1
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Zhan W, Liu YJ, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Protocol for analysis of intracellular conversion of artezomib molecules into new proteasome inhibitors in Plasmodium falciparum parasites. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102896. [PMID: 38363687 PMCID: PMC10877166 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Artezomibs (ATZs), dual-pharmacophore molecules comprising of artemisinin and a parasite proteasome inhibitor, hijack parasite ubiquitin proteasome system to transform into new proteasome inhibitors following the activation of artemisinin by heme.1 Here, we present a protocol for using a fluorescent activity-based broad-spectrum proteasome inhibitor probe to study intracellular conversion of ATZ molecules into new proteasome inhibitors in malaria parasites. We describe steps for drug treatment and washout, parasite lysis, proteasome labeling, and visualization. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhan et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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2
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Hsu HC, Li D, Zhan W, Ye J, Liu YJ, Leung A, Qin J, Crespo B, Gamo FJ, Zhang H, Cui L, Roth A, Kirkman LA, Li H, Lin G. Structures revealing mechanisms of resistance and collateral sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to proteasome inhibitors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8302. [PMID: 38097652 PMCID: PMC10721928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf20S) is an advantageous drug target because its inhibition kills P. falciparum in multiple stages of its life cycle and synergizes with artemisinins. We recently developed a macrocyclic peptide, TDI-8304, that is highly selective for Pf20S over human proteasomes and is potent in vitro and in vivo against P. falciparum. A mutation in the Pf20S β6 subunit, A117D, confers resistance to TDI-8304, yet enhances both enzyme inhibition and anti-parasite activity of a tripeptide vinyl sulfone β2 inhibitor, WLW-vs. Here we present the high-resolution cryo-EM structures of Pf20S with TDI-8304, of human constitutive proteasome with TDI-8304, and of Pf20Sβ6A117D with WLW-vs that give insights into the species selectivity of TDI-8304, resistance to it, and the collateral sensitivity associated with resistance, including that TDI-8304 binds β2 and β5 in wild type Pf20S as well as WLW-vs binds β2 and β5 in Pf20Sβ6A117D. We further show that TDI-8304 kills P. falciparum as quickly as chloroquine and artemisinin and is active against P. cynomolgi at the liver stage. This increases interest in using these structures to facilitate the development of Pf20S inhibitors that target multiple proteasome subunits and limit the emergence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chi Hsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Daqiang Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jianxiang Ye
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi Jing Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Junling Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Benigno Crespo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Gamo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, 20910, MD, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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3
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Deni I, Stokes BH, Ward KE, Fairhurst KJ, Pasaje CFA, Yeo T, Akbar S, Park H, Muir R, Bick DS, Zhan W, Zhang H, Liu YJ, Ng CL, Kirkman LA, Almaliti J, Gould AE, Duffey M, O'Donoghue AJ, Uhlemann AC, Niles JC, da Fonseca PCA, Gerwick WH, Lin G, Bogyo M, Fidock DA. Mitigating the risk of antimalarial resistance via covalent dual-subunit inhibition of the Plasmodium proteasome. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:470-485.e6. [PMID: 36963402 PMCID: PMC10198959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum proteasome constitutes a promising antimalarial target, with multiple chemotypes potently and selectively inhibiting parasite proliferation and synergizing with the first-line artemisinin drugs, including against artemisinin-resistant parasites. We compared resistance profiles of vinyl sulfone, epoxyketone, macrocyclic peptide, and asparagine ethylenediamine inhibitors and report that the vinyl sulfones were potent even against mutant parasites resistant to other proteasome inhibitors and did not readily select for resistance, particularly WLL that displays covalent and irreversible binding to the catalytic β2 and β5 proteasome subunits. We also observed instances of collateral hypersensitivity, whereby resistance to one inhibitor could sensitize parasites to distinct chemotypes. Proteasome selectivity was confirmed using CRISPR/Cas9-edited mutant and conditional knockdown parasites. Molecular modeling of proteasome mutations suggested spatial contraction of the β5 P1 binding pocket, compromising compound binding. Dual targeting of P. falciparum proteasome subunits using covalent inhibitors provides a potential strategy for restoring artemisinin activity and combating the spread of drug-resistant malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Deni
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara H Stokes
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kurt E Ward
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kate J Fairhurst
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tomas Yeo
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shirin Akbar
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Heekuk Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Muir
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniella S Bick
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Jing Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline L Ng
- Global Center for Health Security, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jehad Almaliti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - William H Gerwick
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Zhan W, Li D, Subramanyaswamy SB, Liu YJ, Yang C, Zhang H, Harris JC, Wang R, Zhu S, Rocha H, Sherman J, Qin J, Herring M, Simwela NV, Waters AP, Sukenick G, Cui L, Rodriguez A, Deng H, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Dual-pharmacophore artezomibs hijack the Plasmodium ubiquitin-proteasome system to kill malaria parasites while overcoming drug resistance. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:457-469.e11. [PMID: 37148884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinins (ART) are critical anti-malarials and despite their use in combination therapy, ART-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is spreading globally. To counter ART resistance, we designed artezomibs (ATZs), molecules that link an ART with a proteasome inhibitor (PI) via a non-labile amide bond and hijack parasite's own ubiquitin-proteasome system to create novel anti-malarials in situ. Upon activation of the ART moiety, ATZs covalently attach to and damage multiple parasite proteins, marking them for proteasomal degradation. When damaged proteins enter the proteasome, their attached PIs inhibit protease function, potentiating the parasiticidal action of ART and overcoming ART resistance. Binding of the PI moiety to the proteasome active site is enhanced by distal interactions of the extended attached peptides, providing a mechanism to overcome PI resistance. ATZs have an extra mode of action beyond that of each component, thereby overcoming resistance to both components, while avoiding transient monotherapy seen when individual agents have disparate pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daqiang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Yi Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Changmei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jacob C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Songbiao Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hedy Rocha
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julian Sherman
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Junling Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mikayla Herring
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nelson V Simwela
- School of Infection and Immunity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew P Waters
- School of Infection and Immunity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - George Sukenick
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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5
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Zhang H, Ginn J, Zhan W, Leung A, Liu YJ, Toita A, Okamoto R, Wong TT, Imaeda T, Hara R, Michino M, Yukawa T, Chelebieva S, Tumwebaze PK, Vendome J, Beuming T, Sato K, Aso K, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Liverton N, Foley M, Meinke PT, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Antimalarial Plasmodium Proteasome Inhibitors─Part II. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1484-1508. [PMID: 36630286 PMCID: PMC10157299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With increasing reports of resistance to artemisinins and artemisinin-combination therapies, targeting the Plasmodium proteasome is a promising strategy for antimalarial development. We recently reported a highly selective Plasmodium falciparum proteasome inhibitor with anti-malarial activity in the humanized mouse model. To balance the permeability of the series of macrocycles with other drug-like properties, we conducted further structure-activity relationship studies on a biphenyl ether-tethered macrocyclic scaffold. Extensive SAR studies around the P1, P3, and P5 groups and peptide backbone identified compound TDI-8414. TDI-8414 showed nanomolar antiparasitic activity, no toxicity to HepG2 cells, high selectivity against the Plasmodium proteasome over the human constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome, improved solubility and PAMPA permeability, and enhanced metabolic stability in microsomes and plasma of both humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi J. Liu
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sevil Chelebieva
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roland A. Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Nigel Liverton
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Laura A. Kirkman
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Zhang H, Ginn J, Zhan W, Liu YJ, Leung A, Toita A, Okamoto R, Wong TT, Imaeda T, Hara R, Yukawa T, Michino M, Vendome J, Beuming T, Sato K, Aso K, Meinke PT, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Design, Synthesis, and Optimization of Macrocyclic Peptides as Species-Selective Antimalaria Proteasome Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9350-9375. [PMID: 35727231 PMCID: PMC10152543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With over 200 million cases and close to half a million deaths each year, malaria is a threat to global health, particularly in developing countries. Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes the most severe form of the disease, has developed resistance to all antimalarial drugs. Resistance to the first-line antimalarial artemisinin and to artemisinin combination therapies is widespread in Southeast Asia and is emerging in sub-Saharan Africa. The P. falciparum proteasome is an attractive antimalarial target because its inhibition kills the parasite at multiple stages of its life cycle and restores artemisinin sensitivity in parasites that have become resistant through mutation in Kelch K13. Here, we detail our efforts to develop noncovalent, macrocyclic peptide malaria proteasome inhibitors, guided by structural analysis and pharmacokinetic properties, leading to a potent, species-selective, metabolically stable inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yi J Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Annie Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | - Thijs Beuming
- Schrödinger, Inc., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
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7
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Zhan W, Zhang H, Ginn J, Leung A, Liu YJ, Michino M, Toita A, Okamoto R, Wong TT, Imaeda T, Hara R, Yukawa T, Chelebieva S, Tumwebaze PK, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Martinez-Martinez MS, Vendome J, Beuming T, Sato K, Aso K, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Meinke PT, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Development of a Highly Selective Plasmodium falciparum Proteasome Inhibitor with Anti-malaria Activity in Humanized Mice. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9279-9283. [PMID: 33433953 PMCID: PMC8087158 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum proteasome (Pf20S) inhibitors are active against Plasmodium at multiple stages-erythrocytic, gametocyte, liver, and gamete activation stages-indicating that selective Pf20S inhibitors possess the potential to be therapeutic, prophylactic, and transmission-blocking antimalarials. Starting from a reported compound, we developed a noncovalent, macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of the malarial proteasome with high species selectivity and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The compound demonstrates specific, time-dependent inhibition of the β5 subunit of the Pf20S, kills artemisinin-sensitive and artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum isolates in vitro and reduces parasitemia in humanized, P. falciparum-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi J Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sevil Chelebieva
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, 94901, USA
| | | | - Maria Jose Lafuente-Monasterio
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Santos Martinez-Martinez
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, 94901, USA
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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8
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Zhan W, Zhang H, Ginn J, Leung A, Liu YJ, Michino M, Toita A, Okamoto R, Wong T, Imaeda T, Hara R, Yukawa T, Chelebieva S, Tumwebaze PK, Lafuente‐Monasterio MJ, Martinez‐Martinez MS, Vendome J, Beuming T, Sato K, Aso K, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Meinke PT, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Development of a Highly Selective
Plasmodium falciparum
Proteasome Inhibitor with Anti‐malaria Activity in Humanized Mice. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Yi J. Liu
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Tzu‐Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Sevil Chelebieva
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Dominican University of California San Rafael CA 94901 USA
| | | | - Maria Jose Lafuente‐Monasterio
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW) Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus GlaxoSmithKline Severo Ochoa 2 28760, Tres Cantos Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Santos Martinez‐Martinez
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW) Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus GlaxoSmithKline Severo Ochoa 2 28760, Tres Cantos Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | | | - Roland A. Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Dominican University of California San Rafael CA 94901 USA
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Laura A. Kirkman
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
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9
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Reed J, Kirkman LA, Kafsack BF, Mason CE, Deitsch KW. Telomere length dynamics in response to DNA damage in malaria parasites. iScience 2021; 24:102082. [PMID: 33644714 PMCID: PMC7887396 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Recent work has implicated chromosome end stability and the repair of DNA breaks through telomere healing as potent drivers of variant antigen diversification, thus associating basic mechanisms for maintaining genome integrity with aspects of host-parasite interactions. Here we applied long-read sequencing technology to precisely examine the dynamics of telomere addition and chromosome end stabilization in response to double-strand breaks within subtelomeric regions. We observed that the process of telomere healing induces the initial synthesis of telomere repeats well in excess of the minimal number required for end stability. However, once stabilized, these newly created telomeres appear to function normally, eventually returning to a length nearing that of intact chromosome ends. These results parallel recent observations in humans, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for chromosome end repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Reed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Björn F Kafsack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Jill Roberts Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirk W Deitsch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Zhang X, Deitsch KW, Kirkman LA. The contribution of extrachromosomal DNA to genome plasticity in malaria parasites. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:503-507. [PMID: 33103309 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Malaria caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum continues to impose significant morbidity and mortality, despite substantial investment into drug and vaccine development and deployment. Underlying the resilience of this parasite is its remarkable ability to undergo genome modifications, thus, providing parasite populations with extensive genetic variability that accelerates selection of drug resistance and limits the efficacy of most vaccines. This genome plasticity is rooted in the mechanisms of DNA repair that parasites employ to maintain genome integrity, a process skewed toward homologous recombination through the evolutionary loss of classical nonhomologous end joining. Repair of DNA double-strand breaks have been shown to enable "shuffling" of antigen-encoding gene sequences to vastly increase antigen diversity and to enable copy number expansion of genes that contribute to drug resistance. The latter phenomenon has been proposed to be a major contributor to the rise of resistance to several classes of antimalarial drugs. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, McDaniels and colleagues add yet another mechanism that malaria parasites use to reduce drug susceptibility by demonstrating that P. falciparum can maintain expanded arrays of drug resistance cassettes as stably replicating, circular, extrachromosomal DNAs, thus, expanding genome plasticity beyond the parasite's 14 nuclear chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirk W Deitsch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Abstract
The six previously reported civilian cases of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) diagnosed in the United States have all represented imported New World ML. We describe two new patients with ML diagnosed in New York City-a Syrian immigrant with a nasal mass (Leishmania tropica), the first report of Old World ML in the United States, and an American ecologist who worked in Bolivia and had been treated for cutaneous infection 23 years before developing lesions (L. (Viannia) braziliensis) initially of the uvula, soft palate, and posterior pharynx and subsequently the larynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Daniel P Eiras
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Raymond L Chai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Caplivski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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12
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Kirkman LA, Deitsch KW. Vive la Différence: Exploiting the Differences between Rodent and Human Malarias. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:504-511. [PMID: 32407681 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Experimental research into malaria biology and pathogenesis has historically focused on two model systems, in vitro culture of the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo infections of laboratory animals using rodent parasites. While there is clear value in having a manipulatable animal model for studying malaria, there have occasionally been controversies around how representative the rodent model is of the human disease, and therefore significant emphasis has been placed on the similarities between the two biological systems. By focusing on basic nuclear functions, we wish to highlight that identifying key differences in the parasites and their interactions with their mammalian hosts can be equally informative and provide remarkable insights into the biology and evolution of these important infectious organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirk W Deitsch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Simon MS, Westblade LF, Dziedziech A, Visone JE, Furman RR, Jenkins SG, Schuetz AN, Kirkman LA. Clinical and Molecular Evidence of Atovaquone and Azithromycin Resistance in Relapsed Babesia microti Infection Associated With Rituximab and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 65:1222-1225. [PMID: 28541469 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis treatment failures with standard therapy have been reported, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We describe the emergence of atovaquone and azithromycin resistance associated with mutations in the binding regions of the target proteins of both drugs during treatment of an immunosuppressed patient with relapsing babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard R Furman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine,New York, New York; and
| | | | - Audrey N Schuetz
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
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14
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Zhan W, Visone J, Ouellette T, Harris JC, Wang R, Zhang H, Singh PK, Ginn J, Sukenick G, Wong TT, Okoro JI, Scales RM, Tumwebaze PK, Rosenthal PJ, Kafsack BFC, Cooper RA, Meinke PT, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Improvement of Asparagine Ethylenediamines as Anti-malarial Plasmodium-Selective Proteasome Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6137-6145. [PMID: 31177777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium proteasome (Pf20S) emerged as a target for antimalarials. Pf20S inhibitors are active at multiple stages of the parasite life cycle and synergize with artemisinins, suggesting that Pf20S inhibitors have potential to be prophylactic, therapeutic, and transmission blocking as well as are useful for combination therapy. We recently reported asparagine ethylenediamines (AsnEDAs) as immunoproteasome inhibitors and modified AsnEDAs as selective Pf20S inhibitors. Here, we report further a structure-activity relationship study of AsnEDAs for selective inhibition of Pf20S over human proteasomes. Additionally, we show new mutation that conferred resistance to AsnEDAs and collateral sensitivity to an inhibitor of the Pf20S β2 subunit, the same as previously identified resistant mutation. This resistance could be overcome through the use of the structure-guided inhibitor design. Collateral sensitivity to inhibitors among respective proteasome subunits underscores the potential value of treating malaria with combinations of inhibitors of different proteasome subunits to minimize the emergence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Joseph Visone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Department of Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Tierra Ouellette
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Jacob C Harris
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Department of Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Rong Wang
- NMR Analytical Core Facility , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Chemical Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry , Weill Cornell Medicine , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , 413 E. 69th Street , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - George Sukenick
- NMR Analytical Core Facility , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. , 35 Landsdowne Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Judith I Okoro
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration , Kampala , Uganda
| | - Ryan M Scales
- Department of Public Health , University of North Carolina , Charlotte , North Carolina 28223 , United States
| | | | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Björn F C Kafsack
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics , Dominican University of California , San Rafael , California 94901 , United States
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , 413 E. 69th Street , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Department of Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
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15
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Zhang X, Alexander N, Leonardi I, Mason C, Kirkman LA, Deitsch KW. Rapid antigen diversification through mitotic recombination in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000271. [PMID: 31083650 PMCID: PMC6532940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites possess the remarkable ability to maintain chronic infections that fail to elicit a protective immune response, characteristics that have stymied vaccine development and cause people living in endemic regions to remain at risk of malaria despite previous exposure to the disease. These traits stem from the tremendous antigenic diversity displayed by parasites circulating in the field. For Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent of the human malaria parasites, this diversity is exemplified by the variant gene family called var, which encodes the major surface antigen displayed on infected red blood cells (RBCs). This gene family exhibits virtually limitless diversity when var gene repertoires from different parasite isolates are compared. Previous studies indicated that this remarkable genome plasticity results from extensive ectopic recombination between var genes during mitotic replication; however, the molecular mechanisms that direct this process to antigen-encoding loci while the rest of the genome remains relatively stable were not determined. Using targeted DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and long-read whole-genome sequencing, we show that a single break within an antigen-encoding region of the genome can result in a cascade of recombination events leading to the generation of multiple chimeric var genes, a process that can greatly accelerate the generation of diversity within this family. We also found that recombinations did not occur randomly, but rather high-probability, specific recombination products were observed repeatedly. These results provide a molecular basis for previously described structured rearrangements that drive diversification of this highly polymorphic gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Noah Alexander
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Irina Leonardi
- Jill Roberts Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kirk W. Deitsch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Kirkman LA, Zhan W, Visone J, Dziedziech A, Singh PK, Fan H, Tong X, Bruzual I, Hara R, Kawasaki M, Imaeda T, Okamoto R, Sato K, Michino M, Alvaro EF, Guiang LF, Sanz L, Mota DJ, Govindasamy K, Wang R, Ling Y, Tumwebaze PK, Sukenick G, Shi L, Vendome J, Bhanot P, Rosenthal PJ, Aso K, Foley MA, Cooper RA, Kafsack B, Doggett JS, Nathan CF, Lin G. Antimalarial proteasome inhibitor reveals collateral sensitivity from intersubunit interactions and fitness cost of resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6863-E6870. [PMID: 29967165 PMCID: PMC6055138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806109115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe noncovalent, reversible asparagine ethylenediamine (AsnEDA) inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum proteasome (Pf20S) β5 subunit that spare all active subunits of human constitutive and immuno-proteasomes. The compounds are active against erythrocytic, sexual, and liver-stage parasites, against parasites resistant to current antimalarials, and against P. falciparum strains from patients in Africa. The β5 inhibitors synergize with a β2 inhibitor in vitro and in mice and with artemisinin. P. falciparum selected for resistance to an AsnEDA β5 inhibitor surprisingly harbored a point mutation in the noncatalytic β6 subunit. The β6 mutant was resistant to the species-selective Pf20S β5 inhibitor but remained sensitive to the species-nonselective β5 inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib. Moreover, resistance to the Pf20S β5 inhibitor was accompanied by increased sensitivity to a Pf20S β2 inhibitor. Finally, the β5 inhibitor-resistant mutant had a fitness cost that was exacerbated by irradiation. Thus, used in combination, multistage-active inhibitors of the Pf20S β5 and β2 subunits afford synergistic antimalarial activity with a potential to delay the emergence of resistance to artemisinins and each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Kirkman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Joseph Visone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Alexis Dziedziech
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Chemical Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Xinran Tong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Igor Bruzual
- Department of Research and Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Masanori Kawasaki
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elena Fernandez Alvaro
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liselle F Guiang
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901
| | - Laura Sanz
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel J Mota
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kavitha Govindasamy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 11201
| | - Rong Wang
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yan Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | | | - George Sukenick
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | | | - Purnima Bhanot
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 11201
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael A Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901
| | - Bjorn Kafsack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - J Stone Doggett
- Department of Research and Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065;
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065;
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17
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a protozoal infection transmitted by sandfly bite, produces a clinical spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic infection to ulcerative skin and mucosal lesions to visceral involvement. Leishmaniasis is endemic in regions of Africa, the Middle East, south Asia, southern Europe, northern South America, and Central America. There has been an increase in imported leishmaniasis into developed, non-endemic countries due to increasing global travel. While pentavalent antimonials have been the mainstay of antileishmanial treatment for decades, newer therapeutic options have become available for all forms of infection, including liposomal amphotericin B, miltefosine, fluconazole, and ketoconazole. For the returning traveler with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the USA, treatment approaches are determined based on infecting species, initial presentation, extent and progression of disease, the advantages and drawbacks of available parenteral and oral drugs, and clinician-consultant experience.
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18
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Kümpornsin K, Modchang C, Heinberg A, Ekland EH, Jirawatcharadech P, Chobson P, Suwanakitti N, Chaotheing S, Wilairat P, Deitsch KW, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Fidock DA, Kirkman LA, Yuthavong Y, Chookajorn T. Origin of robustness in generating drug-resistant malaria parasites. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:1649-60. [PMID: 24739308 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological robustness allows mutations to accumulate while maintaining functional phenotypes. Despite its crucial role in evolutionary processes, the mechanistic details of how robustness originates remain elusive. Using an evolutionary trajectory analysis approach, we demonstrate how robustness evolved in malaria parasites under selective pressure from an antimalarial drug inhibiting the folate synthesis pathway. A series of four nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions at the targeted enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), render the parasites highly resistant to the antifolate drug pyrimethamine. Nevertheless, the stepwise gain of these four dhfr mutations results in tradeoffs between pyrimethamine resistance and parasite fitness. Here, we report the epistatic interaction between dhfr mutations and amplification of the gene encoding the first upstream enzyme in the folate pathway, GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1). gch1 amplification confers low level pyrimethamine resistance and would thus be selected for by pyrimethamine treatment. Interestingly, the gch1 amplification can then be co-opted by the parasites because it reduces the cost of acquiring drug-resistant dhfr mutations downstream in the same metabolic pathway. The compensation of compromised fitness by extra GCH1 is an example of how robustness can evolve in a system and thus expand the accessibility of evolutionary trajectories leading toward highly resistant alleles. The evolution of robustness during the gain of drug-resistant mutations has broad implications for both the development of new drugs and molecular surveillance for resistance to existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittikorn Kümpornsin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charin Modchang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandBiophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adina Heinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Eric H Ekland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | | | - Pornpimol Chobson
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattida Suwanakitti
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sastra Chaotheing
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Prapon Wilairat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kirk W Deitsch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NYDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NYDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Yongyuth Yuthavong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Thanat Chookajorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Malaria, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kirkman LA, Lawrence EA, Deitsch KW. Malaria parasites utilize both homologous recombination and alternative end joining pathways to maintain genome integrity. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:370-9. [PMID: 24089143 PMCID: PMC3874194 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites replicate asexually within their mammalian hosts as haploid cells and are subject to DNA damage from the immune response and chemotherapeutic agents that can significantly disrupt genomic integrity. Examination of the annotated genome of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum identified genes encoding core proteins required for the homologous recombination (HR) pathway for repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), but surprisingly none of the components of the canonical non-homologous end joining (C-NHEJ) pathway were identified. To better understand how malaria parasites repair DSBs and maintain genome integrity, we modified the yeast I-SceI endonuclease system to generate inducible, site-specific DSBs within the parasite’s genome. Analysis of repaired genomic DNA showed that parasites possess both a typical HR pathway resulting in gene conversion events as well as an end joining (EJ) pathway for repair of DSBs when no homologous sequence is available. The products of EJ were limited in number and identical products were observed in multiple independent experiments. The repair junctions frequently contained short insertions also found in the surrounding sequences, suggesting the possibility of a templated repair process. We propose that an alternative end-joining pathway rather than C-NHEJ, serves as a primary method for repairing DSBs in malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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20
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Heinberg A, Siu E, Stern C, Lawrence EA, Ferdig MT, Deitsch KW, Kirkman LA. Direct evidence for the adaptive role of copy number variation on antifolate susceptibility in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:702-12. [PMID: 23347134 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antimalarials targeting the folate pathway is widespread. GTP-cyclohydrolase (gch1), the first enzyme in this pathway, exhibits extensive copy number variation (CN) in parasite isolates from areas with a history of longstanding antifolate use. Increased CN of gch1 is associated with a greater number of point mutations in enzymes targeted by the antifolates, pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine. While these observations suggest that increases in gch1 CN are an adaptation to drug pressure, changes in CN have not been experimentally demonstrated to directly alter drug susceptibility. To determine if changes in gch1 expression alone modify pyrimethamine sensitivity, we manipulated gch1 CN in several parasite lines to test the effect on drug sensitivity. We report that increases in gch1 CN alter pyrimethamine resistance in most parasites lines. However we find evidence of a detrimental effect of very high levels of gch1 overexpression in parasite lines with high endogenous levels of gch1 expression, revealing the importance of maintaining balance in the folate pathway and implicating changes in gch1 expression in preserving proper metabolic flux. This work expands our understanding of parasite adaptation to drug pressure and provides a possible mechanism for how specific mutations become fixed within parasite populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Heinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Morgan J, Cano MV, Feikin DR, Phelan M, Monroy OV, Morales PK, Carpenter J, Weltman A, Spitzer PG, Liu HH, Mirza SA, Bronstein DE, Morgan DJ, Kirkman LA, Brandt ME, Iqbal N, Lindsley MD, Warnock DW, Hajjeh RA. A large outbreak of histoplasmosis among American travelers associated with a hotel in Acapulco, Mexico, spring 2001. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 69:663-9. [PMID: 14740886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During spring 2001, college students from Pennsylvania reported an acute febrile respiratory illness after returning from spring break vacation in Acapulco, Mexico. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis was presumptively diagnosed and the cluster of illness was reported to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. A large investigation then ensued, which included finding student-travelers for interviews and requesting sera for histoplasmosis testing. We defined a clinical case by fever and at least one of the following: cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or headache, in an Acapulco traveler during March-May 2001. A laboratory-confirmed case had positive serology. An initial study determined that the likely site of histoplasmosis exposure was Hotel H; we therefore performed a large cohort study among travelers who stayed at Hotel H. Of 757 contacted, 262 (36%) met the clinical case definition. Of 273 serum specimens tested, 148 (54%) were positive. Frequent use of Hotel H's stairwells, where construction was ongoing, was associated with increased risk of illness (relative risk = 10.5, 95% confidence interval = 3.7-30.5; P < 0.001). This is the first histoplasmosis outbreak associated with a hotel undergoing construction. Hotels in endemic areas should consider construction precaution measures to prevent histoplasmosis among their guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Morgan
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Abstract
The ability of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites to differentiate into latent bradyzoite forms is essential for pathogenesis of clinical disease. We examined the effects of cyclic nucleotides on T. gondii bradyzoite differentiation in vitro. Differentiation of tachyzoites to bradyzoites was measured in an immunofluorescence assay using ME49 or its clonal derivative PLK, two well-characterized T. gondii strains. Treatment of human fibroblast cultures infected with T. gondii with 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cyclic GMP (CPT-cGMP), a membrane-permeable, nonhydrolyzable analogue of cGMP, resulted in an increased percentage of bradyzoite-positive vacuoles. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) also induced in vitro conversion of PLK, but the method of cAMP elevation was critical. Forskolin raises cAMP levels transiently and induced bradyzoites, whereas agents predicted to cause sustained elevation of cAMP were inhibitory to parasite conversion. Levels of cAMP were measured in host cells and extracellular tachyzoites. Forskolin, CPT-cGMP, and agents known to induce bradyzoite formation elevated cAMP in host cells and PLK parasites. These data suggest cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways are important in the stress-induced conversion of T. gondii tachyzoites to bradyzoites. Furthermore, because cAMP elevation was seen in PLK but not RH, a T. gondii strain that did not differentiate well in our assay, cAMP signaling within the parasite is likely to be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Kirkman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Su X, Kirkman LA, Fujioka H, Wellems TE. Complex polymorphisms in an approximately 330 kDa protein are linked to chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum in Southeast Asia and Africa. Cell 1997; 91:593-603. [PMID: 9393853 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine resistance in a P. falciparum cross maps as a Mendelian trait to a 36 kb segment of chromosome 7. This segment harbors cg2, a gene encoding a unique approximately 330 kDa protein with complex polymorphisms. A specific set of polymorphisms in 20 chloroquine-resistant parasites from Asia and Africa, in contrast with numerous differences in 21 sensitive parasites, suggests selection of a cg2 allele originating in Indochina over 40 years ago. One chloroquine-sensitive clone exhibited this allele, suggesting another resistance component. South American parasites have cg2 polymorphisms consistent with a separate origin of resistance. CG2 protein is found at the parasite periphery, a site of chloroquine transport, and in association with hemozoin of the digestive vacuole, where chloroquine inhibits heme polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Su
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0425, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Kirkman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0425, USA
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25
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Wu Y, Kirkman LA, Wellems TE. Transformation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites by homologous integration of plasmids that confer resistance to pyrimethamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:1130-4. [PMID: 8577727 PMCID: PMC40043 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.3.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites were transformed with plasmids containing P. falciparum or Toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts) coding sequences that confer resistance to pyrimethamine. Under pyrimethamine pressure, transformed parasites were obtained that maintained the transfected plasmids as unrearranged episomes for several weeks. These parasite populations were replaced after 2 to 3 months by parasites that had incorporated the transfected DNA into nuclear chromosomes. Depending upon the particular construct used for transformation, homologous integration was detected in the P. falciparum dhfr-ts locus (chromosome 4) or in hrp3 and hrp2 sequences that were used in the plasmid constructs as gene control regions (chromosomes 13 and 8, respectively). Transformation by homologous integration sets the stage for targeted gene alterations and knock-outs that will advance understanding of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA
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