[Method of double data entry and quality control by REDCap system]

In medical research, the quality of data is the key to success. Thus, data quality control becomes an important part of ensuring the research's high quality. REDCap system is an emerging data acquisition system in medical research, which is gradually applied in research at home and abroad. It is a hot issue to realize double data entry and data quality control in using the REDCap system, which researchers are concerned about when this system is supposed to apply. This article will systematically introduce how to use the REDCap system for double data entry and quality control from the aspects of research project creation, data collection tool design, double data entry, data checking and exporting.

Paeoniflorin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation by inhibiting inflammation and coagulation activation

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a toxic component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that can activate the blood coagulation system, leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). DIC is a syndrome characterized by thromboembolism and multiple organ failure. Herein, the beneficial effect of paeoniflorin (PF) on the alleviation of LPS-induced DIC was investigated with an experimental DIC mouse model. Briefly, mice were randomly divided into the following six groups: (1) control; (2) LPS; (3) heparin; (4) low-PF treatment; (5) medium-PF treatment; and (6) high-PF treatment. The histological morphology of the liver and kidney was observed, and the coagulation indicators (such as prothrombin time), function indicators (such as alanine transferase), and inflammatory factors (such as TNF-α) were detected. Additionally, an in vitro cell inflammation model using RAW 264.7 murine macrophages was established. Activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by western blotting. Based on our findings, PF could significantly improve the histological morphology of the liver and kidney, indicating that PF protects the liver and kidney against damage induced by LPS. Additionally, PF improved the function and coagulation indicators and reduced the production of inflammatory factors. In vitro, PF inhibited the expression of TNF-α by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Collectively, our findings support the hypothesis that PF has anti-inflammatory and anticoagulation effects for the alleviation of LPS-induced DIC. PF is thus a potential co-treatment option for DIC.

A Review of Magnetic Particle Imaging and Perspectives on Neuroimaging

Magnetic particle imaging is an emerging tomographic technique with the potential for simultaneous high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and real-time imaging. Magnetic particle imaging is based on the unique behavior of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modeled by the Langevin theory, with the ability to track and quantify nanoparticle concentrations without tissue background noise. It is a promising new imaging technique for multiple applications, including vascular and perfusion imaging, oncology imaging, cell tracking, inflammation imaging, and trauma imaging. In particular, many neuroimaging applications may be enabled and enhanced with magnetic particle imaging. In this review, we will provide an overview of magnetic particle imaging principles and implementation, current applications, promising neuroimaging applications, and practical considerations.

Factors Associated with Development of Vitiligo in Patients with Halo Nevus

Background:

Halo nevus (HN) has been shown to be associated with vitiligo, but no standard signs are currently available to identify HN patients at risk of vitiligo, and the relevant data obtained in previous studies are somewhat conflicting. This study aimed to identify factors affecting the presence of vitiligo in HN patients.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective study on consecutive patients with HN at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between January 2011 and December 2016. Detailed demographic and clinical data were collected to identify the factors associated with the presence of vitiligo in this cohort of patients using uni- and multi-variate logistic regression analyses.

Results:

A total of 212 HN patients were included, 101 of whom had vitiligo-associated HN (HNV). Univariate analysis indicated that a personal history of thyroid diseases was positively associated with HNV (odds ratio [OR] = 10.761, P = 0.025), while the onset age of HN was negatively associated with HNV (OR = 0.537, P = 0.026). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the Koebner phenomenon (KP; OR = 10.632, P < 0.0001), multiple HN (OR = 3.918, P < 0.0001), and a familial history of vitiligo (OR = 3.222, P = 0.014) were independent factors associated with HNV.

Conclusions:

HN without vitiligo has clinical features distinct from HN associated with vitiligo. HN patients with KP, multiple lesions, or familial history of vitiligo are more likely to develop vitiligo and therefore should be monitored for clinical signs of such accompanied conditions.

Comprehensive analysis of circRNA expression profiles in humans by RAISE

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are pervasively expressed circles of non-coding RNAs. Even though many circRNAs have been reported in humans, their expression patterns and functions remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed a pipeline named RAISE to detect circRNAs in RNA-seq data. RAISE can fully characterize circRNA structure and abundance. We evaluated inter-individual variations in circRNA expression in humans by applying this pipeline to numerous non-poly(A)-selected RNA-seq data. We identified 59,128 circRNA candidates in 61 human liver samples, with almost no overlap in the circRNA of the recruited samples. Approximately 89% of the circRNAs were detected in one or two samples. In comparison, 10% of the linear mRNAs and non-coding RNAs were detected in each sample. We estimated the variation in other tissues, especially the circRNA high-abundance tissues, in advance. Only 0.5% of the 50,631 brain circRNA candidates were shared among the 30 recruited brain samples, which is similar to the proportion in liver. Moreover, we found inter- and intra-individual diversity in circRNAs expression in the granulocyte RNA-seq data from seven individuals sampled 3 times at one-month intervals. Our findings suggest that careful consideration of inter-individual diversity is required when extensively identifying human circRNAs or proposing their use as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in disease.

Defective eyelid leading edge cell migration in C57BL/6-corneal opacity mice with an "eye open at birth" phenotype

Development of the eyelid requires coordination of the cellular processes involved in proliferation, cell size alteration, migration, and cell death. C57BL/6J-corneal opacity (B6-Co) mice are mutant mice generated by the administration of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (100 mg/kg). They exhibit the eyelids open at birth phenotype, abnormal round cell shape from tightened F-actin bundles in leading edge keratinocytes at E16.5, and gradual corneal opacity with neovessels. The tip of the leading edge in B6-Co mice did not move forward, and demonstrated a sharp peak shape without obvious directionality. Analysis of the biological characteristics of B6-Co mice demonstrated that abnormal migration of keratinocytes could affect eyelid development, but proliferation and apoptosis in B6-Co mice had no effect. Mutant gene mapping and sequence analysis demonstrated that in B6-Co mice, adenosine was inserted into the untranslated regions, between 3030 and 3031, in the mRNA 3'-terminal of Fgf10. In addition, guanine 7112 was substituted by adenine in the Mtap1B mRNA, and an A2333T mutation was identified in Mtap1B. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that expression of the Hbegf gene was significantly down-regulated in the eyelids of B6- Co mice at E16.5, compared to B6 mice. However, the expression of Rock1, Map3k1, and Jnk1 genes did not show any significant changes. Abnormal keratinocyte migration and down-regulated expression of the Hbegf gene might be associated with impaired eyelid development in B6-Co mice.

Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma: Controversies to be addressed

Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) accounts for 0.4%-14.2% of primary liver cancer cases and possesses pathological features of both hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Since this disease was first described and classified in 1949, the classification of CHC has continuously evolved. The latest definition and classification of CHC by the World Health Organization is based on the speculation that CHC arises from hepatic progenitor cells. However, there is no evidence demonstrating the common origin of different components of CHC. Furthermore, the definition of CHC subtypes is still ambiguous and the identification of CHC subtype when a single tumor contains many components has remained unresolved. In addition, there is no summary on the newly recognized histopathology features or the contribution of CHC components to prognosis and outcome of this disease. Here we provide a review of the current literature to address these questions.

NADPH oxidase-2 is a key regulator of human dermal fibroblasts: a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of skin fibrosis

The proliferation of human skin dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) is a critical step in skin fibrosis, and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) exerts pro-oxidant and fibrogenic effects on HDFs. In addition, the oxidative stress system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of skin disease. However, the role of NADPH oxidase as a mediator of TGF-β1-induced effects in HDFs remains unknown. Thus, our aim was to investigate the role of NADPH in human skin dermal fibroblasts. Primary fibroblasts were cultured and pretreated with various stimulants. Real-time Q-PCR and Western blotting analyses were used for mRNA and protein detection. In addition, siRNA technology was applied for gene knock-down analysis. Hydrogen peroxide production and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) measurement assay were performed. Here, our findings demonstrated that HDFs express key components of non-phagocytic NADPH oxidase mRNA. TGF-β1 induced NOX2 and reactive oxygen species formation via NADPH oxidase activity. In contrast, NOX3 was barely detectable, and other NOXs did not display significant changes. In addition, TGF-β1 phosphorylated MAPKs and increased activator protein-1 (AP-1) in a redox-sensitive manner, and NOX2 suppression inhibited baseline and TGF-β1-mediated stimulation of Smad2 phosphorylation. Moreover, TGF-β1 stimulated cell proliferation, migration, collagen I and fibronectin expression, and bFGF and PAI-1 secretion: these effects were attenuated by diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, and NOX2 siRNA. Importantly, NOX2 siRNA suppresses collagen production in primary keloid dermal fibroblasts. These findings provide the proof of concept for NADPH oxidase as a potential target for the treatment of skin fibrosis.

Recurrent facial erythema with burning sensation and increased temperature: a variant of erythromelalgia or a new entity?

OBJECTIVE

Erythromelalgia is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by episodic attacks of burning pain, erythema, and increased temperature, primarily affecting the extremities, and in rare instances, involving the ear, face, neck, and the scrotum. The dermatoscopic features of erythromelalgia in a case with solely facial involvement have never been described previously.

OBSERVATIONS

We describe a 14-year-old female who presented with erythema, burning sensation, and warmth on her face only, which mimic the features of erythromelalgia. Physical examination showed higher temperature on the involved cheeks than on axillas during the episode, while the temperature on both areas was the same between episodes. Dermatoscope showed more dilated vessels inside the erythema during the episodes than between the episodes. The symptoms had excellent response to the combination treatment of gabapentin, indomethacin, and topical lidocaine compounds.

CONCLUSIONS

The present case is considered to be a variant of erythromelalgia. Its erythema may be resulted from the dilated vessels. Combination of modalities may provide effective management for erythromelalgia. "Erythermalgia" may be better than "erythromelalgia" to describe such conditions.

Arg555Gln mutation of TGFBI gene in geographical-type Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy in a Chinese family

OBJECTIVE

Mutations of the transforming growth factor β-induced (TGFBI) gene were studied in a Chinese family with Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy (RBCD).

METHODS

Six family members with RBCD and six unaffected family members were investigated. The pedigree showed a typical dominant inheritance pattern. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leucocytes from all study participants. Exons 4, 12 and 14 of the TGFBI gene were analysed using polymerase chain reaction, and standard automated sequencing was performed. Corneal tissue sampled from the proband during phototherapeutic keratectomy was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

RESULTS

A typical geographical pattern of fine opacities in Bowman's layer of the cornea was seen in all six patients on slit-lamp examination. An Arg555Gln (R555Q) mutation of the TGFBI gene was identified in all six patients but was absent in all unaffected family members. TEM revealed rod-shaped bodies in Bowman's layer of the cornea.

CONCLUSIONS

In this Chinese family an R555Q mutation of the TGFBI gene was associated with RBCD. As the RBCD phenotype is usually associated with an R124L mutation, this novel genotype-phenotype correlation may prompt further investigation of Bowman's layer corneal dystrophy.

The glycogen synthase kinase-3β/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway is involved in cinobufagin-induced apoptosis in cultured osteosarcoma cells

Cinobufagin, a major component of cinobufacini (huachansu), is an important cardenolidal steroid. Several studies have suggested that cinobufagin has potent anti-cancer effects. The present study examines the apoptosis-inducing activity and the underlying mechanism of action of cinobufagin in osteosarcoma (OS) cells. Our results showed that cinobufagin potently inhibited the proliferation of U2OS, MG63 and SaOS-2 cells. Significant increases in G2/M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in OS cells were also observed. The expression levels of several apoptotic proteins were assessed after cinobufagin treatment in U2OS cells. Among them, xIAP, cIAP-1, survivin and Bcl-2 levels decreased remarkably, while the levels of Bax and cleaved-PARP increased. Furthermore, we validated the inhibition of GSK-3β/NF-κB signaling following cinobufagin treatment. Western blots showed a decrease in nuclear p65 protein expression after exposure to different concentrations of cinobufagin, while the phosphorylation of GSK-3β was simultaneously increased. Transduction with constitutively active forms of GSK-3β could protect against the downregulation of p65 and upregulation of cleaved-PARP that are induced by cinobufagin treatment. However, combined treatment with cinobufagin and SB216367 resulted in a significant reduction in p65 and an increase in cleaved-PARP in U2OS cells. Altogether, these results show that cinobufagin is a promising agent for the treatment of OS. These studies are the first to reveal the involvement of the GSK-3β/NF-κB pathway in cinobufagin-induced apoptosis.

Interdigital ulcer: an unusual presentation of Candida infection

Interdigital ulcer is an exceptionally rare condition while erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica is common for candidiasis. Four Chinese patients with Candida interdigital ulcers were reported. The exudates were examined directly and cultured for fungi. Skin biopsies were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid Schiff. There were a man and three women (age range: 34-56 years) who presented with 1- to 3-month history of chronic cutaneous ulcer on the interdigital web of hand or foot. The lesions were located on hand for one woman, and on the left foot for the rest. The patients had poor response to the previous treatment of topical steroids and oral antimicrobials. Candida albicans was isolated from a man and two women, Candida tropicalis from another woman. Biopsy specimens revealed yeast and mycelium as well as inflammatory infiltrate in necrotic tissue in two patients; only inflammatory cells in the other two. The patients had complete remission with oral itraconazole and topical bifonazole cream therapy for 3- to 5-week. Candida species may cause interdigital ulcer on hand or foot. Oral itraconazole and topical bifonazole may be an optional therapy for such an ulcer.

Acral persistent papular mucinosis: a case report and literature review

Acral persistent papular mucinosis is a rare subtype of localized lichen myxedematosus. It shows symmetric, asymptomatic, chronic, ivory to flesh-colored, 2-5 mm sized papules arranged on the dorsa of the hands and extensor aspects of the distal forearms. Thirty-two cases including two from China, appear to fit the proposed diagnostic criteria. We report a 31-year-old Chinese woman who presented with papules on the extensor aspects of her hands and distal forearms. Histopathology revealed a circumscribed area in the upper and mid reticular dermis with splaying of collagen fibers caused by amorphous deposits. The material was mucin, as it stained positively with alcian blue at pH 2.5. The thyroid profile was normal, and there was no evidence for lupus erythematous. The lesions were treated with electrofulguration and resolved leaving mild scars; there has been no recurrence at follow-up after one year. We also review the literature on this rare form of mucinosis.

Quantitative trait loci mapping of leaf angle and leaf orientation value in maize (Zea mays L.)

A major limiting factor for high productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) in dense planting is light penetration through the canopy. Plant architecture with a narrower leaf angle (LA) and an optimum leaf orientation value (LOV) is desirable to increase light capture for photosynthesis and production per unit area. However, the genetic control of the plant architecture traits remains poorly understood in maize. In this study, QTL for LA, LOV, and related traits were mapped using a set of 229 F(2:3) families derived from the cross between compact and expanded inbred lines, evaluated in three environments. Twenty-five QTL were detected in total. Three of the QTL explained 37.4% and five of the QTL explained 53.9% of the phenotypic variance for LA and LOV, respectively. Two key genome regions controlling leaf angle and leaf orientation were identified. qLA1 and qLOV1 at nearest marker umc2226 on chromosome 1.02 accounted for 20.4 and 23.2% of the phenotypic variance, respectively; qLA5 and qLOV5 at nearest bnlg1287 on chromosome 5 accounted for 9.7 and 9.8% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. These QTL could provide useful information for marker-assisted selection in improving performance of plant architecture with regard to leaf angle and orientation.

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) degradation by ferrous ion-activated persulfate oxidation: feasibility and kinetics studies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using ferrous ion-activated persulfate oxidation to remediate groundwater contaminated with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). In this study, batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of various factors on the efficiency of MTBE degradation including persulfate concentrations, ferrous ion concentrations, and persulfate coupled with hydrogen peroxide. Results show that ferrous ion-activated persulfate oxidation was capable of degrading MTBE efficiently. Persulfate and ferrous ion concentrations correlated with MTBE degradation rates. However, excess addition of ferrous ion resulted in decreased MTBE degrading rates most likely because of competition for sulfate free radicals between ferrous ion and MTBE. Two main byproducts of MTBE degradation, tert-butyl formate and tert-butyl alcohol, were detected in the experiments; both were, however, subsequently degraded. Results of sulfate analysis show that proper addition of ferrous ion could prevent unnecessary persulfate decomposition.

Genetic analysis of photoperiod sensitivity in a tropical by temperate maize recombinant inbred population using molecular markers

Photoperiod sensitivity is an important consideration in maize cultivation. Flowering time is affected by photoperiod and sensitivity to it limits the potential for successful exchange of germplasm across different latitudes. For resolving the genetic basis of photoperiod sensitivity in maize, a set of 207 recombinant inbred lines derived from a temperate and tropical inbred line cross was evaluated for 2 years in a long-day and short-day environment. Genetic linkage maps were constructed using 237 SSR markers with a total length 1,974.3 cM, and an average space between two makers of 8.33 cM. Twenty-nine QTL were detected for the five measured photoperiod sensitivity traits using composite interval mapping and multiple interval mapping. QTL for flowering time, plant height and leaf number, under long-day conditions, were found clustered on chromosome 10, while QTL for short-day conditions resided on chromosome 3. The QTL in the bin 10.04 region of chromosome 10 were detected associated with photoperiod sensitivity and related traits during long days. These results indicated that this region might contain an important photoperiod sensitivity element.

Inactivation of human SRBC, located within the 11p15.5-p15.4 tumor suppressor region, in breast and lung cancers

A cDNA clone encoding human SRBC [serum deprivation response factor (sdr)-related gene product that binds to c-kinase] was isolated in a yeast two-hybrid screening, with amino acids 1-304 of BRCA1 as the probe. The human SRBC gene (hSRBC) was mapped to chromosome region 11p15.5-p15.4, close to marker D11S1323, at which frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been observed in sporadic breast, lung, ovarian, and other types of adult cancers as well as childhood tumors. hSRBC-coding region mutations including frame shift and truncation mutations were detected in a few ovarian and lung cancer cell lines. More significantly, the expression of hSRBC protein was down-regulated in a large fraction [30 (70%) of 43] of breast, lung, and ovarian cancer cell lines, whereas strong expression of hSRBC protein was detected in normal mammary and lung epithelial cells. The down-regulation of hSRBC expression in cancer cells was associated with hypermethylation of CpG dinucleotides in its promoter region, and 3 (60%) of 5 primary breast tumors and 11 (79%) of 14 primary lung tumors were also found to be hypermethylated. Treatment of breast cancer MCF7 cells with 5'azacytidine and Trichostatin A resulted in expression of hSRBC, confirming DNA methylation as the mode of inactivation. Our results suggest that epigenetic or mutational inactivation of hSRBC may contribute to the pathogenesis of several types of human cancers, marking hSRBC as a candidate tumor suppressor gene.

Optimized protocols in terms of equalizing the true and accidental coincidences of each bed position in static multiple bed position carbon-11 PET studies and a target single bed position study

Quantitative carbon-11 (11C) positron emission tomography (PET) is gaining more attention in oncological applications. In addition, it was discovered that accidental coincidences (randoms) can play an important role in studies such as partial volume effects correction without needing to use anatomical information. However, because of the short half-life of 11C, a homogeneous multiple bed position 11C image is hard to obtain. This study aimed to determine whether innovative pseudogating, optimized pseudogating and optimized double-up methods could match the true counts and randoms to each bed position and to a target single bed position study. A long cylindrical phantom filled with [11C]acetate was scanned by a dedicated PET scanner using six protocols: whole body, frame-duration-compensated whole body, double-up, optimized double-up, pseudogating, and optimized pseudogating. The differences between the protocols are in the initial activity, frame duration and frame number for each bed position. The parameters for pseudogating were determined according to the theory that true counts and randoms are proportional to the radioactivity and its square, respectively. The results show that the stated goals could only be achieved by pseudogating and optimized pseudogating. We conclude that pseudogating or optimized pseudogating must be applied for a critical quantitative study. However, optimized double-up and double-up methods are good alternatives for semi-quantitative and qualitative studies, respectively.

The DNA-binding ability of HIVEP3/KRC decreases upon activation of V(D)J recombination

Somatic V(D)J recombination of the immune receptor genes is mediated by the recombination signal sequence (RSS) and the recombination-activating genes RAG1 and RAG2. Previously, proteins binding specifically to the RSS have been characterized in nuclear extracts of T and B lymphocytes. Further elucidation of the role of those RSS-binding proteins in V(D)J recombination, however, has been hampered by the fact that their identities have not been established. Here, we show that the major RSS-binding protein present in the nuclear extracts of B lymphocytes is an Mr 135,000 species. Notably, its affinity for the RSS decreased when RAG1 and RAG2 were induced. In immunoblot analyses and gel supershift assays, we showed that KRC antisera react with the Mr 135,000 RSS-binding protein. We previously cloned KRC from a thymocyte expression library using 32P-RSS as a ligand and showed that KRC fusion proteins bind specifically to the RSS and to the kappaB enhancer motif. The lymphoid expression and DNA-binding characteristics suggest that KRC may be involved in lymphocyte development.

Characterization of Sp1, AP-1, CBF and KRC binding sites and minisatellite DNA as functional elements of the metastasis-associated mts1/S100A4 gene intronic enhancer

The mts1/S100A4 gene encodes a small acidic calcium-binding protein that is expressed in a cell-specific manner in development, tumorigenesis and certain tissues of adult mice. A composite enhancer that is active in murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells was previously identified in the first intron of the mts1/S100A4 gene. Here we present a detailed analysis of the structure and function of this enhancer in the Mts1/S100A4-expressing CSML100 and non-expressing CSML0 mouse adenocarcinoma cell lines. In CSML100 cells the enhancer activity is composed of at least six cis-elements interacting with Sp1 and AP-1 family members and CBF/AML/PEBP2 and KRC transcription factors. In addition, a minisatellite-like DNA sequence significantly contributes to the enhancer activity via interaction with abundant proteins, which likely have been described previously under the name minisatellite-binding proteins. Extensive mutational analysis of the mts1/S100A4 enhancer revealed a cooperative function of KRC and the factors binding minisatellite DNA. This is the first example of an enhancer where two nuclear factors earlier implicated in different recombination processes cooperate to activate transcription. In Mts1/S100A4-negative CSML0 cells the strength of the enhancer was 7- to 12.5-fold lower compared to that in CSML100 cells, when referred to the activities of three viral promoters. In CSML0 cells the enhancer could be activated by exogenous AP-1 and CBF transcription factors.

Regulation of clock and NPAS2 DNA binding by the redox state of NAD cofactors

Clock:BMAL1 and NPAS2:BMAL1 are heterodimeric transcription factors that control gene expression as a function of the light-dark cycle. Although built to fluctuate at or near a 24-hour cycle, the clock can be entrained by light, activity, or food. Here we show that the DNA-binding activity of the Clock:BMAL1 and NPAS2:BMAL1 heterodimers is regulated by the redox state of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cofactors in a purified system. The reduced forms of the redox cofactors, NAD(H) and NADP(H), strongly enhance DNA binding of the Clock:BMAL1 and NPAS2:BMAL1 heterodimers, whereas the oxidized forms inhibit. These observations raise the possibility that food, neuronal activity, or both may entrain the circadian clock by direct modulation of cellular redox state.

[Molecular cloning and expression of the cDNA encoding angiogenesis inhibitor K4K5 with Pichia pastoris]

Kringles of human plasminogen except kringle 4 can inhibit the endothelial cell growth. To determine whether recombinant plasminogen kringle 4-5 (r-K4K5) can inhibit the growth of bovine capillary endothelial (BCE) cell and the angiogenesis of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), we cloned and constructed the modified cDNA region encoding kringles 4 and 5 (K4K5) of human plasmin (ogen) and expressed it with pichia multi-copy expression system. One clone, with the most productive expression was selected from hundreds of transformants. Our data showed that the expression product r-K4K5 (MW 21.5 kD) amounted to 150-250 mg/liter, over 80% of the total secreted protein. It could, dose-dependently, inhibit BCE cell proliferation and inhibit chick embryo CAM angiogenesis.

Structure of the human zinc finger protein HIVEP3: molecular cloning, expression, exon-intron structure, and comparison with paralogous genes HIVEP1 and HIVEP2

Here we report the cloning and characterization of HIVEP3, the newest member in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer-binding protein family that encodes large zinc finger proteins and regulates transcription via the kappaB enhancer motif. The largest open reading frame of HIVEP3 contains 2406 aa. and is approximately 80% identical to the mouse counterpart. The HIVEP3 gene is located in the chromosomal region 1p34 and is at least 300 kb with 10 exons. RNA studies show that multiple HIVEP3 transcripts are differentially expressed and regulated. Additionally, transcription termination occurs in the ultimate exon, exon 10, or in exon 6. Therefore, HIVEP3 may produce protein isoforms that contain or exclude the carboxyl DNA binding domain and the leucine zipper by alternative RNA splicing and differential polyadenylation. Sequence homologous to HIVEP3 exon 6 is not found in mouse nor are the paralogous genes HIVEP1 and HIVEP2. Zoo-blot analysis suggests that sequences homologous to the human exon 6 are present only in primates and cow. Therefore, a foreign DNA harboring a termination exon likely was inserted into the HIVEP3 locus relatively recently in evolution, resulting in the acquisition of novel gene regulatory mechanisms as well as the generation of structural and functional diversity.

Downregulation of KRC induces proliferation, anchorage independence, and mitotic cell death in HeLa cells

The large zinc finger protein KRC regulates transcription of target genes via the kappaB gene enhancer element. As an attempt to investigate the cellular function of KRC, we have established cell lines stably transfected with KRC expression vectors. Introduction of a vector directing expression of a transcript antisense to KRC mRNAs in several mammalian cell lines resulted in accelerated proliferation. Furthermore, in HeLa cells, downregulation of KRC conferred anchorage-independent growth and promoted cell cycle progression without an intervening cytokinesis, culminating in the formation of multinucleated giant cells. Ultimately these cells died.

In vitro and in vivo suppression of growth of rat liver epithelial tumor cells by antisense oligonucleotide against protein kinase C-alpha

BACKGROUND/AIMS

It has been hypothesized that liver stem cells may be activated and proliferate upon liver injury and may participate in the development of liver cancer. GP7TB, a rat liver epithelial tumor cell line, possesses characteristics of liver stem-like cells and can develop into a tumor in syngeneic Fischer 344 rat. We found that protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha) is overexpressed in GP7TB cells. The importance of PKC-alpha for this liver tumor cell was elucidated.

METHODS

Antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) was applied to suppress the production of PKC-alpha in GP7TB cells in vitro and in vivo. Cell viability was measured by acid phosphatase assay. The cellular levels of PKC-alpha and Bcl-2 were monitored by Western-blot analysis. Activation of nuclear factor NF-kappaB was analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cell cycle phase distribution was monitored by FACScan. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay and histochemical staining of tumor tissue sections. The in vivo experiment was conducted by implanting tumor mass of GP7TB in the liver of F-344 rat and continuous delivery of the ODN by a mini-osmotic pump.

RESULTS

Antisense ODN effectively suppressed the level of PKC-alpha that resulted in the decrease of Bcl-2 and nuclear NF-kappaB. The cumulative viable cells also decreased dramatically for the antisense-treated group. FACScan showed that the cells were arrested at early S-phase. These cells in turn went into apoptosis without completing a cell cycle. It was found that growth of the tumor was suppressed efficiently by antisense ODN. Cell apoptosis was found in the orthotopic tumor. The normal liver cells were not affected.

CONCLUSIONS

A lethal effect of depressing the level of PKC-alpha in GP7TB cells and success in suppressing orthotopic tumor growth in vivo suggests that PKC-alpha antisense ODN would be a promising therapeutic agent for some liver cancers.

The kappaB and V(D)J recombination signal sequence binding protein KRC regulates transcription of the mouse metastasis-associated gene S100A4/mts1

A kappaB-like sequence, Sb, is integral to the composite enhancer located in the first intron of the metastasis-associated gene, S100A4/mts1. Oligonucleotides containing this sequence form three specific complexes with nuclear proteins prepared from S100A4/mts1-expressing CSML100 adenocarcinoma cells. Protein studies show the Sb-interacting complexes include NF-kappaB/Rel proteins, p50.p50 and p50.p65 dimers. Additionally, the Sb sequence was bound by an unrelated approximately 200-kDa protein, p200. Site-directed mutagenesis in conjunction with transient transfections indicate that p200, but not the NF-kappaB/Rel proteins, transactivates S100A4/mts1. To identify candidate genes for p200, double-stranded DNA probes containing multiple copies of Sb were used to screen a randomly primed lambdagt11 cDNA expression library made from CSML100 poly(A)(+) RNA. Two clones corresponding to the DNA-binding proteins KRC and Alf1 were identified. KRC encodes a large zinc finger protein that binds to the kappaB motif and to the signal sequences of V(D)J recombination. In vitro DNA binding assays using bacterially expressed KRC fusion proteins, demonstrate specific binding of KRC to the Sb sequence. In addition, introduction of KRC expression vectors into mammalian cells induces expression of S100A4/mts1 and reporter genes driven by S100A4/mts1 gene regulatory sequences. These data indicate that KRC positively regulates transcription of S100A4/mts1.

11C-acetate clearance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

This study assessed 11C-acetate turnover (clearance) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Data were acquired by dynamic PET after the intravenous injection of 4.625 MBq.kg-1 body weight of 11C-acetate for 30 min. Tomograms were reconstructed and evaluated visually. A time-activity curve of the nasopharynx and neck was generated and the clearance rate of 11C-acetate from the nasopharynx in the slow phase and from NPC was calculated using 0.693/T1/2. Ten patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and nine normal subjects were studied. The clearance of 11C-acetate from the normal nasopharynx was rapid and biexponential, in contrast to the rapid uptake followed by extremely slow clearance in patients with NPC. The clearance rate (mean +/- S.D.) was 0.0074 +/- 0.0042 in NPC and 0.0263 +/- 0.0152 in controls in the slow phase, being significantly different between the two groups with no overlap. All nasopharyngeal carcinomas were clearly visualized, in contrast to no obvious retention in the normal nasopharynx. Our initial results indicate that 11C-acetate clearance can be used to differentiate nasopharyngeal carcinoma from a normal nasopharynx. This finding may lead to new applications of 11C-acetate in oncology.

Regulation by phosphorylation of the zinc finger protein KRC that binds the kappaB motif and V(D)J recombination signal sequences

The DNA binding protein KRC (forkappaB binding andrecognitioncomponent of the V(D)J recombination signal sequence) belongs to a family of large zinc finger proteins that bind to the kappaB motif and contains two widely separated DNA binding structures. In addition to the kappaB motif, KRC fusion proteins bind to the signal sequences of V(D)J recombination to form highly ordered complexes. Here, we report that KRC may be regulated by post-translational modifications. Specific protein kinases present in the nucleus of pre-B cells phosphorylated a KRC fusion protein at tyrosine and serine residues. Such protein modifications increased DNA binding, thereby providing a mechanism by which KRC responds to signal transduction pathways. KRC is a substrate of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase and P34cdc2 kinase in vitro. Our results suggest that activation of the KRC family of transcription factors may provide a mechanism by which oncogenic tyrosine kinases regulate genes with kappaB-controlled gene regulatory elements.

Four ubiquitously expressed genes, RD (D6S45)-SKI2W (SKIV2L)-DOM3Z-RP1 (D6S60E), are present between complement component genes factor B and C4 in the class III region of the HLA

The association of the HLA class III region with many diseases motivates the investigation of unidentified genes in the 30-kb segment between complement component genes Bf and C4. RD, which codes for a putative RNA binding protein, is 205 bp downstream of Bf. SKI2W (HGMW-approved symbol SKIV2L), a DEVH-box gene probably involved in RNA turnover, is 171 bp downstream of RD (HGMW-approved symbol D6S45). RP1 (HGMW-approved symbol D6S60E) is located 611 bp upstream of C4. The DNA sequence between human RD and RP1 was determined and the exon-intron structure of SKI2W elucidated. SKI2W consists of 28 exons. The putative RNA helicase domain of Ski2w is encoded by 9 exons. Further analysis of the 2.5-kb intergenic sequence between SKI2W and RP1 led to the discovery of DOM3Z. The full-length cDNA sequence of DOM3Z encodes 396 amino acids with a leucine zipper motif. Dom3z-related proteins are present in simple and complex eukaryotes. In Caenorhabditis elegans, Dom3z-related protein could be involved in the development of germ cells. Human RD-SKI2W and DOM3Z-RP1 are arranged as two head-to-head oriented gene pairs with unmethylated CpG sequences at the common 5' regulatory region of each gene pair. The ubiquitous expression pattern suggests that these four genes are probably housekeeping genes.

The C-terminal (BRCT) domains of BRCA1 interact in vivo with CtIP, a protein implicated in the CtBP pathway of transcriptional repression

The BRCA1 tumor suppressor encodes a polypeptide with two recognizable protein motifs: a RING domain near the N terminus and two tandem BRCT domains at the C terminus. Studies of tumor-associated mutations indicate that the RING and BRCT sequences are required for BRCA1-mediated tumor suppression. In addition, recent work has shown that BRCA1 is a potent regulator of RNA transcription and that the BRCT domains are also essential for this activity. Therefore, we used the Sos recruitment system to screen for proteins that bind this critical region of BRCA1. Our results show that the BRCT domains interact in vivo with CtIP, a protein originally identified on the basis of its association with the CtBP transcriptional co-repressor. This finding suggests that BRCA1 regulates gene expression, at least in part, by modulating CtBP-mediated transcriptional repression. Moreover, the in vivo interaction between BRCA1 and CtIP is completely ablated by each of three independent tumor-associated mutations affecting the BRCT motifs of BRCA1. These results indicate that the BRCA1-CtIP interaction may be required for tumor suppression by BRCA1.

The human DEVH-box protein Ski2w from the HLA is localized in nucleoli and ribosomes

The human helicase gene SKI2W is located between RD and RP1 in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex. Transcripts of SKI2W are detectable in RNA samples isolated from multiple tissues. The protein product Ski2w shares striking amino acid sequence similarities to the yeast antiviral protein Ski2p that controls the translation of mRNAs, probably based on the mRNA structural integrity. Whether this translational regulation mechanism for cellular and viral RNAs exists in mammals is under investigation. Antisera against human Ski2w were generated using fusion proteins produced in bacteria or insect cells. Western blot analysis showed that the endogenous Ski2w protein is approximately 140 kDa in size and is enriched in polysomal fractions of cytoplasmic extracts from HeLa cells. Ribosomal profile studies revealed that Ski2w distributed throughout the entire sucrose gradient in the presence of Mg2+, but co-sedimented with the 18S rRNA-containing 40S subunit and the small ribosomal subunit protein S27a in the presence of EDTA. The co-sedimentation of Ski2w with the 40S subunit is not affected by RNase A treatment of the cell extract, or the addition of KCl to 0.5 M, suggesting that Ski2w is associated with the 40S ribosomal subunit. Indirect immunofluorescence experiments showed that human Ski2w is localized in the nucleoli and in the cytoplasm. In essence, human Ski2w is present at the sites of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis.

Hypergravity exposure decreases gamma-aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity in axon terminals contacting pyramidal cells in the rat somatosensory cortex: a quantitative immunocytochemical image analysis

Quantitative evaluation of gamma-aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity (GABA-IR) in the hindlimb representation of the rat somatosensory cortex after 14 days of exposure to hypergravity (hyper-G) was conducted by using computer-assisted image processing. The area of GABA-IR axosomatic terminals apposed to pyramidal cells of cortical layer V was reduced in rats exposed to hyper-G compared with control rats, which were exposed either to rotation alone or to vivarium conditions. Based on previous immunocytochemical and behavioral studies, we suggest that this reduction is due to changes in sensory feedback information from muscle receptors. Consequently, priorities for muscle recruitment are altered at the cortical level, and a new pattern of muscle activity is thus generated. It is proposed that the reduction observed in GABA-IR of the terminal area around pyramidal neurons is the immunocytochemical expression of changes in the activity of GABAergic cells that participate in reprogramming motor outputs to achieve effective movement control in response to alterations in the afferent information.

A specific hydrophobic core in the alpha-lactalbumin molten globule

Molten globules are partially structured protein folding intermediates that adopt a native-like overall backbone topology in the absence of extensive detectable tertiary interactions. It is important to determine the extent of specific tertiary structure present in molten globules and to understand the role of specific side-chain packing in stabilizing and specifying molten-globule structure. Previous studies indicate that a small degree of specific side-chain packing stabilizes the structures of the cytochrome c, apomyoglobin, and staphylococcal nuclease molten globules. Here we investigate the extent of specific side-chain packing in the molten globule of alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA), a highly fluctuating, non-cooperatively formed molten globule. By analyzing a set of point mutations in the helical domain of alpha-LA, we have identified a stabilizing hydrophobic core. Moreover, this core corresponds to a previously identified structural subdomain and likely contains some native-like packing interactions. Our results suggest that native-like packing of core amino acids helps stabilize molten globules and that some specific interactions can exist in even highly dynamic, fluctuating species.

Effects of microgravity on muscle and cerebral cortex: a suggested interaction

The "slow" antigravity muscle adductor longus was studied in rats after 14 days of spaceflight (SF). The techniques employed included standard methods for light microscopy, neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Light and electron microscopy revealed myofiber atrophy, segmental necrosis and regenerative myofibers. Regenerative myofibers were N-CAM immunoreactive (N-CAM-IR). The neuromuscular junctions showed axon terminals with a decrease or absence of synaptic vesicles, degenerative changes, vacant axonal spaces and changes suggestive of axonal sprouting. No alterations of muscle spindles was seen either by light or electron microscopy. These observations suggest that muscle regeneration and denervation and synaptic remodeling at the level of the neuromuscular junction may take place during spaceflight. In a separate study, GABA immunoreactivity (GABA-IR) was evaluated at the level of the hindlimb representation of the rat somatosensory cortex after 14 days of hindlimb unloading by tail suspension ("simulated" microgravity). A reduction in number of GABA-immunoreactive cells with respect to the control animals was observed in layer Va and Vb. GABA-IR terminals were also reduced in the same layers, particularly those terminals surrounding the soma and apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in layer Vb. On the basis of previous morphological and behavioral studies of the neuromuscular system after spaceflight and hindlimb suspension it is suggested that after limb unloading there are alterations of afferent signaling and feedback information from intramuscular receptors to the cerebral cortex due to modifications in the reflex organization of hindlimb muscle groups. We propose that the changes observed in GABA immunoreactivity of cells and terminals is an expression of changes in their modulatory activity to compensate for the alterations in the afferent information.

Hydrophobic sequence minimization of the alpha-lactalbumin molten globule

The molten globule, a widespread protein-folding intermediate, can attain a native-like backbone topology, even in the apparent absence of rigid side-chain packing. Nonetheless, mutagenesis studies suggest that molten globules are stabilized by some degree of side-chain packing among specific hydrophobic residues. Here we investigate the importance of hydrophobic side-chain diversity in determining the overall fold of the alpha-lactalbumin molten globule. We have replaced all of the hydrophobic amino acids in the sequence of the helical domain with a representative amino acid, leucine. Remarkably, the minimized molecule forms a molten globule that retains many structural features characteristic of a native alpha-lactalbumin fold. Thus, nonspecific hydrophobic interactions may be sufficient to determine the global fold of a protein.

Three-dimensional PET emission scan registration and transmission scan synthesis

The duration of a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging scan can be reduced if the transmission scan of one patient which is used for emission correction can be synthesized by using the reference transmission scan of another patient. In this paper, we propose a new intersubjects PET emission scan registration method and PET transmission synthesis method by using the boundary information of the body or brain scan of the PET emission scans. The PET emission scans have poor image quality and different intensity statistics so that we preprocess the emission scans to have similar histogram and then apply the point distribution model (PDM) [15] to extract the contours of the emission scan. The extracted boundary contour of every slice is used to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3-D) surface of the reference set and the target set. Our registration is 3-D surface-based which uses the normal flow method [17] to find the correspondence vector field between two 3-D reconstructed surfaces. Since it is difficult to analyze internal organ using the PET emission scan imaging without correction, we assume that the deformation of internal organ is homogeneous. With the corresponding vector field between the two emission scans and the transmission scan of the reference set, we can synthesize the transmission scan of the target set.

Light microscopic image analysis system to quantify immunoreactive terminal area apposed to nerve cells

The present report describes a desktop computer-based method for the quantitative assessment of the area occupied by immunoreactive terminals in close apposition to nerve cells in relation to the perimeter of the cell soma. This method is based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) routines incorporated in NIH-Image public domain software. Pyramidal cells of layer V of the somatosensory cortex outlined by GABA immunolabeled terminals were chosen for our analysis. A Leitz Diaplan light microscope was employed for the visualization of the sections. A Sierra Scientific Model 4030 CCD camera was used to capture the images into a Macintosh Centris 650 computer. After preprocessing, filtering was performed on the power spectrum in the frequency domain produced by the FFT operation. An inverse FFT with filter procedure was employed to restore the images to the spatial domain. Pasting of the original image to the transformed one using a Boolean logic operation called 'AND'ing produced an image with the terminals enhanced. This procedure allowed the creation of a binary image using a well-defined threshold of 128. Thus, the terminal area appears in black against a white background. This methodology provides an objective means of measurement of area by counting the total number of pixels occupied by immunoreactive terminals in light microscopic sections in which the difficulties of labeling intensity, size, shape and numerical density of terminals are avoided.

Clinical isolates of Candida guilliermondii include Candida fermentati

Clinical isolates of Candida guilliermondii that were investigated by isoenzyme and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analyses represented two distinct species. The two species were distinguished on the basis of delayed fermentation of galactose. The larger group of isolates was closely related to the anamorph C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260T (T = type strain) and its teleomorph, Yamadazyma (= Pichia) guilliermondii ATCC 46036T. The remaining group, whose members fermented galactose, was very similar to Candida fermentati CBS 2022, which had for many years been placed in synonymy with C. guilliermondii. Three additional groups were represented by individual strains; these strains included C. guilliermondii var. soya ATCC 20216, which was found to represent Yamadazyma ohmeri. The type strain of Y. guilliermondii is redefined.

Identification of a RING protein that can interact in vivo with the BRCA1 gene product

The hereditary breast and ovarian cancer gene, BRCA1, encodes a large polypeptide that contains the cysteine-rich RING motif, a zinc-binding domain found in a variety of regulatory proteins. Here we describe a novel protein that interacts in vivo with the N-terminal region of BRCA1. This BRCA1-associated RING domain (BARD1) protein contains an N-terminal RING motif, three tandem ankyrin repeats, and a C-terminal sequence with significant homology to the phylogenetically conserved BRCT domains that lie near the C terminus of BRCA1. The BARD1/BRCA1 interaction is disrupted by BRCA1 missense mutations that segregate with breast cancer susceptibility, indicating that BARD1 may be involved in mediating tumour suppression by BRCA1.

Fluorine-18 fluoromisonidazole tumour to muscle retention ratio for the detection of hypoxia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

In vivo demonstration of hypoxia is of significance for tumour patient management. Fluorine-18 fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO) is a proven hypoxic imaging agent. We developed an [18F]FMISO tumour to muscle retention ratio (TMRR) for the detection of tumour hypoxia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Data were acquired by positron emission tomography (PET) of the nasopharynx and neck after intravenous injection of 370 MBq of [18F]FMISO. Two imaging protocols were adopted: a long protocol for comprehensive dynamic information and a short protocol for a simple, clinically convenient imaging procedure. Tomograms were reconstructed and evaluated visually. ROI analysis on the basis of time-activity curve evaluation was performed to calculate the TMRR of NPC or cervical nodal metastases (CNMs) in relation to the suboccipital muscles at 2 h. The calculation of the TMRR was exactly the same for both the long and the short protocol as two 30-min composite frames had been created immediately after intravenous injection and 2 h after injection of [18F]FMISO in the long protocol. The normal tissue to muscle retention ratio (NTMRR) was derived similarly from the normal nasopharynx. The data of 12 controls and 24 patients with NPC were analysed. The long protocol was used in 15 patients, and the short protocol in nine. In controls, the mean NTMRR+/-1 SD was 0.96+/-0.14. The mean TMRRs for NPC and CNMs were 2.56+/-1.50 and 1.35+/-0.51, respectively; these values were significantly higher than the mean NTMRR for normal controls (P<0.005 in each case). At the retention threshold value of 1.24, tumour hypoxia occurred in 100% of the primary lesions of NPC and 58% of CNMs. The TMRR for undifferentiated carcinoma was significantly lower than that for non-keratinized carcinoma (P<0.05). The [18F]FMISO TMRR is a simple and clinically useful index for detecting tumour hypoxia in NPC.

Detection of anaerobic odontogenic infections by fluorine-18 fluoromisonidazole

Odontogenic infections are a potential risk for patients who receive cervicofacial radiotherapy and should be treated before irradiation. Anaerobic microbial infections are the most common causes. This study assessed the value of the hypoxic imaging agent fluorine-18 fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) in detecting anaerobic odontogenic infections. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed at 2 h after injection of 370 MBq (10 mCi) of FMISO in 26 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and six controls with healthy teeth. Tomograms were interpreted visually to identify hypoxic foci in the jaw. All patients received thorough dental examinations as a pre-radiotherapy work-up. Fifty-one sites of periodontitis, 15 periodontal abscesses, 14 sites of dental caries with root canal infection, 23 sites of dental caries without root canal infection, and seven necrotic pulps were found by dental examination. Anaerobic pathogens were isolated from 12 patients. Increased uptake of FMISO was found at 45 out of 51 sites of periodontitis, all 15 sites of periodontal abscess, all 14 sites of dental caries with root canal infection, all seven sites of necrotic pulp and 15 sites of dental caries without obvious evidence of active root canal infection. No abnormal uptake was seen in the healthy teeth of patients or in the six controls. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of FMISO PET scan in detecting odontogenic infections were 93%, 97%, 84%, 99% and 96%, respectively. 18F-fluoride ion bone scan done in three patients showed that 18F-fluoride ion plays no role in the demonstration of anaerobic odontogenic infection. FMISO PET scan is a sensitive method for the detection of anaerobic odontogenic infections, and may play a complementary role in the evaluation of the dental condition of patients with head and neck tumours prior to radiation therapy.