Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of psoriasis: a comprehensive review

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently been shown to have not only regenerative capabilities but also immunomodulating properties. For this reason, they are currently under investigation in clinical trials for the treatment of several autoimmune systemic disorders. Psoriasis is a systemic immune-mediated disease for which MSCs could have therapeutic potential. We analysed the existing literature with regard to MSC-based strategies for the treatment of psoriasis, using the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library electronic databases from inception to the date of study. A number of studies confirm the involvement of MSCs in psoriasis pathogenesis and therefore designate MSCs as an important potential therapeutic tool in this setting. Preclinical data are mostly based on imiquimod-induced murine models of psoriasis, and confirm the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action of MSCs in the setting of psoriasis. Six patients affected by psoriasis were described in four clinical studies. Despite significant differences in terms of therapeutic protocols and clinical outcomes, the MSC-based regimens were efficacious in 100% of the cases. Despite more data still being needed, MSCs could be a promising therapy for psoriasis.

Sewage sludge ash recovery as valuable raw material for chemical stabilization of leachable heavy metals

This paper proposes, for the first time, the use of sewage sludge ash (SSA), obtained by sludge combustion for the stabilization of fly ashes containing heavy metals as Pb and Zn. In particular, the proposed method aims to take advantage of valuable raw materials present in SSA, such as phosphate, silica, and alumina. The stabilization has been explained by the synergic phosphate, carbonation, and pozzolanic reactions together with the Friedel's salt formation. This method to sewage sludge management allows the complete recovery of valuable raw materials otherwise destinated for lanfill. This is virtuous example of the use of waste materials for de-pollution processes.

Comparison between rice husk ash grown in different regions for stabilizing fly ash from a solid waste incinerator

The Stabilization of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash by rice husk ash (RHA) is under intense study as an effective strategy to recover and reuse industrial and agricultural waste together. We compare the metal entrapment performances of RHA from different Asian rice sources – namely from Japonica rice grown in Italy and Indica rice grown in India – Physicochemical and morphological characterization of the final stabilized material show that the same thermal treatment may result in marked structural differences in the silica contained in the two RHA. Remarkably, one of them displays a crystalline silica content, although obtained by a thermal treatment below 800 °C. We also find that the presence of an alkali metal ion (potassium) in the rice husk plays a crucial role in the attainment of the final silica phase. These physicochemical differences are mirrored by different stabilization yields by the two RHA.

Mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus in a province of northern Italy

INTRODUCTION

Study reports of mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have shown transmission rates ranging from 3 to 37%, according to maternal viremia and HIV-1 coinfection. The present study evaluated the prevalence of the HCV infection in the general population and the incidence of vertical transmission, from women who delivered in the Obstetric Clinic of the Hospital of Parma from January 1st 1996 to 31st 2001 December.

METHODS

Mothers and children were tested for the presence of HCV-RNA within one week after delivery. Children were considered to be infected when they were found positive at least twice for viral RNA or antibodies were still detectable at the end of the follow-up period (18 months) in blood.

RESULTS

Out of 13,025 women, 110 (0.8%) were found positive for anti-HCV antibodies; 72 of them (65.4%) were HCV-RNA positive. All 110 children were positive for anti-HCV antibodies in the first blood sample (time 0); 8 of them were HCV-RNA positive. Three children were still viremic at the end of the follow-up whereas 5 showed a clearance. No significant differences were found between viremic and nonviremic children with respect to gestational week, maternal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and newborns weight at birth.

CONCLUSION

This investigation shows that vertical transmission may occur in a general obstetric population despite a low prevalence of HCV-positive subjects.

New thymidylate synthase inhibitors induce apoptosis in melanoma cell lines

Malignant melanoma is particularly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For this reason in the past years a huge variety of new compounds has been developed with potential chemotherapeutic activity which needs to be tested in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the in vitro action of three new experimental antifolate substances (MR7, MR21 and MR36) with a critical target for thymidylate synthase (TS), an essential enzyme for DNA synthesis. The response of two melanoma cell lines (SK-MEL-2 derived from malignant melanoma metastasis and SK-MEL-28 derived from primary malignant melanoma) was examined after treatment with these substances. The antifolate agents induced apoptosis in SK-MEL-2 and SK-MEL-28 cells as confirmed by the TUNEL technique and Comet Assay. Western-blot analysis showed a down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein level and PARP cleavage, otherwise p53 and Bax expressions were not modulated. Moreover, these antifolate-induced apoptosis was accompanied by both pro-caspase-9 and -8 activations. These results were supported by the use of the pan-caspases inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK that almost completely decreased the amount of apoptosis in both the melanoma cell lines treated with antifolate. In conclusion our results show that TS inhibitors are able to induce apoptosis through a caspase-mediated pathway, but without the involvement of the p53/Bax signalling.

Abscess formation at the ischiorectal fossa 7 months after the application of a synthetic transobturator sling for stress urinary incontinence in a type II diabetic woman

A 50-year-old diabetic woman was referred to our unit because of high fever, foul-smelling vaginal discharge and pain in the leg, 7 months after undergoing surgery for application of a transobturator suburethral sling. Patient evaluation revealed erosion of the tape through the vaginal wall; the infection had spread to the region of the internal obturator muscle and then up to the anterior recess of the ischiorectal fossa. The patient underwent surgery for sling removal, antibiotic therapy and, finally, surgical incisions to facilitate drainage of the abscess. All these passages were necessary to obtain complete resolution of the symptoms. Infectious complications are possible after transobturator sling procedures. Patients should then be informed about the risks of erosion and infection and be warned that the appearance of pain and foul-smelling vaginal discharge may indeed be the first symptom of subsequent and much more severe infectious complications.

Transcriptional profiles in melanocytes from clinically unaffected skin distinguish the neoplastic growth pattern in patients with melanoma

BACKGROUND

It is generally accepted that sunlight may contribute to the development of melanoma.

OBJECTIVES

To analyse gene expression of melanocytes obtained from clinically unaffected skin of patients with melanoma and healthy controls before and after exposure to ultraviolet B radiation.

METHODS

Using GeneChip array technology, the gene expression of melanocytes obtained from the two donor groups was profiled, in order to identify transcriptional differences affecting susceptibility to melanoma.

RESULTS

The data collected did not show any difference between the expression profiles of melanocytes purified from normal donors and from patients with melanoma that was able to give a statistically significant class separation. However, by means of unsupervised clustering our data could be divided into two main classes. The first class included the transcriptome profiles of melanocytes obtained from skin samples of patients with a vertical growth phase (VGP) melanoma, while the second class included the transcriptome profiles of melanocytes obtained from skin samples of patients with a radial growth phase (RGP) melanoma.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that melanocytes in patients with VGP and RGP melanomas show significant differences in gene expression profiles, which allow us to classify patients with melanoma also from clinically unaffected skin.

Minilaparotomy vs laparotomy for uterine myomectomies: a randomized controlled trial

AIM

To evaluate the efficacy and applicability of the minilaparotomy technique in abdominal myomectomies and to compare it with traditional laparotomy.

METHODS

We enrolled 99 women, suffering from symptomatic uterine myomas, to be operated for myomectomy. Through computer randomization, 55 women were assigned to the study group (minilaparotomy) and 44 women to the control group (traditional laparotomy). Women assigned to the study group were operated using a recently modified minilaparotomy technique. Statistical evaluation was performed through Mann-Whitney U test, chi2 test, Student's t-test.

RESULTS

Duration of surgery, time for spontaneous recanalization and days of postoperative hospital stay were significantly lower in the study group, as well as treatment satisfaction reported by the patients (p<0.05). Moreover, each minilaparotomy operation ended by saving 620 Euro.

CONCLUSIONS

Minilaparotomy seems to be a valid alternative to the removal of symptomatic uterine myomas. The objective and subjective advantages in operated patients, as well as the reduction in sanitary costs are underlined.

Decrease in toxic potential of mixed tensides maintained below the critical micelle concentration: an in vitro study

Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) is an anionic tenside widely utilized in commercial topical preparations that may cause skin irritation. It has been shown that the barrier damage caused by SLS in vivo is lower when SLS is used in combination with other tensides which are able to reduce the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The aim of our study was to evaluate if the cytotoxic effect of SLS is reduced by the association with different tensides also at concentrations well below the CMC. Normal human keratinocytes from plastic surgery were grown in serum-free medium. At subconfluency, the cells were treated with SLS at a dose of 0.0025% in combination with cocamidopropyl betaine, Tween 20 and Tween 80 at the minimum toxic dose. Following tenside treatment, the culture medium was changed, and after 24 h the cells were collected for (3)H-thymidine incorporation, the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and neutral red (NR) uptake. The cytotoxic effect on normal human keratinocytes, as evaluated by (3)H-thymidine incorporation, MTT assay and NR uptake, was significantly decreased by the combination with all the tested tensides. The correlation between cytotoxicity and physical properties was also studied by a conductimetric assay to investigate the mechanism involved in this toxicity reduction.

Abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy for enlarged uteri: a randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to compare advantages, disadvantages, and outcomes in patients who undergo vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy for enlarged symptomatic uteri.

STUDY DESIGN

In a prospective, randomized study, 60 vaginal hysterectomies (study group) were compared with 59 abdominal hysterectomies (control group); all of the hysterectomies were performed for symptomatic uterine fibroids from January 1997 through December 2000. We excluded from the study the other common causes of hysterectomy such as prolapse, bleeding, adenomyosis, and endometrial or cervical carcinoma. In both groups, uterine weights ranged from 200 g to 1300 g. For enlarged uteri, vaginal hysterectomies were performed with the use of volume reduction techniques: Intramyometrial coring, corporal bisection, and morcellation. The evaluated parameters included patient age, weight, parity, uterine weight, operative time, blood loss, demand for analgesics, eventual surgical complications, length of admission, and hospital charges. The Mann-Whitney U test and chi(2) tests were applied for statistical analysis. Probability values of <.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

There were no major differences in patient age, weight, parity, and uterine weight between the two groups. Operative time was significantly lower for the vaginal route as compared with the abdominal route (86 minutes vs 102 minutes, P <.001). No intraoperative complications were noted both in the study and control groups or the control group. Surgical bleeding (expressed by hemoglobin loss) was not significantly different between the two groups. In the postoperative period, we found a higher incidence of fever (30.5% vs 16.6%, P <.05) and demand for analgesics (86% vs 66%, P <.05) in the abdominal group as compared with the vaginal group. Significant advantages of vaginal hysterectomy were a reduction in the hospital stay (3 days vs 4 days, P <.001) and cost.

CONCLUSION

These results should lead to the choice of vaginal hysterectomy as a valid alternative to the abdominal hysterectomy, even for enlarged uteri.

Risk of genital prolapse and urinary incontinence due to pregnancy and delivery. A prospective study

BACKGROUND

Recent literature shows conflicting results regarding this subject. Using a prospective study, we analysed the possible effects of pregnancy and delivery upon the pelvic floor support.

METHODS

In a group of 344 patients who received our phone-call 3 months after delivery, only 58 accepted the investigation, and came for an exam. We looked out for pathologies such as genital prolapse and stress urinary incontinence (IUS). During the exam we analysed: vagino-perineal scars; descensus of the vaginal walls and of the uterus; dyspareunia; urinary frequency and urgency; urge Incontinence and IUS; weakening of pelvic floor muscles.

RESULTS

We objectively identified in cystocele the prevalent "anatomic" damage, and in IUS, the most frequent "functional" damage. We then tried to find a statistical correlation between these pathologies and the most important risk factors cited in the literature.

CONCLUSIONS

Through the systematic analysis of the obtained data, we thus identified the most important risk factors that lead to the development of these pathologies: operative delivery, pluriparity, heavy work, high BMI in mothers and newborns. The results that emerged from our study lead to some remarks of interest and discussion.

Ultraviolet B radiation induces activation of neutral and acidic sphingomyelinases and ceramide generation in cultured normal human keratinocytes

The sphingomyelin pathway is an ubiquitous, evolutionary conserved signaling system which transduces an extracellular signal into the cell. During the past few years increasing evidence has shown that the sphingolipid ceramide may play a role as a second messenger in intracellular signal transduction. The ceramide generation via sphingomyelinase (SMase) is followed by three major cellular responses: cell growth arrest, induction of cell differentiation and/or induction of programmed cell death or apoptosis. The aim of this study is to investigate whether activation of SMases and generation of ceramide can be induced by UVB radiation in normal human keratinocytes. The present data show that exposure to UVB radiation results in rapid generation of ceramide. The ceramide accumulation starts 15 min after UV exposure and progressively increases up to 24 h. In vitro measurement of SMase activity following exposure to UVB evidences an activation of both neutral and acidic SMases. Moreover, UVB induces apoptosis in normal human keratinocytes as shown by TUNEL technique and FACS analysis. These data indicate that UVB induced ceramide generation and activation of both neutral and acidic SMases, suggesting that sphingolipids metabolism may be involved in the UVB signaling pathway.

[Lavage of the birth canal with chlorhexidine: a new valid method for the prevention of perinatal infections]

Perinatal morbidity and mortality are due to various infective agents, mainly represented by beta-hemolytic group B Streptococcus. The perinatal disease related to this infection is distinguished in Early-onset, characterised by pneumonia and sepsis, and Late-onset which leads to sepsis, meningitis and pneumonia. Various strategies were therefore proposed to prevent transmission including immunisation and chemoprophylaxis. All these methods however present adverse effects and are most of all expensive to carry out. Taha et al. reported an interesting experience regarding the reduction of perinatal infections following the cleansing of the birth canal with a solution of Chlorhexidine 0.25% during labour (1996-1997). It seemed interesting for us to assess the applicability and efficacy of a new strategy of prophylaxis of perinatal infections in a Developing Country based on the association of two of the simple strategies proposed i.e.: cleansing the birth canal with chlorhexidine and chemoprophylaxis in cases with risk factors without culture screening. We studied two groups of patients: one in which cleansing of the birth canal was used and the second (control group) in which the old method already applied in the hospital (i.e. cleansing of the external genitals with Cetrimide 1%+ Chlorhexidine 0.1%) was carried out associated with antibiotic therapy when risk factors arose. We observed a total absence of neonatal mortality due to sepsis resulting from the association of the methods suggested even though the presence of sepsis evaluated through signs and symptoms like fever, poor feeding, apnoea or dyspnoea in newborns was similar in both groups.

[Perinatal morbidity and mortality in children born to mothers with gestational hypertension]

Gestational hypertension is a severe pathology leading to important maternal and neonatal effects. It represents one of the most important causes of maternal morbidity and contributes to a high percentage of perinatal mortality, determined by fetal hypoxia and especially by prematurity and low birth weight. To-date the only treatment offered in gestational hypertension remains delivery, which has to be scheduled regarding timing and method on the basis of the appearance of hypertension, of its severeness and maternal and fetal complications. To evaluate the clinical course and the presence of hypertensive risk factors, a clinical-epidemiological study was carried out on two groups of pregnant women: a group made up of 50 women with hypertension and a control group of 80 women in whom no gravidic pathology arose. We hence were able to reveal the risk factors associated with hypertension in pregnancy such as maternal age, nulliparity, and elevated body mass index. Regarding neonatal prognosis, we observed a higher incidence in premature birth (30th- to 38th week of gestational age) and the need for elective or urgent caesarean sections, with respect to the spontaneous deliveries observed in the control group. We also observed reduced weight of both placenta and the newborn in hypertensive mothers with significant statistical differences between the two groups (p < 0.001). Evaluation of neonatal data at birth showed lower Apgar indices at 1st and 5th minute from birth in the study group with a higher percentage of newborns transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit. We also observed a high percentage of still-births equal to 14% in the study group as opposed to the control group.

[Evaluation of the peripartum effects of 2 analgesics: meperidine and tramadol, used in labor]

The need for analgesia to overcome pain in labour is highly requested by women today. Various ways either non pharmachologic e.g. Emotional sustain, psycho-prophylactic preparation, yoga and hypnosis or pharmachologic such as epidural blockade or parenteral are used. Therefore in our study we evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of the two opioids usually used today in parenteral analgesia to reduce pain during labour: Tramadol and Meperidine. We studied two groups of patients each made up of 20 women in labour, all at term and with a physiologic course of pregnancy. 75 mg i.m. of Meperidine chloryhydrate were somministered in the first group while in the second group 100 mg i.m. of tramadol chloryhydrate were somministered. Various maternal, fetal and neonatal parameters were then monitored demonstrating--A moderate maternal analgesic effect in both drugs (evaluated through the analogic grading of pain). In the group to whom Meperidine was given, sedative effects on the mother were observed associated with respiratory depression in the newborn (the latter evaluated through the Apgar index at 1st and 5th minute of life and pH of the blood obtained at the umbilical cord. The data obtained permitted us to conclude that Tramadol in accordance to the obtained in literature gives an analogous analgesic effect, with better tolerability for the absence of collateral effects on the mother, fetus and newborn.

Ceramide 2 (N-acetyl sphingosine) is associated with reduction in Bcl-2 protein levels by Western blotting and with apoptosis in cultured human keratinocytes

BACKGROUND

Ceramides produced by sphingomyelin hydrolysis activate a cycle that is followed by three different major cellular responses: downregulation of cell proliferation, induction of cell differentiation and apoptosis. In the skin, the generation of intracellular ceramide may also provide a link between an extracellular signal and the induction of the apoptosis programme for the elimination of damaged cells.

OBJECTIVES

We investigated the effect of ceramides capable of entering cells on cultured keratinocytes.

METHODS

Human keratinocytes from neonatal skin were cultured in serum-free medium with or without increasing concentrations of ceramide 2 (CER-2; N-acetyl sphingosine) (5, 10, 20 and 40 micromol L-1). Proliferative effects were studied either by cell counts or by 3H-thymidine incorporation and flow cytometric analysis. Apoptosis was studied by TUNEL staining and Western blot analysis of Bcl-2 protein.

RESULTS

Cell counts and DNA synthesis were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following CER-2 treatment. TUNEL staining showed CER-2-induced apoptosis at 48, 72 and 96 h. Western blot analysis showed that CER-2 induces downregulation of Bcl-2 at 24-96 h.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that CER-2 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, possibly via a Bcl-2-dependent mechanism.

Chemically assisted dissection of tissues: an interesting support in abdominal myomectomy

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of sodium-2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (mesna) in the chemical separation of tissues in abdominal myomectomies when used with the traditional mechanical separation techniques.

STUDY DESIGN

In a prospective, randomized study, 58 women underwent abdominal myomectomy. In 29 of these, we used mesna for highlighting and separating tissues, and in the other 29 we used saline solution for the same purposes. The variables evaluated included the number of myomas removed, the volume of the biggest myoma, and the total volume of the myomas removed in every intervention. We also recorded operating time, the length of hospital stay, the degree of procedure difficulty, perioperative blood loss, operative complications, and cost.

RESULTS

The operation was significantly shorter in the mesna group (p < 0.05) even though the volume and the number of myomas were larger. The degree of difficulty evaluated by the surgeon at the end of every operation was not significantly different in the two groups. The reduction in hemoglobin 24 hours after operation was significantly less in the patients treated with mesna (p = 0.006), but this difference was probably altered by the increase in hematocrit levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Because of its ability as a chemical dissector, mesna may be a useful aid in this type of benign gynecologic operation. Larger studies to confirm this are needed.

In vitro testing of tensides employing monolayer cultures: a comparison with results of patch tests on human volunteers

Evaluation of the irritant potential of new products or ingredients prior to human testing is generally performed in vivo on animals. However, according to the 6th amendment and following updates of the European Community directive on cosmetic products (93/35/EEC), animal testing will be banned when suitable substitutes will be available. To know whether in vitro tests for assessment of skin irritancy provide results approaching human conditions, comparisons have to be made between data deriving from in vitro tests and skin response in humans. The aim of our study was to assess the validity of the monolayer culture system of normal human keratinocytes as a model for the evaluation of the irritant effects of detergents, by comparing in vitro cell culture data to in vivo acute skin irritancy effects of cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), an amphoteric compound, Tween 20 (TW20) (polysorbate 20) and Tween 80 (TW80) (polysorbate 80), representing nonionic compounds, applied to the skin of 24 healthy volunteers at a concentration similar to that employed in commercial products. As parameters for cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, cell membrane integrity and cell metabolism were assessed by cell counts, thymidine incorporation, MTT conversion, and Neutral Red uptake. In order to increase the sensitivity of the in vivo evaluation, bioengineering methods for assessment of the effects of test products on the skin were employed. Whereas all 4 in vitro methods ranked the tensides according to their toxicity in the following order: CAPB>SLS>TW20>TW80, both in vivo methods agreed in identifying SLS as the most irritating substance. Moreover, as compared with the irritation potential on human skin, all 4 in vitro tests overestimated the toxicity of CAPB. This suggests that the keratinocyte monolayer cell culture technique cannot directly replace in vivo methods, and that data obtained by this method should be interpreted cautiously.

Autocrine nerve growth factor protects human keratinocytes from apoptosis through its high affinity receptor (TRK): a role for BCL-2

Normal human keratinocytes synthesize and release nerve growth factor (NGF) and express both the low- and the high-affinity NGF receptor. Because NGF has been shown to rescue certain cell types from programmed cell death, we investigated the role of endogenous NGF in preventing keratinocyte apoptosis. We report here that apoptosis is induced in normal human keratinocytes in culture by blocking endogenous NGF signaling with either anti-NGF neutralizing antibody or K252, a specific inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase high-affinity NGF receptor. Apoptosis was assessed by DNA laddering, electron microscopy, and in situ nick end labeling technique. In anti-NGF-treated keratinocytes, the apoptotic process starts at 96 h, and is maximal at 120 h. After K252 treatment, apoptosis starts at 48 h and peaks at 120 h. Because the product of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene protects many cell types from apoptosis, we measured the levels of this protein in apoptotic keratinocytes. We found that both K252 and anti-NGF antibody strikingly downregulate bcl-2 expression, starting at 72 h. Furthermore, HaCat keratinocytes stably transfected with a plasmid containing bcl-2 cDNA fail to undergo apoptosis when treated with K252. These findings show that autocrine NGF acts as a survival factor for human keratinocytes in vitro through its high-affinity NGF receptor, possibly by maintaining constant levels of Bcl-2.

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, transforming growth factor beta1, calcium, and ultraviolet B radiation induce apoptosis in cultured human keratinocytes

Apoptosis is a cellular process of self-directed suicide that plays a key role during morphogenesis and in the maintenance of homeostasis in continuously renewing tissues. Currently, apoptosis is detected mainly by gel electrophoresis of fragmented DNA and by typical ultrastructural features such as cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation. Recently, an in situ technique was developed that allows the detection of the apoptotic process in cells and the quantitation of apoptosis in cell populations. We applied this technique to evaluate the apoptotic process in cultured normal human keratinocytes under basic conditions and after stimulation with factors and agents that are presumed but have never been proved to induce apoptosis in these cells. Apoptosis was analyzed after stimulation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), calcium, UVB, or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). All these factors except TNFalpha induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes. Whereas UVB and calcium were good apoptogenic stimuli at 6 and 24 h, respectively, the vitamin D derivative and TGFbeta1 induced apoptosis after 5 and 6 d in culture. Apoptosis was also established by DNA fragmentation and electron microscopy. Finally, TUNEL technique showed that the number of apoptotic cells increases slightly (5-10%) from 24 to 144 h even in untreated keratinocytes. Our studies indicate that factors normally involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation can also control apoptosis.

Nerve growth factor receptor and neurochemical markers in human oral mucosa: an immunohistochemical study

BACKGROUND

The innervation of the oral mucosa has so far been studied mainly by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Only few studies have investigated the presence of neural proteins and neurotransmitters in human gingival mucosa.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the presence and distribution of neural structural and transmitter proteins in different areas of normal human oral mucosa.

METHOD

Indirect immunofluorescence was employed on specimens taken from different mucosal regions (gingiva, lips, gums, palate). Both structural (low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, NGFr; protein gene product 9.5, PGP 9.5) and neuropeptide markers (substance P; calcitonin gene-related peptide; vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y) were used.

RESULTS

NGFr and PGP 9.5 intensely labelled both nerve fibres and selected epithelial cells, while neuropeptide immunoreactivity was scarcely expressed and exclusively localized in nerve fibres.

CONCLUSIONS

Similarly in the distribution pattern and neurochemistry between oral and cutaneous innervation is apparent. Expression of NGFr could be relevant to the trophism of both the oral innervation and epithelium.

[Efficacy of mini-TENS in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea]

Recent knowledge on the pathogenetic mechanisms which are thought to be responsible for primary dysmenorrhea in most young females allow us to abandon old therapeutical approaches for several medical solutions with high effectiveness rates. But a number of patients remain for whom these treatments are not suitable or not effective. Mainly for these patients, today we can offer a valid alternative, a new kind of electroanalgesy, TENS, now easier to use owing to the miniaturization of the machine. In fact, in two groups of patients resistant or insensitive to modern medical therapies, we obtained good analgesia during the menstrual period, without important side effects and with high compliance by the patients.

Substance P Is Diminished and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Is Augmented in Psoriatic Lesions and These Peptides Exert Disparate Effects on the Proliferation of Cultured Human Keratinocytes

An involvement of neurogenic components in the pathogenesis of psoriatic lesions has been suggested and neuropeptides are thought to play a modulatory role in cutaneous inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the immunoreactivity of the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) in the skin of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis, by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay. No differences were observed, by immunohistochemistry, in the expression and localization of VIP and SP between psoriatic and normal skin. Using the radioimmunologic technique on whole skin homogenates, VIP levels were significantly increased in psoriatic lesions as compared to normal skin. By contrast, SP levels were significantly lower in lesional and non-lesional psoriatic skin than in normal skin. In addition, we examined the effect of VIP and SP on the proliferation of cultured normal human keratinocytes. VIP (1-28) (1 nM-1 microM) as well as VIP fragments (10-28) (1 nM-1 microM) and (22-28) (1 nM-1 microM) stimulated the proliferation of keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the VIP fragment (1-12) (1 nM-1 microM) was ineffective. The VIP antagonist (N-Ac-Tyr1, D-Phe2)-GRF (1-29)-NH2 (0.1 microM) significantly inhibited the VIP effect on keratinocytes. On the other hand, SP (0.1 microM) not only failed to stimulate keratinocyte growth, but also blocked the VIP-induced stimulation of these cells. The imbalance of cutaneous VIP and SP and their disparate effects on the proliferation of normal human keratinocytes in culture would suggest that these peptides are involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and may exert different modulatory activities in the mechanisms underlying the psoriatic lesion.

Glucose tolerance and insulin release in adolescent female

The increase in insulin requirement at the onset of adolescence is compensated by an increase of insulin secretion. This metabolic pattern persists during adolescence but is no longer present in adults. It is supposed to depend on a decrease of insulin sensitivity of uncertain origin. We compared the metabolic pattern of late adolescent girls (13-16 year old) with young women (21-30 year old) with similar body mass indexes, testing subjects with iv glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) (glucose 0.33 g/kg) and arginine test (ATT) (arginine 30 g in 30 min). In late adolescent vs adult women we observed: i) IVTT: similar k of glucose tolerance and higher insulin and C-peptide responses; ii) ATT: unmodified plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon values, higher GH plasma levels; iii) in adolescent girls GH and CPR incremental areas significantly correlated (r = 0.755, p less than 0.05). These data show that: i) the adolescent pattern of glucose metabolism persists after completion of sexual development and, ii) there is a positive correlation between GH response to arginine and beta-cell response to glucose. So GH should play a role in the impairment of glucose metabolism during adolescence.

[Sequential calcitriol-calcitonin in the therapy of osteoporosis]

Different therapeutic regimens have been proposed by Authors in the treatment of involutional (and particularly postmenopausal) osteoporosis. Following the up to date concepts on bone remodelling, an ADFR (Activate, Depress, Free, Repeat) trial was performed in 20 females affected by involutional osteoporosis. They were treated with Calcitriol 2 mcg/d for 7 days, followed by a 21 days period of 100 U/d Salmon Calcitonin + 1 g/d Calcitonin, followed by a 2-month period of Calcium alone. The cycles were repeated for 1 year and the results of densitometric examinations (radial mineral content evaluated by single photon absorptiometer, and vertebral mineral content evaluated by dual photon absorptiometer) and of biochemical markers (Ca++, P, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, hydroxyproline) controlled every 3 months, were compared with those obtained in a group of patients treated only with Salmon Calcitonin and in a group treated with Calcium for 1 year. After two therapeutical cycles radial bone mineral density significantly increased; vertebral bone density also increased but not significantly. The effects were more evident in comparison to calcitonin alone treatment. A significant reduction in serum osteocalcin was documented. At the end of the therapy no further improvement was registered. This suggests that some variations and adaptation of therapeutic strategy are needed to achieve a more important and substantial improvement of bone conditions.

Uterus didelphys with an obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis in teenagers: report of three cases

Gynecologic and urinary congenital malformations are often associated and mostly diagnosed in teenagers. To update a 116-case international case registry, three cases of uterus didelphys with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis, detected in young girls, are reported. Diagnostic procedures and surgical treatment are discussed.

Amniotic fluid thyrotropin (TSH) following maternal administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone

Cord blood and amniotic fluid thyrotropin (TSH), T4, T3, and rT3 concentrations were measured in 49 women who received 400 micrograms thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) iv during labor and in 16 control women who received saline. Cord blood serum TSH concentrations were elevated for as long as 4 hours after TRH administration and peak values (38.0 +/- 4.2 microU/ml) were observed from 61-120 minutes after TSH as compared to control values of 5.0 +/- 0.3 microU/ml. The elevations in fetal TSH concentration stimulated the fetal thyroid, resulting in a progressive increase in cord blood T4 and T3 but not rT3 concentrations. These TRH induced elevations in fetal cord blood TSH concentrations were not accompanied by increases in unconcentrated and 4 fold concentrated amniotic fluid TSH concentrations which were almost always below 0.6 microU/ml, the limit of assay sensitivity. Unconcentrated amniotic fluid T4 concentrations were barely detectable and no variation was observed between the TRH treated and saline treated mothers; amniotic fluid T3 was not detectable in any of the groups; and amniotic fluid rT3 concentrations ranged between 46.4 and 55.6 ng/dl and did not differ between groups. These findings suggest that term amniotic fluid TSH values do not reflect transient but marked elevations in fetal serum TSH concentrations and that amniotic fluid TSH determination is probably not useful in the detection of primary fetal hypothyroidism. It is possible, but unlikely, that long-term and even greater elevations in fetal serum TSH concentrations would result in increased amniotic fluid TSH concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Failure of metoclopramide to affect thyrotropin concentration in the term human fetus

Metoclopramide (MET), a potent dopamine receptor-blocking drug, or saline was administered to 125 term pregnant women at various time intervals (5-412 min) before delivery. Maternal serum was obtained before and after MET injection. Cord blood was obtained at delivery in MET-treated and saline-treated (control group) women. No significant changes in serum TSH, T4, T3, or rT3 concentrations were observed in maternal or cord blood after MET administration. These results suggest that, in contrast to euthyroid nonpregnant women and men, MET administration does not induce a rise in serum TSH concentration in term pregnant women or in the term fetus. Thus, the dopaminergic inhibitory effect on anterior pituitary TSH secretion may not be an important factor in TSH regulation during pregnancy or in the fetus, or the dose of MET employed may be unable to overcome the dopamine inhibitory effect.

Response of growth hormone to thyrotropin-releasing hormone during fetal life

The effect of TRH administration to the term pregnant women on the GH response in cord blood (CB) was evaluated in 138 subjects. Previous studies have demonstrated that TRH readily crosses the placenta. TRH (400 microgram) was administered iv to 59 pregnant women just before delivery. CB samples were obtained at delivery and assigned to 6 groups, depending upon the duration of time between TRH injection and CB sampling. The control group comprised 79 pregnant women who received saline. A progressive rise and then a fall in the CB GH concentration were observed after TRH administration. Values were significantly elevated 61-90 min after TRH administration compared to values in saline-treated subjects (19.3 +/- 3.1 vs. 13.1 +/- 0.9 ng/ml; P less than 0.05). The present study is the first report of the effect of TRH on the GH concentration in CB and suggests that TRH stimulates GH release in the fetus.

Human cord blood concentrations of thyrotropin, thyroglobulin, and iodothyronines after maternal administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TRH or saline was administered to 214 term pregnant women at various time intervals (8-820 min) before delivery. Cord blood (CB) was obtained, and plasma TSH, T4, T3, rT3, and thyroglobulin concentrations were measured by specific RIA. CB TSH was significantly elevated within 20 min after TRH administration and remained elevated for 180 min. CB T3 rose significantly by 60 min and remained elevated for 820 min. CB T4 was significantly increased from 120 to 820 min after TRH administration. There was no significant change in the CB thyroglobulin concentration. These findings demonstrate for the first time that TRH crosses the human placenta, that the fetal pituitary is responsive to TRH, and that endogenous TSH stimulates the fetal thyroid.

3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine concentrations in amniotic fluid at different stages of pregnancy

Since it is feasible to detect reverse T3 (rT3) in amniotic fluid, we investigated the possibility as to whether measurements of amniotic rT3 could be useful in diagnosing fetal hypothyroidism during pregnancy. In 55 amniotic fluid samples, obtained at different stages of pregnancy, we have documented increasing concentrations of this hormone. The results obtained are conflicting with previous reports. The reason for this discrepancy is not clear, however methodological differences in rT3 determination should be taken in account. The large scatter of rT3 values in amniotic fluid suggests that the diagnosis of neonatal hypothyroidism based on measurement of rT3 may require caution.