmirzaei
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 Tehran, Iran
| | - S Ramesh
- Centre for the Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Ramesh
- Centre for the Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Poy SY, Bashir S, Omar FS, Saidi NM, Farhana NK, Sundararajan V, Ramesh K, Ramesh S. Poly (1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVP-co-VAc) based gel polymer electrolytes for electric double layer capacitors (EDLC). J Polym Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-2016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ramesh K, Sridharan S, Raghunath K. Comprehensive Study on Tropical (10°N-15°N) Mesospheric Inversion Layers Using Lidar and Satellite (Timed-Saber) Observations. EPJ Web Conf 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202023704001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the interesting and poorly understood features of mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region is the phenomenon of Mesospheric Inversion Layers (MILs). The poor understanding of MILs is due to limited access of their occurrence height region, however the lidars are more efficient tools which provide stratosphere and mesosphere nocturnal temperatures with high temporal and vertical resolutions. The state-of-the-art lidar system comprising Mie, Rayleigh lidars installed at National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), India has provided an excellent opportunity to undertake this study. The Nd:YAG laser source with lower power (11W) has been replaced by the one with higher power (30W) in January 2007. As the laser power has been increased, the molecular back scatter signal is also increased and consequently the top height level of the temperature retrieval has been increased to ~90-95 km. In the present study, the role of dominant causative mechanisms for the occurrence of MILs has been discussed using mainly the lidar and satellite (TIMED-SABER) observations over Gadanki region.
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Anugrah DSB, Patil MP, Li X, Le CMQ, Ramesh K, Kim GD, Hyun K, Lim KT. Click-cross-linked, doxorubicin-loaded hydrogels based on poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride). EXPRESS POLYM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2020.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
This article looks at the participation of women in irrigated agriculture in 32 districts of Tamil Nadu and found exceptional involvement in these three districts, which are topographically different from each other, namely Kanyakumari, Nilgiris and South Arcot. The study asked—how does contemporary agriculture support female participation and in turn how does this keep agricultural labour supply and food security sustainable? A range of research methods were used to explore the rationale for exceptional female participation in irrigated agriculture. It concluded that such participation arises because of the existing pattern of labour supply primarily by landowning farm women and labourers. This as a result of male preference for widespread skilled jobs, subsequent changing labour pattern due to male migration, matrilineal property ownership, cropping intensity, multi-tasking of women and the coordinated effort of women’s groups (SHGs) in accessing micro-credits. Finally, subsidies and incentives have further altered and effected greater labour supply of women in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soorya Vennila
- Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - K. Ramesh
- Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, India
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Bashir S, Teo YY, Ramesh S, Ramesh K, Rizwan M, Rizwan M. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF pH-SENSITIVE N-SUCCINYL CHITOSAN HYDROGEL AND ITS PROPERTIES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS. J Chil Chem Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-97072019000304571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Janakiram M, Ye H, Carjaval L, Villaorduna A, Ramesh K, Shah U, Kornblum N, Fehn K, Braunschweig I, Ueda K, Thiruthuvanathan V, Will B, Pinchasik D, Aivado M, Goel S, Steidl U, Verma A. EXCEPTIONAL RESPONSE OF REFRACTORY ATLL WITH MDM4 AMPLIFICATION TO NOVEL STAPLED PEPTIDE DUAL MDM4/2 INHIBITOR. Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.210_2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Janakiram
- HOT; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis United States
| | - H.B. Ye
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
| | | | - A. Villaorduna
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
| | - K. Ramesh
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
| | - U. Shah
- Oncology; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York United States
| | - N. Kornblum
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
| | - K. Fehn
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
| | - I. Braunschweig
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
| | - K. Ueda
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
| | | | - B. Will
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
| | | | - M. Aivado
- ALRN Therapeutics; MA; United States
| | - S. Goel
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
| | - U. Steidl
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
| | - A.K. Verma
- Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx United States
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Saidi NM, Ming Ng H, Omar FS, Bashir S, Ramesh K, Ramesh S. Polyacrylonitrile–poly(1‐vinyl pyrrolidone‐co‐vinyl acetate) blend based gel polymer electrolytes incorporated with sodium iodide salt for dye‐sensitized solar cell applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norshahirah Mohamad Saidi
- Centre for Ionics, Department of Physics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Hong Ming Ng
- Centre for Ionics, Department of Physics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Fatin Saiha Omar
- Centre for Ionics, Department of Physics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Centre for Ionics, Department of Physics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - K. Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics, Department of Physics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - S. Ramesh
- Centre for Ionics, Department of Physics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Hariharan B, Chandra A, Dugad SR, Gupta SK, Jagadeesan P, Jain A, Mohanty PK, Morris SD, Nayak PK, Rakshe PS, Ramesh K, Rao BS, Reddy LV, Zuberi M, Hayashi Y, Kawakami S, Ahmad S, Kojima H, Oshima A, Shibata S, Muraki Y, Tanaka K. Measurement of the Electrical Properties of a Thundercloud Through Muon Imaging by the GRAPES-3 Experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:105101. [PMID: 30932668 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The GRAPES-3 muon telescope located in Ooty, India records rapid (∼10 min) variations in the muon intensity during major thunderstorms. Out of a total of 184 thunderstorms recorded during the interval of April 2011-December 2014, the one on December 1, 2014 produced a massive potential of 1.3 GV. The electric field measured by four well-separated (up to 6 km) monitors on the ground was used to help estimate some of the properties of this thundercloud, including its altitude and area that were found to be 11.4 km above mean sea level and ≥380 km^{2}, respectively. A charging time of 6 min to reach 1.3 GV implied the delivery of a power of ≥2 GW by this thundercloud that was moving at a speed of ∼60 km h^{-1}. This work possibly provides the first direct evidence for the generation of gigavolt potentials in thunderclouds that could also possibly explain the production of highest-energy (100 MeV) gamma rays in the terrestrial gamma-ray flashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hariharan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - A Chandra
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - S R Dugad
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - S K Gupta
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - P Jagadeesan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - A Jain
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - P K Mohanty
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - S D Morris
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - P K Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - P S Rakshe
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - K Ramesh
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - B S Rao
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - L V Reddy
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - M Zuberi
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
| | - Y Hayashi
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - S Kawakami
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - S Ahmad
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
- Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - H Kojima
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
- College of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - A Oshima
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
- College of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - S Shibata
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
- College of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Y Muraki
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 446-8601, Japan
| | - K Tanaka
- Cosmic Ray Laboratory, Raj Bhavan, Ooty 643001, India
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima 731-3194, Japan
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Venkata Krishnaiah M, Arangasamy A, Selvaraju S, Guvvala PR, Ramesh K. Organic Zn and Cu interaction impact on sexual behaviour, semen characteristics, hormones and spermatozoal gene expression in bucks (Capra hircus). Theriogenology 2019; 130:130-139. [PMID: 30889405 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive performance during the transition from prepubertal to pubertal stage was evaluated in Osmanabadi breed bucks supplemented with organic Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu). A total number of 40 bucks aged 20 weeks were randomly assigned to 10 groups (each n = 4). The control group was maintained with basal diet, without any additional mineral supplementation. The treatment groups were supplemented with graded doses of organic Zn (Zn 20 mg, Zn 40 mg and Zn 60 mg), Cu (Cu 12.5 mg, Cu 25 mg and Cu 37.5 mg) and a combination of Zn + Cu (Zn 20 mg + Cu 12.5 mg, Zn 40 mg + Cu 25 mg and Zn 60 mg + Cu 37.5 mg), respectively for a period of 26 weeks (up to the age of 46 weeks). Sexual behaviour and scrotal biometry were recorded periodically. Blood and semen samples were collected and processed for LH estimation in blood plasma, and testosterone, T3 and T4 hormones in the seminal plasma. The mounts with ejaculation were observed earlier (P < 0.05) in the treatment bucks (from 38th week of age) than the control group (43rd week onwards). A positive correlation was observed between blood plasma LH and testosterone with total mounts (r = 0.31, P < 0.05; r = 0.51, P < 0.01) and mounts without ejaculation (r = 0.40, P < 0.01; r = 0.52, P < 0.01). A negative correlation between T4 with sperm number per ejaculation (r = -0.31, P < 0.05) and sperm concentration (r = -0.35, P < 0.05) had been noticed. Different doses of minerals showed positive interaction (P < 0.05) with sperm functional and behavioural characteristics. The spermatozoal gene expression of ODF2 and ZCCHC6 were significantly influenced by the mineral supplementation in all doses. The ZCCHC6 gene expression was positively correlated with testosterone (r = 0.50, P < 0.001) and sperm number per ejaculation (r = 0.42, P < 0.001), and ODF2 gene with T3 hormone (r = 0.34, P < 0.05). The present study indicates that the diet supplemented with organic trace minerals cause intense sexual behaviour, enhancement in sperm number per ejaculate, total motility, spermatozoal genes expression and altered LH, testosterone and T4 hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Venkata Krishnaiah
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560030, India; Department of Biotechnology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560001, India
| | - A Arangasamy
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560030, India.
| | - S Selvaraju
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560030, India
| | - P R Guvvala
- Reproductive Physiology Lab, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560030, India
| | - K Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560001, India
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Iqbal J, Li L, Numan A, Rafique S, Jafer R, Mohamad S, Khalid M, Ramesh K, Ramesh S. Density functional theory simulation of cobalt oxide aggregation and facile synthesis of a cobalt oxide, gold and multiwalled carbon nanotube based ternary composite for a high performance supercapattery. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02473e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel ternary composite consisting of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) grown on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and mixed with gold (Au) NPs is synthesized by a single step hydrothermal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Malaysia
- Center of Nanotechnology
| | - Lijie Li
- Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre
- College of Engineering
- Swansea University
- Swansea SA1 8EN
- UK
| | - Arshid Numan
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System
- SIST
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Saqib Rafique
- Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre
- College of Engineering
- Swansea University
- Swansea SA1 8EN
- UK
| | - Rashida Jafer
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharifah Mohamad
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG)
- School of Science and Technology
- Sunway University
- 47500 Subang Jaya
- Malaysia
| | - K. Ramesh
- Center for Ionics University of Malaya
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Malaysia
| | - S. Ramesh
- Center for Ionics University of Malaya
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Malaysia
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Ramesh K, Gnaneswara Reddy M, Devakar M. Biomechanical study of magnetohydrodynamic Prandtl nanofluid in a physiological vessel with thermal radiation and chemical reaction. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of Nanomaterials, Nanoengineering and Nanosystems 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397791418809788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is intended to study the peristaltic motion of a Prandtl nanoliquid through an inclined tapered asymmetric channel. The simultaneous effects such as magnetic field, thermal radiation and chemical reactions have been considered. The geometrical model is considered as tapered asymmetric channel because this situation is observed in the flow of uterine fluid in the uterus. The equations governing the flow are simplified under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. The simplified equations are complex in nature, so that the numerical solutions are presented for the simplified nonlinear partial differential equations considering slip and convective boundary conditions using computational software Mathematica via shooting method. The sundry parameters on the flow quantities have been discussed in detail through graphical and tabular forms. The observed results show that rise in the magnetic effects leads to a reduction in velocity. The radiation parameter decreases the temperature and there is an increment in the pressure gradient with an increase in energy Grashof number. This study is encouraged by exploring the nanofluid dynamics in peristaltic transport as symbolized by heat transport in biological flows, novel pharmacodynamic pumps and gastrointestinal motility enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ramesh
- Department of Mathematics, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
| | | | - M Devakar
- Department of Mathematics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
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Bashir S, Teo YY, Ramesh S, Ramesh K, Mushtaq MW. Rheological behavior of biodegradable N-succinyl chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid) hydrogels and their applications as drug carrier and in vitro theophylline release. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:454-466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bashir S, Teo YY, Ramesh S, Ramesh K. Synthesis and characterization of karaya gum-g- poly (acrylic acid) hydrogels and in vitro release of hydrophobic quercetin. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Prakash J, Ramesh K, Tripathi D, Kumar R. Numerical simulation of heat transfer in blood flow altered by electroosmosis through tapered micro-vessels. Microvasc Res 2018; 118:162-172. [PMID: 29596861 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A numerical simulation is presented to study the heat and flow characteristics of blood flow altered by electroosmosis through the tapered micro-vessels. Blood is assumed as non-Newtonian (micropolar) nanofluids. The flow regime is considered as asymmetric diverging (tapered) microchannel for more realistic micro-vessels which is produced by choosing the peristaltic wave train on the walls to have different amplitudes and phase. The Rosseland approximation is employed to model the radiation heat transfer and temperatures of the walls are presumed constants. The mathematical formulation of the present problem is simplified under the long-wavelength, low-Reynolds number and Debye-Hückel linearization approximations. The influence of various dominant physical parameters are discussed for axial velocity, microrotation distribution, thermal temperature distribution and nanoparticle volume fraction field. However, our foremost emphasis is to determine the effects of thermal radiation and coupling number on the axial velocity and microrotation distribution beneath electroosmotic environment. This analysis places a significant observation on the thermal radiation and coupling number which plays an influential role in hearten fluid velocity. This study is encouraged by exploring the nanofluid-dynamics in peristaltic transport as symbolized by heat transport in biological flows and also in novel pharmacodynamics pumps and gastro-intestinal motility enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Prakash
- Department of Mathematics, Agni College of Technology, Thalambur, Chennai 600120, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Ramesh
- Department of Mathematics, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144411, Punjab, India
| | - D Tripathi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India.
| | - R Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
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Padmapriyadarsini C, Ramesh K, Sekar L, Ramachandran G, Reddy D, Narendran G, Sekar S, Chandrasekar C, Anbarasu D, Wanke C, Swaminathan S. Factors affecting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HIV-infected patients on nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy. Indian J Med Res 2018; 145:641-650. [PMID: 28948955 PMCID: PMC5644299 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1611_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high triglycerides is common in the general population in India. As nevirapine (NVP)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) tends to increase HDL-C, gene polymorphisms associated with HDL-C metabolism in HIV-infected adults on stable NVP-based ART were studied. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2013 and July 2014 among adults receiving NVP-based ART for 12-15 months. Blood lipids were estimated and gene polymorphisms in apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) genes were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Framingham's 10-yr CVD risk score was estimated. Logistic regression was done to show factors related to low HDL-C levels. Results: Of the 300 patients included (mean age: 38.6±8.7 yr; mean CD4 count 449±210 cell/μl), total cholesterol (TC) >200 mg/dl was observed in 116 (39%) patients. Thirty nine per cent males and 47 per cent females had HDL-C levels below normal while 32 per cent males and 37 per cent females had TC/HDL ratio of 4.5 and 4.0, respectively. Body mass index [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-2.84, P=0.04] and viral load (aOR=3.39, 95% CI: 1.52-7.52, P=0.003) were negatively associated with serum HDL-C levels. The 10-yr risk score of developing CVD was 11-20 per cent in 3 per cent patients. Allelic variants of APOC3 showed a trend towards low HDL-C. Interpretation & conclusions: High-risk lipid profiles for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease were common among HIV-infected individuals, even after 12 months of NVP-based ART. Targeted interventions to address these factors should be recommended in the national ART programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Padmapriyadarsini
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - K Ramesh
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - L Sekar
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Geetha Ramachandran
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Devaraj Reddy
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - G Narendran
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - S Sekar
- ART Centre, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - C Chandrasekar
- Nodal ART Medical Officer, Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Chennai, India
| | - D Anbarasu
- ART Centre, Government Vellore Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Christine Wanke
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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Omar FS, Numan A, Bashir S, Duraisamy N, Vikneswaran R, Loo YL, Ramesh K, Ramesh S. Enhancing rate capability of amorphous nickel phosphate supercapattery electrode via composition with crystalline silver phosphate. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mohanty P, Arunbabu K, Aziz T, Dugad S, Gupta S, Hariharan B, Jagadeesan P, Jain A, Morris S, Nayak P, Rakshe P, Ramesh K, Rao B, Zuberi M, Hayashi Y, Kawakami S, Subramanian P, Raha S, Ahmad S, Oshima A, Shibata S, Kojima H. Was the cosmic ray burst detected by the GRAPES-3 muon telescope on 22 June 2015 caused by a transient weakening of the geomagnetic field or by an interplanetary anisotropy? Int J Clin Exp Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.97.082001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hemanth Kumar AK, Ramesh K, Kannan T, Sudha V, Haribabu H, Lavanya J, Swaminathan S, Ramachandran G. N-acetyltransferase gene polymorphisms & plasma isoniazid concentrations in patients with tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res 2018; 145:118-123. [PMID: 28574024 PMCID: PMC5460557 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2013_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Variations in the N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) gene among different populations could affect the metabolism and disposition of isoniazid (INH). This study was performed to genotype NAT2 gene polymorphisms in tuberculosis (TB) patients from Chennai, India, and compare plasma INH concentrations among the different genotypes. Methods: Adult patients with TB treated in the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, were genotyped for NAT2 gene polymorphism, and two-hour post-dosing INH concentrations were compared between the different genotypes. Plasma INH was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Genotyping of the NAT2 gene polymorphism was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results: Among the 326 patients genotyped, there were 189 (58%), 114 (35%) and 23 (7%) slow, intermediate and fast acetylators, respectively. The median two-hour INH concentrations in slow, intermediate and fast acetylators were 10.2, 8.1 and 4.1 μg/ml, respectively. The differences in INH concentrations among the three genotypes were significant (P<0.001). Interpretation & conclusions: Genotyping of TB patients from south India for NAT2 gene polymorphism revealed that 58 per cent of the study population comprised slow acetylators. Two-hour INH concentrations differed significantly among the three genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Hemanth Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry & Clinical Pharmacology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - K Ramesh
- HIV/AIDS Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - T Kannan
- Department of Statistics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - V Sudha
- Department of Biochemistry & Clinical Pharmacology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Hemalatha Haribabu
- HIV/AIDS Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - J Lavanya
- District TB Officer, Chennai Corporation, Chennai, India
| | | | - Geetha Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry & Clinical Pharmacology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
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