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Munn-Chernoff MA, Few LR, Matherne CE, Baker JH, Men V(Y, McCutcheon VV, Agrawal A, Bucholz KK, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Duncan AE. Eating disorders in a community-based sample of women with alcohol use disorder and nicotine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:107981. [PMID: 32442752 PMCID: PMC7293939 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies consistently report a higher prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) among women with eating disorders than control women. However, limited research exists on the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms and diagnoses in women with SUDs, especially in community-based populations. We examined the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms and diagnosis by the presence or absence of lifetime alcohol use disorder (AUD) and/or nicotine dependence (ND) in a community-based sample of women. METHODS 3756 women (median age = 22 years) from the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study completed a modified semi-structured interview assessing lifetime DSM-IV psychiatric disorders and SUDs. Logistic regression models adjusted for demographic characteristics and other psychopathology, and robust standard errors accounted for the non-independence of twin data. RESULTS In general, women with comorbid AUD and ND had a higher prevalence of eating disorder symptoms and diagnoses than women with AUD or ND Only, who in turn had a higher prevalence than those without either SUD. After adjustment for covariates, women with AUD and ND had significantly greater risk of broad anorexia nervosa (RRR = 3.17; 99 % CI = 1.35, 7.44), purging disorder (2.59; 1.24, 5.43), and numerous eating disorder symptoms than women with neither disorder. Significant differences emerged between individuals with both AUD and ND versus women with AUD Only or ND Only for some eating disorder symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Women with lifetime AUD or ND diagnoses are at high risk for eating disorder symptoms and diagnoses, underscoring the importance of assessing eating disorder symptoms among women with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Munn-Chernoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB 7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Lauren R. Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, CB 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Camden E. Matherne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB 7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Jessica H. Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB 7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Vera (Yu) Men
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Vivia V. McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, CB 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, CB 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Kathleen K. Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, CB 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, CB 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, CB 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Alexis E. Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, CB 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA,George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, CB 1196, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
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Baranger DAA, Few LR, Sheinbein DH, Agrawal A, Oltmanns TF, Knodt AR, Barch DM, Hariri AR, Bogdan R. Borderline Personality Traits Are Not Correlated With Brain Structure in Two Large Samples. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2020; 5:669-677. [PMID: 32312691 PMCID: PMC7360105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder is associated with severe psychiatric presentations and has been linked to variability in brain structure. Dimensional models of borderline personality traits (BPTs) have become influential; however, associations between BPTs and brain structure remain poorly understood. METHODS We tested whether BPTs are associated with regional cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volumes (n = 152 brain structure metrics) in data from the Duke Neurogenetics Study (n = 1299) and Human Connectome Project (n = 1099). Positive control analyses tested whether BPTs are associated with related behaviors (e.g., suicidal thoughts and behaviors, psychiatric diagnoses) and experiences (e.g., adverse childhood experiences). RESULTS While BPTs were robustly associated with all positive control measures, they were not significantly associated with any brain structure metrics in the Duke Neurogenetics Study or Human Connectome Project, or in a meta-analysis of both samples. The strongest findings from the meta-analysis showed a positive association between BPTs and volumes of the left ventral diencephalon and thalamus (p values < .005 uncorrected, p values > .1 false discovery rate-corrected). Contrasting high and low BPT decile groups (n = 552) revealed no false discovery rate-significant associations with brain structure. CONCLUSIONS We find replicable evidence that BPTs are not associated with brain structure despite being correlated with independent behavioral measures. Prior reports linking brain morphology to borderline personality disorder may be driven by factors other than traits (e.g., severe presentations, comorbid conditions, severe childhood adversity, or medication) or reflect false positives. The etiology or consequences of BPTs may not be attributable to brain structure measured via magnetic resonance imaging. Future studies of BPTs will require much larger sample sizes to detect these very small effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A A Baranger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel H Sheinbein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Thomas F Oltmanns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Sartor CE, Grant JD, Few LR, Werner KB, McCutcheon VV, Duncan AE, Nelson EC, Madden PAF, Bucholz KK, Heath AC, Agrawal A. Childhood Trauma and Two Stages of Alcohol Use in African American and European American Women: Findings from a Female Twin Sample. Prev Sci 2019; 19:795-804. [PMID: 28875252 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-017-0838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation assessed for moderating effects of childhood trauma on genetic and environmental contributions to timing of alcohol use initiation and alcohol use disorder in African American (AA) and European American (EA) women. Data were drawn from diagnostic telephone interviews conducted with 3786 participants (14.6% AA) in a longitudinal female twin study. Childhood trauma was defined alternately as child maltreatment and more broadly to include other events (e.g., witnessing violence). Phenotypic associations between childhood trauma and alcohol outcomes were estimated using logistic regression analyses. Twin modeling was conducted to test for moderating effects of childhood trauma on the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to timing of initiation and alcohol use disorder. Under both definitions, childhood trauma was associated with early initiation (relative risk ratios: 1.90, 1.72) and alcohol use disorder (odds ratios: 1.92, 1.76). Yet gene by environment effects were observed only for child maltreatment and timing of initiation in EA women, with heritable influences less prominent in those who had experienced child maltreatment (0.35, 95% CI: 0.05-0.66 vs. 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30-0.73). We found more similarities than differences in the association of childhood trauma with alcohol outcomes across racial/ethnic groups, trauma type, and stages of alcohol use. However, findings suggest that the relative contribution of genetic factors to alcohol outcomes differs by childhood maltreatment history in EA women specifically in the earliest stage of alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Julia D Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kimberly B Werner
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vivia V McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alexis E Duncan
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Few LR, Grant JD, Nelson EC, Trull TJ, Grucza RA, Bucholz KK, Verweij KJH, Martin NG, Statham DJ, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Lynskey MT, Agrawal A. Cannabis Involvement and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Discordant Twin Approach. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 77:873-880. [PMID: 27797688 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use, particularly at an early age, has been linked to suicidal thoughts and behavior, but minimal work has examined the association between cannabis use and lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The current study aims to characterize the overlap between lifetime and early cannabis use and NSSI and to examine genetic and environmental mechanisms of this association. METHOD Adult male and female twins from the Australian Twin Registry (N = 9,583) were used to examine the odds of NSSI associated with lifetime cannabis use and early cannabis use (i.e., <17 years of age). These associations were also examined within monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for cannabis use and MZ twins discordant for early cannabis use. Analyses were replicated in an independent sample of female twins (n = 3,787) accounting for the age at onset of cannabis use and NSSI. RESULTS Lifetime cannabis use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.84, 95% CI [2.23, 3.61]) and early cannabis use were associated with increased odds of NSSI (OR = 2.15, 95% CI [1.75, 2.65]), and this association remained when accounting for covariates. The association was only significant, however, in MZ twin pairs discordant for early cannabis use (OR = 3.20, 95% CI [1.17, 8.73]). Replication analyses accounting for the temporal ordering of cannabis use and NSSI yielded similar findings of nominal significance. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that NSSI is associated with cannabis involvement via differing mechanisms. For lifetime cannabis use, the lack of association in discordant pairs suggests the role of shared genes and family environment. However, in addition to such shared familial influences, person-specific and putatively causal factors contribute to the relationship between early cannabis use and NSSI. Therefore, delaying the onset of cannabis use may reduce exposure to influences that exacerbate vulnerabilities to NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Julia D Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Richard A Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dixie J Statham
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael T Lynskey
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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5
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Miller JD, Lynam DR, Vize C, Crowe M, Sleep C, Maples‐Keller JL, Few LR, Campbell WK. Vulnerable Narcissism Is (Mostly) a Disorder of Neuroticism. J Pers 2017; 86:186-199. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Xuan Z, Naimi TS, Kaplan MS, Bagge CL, Few LR, Maisto S, Saitz R, Freeman R. Alcohol Policies and Suicide: A Review of the Literature. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2043-2055. [PMID: 27618526 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both intoxication and chronic heavy alcohol use are associated with suicide. There is extensive population-level evidence linking per capita alcohol consumption with suicide. While alcohol policies can reduce excessive alcohol consumption, the relationship between alcohol policies and suicide warrants a critical review of the literature. This review summarizes the associations between various types of alcohol policies and suicide, both in the United States and internationally, as presented in English-language literature published between 1999 and 2014. Study designs, methodological challenges, and limitations in ascertaining the associations are discussed. Because of the substantial between-states variation in alcohol policies, U.S.-based studies contributed substantially to the literature. Repeated cross-sectional designs at both the ecological level and decedent level were common among U.S.-based studies. Non-U.S. studies often used time series data to evaluate pre-post comparisons of a hybrid set of policy changes. Although inconsistency remained, the published literature in general supported the protective effect of restrictive alcohol policies on reducing suicide as well as the decreased level of alcohol involvement among suicide decedents. Common limitations included measurement and selection bias and a focus on effects of a limited number of alcohol policies without accounting for other alcohol policies. This review summarizes a number of studies that suggest restrictive alcohol policies may contribute to suicide prevention on a general population level and to a reduction of alcohol involvement among suicide deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Xuan
- Department of Community Health Sciences , Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Timothy S Naimi
- Section of General Internal Medicine , Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark S Kaplan
- Department of Social Welfare, Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Courtney L Bagge
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry , Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephen Maisto
- Department of Psychology , Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Richard Saitz
- Department of Community Health Sciences , Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Freeman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism , NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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7
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Maciejewski DF, Renteria ME, Abdellaoui A, Medland SE, Few LR, Gordon SD, Madden PAF, Montgomery G, Trull TJ, Heath AC, Statham DJ, Martin NG, Zietsch BP, Verweij KJH. The Association of Genetic Predisposition to Depressive Symptoms with Non-suicidal and Suicidal Self-Injuries. Behav Genet 2016; 47:3-10. [PMID: 27590903 PMCID: PMC5222948 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-suicidal and suicidal self-injury are very destructive, yet surprisingly common behaviours. Depressed mood is a major risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. We conducted a genetic risk prediction study to examine the polygenic overlap of depressive symptoms with lifetime NSSI, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in a sample of 6237 Australian adult twins and their family members (3740 females, mean age = 42.4 years). Polygenic risk scores for depressive symptoms significantly predicted suicidal ideation, and some predictive ability was found for suicide attempts; the polygenic risk scores explained a significant amount of variance in suicidal ideation (lowest p = 0.008, explained variance ranging from 0.10 to 0.16 %) and, less consistently, in suicide attempts (lowest p = 0.04, explained variance ranging from 0.12 to 0.23 %). Polygenic risk scores did not significantly predict NSSI. Results highlight that individuals genetically predisposed to depression are also more likely to experience suicidal ideation/behaviour, whereas we found no evidence that this is also the case for NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique F Maciejewski
- Department of Clinical Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel E Renteria
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Grant Montgomery
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dixie J Statham
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Brendan P Zietsch
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
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8
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Few LR, Agrawal A. Commentary on Verweij et al. (2016): Conduct problems and substance use-genetic and environmental perspectives on sex differences. Addiction 2016; 111:1046-7. [PMID: 27157903 PMCID: PMC4941623 DOI: 10.1111/add.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genes influence the covariance between conduct disorder (CD) problems and substance use in males, but shared environment is more important in females. We now need to consider: (a) how genetic influences on CD affect correlations across substances from early to later stages of involvement; (b) whether polygenic liability to CD and substance use overlap; (c) environmental pathways of vulnerability (e.g. peers) in females; and (d) sex effects derived from opposite-sex twin pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Few
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, CB 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St Louis, MO, USA.
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9
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Miller JD, Lynam DR, McCain JL, Few LR, Crego C, Widiger TA, Campbell WK. Thinking Structurally About Narcissism: An Examination of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory and Its Components. J Pers Disord 2016; 30:1-18. [PMID: 25710734 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2015_29_177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI) is a self-report measure of the traits linked to grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, as well as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), from a five-factor model perspective (FFM). In the current studies, the factor structure of the FFNI was explored and the results supported the extraction of three factors: Antagonism (e.g., Arrogance), Neuroticism (e.g., Need for Admiration), and Agentic Extraversion (e.g., Authoritativeness). In Study 2, the FFNI factors manifested convergent validity with their corresponding Big Five domains and diverging relations with measures of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, NPD, and self-esteem. Ultimately, the FFNI factors help explicate the differences between various expressions of narcissism such that all are related to Antagonism but differ with regard to Neuroticism (relevant to vulnerable narcissism and NPD) and Agentic Extraversion (relevant to grandiose narcissism and NPD). The results also highlight the complex relation between self-esteem and the traits that comprise narcissism measures.
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10
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Grant JD, Lynskey MT, Madden PA, Nelson EC, Few LR, Bucholz KK, Statham DJ, Martin NG, Heath AC, Agrawal A. The role of conduct disorder in the relationship between alcohol, nicotine and cannabis use disorders. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3505-3515. [PMID: 26281760 PMCID: PMC4730914 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic influences contribute significantly to co-morbidity between conduct disorder and substance use disorders. Estimating the extent of overlap can assist in the development of phenotypes for genomic analyses. METHOD Multivariate quantitative genetic analyses were conducted using data from 9577 individuals, including 3982 complete twin pairs and 1613 individuals whose co-twin was not interviewed (aged 24-37 years) from two Australian twin samples. Analyses examined the genetic correlation between alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence and cannabis abuse/dependence and the extent to which the correlations were attributable to genetic influences shared with conduct disorder. RESULTS Additive genetic (a(2) = 0.48-0.65) and non-shared environmental factors explained variance in substance use disorders. Familial effects on conduct disorder were due to additive genetic (a(2) = 0.39) and shared environmental (c(2) = 0.15) factors. All substance use disorders were influenced by shared genetic factors (rg = 0.38-0.56), with all genetic overlap between substances attributable to genetic influences shared with conduct disorder. Genes influencing individual substance use disorders were also significant, explaining 40-73% of the genetic variance per substance. CONCLUSIONS Among substance users in this sample, the well-documented clinical co-morbidity between conduct disorder and substance use disorders is primarily attributable to shared genetic liability. Interventions targeted at generally reducing deviant behaviors may address the risk posed by this shared genetic liability. However, there is also evidence for genetic and environmental influences specific to each substance. The identification of these substance-specific risk factors (as well as potential protective factors) is critical to the future development of targeted treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D. Grant
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael T. Lynskey
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, Addictions Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pamela A.F. Madden
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elliot C. Nelson
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lauren R. Few
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen K. Bucholz
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew C. Heath
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Few LR, Werner KB, Sartor CE, Grant JD, Trull TJ, Nock MK, Bucholz KK, Deitz SK, Glowinski AL, Martin NG, Nelson EC, Statham DJ, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Lynskey MT, Agrawal A. Early onset alcohol use and self-harm: a discordant twin analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:2134-42. [PMID: 26463647 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-harm has considerable societal and economic costs and has been extensively studied in relation to alcohol involvement. Although early onset alcohol use (EAU) has been causally linked to maladaptive clinical outcomes, its association with self-harm is less well characterized. This study aimed to further examine the link between EAU and both nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempt (SA), and elucidate shared familial and causal/individual-specific pathways that explain this co-occurrence. METHODS Using data from 6,082 Australian same-sex twin pairs (1,732 monozygotic [MZ] and 1,309 dizygotic [DZ]), ages 23 to 40, we examined prevalence rates of NSSI and SA among twin pairs concordant and discordant for EAU. Conditional logistic regression, controlling for early clinical covariates and the influence of zygosity on EAU, was used to examine the odds ratio (OR) of self-harm within twin pairs discordant for EAU. RESULTS Prevalence rates of both NSSI and SA were highest among twin pairs concordant for EAU and for twins who reported EAU within discordant twin pairs. Results from discordant twin analyses revealed nearly 4-fold increased odds of SA for the twin who endorsed EAU, and this OR was equal across MZ and DZ twins. EAU also was associated with elevated odds of NSSI (OR = 7.62), although this was only the case for DZ twins in discordant pairs. CONCLUSIONS The equivalent increase in odds of SA for both MZ and DZ twins suggests that causal or individual-specific influences explain the link between EAU and SA. For NSSI, elevated odds for DZ twins and nonsignificant findings for MZ twins implicate correlated genetic factors in the association between EAU and NSSI. Future studies should test mechanisms through which EAU may causally influence SA, as well as examine whether genetic risk for third variables (e.g., negative urgency, stress reactivity) may explain the genetic overlap between EAU and NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Kimberly B Werner
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Carolyn E Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Julia D Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Matthew K Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Sarah K Deitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Anne L Glowinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Dixie J Statham
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael T Lynskey
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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12
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Few LR, Miller JD, Grant JD, Maples J, Trull TJ, Nelson EC, Oltmanns TF, Martin NG, Lynskey MT, Agrawal A. Trait-based assessment of borderline personality disorder using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory: Phenotypic and genetic support. Psychol Assess 2015; 28:39-50. [PMID: 25984635 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 28(1) of Psychological Assessment (see record 2015-54029-001). The FFI-BPD values for Sample 3 in Table 2 should read 1.42 (0.44), 0.83.] The aim of the current study was to examine the reliability and validity of a trait-based assessment of borderline personality disorder (BPD) using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Correlations between the Five-Factor Inventory-BPD composite (FFI-BPD) and explicit measures of BPD were examined across 6 samples, including undergraduate, community, and clinical samples. The median correlation was .60, which was nearly identical to the correlation between measures of BPD and a BPD composite generated from the full Revised NEO Personality Inventory (i.e., NEO-BPD; r = .61). Correlations between FFI-BPD and relevant measures of psychiatric symptomatology and etiology (e.g., childhood abuse, drug use, depression, and personality disorders) were also examined and compared to those generated using explicit measures of BPD and NEO-BPD. As expected, the FFI-BPD composite correlated most strongly with measures associated with high levels of Neuroticism, such as depression, anxiety, and emotion dysregulation, and the pattern of correlations generated using the FFI-BPD was highly similar to those generated using explicit measures of BPD and NEO-BPD. Finally, genetic analyses estimated that FFI-BPD is 44% heritable, which is comparable to meta-analytic research examining genetics associated with BPD, and revealed that 71% of the genetic influences are shared between FFI-BPD and a self-report measure assessing BPD (Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline subscale; Morey, 1991). Generally, these results support the use of FFI-BPD as a reasonable proxy for BPD, which has considerable implications, particularly for potential gene-finding efforts in large, epidemiological datasets that include the NEO FFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - Julia D Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Michael T Lynskey
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
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13
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Delforterie MJ, Lynskey MT, Huizink AC, Creemers HE, Grant JD, Few LR, Glowinski AL, Statham DJ, Trull TJ, Bucholz KK, Madden PAF, Martin NG, Heath AC, Agrawal A. The relationship between cannabis involvement and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 150:98-104. [PMID: 25772435 PMCID: PMC4460828 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we examined the relationship between cannabis involvement and suicidal ideation (SI), plan and attempt, differentiating the latter into planned and unplanned attempt, taking into account other substance involvement and psychopathology. METHODS We used two community-based twin samples from the Australian Twin Registry, including 9583 individuals (58.5% female, aged between 27 and 40). The Semi-Structured Assessment of the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) was used to assess cannabis involvement which was categorized into: (0) no cannabis use (reference category); (1) cannabis use only; (2) 1-2 cannabis use disorder symptoms; (3) 3 or more symptoms. Separate multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted for SI and suicide attempt with or without a plan. Twin analyses examined the genetic overlap between cannabis involvement and SI. RESULTS All levels of cannabis involvement were related to SI, regardless of duration (odds ratios [ORs]=1.28-2.00, p<0.01). Cannabis use and endorsing ≥3 symptoms were associated with unplanned (SANP; ORs=1.95 and 2.51 respectively, p<0.05), but not planned suicide attempts (p>0.10). Associations persisted even after controlling for other psychiatric disorders and substance involvement. Overlapping genetic (rG=0.45) and environmental (rE=0.21) factors were responsible for the covariance between cannabis involvement and SI. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis involvement is associated, albeit modestly, with SI and unplanned suicide attempts. Such attempts are difficult to prevent and their association with cannabis use and cannabis use disorder symptoms requires further study, including in different samples and with additional attention to confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Delforterie
- VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T Lynskey
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - A C Huizink
- VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H E Creemers
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J D Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A L Glowinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D J Statham
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - T J Trull
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - P A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - N G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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14
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Maples JL, Carter NT, Few LR, Crego C, Gore WL, Samuel DB, Williamson RL, Lynam DR, Widiger TA, Markon KE, Krueger RF, Miller JD. Testing whether the DSM-5 personality disorder trait model can be measured with a reduced set of items: An item response theory investigation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Assess 2015; 27:1195-210. [PMID: 25844534 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes an alternative model of personality disorders (PDs) in Section III, consisting in part of a pathological personality trait model. To date, the 220-item Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5; Krueger, Derringer, Markon, Watson, & Skodol, 2012) is the only extant self-report instrument explicitly developed to measure this pathological trait model. The present study used item response theory-based analyses in a large sample (n = 1,417) to investigate whether a reduced set of 100 items could be identified from the PID-5 that could measure the 25 traits and 5 domains. This reduced set of PID-5 items was then tested in a community sample of adults currently receiving psychological treatment (n = 109). Across a wide range of criterion variables including NEO PI-R domains and facets, DSM-5 Section II PD scores, and externalizing and internalizing outcomes, the correlational profiles of the original and reduced versions of the PID-5 were nearly identical (rICC = .995). These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that an abbreviated set of PID-5 items can be used to reliably, validly, and efficiently assess these personality disorder traits. The ability to assess the DSM-5 Section III traits using only 100 items has important implications in that it suggests these traits could still be measured in settings in which assessment-related resources (e.g., time, compensation) are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
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15
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Abstract
Psychopathy is theorized as a disorder of personality and affective deficits while antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) diagnosis is primarily behaviorally based. While ASPD and psychopathy are similar and are highly comorbid with each other, they are not synonymous. ASPD has been well studied in community samples with estimates of its lifetime prevalence ranging from 1-4% of the general population.4,5 In contrast, psychopathy is almost exclusively investigated within criminal populations so that its prevalence in the general population has been inferred by psychopathic traits rather than disorder (1%). Differences in etiology and comorbidity with each other and other psychiatric disorders of these two disorders are also evident. The current article will briefly review the epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidity of ASPD and psychopathy, focusing predominately on research completed in community and clinical populations. This paper aims to highlight ASPD and psychopathy as related, but distinct disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B Werner
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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16
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MacKillop J, Few LR, Stojek MK, Murphy CM, Malutinok SF, Johnson FT, Hofmann SG, McGeary JE, Swift RM, Monti PM. D-cycloserine to enhance extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol: a translational approach. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e544. [PMID: 25849983 PMCID: PMC4462604 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cue-elicited craving for alcohol is well established but extinction-based treatment to extinguish this response has generated only modest positive outcomes in clinical trials. Basic and clinical research suggests that D-cycloserine (DCS) enhances extinction to fear cues under certain conditions. However, it remains unclear whether DCS would also accelerate extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol. The goal of the current study was to examine whether, compared with placebo (PBO), DCS enhanced extinction of cue-elicited craving among treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Participants were administered DCS (50 mg) or PBO 1 h before an alcohol extinction paradigm in a simulated bar environment on two occasions. The extinction procedures occurred 1 week apart and were fully integrated into outpatient treatment. Subjective craving for alcohol was the primary variable of interest. Follow-up cue reactivity sessions were conducted 1 week and 3 weeks later to ascertain persisting DCS effects. Drinking outcomes and tolerability were also examined. DCS was associated with augmented reductions in alcohol craving to alcohol cues during the first extinction session and these effects persisted through all subsequent sessions, suggesting facilitation of extinction. Participants in the DCS condition reported significant short-term reductions in drinking, although these did not persist to follow-up, and found the medication highly tolerable. These findings provide evidence that DCS enhances extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol in individuals with AUDs in the context of outpatient treatment. The potential clinical utility of DCS is discussed, including methodological considerations and context-dependent learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Homewood Research Institute, Homewood Health Centre, Guelph, ON, Canada,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Peter Boris Center for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3K7. E-mail:
| | - L R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M K Stojek
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - C M Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S F Malutinok
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - F T Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S G Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J E McGeary
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA,Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - R M Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P M Monti
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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17
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Few LR, Lynam DR, Miller JD. Impulsivity-related traits and their relation to DSM–5 section II and III personality disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:261-6. [DOI: 10.1037/per0000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Few LR, Grant JD, Trull TJ, Statham DJ, Martin NG, Lynskey MT, Agrawal A. Genetic variation in personality traits explains genetic overlap between borderline personality features and substance use disorders. Addiction 2014; 109:2118-27. [PMID: 25041562 PMCID: PMC4229407 DOI: 10.1111/add.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the genetic overlap between borderline personality features (BPF) and substance use disorders (SUDs) and the extent to which variation in personality traits contributes to this covariance. DESIGN Genetic structural equation modelling was used to partition the variance in and covariance between personality traits, BPF and SUDs into additive genetic, shared and individual-specific environmental factors. SETTING All participants were registered with the Australian Twin Registry. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3127 Australian adult twins participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS Diagnoses of DSM-IV alcohol and cannabis abuse/dependence (AAD; CAD) and nicotine dependence (ND) were derived via computer-assisted telephone interview. BPF and five-factor model personality traits were derived via self-report questionnaires. FINDINGS Personality traits, BPF and substance use disorders were partially influenced by genetic factors with heritability estimates ranging from 0.38 (neuroticism; 95% confidence interval: 0.30-0.45) to 0.78 (CAD; 95% confidence interval: 0.67-0.86). Genetic and individual-specific environmental correlations between BPF and SUDs ranged from 0.33 to 0.56 (95% CI = 0.19-0.74) and 0.19-0.32 (95% CI = 0.06-0.43), respectively. Overall, there was substantial support for genetic influences that were specific to AAD, ND and CAD (30.76-68.60%). Finally, genetic variation in personality traits was responsible for 11.46% (extraversion for CAD) to 59.30% (neuroticism for AAD) of the correlation between BPF and SUDs. CONCLUSIONS Both genetic and individual-specific environmental factors contribute to comorbidity between borderline personality features and substance use disorders. A substantial proportion of this comorbidity can be attributed to variation in normal personality traits, particularly neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julia D Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy J. Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, 219 Psychology Bldg, 200 South 7 St., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dixie J. Statham
- School of Social Sciences, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia 4558
| | | | | | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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19
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Few LR, Lynam DR, Maples JL, MacKillop J, Miller JD. Comparing the utility of DSM-5 Section II and III antisocial personality disorder diagnostic approaches for capturing psychopathic traits. Personal Disord 2014; 6:64-74. [PMID: 25364943 DOI: 10.1037/per0000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study compares the 2 diagnostic approaches (Section II vs. Section III) included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) for diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in terms of their relations with psychopathic traits and externalizing behaviors (EBs). The Section III approach to ASPD, which is more explicitly trait-based than the Section II approach, also includes a psychopathy specifier (PS) that was created with the goal of making the diagnosis of ASPD more congruent with psychopathy. In a community sample of individuals currently receiving mental health treatment (N = 106), ratings of the 2 DSM-5 diagnostic approaches were compared in relation to measures of psychopathy, as well as indices of EBs. Both DSM-5 ASPD approaches were significantly related to the psychopathy scores, although the Section III approach accounted for almost twice the amount of variance when compared with the Section II approach. Relatively little of this predictive advantage, however, was due to the PS, as these traits manifested little evidence of incremental validity in relation to existing psychopathy measures and EBs, with the exception of a measure of fearless dominance. Overall, the DSM-5 Section III diagnostic approach for ASPD is more convergent with the construct of psychopathy, from which ASPD was originally derived. These improvements, however, are due primarily to the new trait-based focus in the Section III ASPD diagnosis rather than the assessment of personality dysfunction or the inclusion of additional "psychopathy-specific" traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
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20
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Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) includes an alternative diagnostic approach to the assessment of personality disorders (PDs) in Section III with the aim of stimulating further research. Diagnosis of a PD using this approach is predicated on the presence of personality impairment and pathological personality traits. The types of traits present (e.g., callousness vs. emotional lability) are used to derive DSM-IV PD scores. Concerns have been raised, however, that such a trait-based approach will yield PD constructs that differ substantially from those generated using the approaches articulated in previous iterations of the DSM. We empirically examined this issue in a sample of 109 adults who were currently receiving mental health treatment. More specifically, we examined the correlations between interview-based PD scores derived from DSM-IV to DSM-5 PD trait counts, and tested them in relation to the 30 specific facets of the five-factor model, as well as internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Overall, the DSM-IV PD scores and DSM-5 PD trait counts correlated significantly with one another (Mr = .63), demonstrated similar patterns of interrelations among the PDs, and manifested highly similar patterns of correlations with general personality traits and symptoms of psychopathology. These results indicate that the DSM-5 PD trait counts specified in the alternative DSM-5 PD diagnostic approach capture the same constructs as those measured using the more traditional DSM-IV diagnostic system.
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21
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Murphy CM, Stojek MK, Few LR, Rothbaum AO, Mackillop J. Craving as an alcohol use disorder symptom in DSM-5: an empirical examination in a treatment-seeking sample. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2014; 22:43-9. [PMID: 24490710 PMCID: PMC4105007 DOI: 10.1037/a0034535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Craving has been added as an alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptom in DSM-5 but relatively few nosological studies have directly examined the empirical basis for doing so. The current study investigated the validity of craving as an AUD symptom in a sample of heavy drinking treatment-seeking individuals. Using a semistructured clinical interview, individuals (N = 104; 62% male) were assessed for symptoms of DSM-IV AUD. The extent to which individuals endorsed pathological levels of craving in comparison with other AUD symptoms was investigated as was the association between craving and several aspects of problematic alcohol involvement. Factor analysis was utilized to examine whether craving and other AUD symptoms comprised a unidimensional syndrome. Results indicated that craving was significantly positively correlated with AUD severity, quantitative indices of drinking, and adverse consequences of alcohol abuse. In terms of frequency of endorsement, craving was present in 47% of the sample and was the 8th most frequent of the 12 symptoms evaluated. When considered with the DSM-IV AUD criteria, craving aggregated with other symptoms to form a unidimensional syndrome. Extending previous findings from epidemiological samples, these data suggest that, in a clinical sample, many relevant aspects of craving aggregate to form a diagnostic criterion that functions similarly to other AUD symptoms and is related to diverse aspects of alcohol-related impairment.
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22
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Amlung M, Few LR, Howland J, Rohsenow DJ, Metrik J, MacKillop J. Impulsivity and alcohol demand in relation to combined alcohol and caffeine use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 21:467-74. [PMID: 24364537 PMCID: PMC4118302 DOI: 10.1037/a0034214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Problematic alcohol use among college students continues to be a prominent concern in the United States, including the growing trend of consuming caffeinated alcoholic beverages (CABs). Epidemiologically, CAB use is associated with incremental risks from drinking, although these relationships could be due to common predisposing factors rather than specifically due to CABs. This study investigated the relationship between CAB use, alcohol misuse, and person-level characteristics, including impulsive personality traits, delayed reward discounting, and behavioral economic demand for alcohol use. Participants were 273 regularly drinking undergraduate students. Frequency of CAB use was assessed over the past month. A multidimensional assessment of impulsivity included the UPPS-P questionnaire, which measures positive and negative urgency, premeditation (lack thereof), perseverance (lack thereof), and sensation seeking (Lynam, Smith, Whiteside, & Cyders, 2007), and a validated questionnaire-based measure of delayed reward discounting. Demand was assessed via a hypothetical alcohol purchase task. Frequency of CAB consumption was significantly higher in men than in women and was also associated with higher impulsivity on the majority of the UPPS-P subscales, steeper delayed reward discounting, and greater demand for alcohol. Significant correlations between CAB use and both alcohol demand and lack of premeditation remained present after including level of alcohol misuse in partial correlations. In a hierarchical linear regression incorporating demographic, demand, and impulsivity variables, CAB frequency continued to be a significant predictor of hazardous alcohol use. These results suggest that although there are significant associations between CAB consumption and gender, impulsivity, and alcohol demand, CAB use continues to be associated with alcohol misuse after controlling for these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Amlung
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA,Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Lauren R. Few
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Jonathan Howland
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,Boston Medical Center Injury Prevention Center, Boston, MA
| | - Damaris J. Rohsenow
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jane Metrik
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - James MacKillop
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI
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Few LR, Miller JD, Rothbaum AO, Meller S, Maples J, Terry DP, Collins B, MacKillop J. Examination of the Section III DSM-5 diagnostic system for personality disorders in an outpatient clinical sample. J Abnorm Psychol 2013; 122:1057-69. [PMID: 24364607 PMCID: PMC4105005 DOI: 10.1037/a0034878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), includes a novel approach to the diagnosis of personality disorders (PDs) in Section III, to stimulate further research with the possibility that this proposal will be included more formally in future DSM iterations. This study provides the 1st test of this proposal in a clinical sample by simultaneously examining its 2 primary components: a system for rating personality impairment and a newly developed dimensional model of pathological personality traits. Participants were community adults currently receiving outpatient mental health treatment who completed a semistructured interview for DSM-IV PDs and were then rated in terms of personality impairment and pathological traits. Data on the pathological traits were also collected through self-reports using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Both sets of trait scores were compared with self-report measures of general personality traits, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing behaviors. Interrater reliabilities for the clinicians' ratings of impairment and the pathological traits were fair. The impairment ratings manifested substantial correlations with symptoms of depression and anxiety, DSM-5 PDs, and DSM-5 pathological traits. The clinician and self-reported personality trait scores demonstrated good convergence with one another, both accounted for substantial variance in DSM-IV PD constructs, and both manifested expected relations with the external criteria. The traits but not the impairment ratings demonstrated incremental validity in the prediction of the DSM-IV PDs. Overall, these results support the general validity of several of the components of this new PD diagnostic system and point to areas that may require further modification.
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Abstract
The Elemental Psychopathy Assessment (EPA) is a 178-item self-report measure designed to assess the basic elements of psychopathy from a Five-Factor Model perspective: Anger, Arrogance, Callousness, Coldness, Disobliged, Distrust, Dominance, Impersistence, Invulnerable, Manipulation, Opposition, Rashness, Self-Assurance, Self-Centered, Self-Contentment, Thrill-Seeking, Unconcern, and Urgency. The present article reports on the development of a short-form version of the EPA in two large undergraduate samples using item response theory. The validity of the resultant, 72-item, item response theory–derived short form is compared against the validity for the full scale in the undergraduate samples and smaller forensic sample. Results indicate that the 18 subscales of the EPA short form remain relatively reliable, possess an internal structure virtually identical to the full version, and manifest highly similar correlational profiles to a variety of criterion measures. The EPA short form is offered as a viable assessment of psychopathy when assessment time is limited. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Miller JD, Few LR, Seibert LA, Watts A, Zeichner A, Lynam DR. An examination of the Dirty Dozen measure of psychopathy: A cautionary tale about the costs of brief measures. Psychol Assess 2012; 24:1048-53. [DOI: 10.1037/a0028583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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MacKillop J, Howland J, Rohsenow DJ, Few LR, Amlung MT, Metrik J, Calise TV. Initial development of a measure of expectancies for combinations of alcohol and caffeine: the Caffeine + Alcohol Combined Effects Questionnaire (CACEQ). Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 20:466-72. [PMID: 23230858 PMCID: PMC4118292 DOI: 10.1037/a0030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) consumption is widespread among young adults in the United States and is associated with increased negative consequences from alcohol. In addition to the direct pharmacological effects of adding caffeine to alcohol, another possible risk mechanism is via socially learned expectancies, which has received very little consideration. The current study conducted an initial psychometric validation of a measure of CAB expectancies to facilitate research in this area. Participants were 409 undergraduate regular drinkers (71% female) who were assessed for alcohol and CAB use, alcohol use/misuse, and expectancies about CABs. The majority (62%) of participants reported CAB experience and 48% reported CAB use in the past month. Participants primarily consumed spontaneously-prepared as opposed to premixed-CABs. More frequent CAB use was significantly positively correlated with levels of alcohol use and misuse. For the expectancy items, exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors that were labeled "Intoxication Enhancement" and "Avoid Negative Consequences." The patterns of expectancies reflected beliefs that CABs enhanced intoxication, but did not protect against negative consequences. The measure was titled the Caffeine + Alcohol Combined Effects Questionnaire (CACEQ). Intoxication enhancement scores were significantly associated with frequency of CAB use, even after adjusting for the role of weekly drinking and alcohol misuse, supporting the convergent validity of the CACEQ. These data provide initial support for the CACEQ and suggest it may be useful for clarifying the role of expectancies in CAB use. Applications for studying the risks associated with CAB use and methodological considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James MacKillop
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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MacKillop J, Few LR, Murphy JG, Wier LM, Acker J, Murphy C, Stojek M, Carrigan M, Chaloupka F. High-resolution behavioral economic analysis of cigarette demand to inform tax policy. Addiction 2012; 107:2191-200. [PMID: 22845784 PMCID: PMC3504189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Novel methods in behavioral economics permit the systematic assessment of the relationship between cigarette consumption and price. Towards informing tax policy, the goals of this study were to conduct a high-resolution analysis of cigarette demand in a large sample of adult smokers and to use the data to estimate the effects of tax increases in 10 US States. DESIGN In-person descriptive survey assessment. SETTING Academic departments at three universities. PARTICIPANTS Adult daily smokers (i.e. more than five cigarettes/day; 18+ years old; ≥8th grade education); n = 1056. MEASUREMENTS Estimated cigarette demand, demographics, expired carbon monoxide. FINDINGS The cigarette demand curve exhibited highly variable levels of price sensitivity, especially in the form of 'left-digit effects' (i.e. very high price sensitivity as pack prices transitioned from one whole number to the next; e.g. $5.80-6/pack). A $1 tax increase in the 10 states was projected to reduce the economic burden of smoking by an average of $530.6 million (range: $93.6-976.5 million) and increase gross tax revenue by an average of 162% (range: 114-247%). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco price sensitivity is non-linear across the demand curve and in particular for pack-level left-digit price transitions. Tax increases in US states with similar price and tax rates to the sample are projected to result in substantial decreases in smoking-related costs and substantial increases in tax revenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James MacKillop
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306002, USA.
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Seibert LA, Miller JD, Few LR, Zeichner A, Lynam DR. An examination of the structure of self-report psychopathy measures and their relations with general traits and externalizing behaviors. Personal Disord 2012; 2:193-208. [PMID: 22448766 DOI: 10.1037/a0019232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-report assessment of psychopathy is plagued by inconsistencies among the relations of the various psychopathy factors. We examined the factor structure of 3 prominent self-report measures of psychopathy-the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale-III (SRP-III; Williams, Paulhus, & Hare, 2007), the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP; Levenson, Kiehl, & Fitzpatrick, 1995), and the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-R (PPI-R; Lilienfeld & Widows, 2005). A coherent 4-factor structure resulted from conducting an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the psychopathy subscales along with the domains from the five-factor model. Two of these factors were consistent with traditional conceptualizations of a 2-factor structure of psychopathy (i.e., Factor 1, which loaded negatively with Agreeableness; Factor 2, which loaded negatively with Conscientiousness), while 2 additional factors emerged, 1 of which emphasized low Neuroticism and 1 of which emphasized traits related to novelty/reward-seeking and dominance-related personality traits (high Extraversion). We also investigated the relations of these factors with a variety of externalizing behaviors (EB). The psychopathy scales indicative of interpersonal antagonism (i.e., Factor 1) were most consistently and strongly related to EB. Our findings are discussed in terms of the importance of a trait-based perspective in the assessment of psychopathy.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette purchase tasks (CPTs) are relatively new behavioral economic assessments that efficiently quantify motivation for tobacco by assessing how much an individual values cigarettes. This is achieved by assessing estimated cigarette consumption at escalating levels of price per cigarette and generating several measures of motivation from the resulting demand curve. The temporal stability of the indices generated from a CPT has not been examined to date and was the focus of the current study. METHODS Participants were 11 moderately heavy smokers from the community who completed CPTs and other measures on 2 occasions 1 week apart. The CPT indices of the relative value of cigarettes were (a) intensity (i.e., consumption under minimal cost), (b) O(max) (i.e., maximum expenditure for cigarettes), (c) breakpoint (i.e., first price suppressing consumption to 0), and (d) elasticity (i.e., proportionate price sensitivity). RESULTS Demand for cigarettes was initially insensitive to price changes (inelastic) but became increasingly sensitive (elastic) as prices increased. Correlations between the demand indices at both administrations were very high magnitude and statistically significant (rs = .76-.99, ps < .001), and no significant within-subjects differences were present. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide initial support for the temporal stability of motivation for tobacco as measured by a CPT. Future studies with larger samples and timeframes will be important to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Miller JD, Maples J, Few LR, Morse JQ, Yaggi KE, Pilkonis PA. Using clinician-rated five-factor model data to score the DSM-IV personality disorders. J Pers Assess 2010; 92:296-305. [PMID: 20552504 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2010.481984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Proposals suggest that many or all of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) personality disorders (PDs) may be omitted from the DSM (5th ed.; DSM-V) and replaced with a dimensional trait model of personality pathology (Krueger, Skodol, Livesley, Shrout, & Huang, 2007; Skodol, 2009). Several authors have expressed concerns that this may be difficult for clinicians and researchers who are more comfortable with the extant PD diagnoses. In this study, we tested whether clinician ratings of traits from the Five-factor model (FFM; Costa & McCrae, 1990) can be used to recreate DSM-IV PDs. Using a sample of 130 clinical outpatients, we tested the convergent and discriminant validity of the FFM PD counts in relation to consensus ratings of the DSM-IV PDs. We then examined whether the FFM and DSM-IV PD scores correlate in similar ways with self-reported personality traits from the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (Clark, 1993). Finally, we tested the clinical utility of the FFM PD counts in relation to functional impairment. Overall, the FFM PD counts, scored using clinician ratings of the FFM traits, appeared to function like the DSM-IV PDs, thus suggesting that the use of a dimensional trait model of personality in the DSM-V may still allow for an assessment of the DSM-IV PD constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3013, USA.
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Maples JL, Miller JD, Wilson LF, Seibert LA, Few LR, Zeichner A. Narcissistic personality disorder and self-esteem: An examination of differential relations with self-report and laboratory-based aggression. Journal of Research in Personality 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Few LR, Miller JD, Morse JQ, Yaggi KE, Reynolds SK, Pilkonis PA. Examining the reliability and validity of clinician ratings on the Five-Factor Model Score Sheet. Assessment 2010; 17:440-53. [PMID: 20519735 DOI: 10.1177/1073191110372210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial research use, measures of the five-factor model (FFM) are infrequently used in clinical settings due, in part, to issues related to administration time and a reluctance to use self-report instruments. The current study examines the reliability and validity of the Five-Factor Model Score Sheet (FFMSS), which is a 30-item clinician rating form designed to assess the five domains and 30 facets of one conceptualization of the FFM. Studied in a sample of 130 outpatients, clinical raters demonstrated reasonably good interrater reliability across personality profiles and the domains manifested good internal consistency with the exception of Neuroticism. The FFMSS ratings also evinced expected relations with self-reported personality traits (e.g., FFMSS Extraversion and Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality Positive Temperament) and consensus-rated personality disorder symptoms (e.g., FFMSS Agreeableness and Narcissistic Personality Disorder). Finally, on average, the FFMSS domains were able to account for approximately 50% of the variance in domains of functioning (e.g., occupational, parental) and were even able to account for variance after controlling for Axis I and Axis II pathology. Given these findings, it is believed that the FFMSS holds promise for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Few
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3013, USA
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Abstract
This study involved an analysis of some of the characteristics of fluent speech produced by 14 adult stutterers. Measures included listener judgments of speaking rate and listener identifications of stutterers and a comparison group of nonstutterers based on selected 10-second fluent speech samples. In addition, cumulative pause time and articulation rates for the subjects were examined. Statistically, none of the measures distinguished the stutterers from the nonstutterers at the 0.05 level. These data lend support to the assumption that stuttering behavior is confined to intermittent and apparently discrete response boundaries.
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