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Swart S, du Plessis MD, Nicholson SA, Monteiro PMS, Dove LA, Thomalla S, Thompson AF, Biddle LC, Edholm JM, Giddy I, Heywood KJ, Lee C, Mahadevan A, Shilling G, de Souza RB. The Southern Ocean mixed layer and its boundary fluxes: fine-scale observational progress and future research priorities. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2023; 381:20220058. [PMID: 37150200 PMCID: PMC10164470 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between the upper ocean and air-ice-ocean fluxes in the Southern Ocean play a critical role in global climate by impacting the overturning circulation and oceanic heat and carbon uptake. Remote and challenging conditions have led to sparse observational coverage, while ongoing field programmes often fail to collect sufficient information in the right place or at the time-space scales required to constrain the variability occurring in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Only within the last 10 years have we been able to directly observe and assess the role of the fine-scale ocean and rapidly evolving atmospheric marine boundary layer on the upper limb of the Southern Ocean's overturning circulation. This review summarizes advances in mechanistic understanding, arising in part from observational programmes using autonomous platforms, of the fine-scale processes (1-100 km, hours-seasons) influencing the Southern Ocean mixed layer and its variability. We also review progress in observing the ocean interior connections and the coupled interactions between the ocean, atmosphere and cryosphere that moderate air-sea fluxes of heat and carbon. Most examples provided are for the ice-free Southern Ocean, while major challenges remain for observing the ice-covered ocean. We attempt to elucidate contemporary research gaps and ongoing/future efforts needed to address them. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Swart
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Lilian A. Dove
- Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sandy Thomalla
- Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory, CSIR, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew F. Thompson
- Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Louise C. Biddle
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan M. Edholm
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Giddy
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory, CSIR, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen J. Heywood
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Craig Lee
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Geoff Shilling
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ronald Buss de Souza
- Earth System Numerical Modeling Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil
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Wolf MJ, Coe A, Dove LA, Zawadowicz MA, Dooley K, Biller SJ, Zhang Y, Chisholm SW, Cziczo DJ. Investigating the Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation of Sea Spray Aerosols Using Prochlorococcus as a Model Source of Marine Organic Matter. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:1139-1149. [PMID: 30589542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray is the largest aerosol source on Earth. Bubble bursting mechanisms at the ocean surface create smaller film burst and larger jet drop particles. This study quantified the effects of particle chemistry on the depositional ice nucleation efficiency of laboratory-generated sea spray aerosols under the cirrus-relevant conditions. Cultures of Prochlorococcus, the most abundant phytoplankton species in the global ocean, were used as a model source of organic sea spray aerosols. We showed that smaller particles generated from lysed Prochlorococcus cultures are organically enriched and nucleate more effectively than larger particles generated from the same cultures. We then quantified the ice nucleation efficiency of single component organic molecules that mimic Prochlorococcus proteins, lipids, and saccharides. Amylopectin, agarose, and aspartic acid exhibited similar critical ice saturations, fractional activations, and ice nucleation active site number densities to particles generated from Prochlorococcus cultures. These findings indicate that saccharides and proteins with numerous and well-ordered hydrophilic functional groups may determine the ice nucleation abilities of organic sea spray aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Wolf
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 54-918 , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Allison Coe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 1-290 , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Lilian A Dove
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 54-918 , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Keven Dooley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 1-290 , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Steven J Biller
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 1-290 , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 135 Dauer Drive, 166 Rosenau Hall , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
- Aerodyne Research Incorporated , Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry , 45 Manning Road , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Boston College , 2609 Beacon Street , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Sallie W Chisholm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 1-290 , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
- Department of Biology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 68-132 , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Daniel J Cziczo
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 54-918 , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 1-290 , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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