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Langner J, Langston K, Mrachek A, Faitak B, Martin P, Cueto A, Clampitt JL, Long CR, Bartow A, Bodey S, McElfish PA. Creating Healthy Environments for Schools: A Comprehensive Approach to Improving Nutrition in Arkansas Public Schools. J Sch Health 2024. [PMID: 38267004 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition plays a vital role in children's physical and emotional health. More than half of school age children's calories are provided in the school food environment, making school interventions an opportunity to address child nutrition. METHODS The Creating Health Environments for Schools (CHEFS) program is designed to leverage local resources to create customized solutions that improve the nutritional content of school food and encourage children to choose healthier food. There are 8 components: (1) customizing nutrition plans, (2) modifying/replacing menu items, (3) helping procure healthier food, (4) providing equipment grants, (5) training cafeteria staff, (6) implementing environmental changes and nudges, (7) engaging students and parents, and (8) supporting sustainability. Supporting child nutrition directors is key to facilitating cooperation with schools. IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY Menu modifications and procurement are interrelated and depend on successfully collaborating with corporate, independent, and local food services organizations. Limited school budgets require low or no-cost solutions and staff training. Student and parent engagement are critical to facilitate culturally-appropriate solutions that increase awareness of healthy food. CONCLUSIONS Every school district has particular resources and constraints. CHEFs engaged stakeholders to design customized solutions and encourage healthier nutrition for school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Langner
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Springdale, AR, 72762
| | - Krista Langston
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Springdale, AR, 72762
| | - Ally Mrachek
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Springdale, AR, 72762
| | - Bonnie Faitak
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Springdale, AR, 72762
| | - Pamela Martin
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Springdale, AR, 72762
| | - Alexa Cueto
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Springdale, AR, 72762
| | - Jennifer L Clampitt
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Springdale, AR, 72762
| | | | | | | | - Pearl A McElfish
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Springdale, AR, 72762
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Roberts S, Nucera R, Dowd T, Turner K, Langston K, Keller H, Bell J, Angus R. Prospective Validation Of The Glim Criteria For Identifying Malnutrition: A Pilot Study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.09.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Ayers BL, Purvis RS, Callaghan-Koru J, Reece S, CarlLee S, Manning N, Langston K, Riklon S, McElfish PA. Marshallese Mothers' and Marshallese Maternal Healthcare Providers' Perspectives on Contraceptive Use and Reproductive Life Planning Practices and Influences. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3949. [PMID: 36900960 PMCID: PMC10001766 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pacific Islander communities experience significant maternal and infant health disparities including high maternal and infant mortality. Contraception and reproductive life planning prevent approximately one-third of pregnancy-related deaths and neonatal deaths. We report the results of formative research devoted to understanding Marshallese mothers' as well as their maternal healthcare providers' practices and influences related to contraceptive use and reproductive life planning. This study used an exploratory, descriptive qualitative design to explore Marshallese mothers' and maternal healthcare providers' practices and influences of contraception use and reproductive life planning. Twenty participants were enrolled in the study, 15 Marshallese mothers and five Marshallese maternal healthcare providers. For the Marshallese mothers, two themes emerged: (1) Reproductive Life Planning Practices and Information; and (2) Reproductive Life Planning Influences. For the Marshallese maternal healthcare providers, two themes emerged: (1) Reproductive Life Planning Practices; and (2) Reproductive Life Planning Influences. This is the first study to document Marshallese mothers' and maternal healthcare providers' practices and influences with contraceptive use and reproductive life planning. Study results will inform the development of a culturally-adapted contraception and reproductive life planning tool with an educational program for Marshallese family units and maternal healthcare providers serving Marshallese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britni L. Ayers
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 2708 S. 48th St., Springdale, AR 72762, USA
| | - Rachel S. Purvis
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 2708 S. 48th St., Springdale, AR 72762, USA
| | - Jennifer Callaghan-Koru
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 2708 S. 48th St., Springdale, AR 72762, USA
| | - Sharon Reece
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 1125 N. College Ave, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Sheena CarlLee
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 1125 N. College Ave, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Nirvana Manning
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Krista Langston
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 2708 S. 48th St, Springdale, AR 72762, USA
| | - Sheldon Riklon
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 2708 S. 48th St., Springdale, AR 72762, USA
| | - Pearl A. McElfish
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 2708 S. 48th St., Springdale, AR 72762, USA
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Long CR, Rowland B, Gannon M, Faitak B, Smith G, Clampitt J, Langston K, Presley JH, English ES, McElfish PA. Reducing Sodium Content of Foods Served in Arkansas's Largest School District: Evaluation of the Sodium Reduction in Communities Program. Prev Chronic Dis 2022; 19:E55. [PMID: 36048736 PMCID: PMC9480841 DOI: 10.5888/pcd19.220051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose and Objectives The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Sodium Reduction in Communities Program aims to reduce dietary sodium intake through policy, systems, and environmental approaches. The objective of our study was to evaluate changes in sodium levels over 5 years (2016–2021) in food served in school lunches as an outcome of a Sodium Reduction in Communities program in Arkansas’s largest school district. Intervention Approach We collaborated with Springdale Public Schools (SPS) to reduce dietary sodium intake in school lunches through increased implementation of 1) food service guidelines, 2) procurement practices, 3) food preparation practices, and 4) environmental strategies. These activities were maintained from year 1 through year 5. Implementation priorities were informed each year by evaluation findings from the preceding year. Evaluation Methods We collected lunch service records and information on nutritional content of menu items for the 30 schools under the direction of SPS’s Child Nutrition Department. We used a pretest–posttest quantitative evaluation design to analyze annual changes in the sodium content of meals, from baseline through year 5. Results From baseline through year 1, SPS reduced sodium served per diner, per entrée offered, and per entrée served. These reductions were maintained from baseline through 5 years of follow-up. Mean sodium per 1,000 kcal per diner served was 1,740 mg at baseline and was lower in each of the 5 follow-up years: 1,488 mg (14% decrease) in year 1; 1,495 mg (14% decrease) in year 2; 1,612 mg (7% decrease) in year 3; 1,560 mg (10% decrease) in year 4; and 1,532 mg (12% decrease) in year 5. Energy served per diner remained stable. Implications for Public Health Our study provides evidence for sustained sodium reduction strategies in a large ethnically and socioeconomically diverse school district, pointing to the potential benefit of implementing similar strategies in other school districts. The study also shows how program evaluation can be used to support sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Long
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 1125 N College Ave, Fayetteville, AR 72701.
| | - Brett Rowland
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Matthew Gannon
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Bonnie Faitak
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Gena Smith
- Child Nutrition, Springdale Public Schools, Springdale, Arkansas
| | - Jennifer Clampitt
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Krista Langston
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Jessica H Presley
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Emily S English
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Pearl A McElfish
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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McElfish PA, Bogulski C, Langston K, Carleton A, Semingson J, Gurel L, Willis DE. Bilingual care navigation and enhanced case management during COVID-19. Fam Syst Health 2022; 40:403-407. [PMID: 35549491 DOI: 10.1037/fsh0000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 disparities exposed health inequity across socioeconomic status, with community members of color experiencing higher rates of COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and death. Racial/ethnic differences were especially disparate in Benton and Washington counties in northwest Arkansas, a region in the United States that experienced high COVID-19 infection rates. To address these disparities and support families with COVID-19, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Community Clinic (a federally qualified health center) worked with the Arkansas Department of Health and community partners to develop systematic Care Navigation and Enhanced Case Management. During an initial screening process, contact tracers offered Care Navigation and Enhanced Case Management services to individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 within Washington and Benton counties. Bilingual community health navigators, social workers, and nurses began providing enhanced case management to households that accepted services. Between September 9, 2020 and June 19, 2021, 3,502 households representing ∼13,000 individuals were offered services, and 1,511 (43.1%) households requested/accepted services. Based on our experience, we provide four recommendations for practice: (a) provide contact tracing in community members' preferred language, (b) incorporate assessments into the contact tracing process to ensure community members have necessary resources for quarantine, (c) implement comprehensive care navigation and case management services for those who need additional support, and (d) integrate bilingual health navigators who are part of the target community into the process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl A McElfish
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest
| | - Cari Bogulski
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest
| | - Krista Langston
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest
| | - Ayoola Carleton
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest
| | | | | | - Don E Willis
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest
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Long CR, Spear MJ, Bogulski CA, Rowland B, Langston K, Faitak B, Sparks K, McElfish PA. Reducing Sodium Intake in Community Meals Programs: Evaluation of the Sodium Reduction in Communities Program, Arkansas, 2016-2019. Prev Chronic Dis 2021; 18:E63. [PMID: 34166180 PMCID: PMC8269740 DOI: 10.5888/pcd18.210028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sodium Reduction in Communities Program (SRCP) aims to reduce dietary sodium intake through policy, systems, and environmental approaches. We evaluated progress of 3 years of SRCP activities in 3 community meals programs in northwest Arkansas. These activities sought to reduce dietary sodium intake through implementation of 1) food service guidelines, 2) procurement practices, 3) food preparation practices, and 4) environmental strategies. Mean reductions of 579 mg (−40%) in sodium served per diner and 525 mg (−22%) in sodium per 1,000 kcal served per diner were found from baseline to Year 1. Mean reductions of 499 mg (−35%) in sodium served per diner and 372 mg (−16%) in sodium per 1,000 kcal served per diner were sustained from baseline to Year 3. These results highlight the effectiveness and sustainability of sodium reduction interventions in community meals programs, whose diners experience food insecurity, have low incomes, and are at high risk for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Long
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Marissa J Spear
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Cari A Bogulski
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Brett Rowland
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Krista Langston
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Bonnie Faitak
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Karra Sparks
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Pearl A McElfish
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, AR 72703.
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English E, Long CR, Langston K, Faitak B, Brown AL, Echegoyen A, Gardner J, Cowan C, Rambo D, Perritt B, Laubenstein B, Snyder A, Bourke P, Lelan M, McElfish PA. A Community Partnership for Home Delivery of Food Boxes to COVID-19 Quarantined and Isolated Families. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19320248.2020.1863284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily English
- Office of Community Health and Research, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Christopher R. Long
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Krista Langston
- Office of Community Health and Research, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Bonnie Faitak
- Office of Community Health and Research, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - April L. Brown
- Marshallese Education Initiative, Springdale, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Joel Gardner
- Ozark Regional Transit, Springdale, Arkansas, USA
| | - Casey Cowan
- Northwest Arkansas Food Bank, Bethel Heights, Arkansas, USA
| | - Debbie Rambo
- Samaritan Community Center, Rogers, Arkansas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Melisa Lelan
- Arkansas Coalition of Marshallese, Springdale, Arkansas, USA
| | - Pearl A. McElfish
- Office of Community Health and Research, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Long CR, Rowland B, Langston K, Faitak B, Sparks K, Rowe V, McElfish PA. Reducing the Intake of Sodium in Community Settings: Evaluation of Year One Activities in the Sodium Reduction in Communities Program, Arkansas, 2016-2017. Prev Chronic Dis 2018; 15:E160. [PMID: 30576274 PMCID: PMC6307830 DOI: 10.5888/pcd15.180310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose and Objectives The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Sodium Reduction in Communities Program (SRCP) aims to reduce dietary sodium intake through policy, systems, and environmental approaches. The objective of this study was to evaluate and document the progress of the first year of a 5-year SRCP project in northwest Arkansas. Intervention Approach In collaboration with 30 partner schools and 5 partner community meals programs, we sought to reduce dietary sodium intake through increased implementation of 1) food service guidelines, 2) procurement practices, 3) food preparation practices, and 4) environmental strategies. Evaluation Methods We collected daily menus, information on nutritional content of meals, and procurement records and counted the number of people served in partnering schools and community meals programs. We used a pretest–posttest quantitative evaluation design to analyze changes in the sodium content of meals from baseline to Year 1 follow-up. Results From baseline to Year 1 follow-up, participating schools lowered the mean sodium content served per lunch diner from 1,103 mg to 980 mg (−11.2%). The schools also reduced the mean sodium content of entrées offered (ie, entrées listed on the menu) from 674 mg to 625 mg (−7.3%) and entrées served from 615 mg to 589 mg (−4.2%). From baseline to follow-up, participating community meals programs reduced the mean sodium content of meals offered (ie, meals listed on the menu) from 1,710 mg to 1,053 mg (−38.4%). The community meals programs reduced the mean sodium content of meals served from 1,509 mg to 1,258 mg (−16.6%). Implications for Public Health In both venues, our evaluation findings showed reductions in sodium served during the 1-year evaluation period. These results highlight the potential effectiveness of sodium reduction interventions focused on food service guidelines, procurement practices, food preparation practices, and environmental strategies for schools and community meals programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Long
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, 1125 North College Ave, Fayetteville, AR 72703.
| | - Brett Rowland
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Krista Langston
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Bonnie Faitak
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Karra Sparks
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Victoria Rowe
- Office of Community Health and Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Pearl A McElfish
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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McCartney D, Langston K, Desbrow B, Irwin C. Consumption of smoothies or traditional breakfast foods: Impact on subsequent dietary intake - A pilot study. Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2017.04.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Pope ND, Childs K, Dang C, Davey MS, O'Hara SCM, Langston K, Minier C, Pascoe PL, Shortridge E, Langston WJ. Intersex in the clam Scrobicularia plana (Da Costa): Widespread occurrence in English Channel estuaries and surrounding areas. Mar Pollut Bull 2015; 95:598-609. [PMID: 25837773 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine clams Scrobicularia plana were sampled from 108 intertidal locations around the English Channel and adjacent areas. Although S. plana is believed to be a strict gonochorist, 58% of the populations sampled included intersexed individuals (described as male clams exhibiting ovotestis). Over the entire region, on average, 8.6% of male clams exhibited intersex, although proportions of affected males ranged from 0% to 53% depending on location. The severity of intersex was assessed using a simple classification scale, with the majority of individuals showing low levels of impact. Sex ratios were significantly skewed at some sites. There were no significant relationships between incidence or severity of intersex; or with size or parasitism of individual clams. Intersex in S. plana is a useful tool to assess endocrine disruptive effects in estuaries, although mechanisms of impact and causative agents remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Pope
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK.
| | - K Childs
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - C Dang
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Universite du Havre, BP540, 76058 Le Havre, France
| | - M S Davey
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - S C M O'Hara
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - K Langston
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - C Minier
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Universite du Havre, BP540, 76058 Le Havre, France
| | - P L Pascoe
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - E Shortridge
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - W J Langston
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
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Buchsbaum MS, Wu J, DeLisi LE, Holcomb H, Kessler R, Johnson J, King AC, Hazlett E, Langston K, Post RM. Frontal cortex and basal ganglia metabolic rates assessed by positron emission tomography with [18F]2-deoxyglucose in affective illness. J Affect Disord 1986; 10:137-52. [PMID: 2941470 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0327(86)90036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty affective disorder patients (16 bipolar and 4 unipolar) and 24 normal controls received scans with positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]2-deoxyglucose (FDG) as a tracer. Subjects received a series of brief electrical stimuli to their right arms during FDG uptake. Patients with bipolar affective illness had significantly lower frontal to occipital glucose metabolic rate ratios (relative hypofrontality) and significantly lower metabolic rates in their basal ganglia in comparison to whole slice metabolism than normal controls. Patients with unipolar illness showed significantly higher frontal to occipital ratios, and also showed relatively decreased metabolism in the basal ganglia. All results in unipolar patients should be considered exploratory due to the small number of patients. Clinical depression ratings correlated negatively with whole slice metabolic rate.
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