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Nicot S, Gillard G, Impheng H, Joachimiak E, Urbach S, Mochizuki K, Wloga D, Juge F, Rogowski K. A family of carboxypeptidases catalyzing α- and β-tubulin tail processing and deglutamylation. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi7838. [PMID: 37703372 PMCID: PMC10499314 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin posttranslational modifications represent an important mechanism involved in the regulation of microtubule functions. The most widespread among them are detyrosination, α∆2-tubulin, and polyglutamylation. Here, we describe a family of tubulin-modifying enzymes composed of two closely related proteins, KIAA0895L and KIAA0895, which have tubulin metallocarboxypeptidase activity and thus were termed TMCP1 and TMCP2, respectively. We show that TMCP1 (also known as MATCAP) acts as α-tubulin detyrosinase that also catalyzes α∆2-tubulin. In contrast, TMCP2 preferentially modifies βI-tubulin by removing three amino acids from its C terminus, generating previously unknown βI∆3 modification. We show that βI∆3-tubulin is mostly found on centrioles and mitotic spindles and in cilia. Moreover, we demonstrate that TMCPs also remove posttranslational polyglutamylation and thus act as tubulin deglutamylases. Together, our study describes the identification and comprehensive biochemical analysis of a previously unknown type of tubulin-modifying enzymes involved in the processing of α- and β-tubulin C-terminal tails and deglutamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nicot
- Tubulin Code team, Institute of Human Genetics, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghislain Gillard
- Tubulin Code team, Institute of Human Genetics, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Hathaichanok Impheng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Serge Urbach
- Functional Proteomics Platform (FPP), IGF, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Kazufumi Mochizuki
- Epigenetic Chromatin Regulation team, Institute of Human Genetics, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - François Juge
- Tubulin Code team, Institute of Human Genetics, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Krzysztof Rogowski
- Tubulin Code team, Institute of Human Genetics, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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2
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van der Laan S, Lévêque MF, Marcellin G, Vezenkov L, Lannay Y, Dubra G, Bompard G, Ovejero S, Urbach S, Burgess A, Amblard M, Sterkers Y, Bastien P, Rogowski K. Evolutionary Divergence of Enzymatic Mechanisms for Tubulin Detyrosination. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4159-4171.e6. [PMID: 31851940 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The two related members of the vasohibin family, VASH1 and VASH2, encode human tubulin detyrosinases. Here we demonstrate that, in contrast to VASH1, which requires binding of small vasohibin binding protein (SVBP), VASH2 has autonomous tubulin detyrosinating activity. Moreover, we demonstrate that SVBP acts as a bona fide activator of both enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis of the vasohibin family revealed that regulatory diversification of VASH-mediated tubulin detyrosination coincided with early vertebrate evolution. Thus, as a model organism for functional analysis, we used Trypanosoma brucei (Tb), an evolutionarily early-branched eukaryote that possesses a single VASH and encodes a terminal tyrosine on both α- and β-tubulin tails, both subject to removal. Remarkably, although detyrosination levels are high in the flagellum, TbVASH knockout parasites did not present any noticeable flagellar abnormalities. In contrast, we observed reduced proliferation associated with profound morphological and mitotic defects, underscoring the importance of tubulin detyrosination in cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siem van der Laan
- Tubulin Code Team, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS-Université Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Maude F Lévêque
- Université Montpellier-CNRS, "MiVEGEC," Faculté de Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 39 avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Guillaume Marcellin
- Tubulin Code Team, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS-Université Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Lubomir Vezenkov
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Yoann Lannay
- Tubulin Code Team, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS-Université Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Geronimo Dubra
- Tubulin Code Team, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS-Université Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Guillaume Bompard
- Tubulin Code Team, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS-Université Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sara Ovejero
- Tubulin Code Team, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS-Université Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Functional Proteomics Platform (FPP), IGF, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew Burgess
- ANZAC Research Institute, Gate 3 Hospital Rd., Concord, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia; The University of Sydney Concord Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Muriel Amblard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Yvon Sterkers
- Université Montpellier-CNRS, "MiVEGEC," Faculté de Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 39 avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Université Montpellier-CNRS, "MiVEGEC," Faculté de Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 39 avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Krzysztof Rogowski
- Tubulin Code Team, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS-Université Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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3
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Bompard G, van Dijk J, Cau J, Lannay Y, Marcellin G, Lawera A, van der Laan S, Rogowski K. CSAP Acts as a Regulator of TTLL-Mediated Microtubule Glutamylation. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2866-2877.e5. [PMID: 30517872 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulin glutamylation is a reversible posttranslational modification that accumulates on stable microtubules (MTs). While abnormally high levels of this modification lead to a number of disorders such as male sterility, retinal degeneration, and neurodegeneration, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of glutamylase activity. Here, we found that CSAP forms a complex with TTLL5, and we demonstrate that the two proteins regulate their reciprocal abundance. Moreover, we show that CSAP increases TTLL5-mediated glutamylation and identify the TTLL5-interacting domain. Deletion of this domain leads to complete loss of CSAP activating function without impacting its MT binding. Binding of CSAP to TTLL5 promotes relocalization of TTLL5 toward MTs. Finally, we show that CSAP binds and activates all of the remaining autonomously active TTLL glutamylases. As such, we present CSAP as a major regulator of tubulin glutamylation and associated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bompard
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Juliette van Dijk
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Cau
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Yoann Lannay
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Marcellin
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Aleksandra Lawera
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Siem van der Laan
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Krzysztof Rogowski
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), UMR9002 CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34094 Cedex 5, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Siem van der Laan
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), Tubulin Code Team, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Geronimo Dubra
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), Tubulin Code Team, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Krzysztof Rogowski
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), Tubulin Code Team, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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5
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Aillaud C, Bosc C, Peris L, Bosson A, Heemeryck P, Van Dijk J, Le Friec J, Boulan B, Vossier F, Sanman LE, Syed S, Amara N, Couté Y, Lafanechère L, Denarier E, Delphin C, Pelletier L, Humbert S, Bogyo M, Andrieux A, Rogowski K, Moutin MJ. Vasohibins/SVBP are tubulin carboxypeptidases (TCPs) that regulate neuron differentiation. Science 2017; 358:1448-1453. [PMID: 29146868 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reversible detyrosination of α-tubulin is crucial to microtubule dynamics and functions, and defects have been implicated in cancer, brain disorganization, and cardiomyopathies. The identity of the tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (TCP) responsible for detyrosination has remained unclear. We used chemical proteomics with a potent irreversible inhibitor to show that the major brain TCP is a complex of vasohibin-1 (VASH1) with the small vasohibin binding protein (SVBP). VASH1 and its homolog VASH2, when complexed with SVBP, exhibited robust and specific Tyr/Phe carboxypeptidase activity on microtubules. Knockdown of vasohibins or SVBP and/or inhibitor addition in cultured neurons reduced detyrosinated α-tubulin levels and caused severe differentiation defects. Furthermore, knockdown of vasohibins disrupted neuronal migration in developing mouse neocortex. Thus, vasohibin/SVBP complexes represent long-sought TCP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Aillaud
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anouk Bosson
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Heemeryck
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Van Dijk
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Université Montpellier, CNRS UMR9002, 34000 Montpellier, France.,Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM), Université Montpellier, CNRS UMR5237, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Le Friec
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Boulan
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédérique Vossier
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laura E Sanman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Salahuddin Syed
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neri Amara
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yohann Couté
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble (BIG)-Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Échelle, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- Team Regulation and Pharmacology of the Cytoskeleton, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Denarier
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,BIG-Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette, CEA, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christian Delphin
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Pelletier
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Humbert
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France. .,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,BIG-Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette, CEA, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Krzysztof Rogowski
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Université Montpellier, CNRS UMR9002, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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6
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Maroński R, Rogowski K. Minimum-time running: a numerical approach. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2011; 13:83-86. [PMID: 21761812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The article deals with the minimum-time running problem. The time of covering a given distance is minimized. The Hill-Keller model of running employed is based on Newton's second law and the equation of power balance. The problem is formulated in optimal control. The unknown function is the runner's velocity that varies with the distance. The problem is solved applying the direct Chebyshev's pseudospectral method.
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7
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Rogowski K, van Dijk J, Magiera MM, Bosc C, Deloulme JC, Bosson A, Peris L, Gold ND, Lacroix B, Bosch Grau M, Bec N, Larroque C, Desagher S, Holzer M, Andrieux A, Moutin MJ, Janke C. A family of protein-deglutamylating enzymes associated with neurodegeneration. Cell 2010; 143:564-78. [PMID: 21074048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamylation is a posttranslational modification that generates glutamate side chains on tubulins and other proteins. Although this modification has been shown to be reversible, little is known about the enzymes catalyzing deglutamylation. Here we describe the enzymatic mechanism of protein deglutamylation by members of the cytosolic carboxypeptidase (CCP) family. Three enzymes (CCP1, CCP4, and CCP6) catalyze the shortening of polyglutamate chains and a fourth (CCP5) specifically removes the branching point glutamates. In addition, CCP1, CCP4, and CCP6 also remove gene-encoded glutamates from the carboxyl termini of proteins. Accordingly, we show that these enzymes convert detyrosinated tubulin into Δ2-tubulin and also modify other substrates, including myosin light chain kinase 1. We further analyze Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mice that lack functional CCP1 and show that microtubule hyperglutamylation is directly linked to neurodegeneration. Taken together, our results reveal that controlling the length of the polyglutamate side chains on tubulin is critical for neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rogowski
- CRBM, Université Montpellier 2 and 1, CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier 34293, France.
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8
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Lacroix B, van Dijk J, Gold ND, Guizetti J, Aldrian-Herrada G, Rogowski K, Gerlich DW, Janke C. Tubulin polyglutamylation stimulates spastin-mediated microtubule severing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 189:945-54. [PMID: 20530212 PMCID: PMC2886356 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules with long polyglutamylated C-terminal tails are more prone to severing by spastin, establishing the importance of tubulin posttranslational modifications. Posttranslational glutamylation of tubulin is present on selected subsets of microtubules in cells. Although the modification is expected to contribute to the spatial and temporal organization of the cytoskeleton, hardly anything is known about its functional relevance. Here we demonstrate that glutamylation, and in particular the generation of long glutamate side chains, promotes the severing of microtubules. In human cells, the generation of long side chains induces spastin-dependent microtubule disassembly and, consistently, only microtubules modified by long glutamate side chains are efficiently severed by spastin in vitro. Our study reveals a novel control mechanism for microtubule mass and stability, which is of fundamental importance to cellular physiology and might have implications for diseases related to microtubule severing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Université Montpellier 2 and 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5237, Montpellier, France
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9
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Wloga D, Webster DM, Rogowski K, Bré MH, Levilliers N, Jerka-Dziadosz M, Janke C, Dougan ST, Gaertig J. TTLL3 Is a tubulin glycine ligase that regulates the assembly of cilia. Dev Cell 2009; 16:867-76. [PMID: 19531357 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In most ciliated cell types, tubulin is modified by glycylation, a posttranslational modification of unknown function. We show that the TTLL3 proteins act as tubulin glycine ligases with chain-initiating activity. In Tetrahymena, deletion of TTLL3 shortened axonemes and increased their resistance to paclitaxel-mediated microtubule stabilization. In zebrafish, depletion of TTLL3 led to either shortening or loss of cilia in several organs, including the Kupffer's vesicle and olfactory placode. We also show that, in vivo, glutamic acid and glycine ligases oppose each other, likely by competing for shared modification sites on tubulin. We propose that tubulin glycylation regulates the assembly and dynamics of axonemal microtubules and acts either directly or indirectly by inhibiting tubulin glutamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wloga
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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10
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Rogowski K, Juge F, van Dijk J, Wloga D, Strub JM, Levilliers N, Thomas D, Bré MH, Van Dorsselaer A, Gaertig J, Janke C. Evolutionary divergence of enzymatic mechanisms for posttranslational polyglycylation. Cell 2009; 137:1076-87. [PMID: 19524510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyglycylation is a posttranslational modification that generates glycine side chains on proteins. Here we identify a family of evolutionarily conserved glycine ligases that modify tubulin using different enzymatic mechanisms. In mammals, two distinct enzyme types catalyze the initiation and elongation steps of polyglycylation, whereas Drosophila glycylases are bifunctional. We further show that the human elongating glycylase has lost enzymatic activity due to two amino acid changes, suggesting that the functions of protein glycylation could be sufficiently fulfilled by monoglycylation. Depletion of a glycylase in Drosophila using RNA interference results in adult flies with strongly decreased total glycylation levels and male sterility associated with defects in sperm individualization and axonemal maintenance. A more severe RNAi depletion is lethal at early developmental stages, indicating that protein glycylation is essential. Together with the observation that multiple proteins are glycylated, our functional data point towards a general role of glycylation in protein functions.
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11
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Janke C, Rogowski K, van Dijk J. Polyglutamylation: a fine-regulator of protein function? 'Protein Modifications: beyond the usual suspects' review series. EMBO Rep 2008; 9:636-41. [PMID: 18566597 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2008.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamylation is a post-translational modification in which glutamate side chains of variable lengths are formed on the modified protein. It is evolutionarily conserved from protists to mammals and its most prominent substrate is tubulin, the microtubule (MT) building block. Various polyglutamylation states of MTs can be distinguished within a single cell and they are also characteristic of specific cell types or organelles. Polyglutamylation has been proposed to be involved in the functional adaptation of MTs, as it occurs within the carboxy-terminal tubulin tails that participate directly in the binding of many structural and motor MT-associated proteins. The discovery of a new family of enzymes that catalyse this modification has brought new insight into the mechanism of polyglutamylation and now allows for direct functional studies of the role of tubulin polyglutamylation. Moreover, the recent identification of new substrates of polyglutamylation indicates that this post-translational modification could be a potential regulator of diverse cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Janke
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Montpellier 2 and 1, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
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12
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van Dijk J, Rogowski K, Miro J, Lacroix B, Eddé B, Janke C. A targeted multienzyme mechanism for selective microtubule polyglutamylation. Mol Cell 2007; 26:437-48. [PMID: 17499049 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamylases are enzymes that form polyglutamate side chains of variable lengths on proteins. Polyglutamylation of tubulin is believed to regulate interactions of microtubules (MTs) with MT-associated proteins and molecular motors. Subpopulations of MTs are differentially polyglutamylated, yet only one modifying enzyme has been discovered in mammals. In an attempt to better understand the heterogeneous appearance of tubulin polyglutamylation, we searched for additional enzymes and report here the identification of six mammalian polyglutamylases. Each of them has a characteristic mode of catalysis and generates distinct patterns of modification on MTs, which can be further diversified by cooperation of multiple enzymes. Polyglutamylases are restricted to confined tissues and subtypes of MTs by differential expression and localization. In conclusion, we propose a multienzyme mechanism of polyglutamylation that can explain how the diversity of polyglutamylation on selected types of MTs is controlled at the molecular level.
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Wloga D, Camba A, Rogowski K, Manning G, Jerka-Dziadosz M, Gaertig J. Members of the NIMA-related kinase family promote disassembly of cilia by multiple mechanisms. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:2799-810. [PMID: 16611747 PMCID: PMC1474788 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-05-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Tetrahymena thermophila contains 39 loci encoding NIMA-related kinases (NRKs), an extraordinarily large number for a unicellular organism. Evolutionary analyses grouped these sequences into several subfamilies, some of which have orthologues in animals, whereas others are protist specific. When overproduced, NRKs of three subfamilies caused rapid shortening of cilia. Ultrastructural studies revealed that each NRK triggered ciliary resorption by a distinct mechanism that involved preferential depolymerization of a subset of axonemal microtubules, at either the distal or proximal end. Overexpression of a kinase-inactive variant caused lengthening of cilia, indicating that constitutive NRK-mediated resorption regulates the length of cilia. Each NRK preferentially resorbed a distinct subset of cilia, depending on the location along the anteroposterior axis. We also show that normal Tetrahymena cells maintain unequal length cilia. We propose that ciliates used a large number of NRK paralogues to differentially regulate the length of specific subsets of cilia in the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wloga
- *Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2607
| | - Amy Camba
- *Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2607
| | - Krzysztof Rogowski
- *Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2607
| | - Gerard Manning
- Razavi-Newman Center for Bioinformatics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Maria Jerka-Dziadosz
- Department of Cell Biology, M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Gaertig
- *Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2607
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Janke C, Rogowski K, Wloga D, Regnard C, Kajava AV, Strub JM, Temurak N, van Dijk J, Boucher D, van Dorsselaer A, Suryavanshi S, Gaertig J, Eddé B. Tubulin polyglutamylase enzymes are members of the TTL domain protein family. Science 2005; 308:1758-62. [PMID: 15890843 DOI: 10.1126/science.1113010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamylation of tubulin has been implicated in several functions of microtubules, but the identification of the responsible enzyme(s) has been challenging. We found that the neuronal tubulin polyglutamylase is a protein complex containing a tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) protein, TTLL1. TTLL1 is a member of a large family of proteins with a TTL homology domain, whose members could catalyze ligations of diverse amino acids to tubulins or other substrates. In the model protist Tetrahymena thermophila, two conserved types of polyglutamylases were characterized that differ in substrate preference and subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Janke
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
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15
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Kasza A, Rogowski K, Kilarski W, Sobota R, Bernas T, Dobrucki J, Travis J, Koj A, Bugno M, Kordula T. Differential effects of oncostatin M and leukaemia inhibitory factor expression in astrocytoma cells. Biochem J 2001; 355:307-14. [PMID: 11284716 PMCID: PMC1221740 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3550307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the production of two closely related cytokines, oncostatin M (OSM) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), by astrocytoma cells were investigated using the stable cell line human U373-MG, which expressed and secreted both biologically active polypeptides. The expression of LIF by these cells caused resistance to this cytokine due to loss of the LIF receptor (LIFR), from the cell surface, suggesting its retention. In contrast, cells expressing OSM were stimulated by this cytokine, utilizing an autocrine mechanism, and possessed receptors for OSM, but not LIF, on the cell surface. In these cells the continuous up-regulation of OSM-induced gene expression was found even though the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription ('JAK/STAT') pathway was almost exhausted due to long-term autocrine stimulation of the cells by OSM. The amount of LIFR was down-regulated in both LIF- and OSM-producing cells and this effect was not found in wild-type U373-MG cells treated with externally added cytokines. To investigate the mechanism of autocrine stimulation by OSM we constructed a stable cell line expressing a form of OSM that is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This biologically active cytokine was not secreted, but was localized in the ER. In addition, it did not stimulate the astrocytoma cells in an autocrine manner. We conclude that expression of LIF causes resistance of astrocytoma cells to this cytokine, whereas expression of OSM leads to autocrine stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasza
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
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Darewicz J, Gatek L, Malczyk E, Darewicz B, Rogowski K, Kudelski J. Microsurgical replantation of the amputated penis and scrotum in a 29-year-old man. Urol Int 1996; 57:197-8. [PMID: 8912453 DOI: 10.1159/000282912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A 29-year-old mentally ill farmer underwent microsurgery for the resuturing of the penis and testicles which he himself had chopped off with an ax. Microsurgery of the urethra, corpora cavernosa, arteries and veins was begun 10 h after the trauma. The veins, arteries and testicles were anastomosed and covered with a free flap of the scrotum skin. Three weeks after surgery, the anastomosed tested showed good healing. However, in 65% of the penis, necrosis had occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Darewicz
- Department of Urology, Medical School Białystok, Poland
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17
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Olszówka Z, Rogowski K, Darewicz J. [Rare diseases of the posterior urethra in males]. Pol Tyg Lek 1989; 44:855-7. [PMID: 2486521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rare diseases of the posterior urethra and adjacent structures in adult men are presented. Anatomy and embryology of this segment of urethra, pathologies, diagnosis and therapy are also discussed.
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Rogowski K, Darewicz J, Olszówka Z. [Two cases of penis fracture with injury to the urethra]. Wiad Lek 1989; 42:337-9. [PMID: 2815754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two patients with penis fracture with urethral damage during sexual intercourse are reported. The patients were treated surgically although in one case the time after fracture was 28 hours and in the second case 12 hours. The therapeutic results were very good in both cases, and the authors believe that surgery is the treatment of choice in cases of penis fracture.
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Rogowski K, Olszówka Z, Gałek L. [Metastasis to the supraclavicular lymph nodes as the first symptom of clear cell carcinoma of the kidney]. Wiad Lek 1987; 40:1128-9. [PMID: 3439179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Malczyk E, Darewicz J, Karasewicz B, Rogowski K. [Value of the surgical treatment of cystic kidney]. Wiad Lek 1983; 36:921-4. [PMID: 6624103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Karasewicz B, Malczyk E, Rogowski K. [Diagnostic difficulties in a case of primary cancer of the ureter]. Wiad Lek 1983; 36:401-3. [PMID: 6868595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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