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Grotberg JC, Schulte L, Schumer E, Sullivan M, Kotkar K, Masood MF, Pawale A. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac arrest for acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by Legionella: a case report. J Cardiothorac Surg 2024; 19:27. [PMID: 38281956 PMCID: PMC10822179 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-024-02492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legionella remains underdiagnosed in the intensive care unit and can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan failure and death. In severe cases, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) allows time for resolution of disease with Legionella-targeted therapy. VV-ECMO outcomes for Legionella are favorable with reported survival greater than 70%. Rapid molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the lower respiratory tract aids in diagnosing Legionella with high sensitivity and specificity. We present a unique case of a patient with a positive COVID-19 test and ARDS who suffered a cardiac arrest. The patient was subsequently cannulated for VV-ECMO, and after lower respiratory tract PCR testing, Legionella was determined to be the cause. She was successfully treated and decannulated from VV-ECMO after eight days. CASE PRESENTATION A 53-year-old female presented with one week of dyspnea and a positive COVID-19 test. She was hypoxemic, hypotensive and had bilateral infiltrates on imaging. She received supplemental oxygen, intravenous fluids, vasopressors, broad spectrum antibiotics, and was transferred to a tertiary care center. She developed progressive hypoxemia and suffered a cardiac arrest, requiring ten minutes of CPR and endotracheal intubation to achieve return of spontaneous circulation. Despite mechanical ventilation and paralysis, she developed refractory hypoxemia and was cannulated for VV-ECMO. Dexamethasone and remdesivir were given for presumed COVID-19. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) performed with PCR testing was positive for Legionella pneumophila and negative for COVID-19. Steroids and remdesivir were discontinued and she was treated with azithromycin. Her lung compliance improved, and she was decannulated after eight days on VV-ECMO. She was discharged home on hospital day 16 breathing room air and neurologically intact. CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates the utility of rapid PCR testing to diagnose Legionella in patients with respiratory failure and the early use of VV-ECMO in patients with refractory hypoxemia secondary to Legionella infection. Moreover, many patients encountered in the ICU may have prior COVID-19 immunity, and though a positive COVID-19 test may be present, further investigation with lower respiratory tract PCR testing may provide alternative diagnoses. Patients with ARDS should undergo Legionella-specific testing, and if Legionella is determined to be the causative organism, early VV-ECMO should be considered in patients with refractory hypoxemia given reported high survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Grotberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Linda Schulte
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Erin Schumer
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mary Sullivan
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kunal Kotkar
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mohammad F Masood
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Amit Pawale
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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2
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Berg H, Wirtz Martin MA, Altincekic N, Alshamleh I, Kaur Bains J, Blechar J, Ceylan B, de Jesus V, Dhamotharan K, Fuks C, Gande SL, Hargittay B, Hohmann KF, Hutchinson MT, Korn SM, Krishnathas R, Kutz F, Linhard V, Matzel T, Meiser N, Niesteruk A, Pyper DJ, Schulte L, Trucks S, Azzaoui K, Blommers MJJ, Gadiya Y, Karki R, Zaliani A, Gribbon P, Almeida MDS, Anobom CD, Bula AL, Buetikofer M, Caruso ÍP, Felli IC, Da Poian AT, de Amorim GC, Fourkiotis NK, Gallo A, Ghosh D, Gomes-Neto F, Gorbatyuk O, Hao B, Kurauskas V, Lecoq L, Li Y, Mebus-Antunes NC, Mompean M, Neves-Martins TC, Ninot-Pedrosa M, Pinheiro AS, Pontoriero L, Pustovalova Y, Riek R, Robertson A, Abi Saad MJ, Treviño MA, Tsika AC, Almeida FC, Bax A, Henzler-Wildman K, Hoch JC, Jaudzems K, Laurents DV, Orts J, Pieratelli R, Spyroulias GA, Duchardt-Ferner E, Ferner J, Fuertig B, Hengesbach M, Löhr F, Qureshi N, Richter C, Saxena K, Schlundt A, Sreeramulu S, Wacker A, Weigand JE, Wirmer-Bartoschek J, Woehnert J, Schwalbe H. Comprehensive Fragment Screening of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Proteome Explores Novel Chemical Space for Drug Development. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Berg
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | | | - Nadide Altincekic
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Islam Alshamleh
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Jasleen Kaur Bains
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Julius Blechar
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Betül Ceylan
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Vanessa de Jesus
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | | | - Christin Fuks
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Santosh L. Gande
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Bruno Hargittay
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | | | - Marie T. Hutchinson
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | | | - Robin Krishnathas
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Felicitas Kutz
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Verena Linhard
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Tobias Matzel
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Nathalie Meiser
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Anna Niesteruk
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Dennis J. Pyper
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Linda Schulte
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Sven Trucks
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Kamal Azzaoui
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Marcel J J Blommers
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Yojana Gadiya
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology ScreeningPort: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP Drug Discovery Research ScreeningPort Screening Unit GERMANY
| | - Reagon Karki
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP Screening Unit GERMANY
| | - Andrea Zaliani
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP Screening Unit GERMANY
| | - Philip Gribbon
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP Screening Unit GERMANY
| | - Marcius da Silva Almeida
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Institue for Medical Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Cristiane Dinis Anobom
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Department of Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Anna Lina Bula
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis: Latvijas Organiskas sintezes instituts Institute of Organic Synthesis LATVIA
| | - Matthias Buetikofer
- ETH Zurich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Institute für Physikalische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Ícaro Putinhon Caruso
- Sao Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho: Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho Department of Physics BRAZIL
| | - Isabella Caterina Felli
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) ITALY
| | - Andrea T Da Poian
- Sao Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho: Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho Department of Physics GERMANY
| | - Gisele Cardoso de Amorim
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Multidisciplinary Center for Research in Biology BRAZIL
| | - Nikolaos K Fourkiotis
- University of Patras - Patras Campus: Panepistemio Patron Department of Pharmacy GREECE
| | - Angelo Gallo
- University of Patras - Patras Campus: Panepistemio Patron Department of Pharmacy GREECE
| | - Dhiman Ghosh
- ETH Zurich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Institute for Physical Chemistry SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Oksana Gorbatyuk
- UConn Health Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UNITED STATES
| | - Bing Hao
- UConn Health Department of Molecular Biology and Biopyhsics UNITED STATES
| | - Vilius Kurauskas
- UW Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Department of Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Universite de Lyon Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry FRANCE
| | - Yunfeng Li
- UConn Health Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UNITED STATES
| | - Nathane Cunha Mebus-Antunes
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Institute of Medical Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Miguel Mompean
- Estacion Biologica de Donana CSIC "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Thais Cristtina Neves-Martins
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Institute of Medical Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Marti Ninot-Pedrosa
- Universite Lyon 1 IUT Lyon 1 Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry FRANCE
| | - Anderson S Pinheiro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Department of Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Letizia Pontoriero
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze Center for Magnetic Resonance ITALY
| | - Yulia Pustovalova
- UConn Health Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UNITED STATES
| | - Roland Riek
- ETH Zürich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Institute for Physical Chemistry SWITZERLAND
| | - Angus Robertson
- NIAMDD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Laboratory of Chemical Physics UNITED STATES
| | - Marie Jose Abi Saad
- University of Vienna: Universitat Wien Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences AUSTRIA
| | - Miguel A Treviño
- CSIC: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Aikaterini C Tsika
- University of Patras - Patras Campus: Panepistemio Patron Department of Pharmacy GREECE
| | - Fabio C.L. Almeida
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Institute of Medical Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Ad Bax
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Laboratory of Chemical Physics UNITED STATES
| | | | - Jeffrey C Hoch
- UConn Health Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UNITED STATES
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Latvian Academy of Sciences: Latvijas Organiskas sintezes instituts Institute for Organic Chemistry LATVIA
| | - Douglas V Laurents
- Estacion Biologica de Donana CSIC "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Julien Orts
- University of Vienna: Universitat Wien Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences AUSTRIA
| | - Roberta Pieratelli
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze Center for Magnetic Resonance ITALY
| | - Georgios A Spyroulias
- University of Patras - Patras Campus: Panepistemio Patron Department of Pharmacy GREECE
| | | | - Jan Ferner
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Boris Fuertig
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Martin Hengesbach
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Frank Löhr
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Nusrat Qureshi
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Christian Richter
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Andreas Schlundt
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Department for Biosciences GERMANY
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Anna Wacker
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Julia E Weigand
- TU Darmstadt: Technische Universitat Darmstadt Department of Biology GERMANY
| | | | - Jens Woehnert
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Department of Biological Sciences GERMANY
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt GERMANY
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3
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Berg H, Wirtz Martin MA, Altincekic N, Alshamleh I, Kaur Bains J, Blechar J, Ceylan B, de Jesus V, Dhamotharan K, Fuks C, Gande SL, Hargittay B, Hohmann KF, Hutchinson MT, Korn SM, Krishnathas R, Kutz F, Linhard V, Matzel T, Meiser N, Niesteruk A, Pyper DJ, Schulte L, Trucks S, Azzaoui K, Blommers MJJ, Gadiya Y, Karki R, Zaliani A, Gribbon P, Almeida MDS, Anobom CD, Bula AL, Buetikofer M, Caruso ÍP, Felli IC, Da Poian AT, de Amorim GC, Fourkiotis NK, Gallo A, Ghosh D, Gomes-Neto F, Gorbatyuk O, Hao B, Kurauskas V, Lecoq L, Li Y, Mebus-Antunes NC, Mompean M, Neves-Martins TC, Ninot-Pedrosa M, Pinheiro AS, Pontoriero L, Pustovalova Y, Riek R, Robertson A, Abi Saad MJ, Treviño MA, Tsika AC, Almeida FC, Bax A, Henzler-Wildman K, Hoch JC, Jaudzems K, Laurents DV, Orts J, Pieratelli R, Spyroulias GA, Duchardt-Ferner E, Ferner J, Fuertig B, Hengesbach M, Löhr F, Qureshi N, Richter C, Saxena K, Schlundt A, Sreeramulu S, Wacker A, Weigand JE, Wirmer-Bartoschek J, Woehnert J, Schwalbe H. Comprehensive Fragment Screening of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Proteome Explores Novel Chemical Space for Drug Development. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205858. [PMID: 36115062 PMCID: PMC9539013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 (SCoV2) and its variants of concern pose serious challenges to the public health. The variants increased challenges to vaccines, thus necessitating for development of new intervention strategies including anti‐virals. Within the international Covid19‐NMR consortium, we have identified binders targeting the RNA genome of SCoV2. We established protocols for the production and NMR characterization of more than 80% of all SCoV2 proteins. Here, we performed an NMR screening using a fragment library for binding to 25 SCoV2 proteins and identified hits also against previously unexplored SCoV2 proteins. Computational mapping was used to predict binding sites and identify functional moieties (chemotypes) of the ligands occupying these pockets. Striking consensus was observed between NMR‐detected binding sites of the main protease and the computational procedure. Our investigation provides novel structural and chemical space for structure‐based drug design against the SCoV2 proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Berg
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | | | - Nadide Altincekic
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Islam Alshamleh
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Jasleen Kaur Bains
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Julius Blechar
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Betül Ceylan
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Vanessa de Jesus
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | | | - Christin Fuks
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Santosh L. Gande
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Bruno Hargittay
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | | | - Marie T. Hutchinson
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | | | - Robin Krishnathas
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Felicitas Kutz
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Verena Linhard
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Tobias Matzel
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Nathalie Meiser
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Anna Niesteruk
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Dennis J. Pyper
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Linda Schulte
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Sven Trucks
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Kamal Azzaoui
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Marcel J J Blommers
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Yojana Gadiya
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology ScreeningPort: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP Drug Discovery Research ScreeningPort Screening Unit GERMANY
| | - Reagon Karki
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP Screening Unit GERMANY
| | - Andrea Zaliani
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP Screening Unit GERMANY
| | - Philip Gribbon
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP Screening Unit GERMANY
| | - Marcius da Silva Almeida
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Institue for Medical Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Cristiane Dinis Anobom
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Department of Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Anna Lina Bula
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis: Latvijas Organiskas sintezes instituts Institute of Organic Synthesis LATVIA
| | - Matthias Buetikofer
- ETH Zurich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Institute für Physikalische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Ícaro Putinhon Caruso
- Sao Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho: Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho Department of Physics BRAZIL
| | - Isabella Caterina Felli
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) ITALY
| | - Andrea T Da Poian
- Sao Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho: Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho Department of Physics GERMANY
| | - Gisele Cardoso de Amorim
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Multidisciplinary Center for Research in Biology BRAZIL
| | - Nikolaos K Fourkiotis
- University of Patras - Patras Campus: Panepistemio Patron Department of Pharmacy GREECE
| | - Angelo Gallo
- University of Patras - Patras Campus: Panepistemio Patron Department of Pharmacy GREECE
| | - Dhiman Ghosh
- ETH Zurich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Institute for Physical Chemistry SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Oksana Gorbatyuk
- UConn Health Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UNITED STATES
| | - Bing Hao
- UConn Health Department of Molecular Biology and Biopyhsics UNITED STATES
| | - Vilius Kurauskas
- UW Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Department of Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Universite de Lyon Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry FRANCE
| | - Yunfeng Li
- UConn Health Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UNITED STATES
| | - Nathane Cunha Mebus-Antunes
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Institute of Medical Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Miguel Mompean
- Estacion Biologica de Donana CSIC "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Thais Cristtina Neves-Martins
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Institute of Medical Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Marti Ninot-Pedrosa
- Universite Lyon 1 IUT Lyon 1 Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry FRANCE
| | - Anderson S Pinheiro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Department of Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Letizia Pontoriero
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze Center for Magnetic Resonance ITALY
| | - Yulia Pustovalova
- UConn Health Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UNITED STATES
| | - Roland Riek
- ETH Zürich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Institute for Physical Chemistry SWITZERLAND
| | - Angus Robertson
- NIAMDD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Laboratory of Chemical Physics UNITED STATES
| | - Marie Jose Abi Saad
- University of Vienna: Universitat Wien Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences AUSTRIA
| | - Miguel A Treviño
- CSIC: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Aikaterini C Tsika
- University of Patras - Patras Campus: Panepistemio Patron Department of Pharmacy GREECE
| | - Fabio C.L. Almeida
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Institute of Medical Biochemistry BRAZIL
| | - Ad Bax
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Laboratory of Chemical Physics UNITED STATES
| | | | - Jeffrey C Hoch
- UConn Health Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics UNITED STATES
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Latvian Academy of Sciences: Latvijas Organiskas sintezes instituts Institute for Organic Chemistry LATVIA
| | - Douglas V Laurents
- Estacion Biologica de Donana CSIC "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Julien Orts
- University of Vienna: Universitat Wien Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences AUSTRIA
| | - Roberta Pieratelli
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze Center for Magnetic Resonance ITALY
| | - Georgios A Spyroulias
- University of Patras - Patras Campus: Panepistemio Patron Department of Pharmacy GREECE
| | | | - Jan Ferner
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Boris Fuertig
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Martin Hengesbach
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Frank Löhr
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Nusrat Qureshi
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Christian Richter
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Andreas Schlundt
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Department for Biosciences GERMANY
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Anna Wacker
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Julia E Weigand
- TU Darmstadt: Technische Universitat Darmstadt Department of Biology GERMANY
| | | | - Jens Woehnert
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Department of Biological Sciences GERMANY
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt GERMANY
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Altincekic N, Korn SM, Qureshi NS, Dujardin M, Ninot-Pedrosa M, Abele R, Abi Saad MJ, Alfano C, Almeida FCL, Alshamleh I, de Amorim GC, Anderson TK, Anobom CD, Anorma C, Bains JK, Bax A, Blackledge M, Blechar J, Böckmann A, Brigandat L, Bula A, Bütikofer M, Camacho-Zarco AR, Carlomagno T, Caruso IP, Ceylan B, Chaikuad A, Chu F, Cole L, Crosby MG, de Jesus V, Dhamotharan K, Felli IC, Ferner J, Fleischmann Y, Fogeron ML, Fourkiotis NK, Fuks C, Fürtig B, Gallo A, Gande SL, Gerez JA, Ghosh D, Gomes-Neto F, Gorbatyuk O, Guseva S, Hacker C, Häfner S, Hao B, Hargittay B, Henzler-Wildman K, Hoch JC, Hohmann KF, Hutchison MT, Jaudzems K, Jović K, Kaderli J, Kalniņš G, Kaņepe I, Kirchdoerfer RN, Kirkpatrick J, Knapp S, Krishnathas R, Kutz F, zur Lage S, Lambertz R, Lang A, Laurents D, Lecoq L, Linhard V, Löhr F, Malki A, Bessa LM, Martin RW, Matzel T, Maurin D, McNutt SW, Mebus-Antunes NC, Meier BH, Meiser N, Mompeán M, Monaca E, Montserret R, Mariño Perez L, Moser C, Muhle-Goll C, Neves-Martins TC, Ni X, Norton-Baker B, Pierattelli R, Pontoriero L, Pustovalova Y, Ohlenschläger O, Orts J, Da Poian AT, Pyper DJ, Richter C, Riek R, Rienstra CM, Robertson A, Pinheiro AS, Sabbatella R, Salvi N, Saxena K, Schulte L, Schiavina M, Schwalbe H, Silber M, Almeida MDS, Sprague-Piercy MA, Spyroulias GA, Sreeramulu S, Tants JN, Tārs K, Torres F, Töws S, Treviño MÁ, Trucks S, Tsika AC, Varga K, Wang Y, Weber ME, Weigand JE, Wiedemann C, Wirmer-Bartoschek J, Wirtz Martin MA, Zehnder J, Hengesbach M, Schlundt A. Large-Scale Recombinant Production of the SARS-CoV-2 Proteome for High-Throughput and Structural Biology Applications. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:653148. [PMID: 34041264 PMCID: PMC8141814 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.653148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly infectious disease COVID-19 caused by the Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 poses a severe threat to humanity and demands the redirection of scientific efforts and criteria to organized research projects. The international COVID19-NMR consortium seeks to provide such new approaches by gathering scientific expertise worldwide. In particular, making available viral proteins and RNAs will pave the way to understanding the SARS-CoV-2 molecular components in detail. The research in COVID19-NMR and the resources provided through the consortium are fully disclosed to accelerate access and exploitation. NMR investigations of the viral molecular components are designated to provide the essential basis for further work, including macromolecular interaction studies and high-throughput drug screening. Here, we present the extensive catalog of a holistic SARS-CoV-2 protein preparation approach based on the consortium's collective efforts. We provide protocols for the large-scale production of more than 80% of all SARS-CoV-2 proteins or essential parts of them. Several of the proteins were produced in more than one laboratory, demonstrating the high interoperability between NMR groups worldwide. For the majority of proteins, we can produce isotope-labeled samples of HSQC-grade. Together with several NMR chemical shift assignments made publicly available on covid19-nmr.com, we here provide highly valuable resources for the production of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in isotope-labeled form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadide Altincekic
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sophie Marianne Korn
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nusrat Shahin Qureshi
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marie Dujardin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS/Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Martí Ninot-Pedrosa
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS/Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Rupert Abele
- Institute for Biochemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marie Jose Abi Saad
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Alfano
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio C. L. Almeida
- National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN, CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Islam Alshamleh
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gisele Cardoso de Amorim
- National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN, CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Multidisciplinary Center for Research in Biology (NUMPEX), Campus Duque de Caxias Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Thomas K. Anderson
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cristiane D. Anobom
- National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN, CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Chelsea Anorma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jasleen Kaur Bains
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adriaan Bax
- LCP, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Julius Blechar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS/Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Louis Brigandat
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS/Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Anna Bula
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Matthias Bütikofer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Teresa Carlomagno
- BMWZ and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Group of NMR-Based Structural Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Icaro Putinhon Caruso
- National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN, CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Betül Ceylan
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Feixia Chu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Laura Cole
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS/Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Marquise G. Crosby
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa de Jesus
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karthikeyan Dhamotharan
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabella C. Felli
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Jan Ferner
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yanick Fleischmann
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS/Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | | | - Christin Fuks
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Boris Fürtig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angelo Gallo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Santosh L. Gande
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Juan Atilio Gerez
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dhiman Ghosh
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Gomes-Neto
- National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN, CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Oksana Gorbatyuk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | | | | | - Sabine Häfner
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Bing Hao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Bruno Hargittay
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - K. Henzler-Wildman
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Hoch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Katharina F. Hohmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marie T. Hutchison
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Katarina Jović
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Janina Kaderli
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gints Kalniņš
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Iveta Kaņepe
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Robert N. Kirchdoerfer
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - John Kirkpatrick
- BMWZ and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Group of NMR-Based Structural Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robin Krishnathas
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felicitas Kutz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne zur Lage
- Group of NMR-Based Structural Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roderick Lambertz
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andras Lang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Douglas Laurents
- “Rocasolano” Institute for Physical Chemistry (IQFR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS/Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Verena Linhard
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Löhr
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anas Malki
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Rachel W. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Tobias Matzel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Damien Maurin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Seth W. McNutt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Nathane Cunha Mebus-Antunes
- National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN, CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beat H. Meier
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Meiser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miguel Mompeán
- “Rocasolano” Institute for Physical Chemistry (IQFR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Monaca
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roland Montserret
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS/Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | | | - Celine Moser
- IBG-4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Thais Cristtina Neves-Martins
- National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN, CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Xiamonin Ni
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Brenna Norton-Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Roberta Pierattelli
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Letizia Pontoriero
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Yulia Pustovalova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | | | - Julien Orts
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea T. Da Poian
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis J. Pyper
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roland Riek
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of Biochemistry and National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Anderson S. Pinheiro
- National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN, CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Nicola Salvi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Linda Schulte
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco Schiavina
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mara Silber
- IBG-4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcius da Silva Almeida
- National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN, CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marc A. Sprague-Piercy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan-Niklas Tants
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kaspars Tārs
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Felix Torres
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Töws
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miguel Á. Treviño
- “Rocasolano” Institute for Physical Chemistry (IQFR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sven Trucks
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Krisztina Varga
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- BMWZ and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco E. Weber
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia E. Weigand
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Wiedemann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Julia Wirmer-Bartoschek
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria Alexandra Wirtz Martin
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Zehnder
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hengesbach
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlundt
- Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Carvalho F, Schulte L. Reconstruction of mining activities in the Western Alps during the past 2500 years from natural archives. Sci Total Environ 2021; 750:141208. [PMID: 32846252 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The geochemical analysis of natural archives can improve our knowledge of past mining activities and their environmental imprint. The sedimentary records from the Hasli-Aare floodplain (Bernese Alps) over the last 2500 years were analysed for metals. Evidence of past mining contamination was obtained from the XRF analyses of iron, copper, zinc and lead. These results were analytically and statistically processed to produce a metal content index. Positive metal anomalies indicate four major pulses of contamination coinciding with the end of the Iron Age, from the end of the Roman Period to the Early Medieval Period, the Late Medieval Period, and the Modern Period. These pulses show good agreement with local historical sources of mining in the Hasli-Aare catchment, dating back to the beginning of the 15th century. Furthermore, they are in phase with anthropogenic pollution trends inferred from glacier ice cores, lake sediments and peat bogs across the Western Alps, most notably during the Roman, Late Medieval and Modern Periods. However, close comparison between these records can show some differences, suggesting local variations in mining activities and/or a lag in metal transfer. The reconstructed periods of anthropogenic metal pollution are located in their political, economic and social contexts and compared with the climate periods of central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Carvalho
- FluvAlps Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L Schulte
- FluvAlps Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Orlowski S, Tietjen E, Bischof A, Brandt D, Schulte L, Bischof G, Besser B, Trachte A, Rumpf HJ. Corrigendum to "The association of cognitive distortions and the type of gambling in problematic and disordered gambling" [Addictive Behaviors 108 (2020) 106445]. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106663. [PMID: 33041106 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Orlowski
- University of Luebeck, Research Group S:TEP, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany.
| | - E Tietjen
- University of Luebeck, Research Group S:TEP, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - A Bischof
- University of Luebeck, Research Group S:TEP, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - D Brandt
- University of Luebeck, Research Group S:TEP, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - L Schulte
- University of Luebeck, Research Group S:TEP, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - G Bischof
- University of Luebeck, Research Group S:TEP, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - B Besser
- University of Luebeck, Research Group S:TEP, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - A Trachte
- University of Luebeck, Research Group S:TEP, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - H-J Rumpf
- University of Luebeck, Research Group S:TEP, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
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7
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Schulte L, Mao J, Reitz J, Sreeramulu S, Kudlinzki D, Hodirnau VV, Meier-Credo J, Saxena K, Buhr F, Langer JD, Blackledge M, Frangakis AS, Glaubitz C, Schwalbe H. Cysteine oxidation and disulfide formation in the ribosomal exit tunnel. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5569. [PMID: 33149120 PMCID: PMC7642426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the conformational sampling of translation-arrested ribosome nascent chain complexes is key to understand co-translational folding. Up to now, coupling of cysteine oxidation, disulfide bond formation and structure formation in nascent chains has remained elusive. Here, we investigate the eye-lens protein γB-crystallin in the ribosomal exit tunnel. Using mass spectrometry, theoretical simulations, dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy, we show that thiol groups of cysteine residues undergo S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation and form non-native disulfide bonds. Thus, covalent modification chemistry occurs already prior to nascent chain release as the ribosome exit tunnel provides sufficient space even for disulfide bond formation which can guide protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Schulte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jiafei Mao
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julian Reitz
- Institute for Biophysics, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Denis Kudlinzki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Victor-Valentin Hodirnau
- Institute for Biophysics, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Krishna Saxena
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Buhr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Institute for Biophysics, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Beck A, Schulte L, Möller P. [Autoimmune enteropathy in adults : A rare and difficult but relevant differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea]. Pathologe 2020; 41:230-237. [PMID: 32239324 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-020-00769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune enteropathy (AIE) was originally believed to be a pediatric disease until there were increasing numbers of adult cases reported over the last 20 years. AIE is an autoimmune disease that manifests as severe chronic diarrhea.The histological hallmark is villous atrophy. Histology alone is not sufficiently sensitive and consistent. Four different histological patterns are known. There are many differential diagnoses to be considered relating to both histology and symptoms.We present the case of a young woman with fatal AIE and homozygous germline-mutation of the CLEC7A gene. The course of disease is documented in multiple intestinal biopsies, which show a morphological change over time.Histology and symptoms often resemble celiac disease. In order to recognize this rare disease early in its course there is a need for a special awareness among attending physicians and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beck
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland.
| | - L Schulte
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - P Möller
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland
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9
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Schulz C, Lai X, Bertrams W, Jung AL, Sittka-Stark A, Herkt C, Janga H, Zscheppang K, Stielow C, Schulte L, Hippenstiel S, Vera J, Schmeck B. Makrophagen induzieren eine epitheliale Hyporesponsivität gegen Legionella pneumophila – eine systembiologische Studie. Pneumologie 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1619301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Schulz
- Institut für Lungenforschung, Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)
| | - X Lai
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Dermatologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | - W Bertrams
- Institut für Lungenforschung, Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)
| | - AL Jung
- Institut für Lungenforschung, Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)
| | - A Sittka-Stark
- Institut für Lungenforschung, Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)
| | - C Herkt
- Institut für Lungenforschung, Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)
| | - H Janga
- Institut für Lungenforschung, Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)
| | - K Zscheppang
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Infektiologie und Pneumologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - C Stielow
- Institut für Lungenforschung, Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)
| | - L Schulte
- Institut für Lungenforschung, Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)
| | - S Hippenstiel
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Infektiologie und Pneumologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - J Vera
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Dermatologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | - B Schmeck
- Institut für Lungenforschung, Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL); Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)
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10
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Aartsen MG, Abraham K, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Archinger M, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Tjus JB, Becker KH, Beiser E, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Silva AHC, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Fuchs T, Glagla M, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Ismail AH, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansmann B, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Holzapfe K, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper JA, de Los Heros CP, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Richter S, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sabbatini L, Sander HG, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schimp M, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vanheule S, Veenkamp J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Zoll M. Evidence for Astrophysical Muon Neutrinos from the Northern Sky with IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:081102. [PMID: 26340177 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Results from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory have recently provided compelling evidence for the existence of a high energy astrophysical neutrino flux utilizing a dominantly Southern Hemisphere data set consisting primarily of ν(e) and ν(τ) charged-current and neutral-current (cascade) neutrino interactions. In the analysis presented here, a data sample of approximately 35,000 muon neutrinos from the Northern sky is extracted from data taken during 659.5 days of live time recorded between May 2010 and May 2012. While this sample is composed primarily of neutrinos produced by cosmic ray interactions in Earth's atmosphere, the highest energy events are inconsistent with a hypothesis of solely terrestrial origin at 3.7σ significance. These neutrinos can, however, be explained by an astrophysical flux per neutrino flavor at a level of Φ(E(ν))=9.9(-3.4)(+3.9)×10(-19) GeV(-1) cm(-2) sr(-1) s(-1)(E(ν)/100 TeV(-2), consistent with IceCube's Southern-Hemisphere-dominated result. Additionally, a fit for an astrophysical flux with an arbitrary spectral index is performed. We find a spectral index of 2.2(-0.2)(+0.2), which is also in good agreement with the Southern Hemisphere result.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K Abraham
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Archinger
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Arguelles
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T C Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Beiser
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - A Bernhard
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Bos
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A M Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Buzinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - B Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A7
| | - L Classen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Coenders
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P Dumm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - O Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Glagla
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Gaior
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Gier
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - P Gretskov
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J C Groh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Groß
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Hansmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Hellwig
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G C Hill
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K Holzapfe
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P O Hulth
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Jurkovic
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - A Kappes
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - A Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kemp
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Konietz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Koob
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Leuner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - H S Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - E Middlemas
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Pütz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Rameez
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - P Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Relich
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - E Resconi
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - S Richter
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - S Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Ruzybayev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S M Saba
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L Sabbatini
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - H-G Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - K Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Schimp
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - A Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M W E Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stahlberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - N A Stanisha
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E A Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J Veenkamp
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wichary
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Wille
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Zarzhitsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aartsen MG, Abraham K, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Archinger M, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Tjus JB, Becker KH, Beiser E, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Silva AHC, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, André JPAMD, Clercq CD, Dembinski H, Ridder SD, Desiati P, Vries KDD, Wasseige GD, With MD, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glagla M, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Gross A, Ha C, Haack C, Ismail AH, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansmann B, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Holzapfel K, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper JA, Heros CPDL, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Richter S, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sabbatini L, Sander HG, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schimp M, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stössl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, Vandenbroucke J, Eijndhoven NV, Vanheule S, Santen JV, Veenkamp J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Zoll M. A COMBINED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICAL NEUTRINO FLUX MEASURED WITH ICECUBE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/809/1/98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Aartsen M, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar J, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Archinger M, Arguelles C, Arlen T, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick S, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty J, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Beiser E, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson D, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma D, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown A, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Cowen D, Cruz Silva A, Daughhetee J, Davis J, Day M, de André J, De Clercq C, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries K, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez J, Dumm J, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson P, Fadiran O, Fahey S, Fazely A, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Fuchs T, Glagla M, Gaisser T, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez J, Goodman J, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh J, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansmann B, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hulth P, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze G, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley J, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein S, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen D, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi J, Larson M, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn K, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis H, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper J, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price P, Przybylski G, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Richter S, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba S, Sabbatini L, Sander HG, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schimp M, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith M, Soldin D, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha N, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stößl A, Strahler E, Ström R, Strotjohann N, Sullivan G, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale P, Tobin M, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vanheule S, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan B, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Wille L, Williams D, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood T, Woschnagg K, Xu D, Xu X, Xu Y, Yanez J, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Zoll M. Measurement of the AtmosphericνeSpectrum with IceCube. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.91.122004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eisch J, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Kriesten A, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larsen DT, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Penek Ö, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Rees I, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rodrigues JP, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sander HG, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vanheule S, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zoll M. Flavor Ratio of Astrophysical Neutrinos above 35 TeV in IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:171102. [PMID: 25978221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.171102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos above 100 TeV has been observed at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Here we extend this analysis to probe the astrophysical flux down to 35 TeV and analyze its flavor composition by classifying events as showers or tracks. Taking advantage of lower atmospheric backgrounds for showerlike events, we obtain a shower-biased sample containing 129 showers and 8 tracks collected in three years from 2010 to 2013. We demonstrate consistency with the (fe:fμ:fτ)⊕≈(1:1:1)⊕ flavor ratio at Earth commonly expected from the averaged oscillations of neutrinos produced by pion decay in distant astrophysical sources. Limits are placed on nonstandard flavor compositions that cannot be produced by averaged neutrino oscillations but could arise in exotic physics scenarios. A maximally tracklike composition of (0:1:0)⊕ is excluded at 3.3σ, and a purely showerlike composition of (1:0:0)⊕ is excluded at 2.3σ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Arguelles
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T C Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - A Bernhard
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Bos
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A M Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Buzinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - B Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A7
| | - L Classen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Clevermann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Coenders
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P Dumm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Eisch
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - O Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Frantzen
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Gaior
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Gier
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - P Gretskov
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J C Groh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Groß
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Hallen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hanson
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Heinen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Hellwig
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G C Hill
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P O Hulth
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Jacobsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Jurkovic
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - A Kappes
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - A Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J-H Köhne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Koob
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Kriesten
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - D T Larsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - H S Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - E Middlemas
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N Milke
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ö Penek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Pütz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Rameez
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - P Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Rees
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Relich
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - E Resconi
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - J P Rodrigues
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Ruzybayev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S M Saba
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - H-G Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - K Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - A Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Schulz
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Y Sestayo
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M W E Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - N A Stanisha
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E A Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Tamburro
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ch Weaver
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Wellons
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wichary
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Zarzhitsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - J Ziemann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Beatty JJ, Tjus JB, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eichmann B, Eisch J, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Kriesten A, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Larsen DT, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Omairat A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Penek Ö, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Rees I, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rodrigues JP, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sander HG, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Tepe A, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zoll M, Morik K. Development of a general analysis and unfolding scheme and its application to measure the energy spectrum of atmospheric neutrinos with IceCube: IceCube Collaboration. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2015; 75:116. [PMID: 25995705 PMCID: PMC4429507 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the development and application of a generic analysis scheme for the measurement of neutrino spectra with the IceCube detector. This scheme is based on regularized unfolding, preceded by an event selection which uses a Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance algorithm to select the relevant variables and a random forest for the classification of events. The analysis has been developed using IceCube data from the 59-string configuration of the detector. 27,771 neutrino candidates were detected in 346 days of livetime. A rejection of 99.9999 % of the atmospheric muon background is achieved. The energy spectrum of the atmospheric neutrino flux is obtained using the TRUEE unfolding program. The unfolded spectrum of atmospheric muon neutrinos covers an energy range from 100 GeV to 1 PeV. Compared to the previous measurement using the detector in the 40-string configuration, the analysis presented here, extends the upper end of the atmospheric neutrino spectrum by more than a factor of two, reaching an energy region that has not been previously accessed by spectral measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - J. Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. A. Aguilar
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M. Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Ahrens
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D. Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T. Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - C. Arguelles
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. C. Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - J. Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - X. Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA
| | - S. W. Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - V. Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. J. Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - J. Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K.-H. Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - D. Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | | | - A. Bernhard
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D. Z. Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - G. Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - D. Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M. Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E. Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - J. Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D. J. Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. Bohm
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. Bos
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D. Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - S. Böser
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O. Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L. Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A. M. Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - M. Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E. Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - D. Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B. Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - K. Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7 Canada
| | - L. Classen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F. Clevermann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S. Coenders
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D. F. Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | | | - M. Danninger
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - J. C. Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - M. Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. P. A. M. de André
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - C. De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. D. de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. DeYoung
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - J. C. Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - R. Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - B. Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J. Eisch
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P. A. Evenson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - O. Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. R. Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - A. Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J. Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - T. Feusels
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - C. Finley
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. Flis
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Franckowiak
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Frantzen
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. K. Gaisser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - R. Gaior
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - J. Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - L. Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - D. Gier
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - A. Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - G. Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. G. Gonzalez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - J. A. Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - D. Góra
- DESY, 15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D. Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - P. Gretskov
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J. C. Groh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - A. Groß
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C. Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - C. Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Hallen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F. Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Hanson
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. Hebecker
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D. Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. Heinen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R. Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - D. Hellwig
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Hickford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - G. C. Hill
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - K. D. Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - R. Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A. Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - F. Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - W. Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - P. O. Hulth
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. Hultqvist
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Hussain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - A. Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | | | - J. Jacobsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Jagielski
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - K. Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - O. Jlelati
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. Jurkovic
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - A. Kappes
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T. Karg
- DESY, 15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A. Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - J. L. Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - J. Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. R. Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. H. Köhne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G. Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H. Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Koob
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Kopper
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D. J. Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Kowalski
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Kriesten
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. Krings
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G. Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J. Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N. Kurahashi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. Kuwabara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - M. Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D. T. Larsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. J. Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - M. Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J. Leute
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J. Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | - G. Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R. Maruyama
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - H. S. Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - R. Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - F. McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Meagher
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M. Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - T. Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - E. Middlemas
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - N. Milke
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J. Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T. Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R. Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - U. Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H. Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - S. C. Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - D. R. Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - A. Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. Odrowski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - A. Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - A. Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A. O’Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T. Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - L. Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ö. Penek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J. A. Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - C. Pérez de los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - D. Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E. Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P. B. Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - J. Pütz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - L. Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Rameez
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K. Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - P. Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - I. Rees
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - R. Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Relich
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - E. Resconi
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W. Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M. Richman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - B. Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - J. P. Rodrigues
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C. Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - T. Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B. Ruzybayev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - D. Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. M. Saba
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - H.-G. Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Sandroos
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Santander
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3NP UK
| | - K. Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - F. Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M. Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S. Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - A. Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O. Schulz
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D. Seckel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Y. Sestayo
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S. Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | | | - M. W. E. Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - D. Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G. M. Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | | | - M. Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - T. Stanev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - N. A. Stanisha
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - A. Stasik
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - T. Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - R. G. Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - E. A. Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R. Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N. L. Strotjohann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - G. W. Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - H. Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I. Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - A. Tamburro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - A. Tepe
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | | | - G. Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - S. Tilav
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - P. A. Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - M. N. Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - D. Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E. Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Usner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - S. Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - J. Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C. Walck
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ch. Weaver
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Wellons
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - C. Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - B. J. Whelan
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - N. Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - C. Wichary
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. H. Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D. R. Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - H. Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M. Wolf
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. R. Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - K. Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - D. L. Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - X. W. Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | | | - G. Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - S. Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - P. Zarzhitsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - J. Ziemann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S. Zierke
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Zoll
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. Morik
- Department of Computer Science, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Schulte L, Sprenger C, May A. EHMTI-0154. Brainstem mechanisms of trigeminal nociception: an fMRI study at 3T. J Headache Pain 2014. [PMCID: PMC4181880 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-s1-e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eichmann B, Eisch J, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grandmont DT, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Kriesten A, Krings K, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Larsen DT, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Macías O, Madsen J, Maggi G, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Meli A, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Omairat A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Penek O, Pepper JA, Pérez de Los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Rees I, Reimann R, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rodrigues JP, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Tepe A, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zoll M. Observation of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in three years of IceCube data. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:101101. [PMID: 25238345 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A search for high-energy neutrinos interacting within the IceCube detector between 2010 and 2012 provided the first evidence for a high-energy neutrino flux of extraterrestrial origin. Results from an analysis using the same methods with a third year (2012-2013) of data from the complete IceCube detector are consistent with the previously reported astrophysical flux in the 100 TeV-PeV range at the level of 10(-8) GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1 per flavor and reject a purely atmospheric explanation for the combined three-year data at 5.7σ. The data are consistent with expectations for equal fluxes of all three neutrino flavors and with isotropic arrival directions, suggesting either numerous or spatially extended sources. The three-year data set, with a live time of 988 days, contains a total of 37 neutrino candidate events with deposited energies ranging from 30 to 2000 TeV. The 2000-TeV event is the highest-energy neutrino interaction ever observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Arguelles
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T C Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - X Bai
- Department of Physics, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA and Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A M Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - B Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Clevermann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - M Danninger
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Eisch
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - O Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - T Feusels
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Franckowiak
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Frantzen
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Gier
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D T Grandmont
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - P Gretskov
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J C Groh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Groß
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Hallen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hanson
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Hebecker
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Heinen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Hellwig
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - G C Hill
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P O Hulth
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Hussain
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Jacobsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Jagielski
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - O Jlelati
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | - A Kappes
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J-H Köhne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Koob
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - A Kriesten
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D T Larsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Leute
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Macías
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - H S Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - E Middlemas
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N Milke
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Odrowski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - O Penek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Pütz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Rameez
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - P Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Rees
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Resconi
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Robertson
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - J P Rodrigues
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Ruzybayev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S M Saba
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - H-G Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - K Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - A Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Schulz
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Y Sestayo
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - C Sheremata
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - M W E Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - N A Stanisha
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Stasik
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E A Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N L Strotjohann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Tamburro
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - A Tepe
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Unger
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - M Usner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - S Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ch Weaver
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Wellons
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wichary
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Zarzhitsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - J Ziemann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Zierke
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aartsen M, Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar J, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Arguelles C, Arlen T, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick S, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty J, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson D, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma D, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown A, Bruijn R, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cohen S, Cowen D, Cruz Silva A, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis J, Day M, de André J, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries K, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez J, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eichmann B, Eisch J, Euler S, Evenson P, Fadiran O, Fazely A, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser T, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez J, Goodman J, Góra D, Grandmont D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh J, Groß A, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huelsnitz W, Hulth P, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze G, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Kelley J, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein S, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen D, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Kriesten A, Krings K, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson M, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Macías O, Madsen J, Maggi G, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis H, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Omairat A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper J, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price P, Przybylski G, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rodrigues J, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba S, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Sheremata C, Smith M, Soldin D, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha N, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stößl A, Strahler E, Ström R, Strotjohann N, Sullivan G, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Tepe A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale P, Tobin M, Toscano S, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan B, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Williams D, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood T, Woschnagg K, Xu D, Xu X, Yanez J, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zoll M. Search for a diffuse flux of astrophysical muon neutrinos with the IceCube 59-string configuration. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.89.062007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dreher M, Schulte L, Ekkernkamp E, Windisch W, Zirlik A. Einfluss einer effektiven außerklinischen nichtinvasiven Beatmung auf inflammatorische und kardiovaskuläre Biomarker bei hyperkapnischer COPD. Pneumologie 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1368070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Bechet S, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Benabderrahmane ML, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Bertrand D, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohaichuk S, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Carson M, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cohen S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eichmann B, Eisch J, Ellsworth RW, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grandmont DT, Grant D, Groß A, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kelley JL, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, O'Murchadha A, Paul L, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Rodrigues JP, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Salameh T, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Tepe A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Toscano S, Unger E, Usner M, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zoll M. Evidence for high-energy extraterrestrial neutrinos at the IceCube detector. Science 2013; 342:1242856. [PMID: 24264993 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report on results of an all-sky search for high-energy neutrino events interacting within the IceCube neutrino detector conducted between May 2010 and May 2012. The search follows up on the previous detection of two PeV neutrino events, with improved sensitivity and extended energy coverage down to about 30 TeV. Twenty-six additional events were observed, substantially more than expected from atmospheric backgrounds. Combined, both searches reject a purely atmospheric origin for the 28 events at the 4σ level. These 28 events, which include the highest energy neutrinos ever observed, have flavors, directions, and energies inconsistent with those expected from the atmospheric muon and neutrino backgrounds. These properties are, however, consistent with generic predictions for an additional component of extraterrestrial origin.
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Bechet S, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Bell M, Benabderrahmane ML, Benzvi S, Berdermann J, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Bertrand D, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohaichuk S, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Carson M, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cohen S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eisch J, Ellsworth RW, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Franke R, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grandmont DT, Grant D, Groß A, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kelley JL, Kiryluk J, Kislat F, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Mészáros P, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Olivo M, O'Murchadha A, Palazzo A, Paul L, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Pirk N, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Rodrigues JP, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Salameh T, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheel M, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Tepe A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Toscano S, Usner M, van der Drift D, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Wasserman R, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu C, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zoll M. Measurement of atmospheric neutrino oscillations with IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:081801. [PMID: 24010427 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.081801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the first statistically significant detection of neutrino oscillations in the high-energy regime (>20 GeV) from an analysis of IceCube Neutrino Observatory data collected in 2010 and 2011. This measurement is made possible by the low-energy threshold of the DeepCore detector (~20 GeV) and benefits from the use of the IceCube detector as a veto against cosmic-ray-induced muon background. The oscillation signal was detected within a low-energy muon neutrino sample (20-100 GeV) extracted from data collected by DeepCore. A high-energy muon neutrino sample (100 GeV-10 TeV) was extracted from IceCube data to constrain systematic uncertainties. The disappearance of low-energy upward-going muon neutrinos was observed, and the nonoscillation hypothesis is rejected with more than 5σ significance. In a two-neutrino flavor formalism, our data are best described by the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters |Δm(32)(2)|=(2.3(-0.5)(+0.6))×10(-3) eV(2) and sin(2)(2θ(23))>0.93, and maximum mixing is favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide South Australia, 5005 Australia
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Bechet S, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Bell M, Benabderrahmane ML, BenZvi S, Berdermann J, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Bertrand D, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohaichuk S, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Carson M, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cohen S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eisch J, Ellsworth RW, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Franke R, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Groß A, Gurtner M, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kelley JL, Kiryluk J, Kislat F, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Mészáros P, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Olivo M, O'Murchadha A, Paul L, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Pirk N, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Rodrigues JP, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Salameh T, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheel M, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soiron M, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Toscano S, Usner M, van der Drift D, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Wasserman R, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu C, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zilles A, Zoll M. First observation of PeV-energy neutrinos with IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:021103. [PMID: 23889381 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.021103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the observation of two neutrino-induced events which have an estimated deposited energy in the IceCube detector of 1.04±0.16 and 1.14±0.17 PeV, respectively, the highest neutrino energies observed so far. These events are consistent with fully contained particle showers induced by neutral-current ν(e,μ,τ) (ν(e,μ,τ)) or charged-current ν(e) (ν(e)) interactions within the IceCube detector. The events were discovered in a search for ultrahigh energy neutrinos using data corresponding to 615.9 days effective live time. The expected number of atmospheric background is 0.082±0.004(stat)(-0.057)(+0.041)(syst). The probability of observing two or more candidate events under the atmospheric background-only hypothesis is 2.9×10(-3) (2.8σ) taking into account the uncertainty on the expected number of background events. These two events could be a first indication of an astrophysical neutrino flux; the moderate significance, however, does not permit a definitive conclusion at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide South Australia 5005, Australia
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beattie K, Beatty JJ, Bechet S, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Bell M, Benabderrahmane ML, BenZvi S, Berdermann J, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Bertrand D, Besson DZ, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohaichuk S, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Brown AM, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Buitink S, Carson M, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christy B, Clark K, Clevermann F, Cohen S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries-Uiterweerd G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dreyer J, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eisch J, Ellsworth RW, Engdegård O, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Franke R, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Groß A, Gurtner M, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Heereman D, Heimann P, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kelley JL, Kiryluk J, Kislat F, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Mészáros P, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Olivo M, O'Murchadha A, Panknin S, Paul L, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pirk N, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Rädel L, Rawlins K, Redl P, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Rodrigues JP, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Salameh T, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheel M, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönherr L, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Seo SH, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soiron M, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tilav S, Toale PA, Toscano S, Usner M, van der Drift D, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Wasserman R, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu C, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zilles A, Zoll M. Measurement of the atmospheric νe flux in IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:151105. [PMID: 25167245 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.151105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the first measurement of the atmospheric electron neutrino flux in the energy range between approximately 80 GeV and 6 TeV, using data recorded during the first year of operation of IceCube's DeepCore low-energy extension. Techniques to identify neutrinos interacting within the DeepCore volume and veto muons originating outside the detector are demonstrated. A sample of 1029 events is observed in 281 days of data, of which 496±66(stat)±88(syst) are estimated to be cascade events, including both electron neutrino and neutral current events. The rest of the sample includes residual backgrounds due to atmospheric muons and charged current interactions of atmospheric muon neutrinos. The flux of the atmospheric electron neutrinos is consistent with models of atmospheric neutrinos in this energy range. This constitutes the first observation of electron neutrinos and neutral current interactions in a very large volume neutrino telescope optimized for the TeV energy range.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - R Abbasi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Abdou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Altmann
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Auffenberg
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - X Bai
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Baker
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Beattie
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA and Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - S Bechet
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bell
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | | | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | | | - D Bertrand
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Bohaichuk
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Bose
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Böser
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A M Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - R Bruijn
- Laboratory for High Energy Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - S Buitink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Carson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - F Clevermann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Cohen
- Laboratory for High Energy Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - M Danninger
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Dreyer
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Eisch
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R W Ellsworth
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - O Engdegård
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Euler
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - O Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Feusels
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Franckowiak
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - K Frantzen
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - A Groß
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Gurtner
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - C Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hanson
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Heimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Heinen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - G C Hill
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P O Hulth
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Hussain
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Jacobsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - O Jlelati
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - A Kappes
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - J Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J-H Köhne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Krasberg
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Labare
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Landsman
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J Leute
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - H S Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Merck
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Mészáros
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - N Milke
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Olivo
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Panknin
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - L Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - N Pirk
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - P Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E Resconi
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Ribordy
- Laboratory for High Energy Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P Rodrigues
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Ruzybayev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S M Saba
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - T Salameh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - H-G Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - K Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Scheel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L Schönherr
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - A Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Schulz
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S H Seo
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Sestayo
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - C Sheremata
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - M W E Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Soiron
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - A Stasik
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E A Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Tamburro
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Toscano
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Usner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D van der Drift
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Van Overloop
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Waldenmaier
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R Wasserman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ch Weaver
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Wellons
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Xu
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Zarzhitsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - J Ziemann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Zierke
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Zilles
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beattie K, Beatty JJ, Bechet S, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Bell M, Benabderrahmane ML, BenZvi S, Berdermann J, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Bertrand D, Besson DZ, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohaichuk S, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Brown AM, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Buitink S, Carson M, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christy B, Clark K, Clevermann F, Cohen S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries-Uiterweerd G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dreyer J, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eisch J, Ellsworth RW, Engdegård O, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Franke R, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Groß A, Gurtner M, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Heereman D, Heimann P, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kelley JL, Kiryluk J, Kislat F, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Mészáros P, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Olivo M, O'Murchadha A, Paul L, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pirk N, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Rädel L, Rawlins K, Redl P, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Rodrigues JP, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Salameh T, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheel M, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönherr L, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Seo SH, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soiron M, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tilav S, Toale PA, Toscano S, Usner M, van der Drift D, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Wasserman R, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu C, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zilles A, Zoll M. Search for dark matter annihilations in the sun with the 79-string IceCube detector. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:131302. [PMID: 23581307 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.131302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have performed a search for muon neutrinos from dark matter annihilation in the center of the Sun with the 79-string configuration of the IceCube neutrino telescope. For the first time, the DeepCore subarray is included in the analysis, lowering the energy threshold and extending the search to the austral summer. The 317 days of data collected between June 2010 and May 2011 are consistent with the expected background from atmospheric muons and neutrinos. Upper limits are set on the dark matter annihilation rate, with conversions to limits on spin-dependent and spin-independent scattering cross sections of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) on protons, for WIMP masses in the range 20-5000 GeV/c2. These are the most stringent spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross section limits to date above 35 GeV/c2 for most WIMP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Poser U, Schulte L, Würflinger A. Dielectric Measurements at High Pressures and Low Temperatures VIII: Dielectric and Thermodynamic Properties of Cycloheptanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19850891207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Giesecke F, Michael G, Schulte L. Zur kolorimetrischen Bestimmung der Phosphorsäure in Pflanzenaschen mit Hilfe des Photozellen-Kolorimeters nach Lange. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jpln.19380070306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gómez Ortiz A, Schulte L, Salvador Franch F, Palacios Estremera D, Sanjosé Blasco JJ, Atkinson Gordo A. Deglaciación reciente de Sierra Nevada : Repercusiones morfogénicas, nuevos datos y perspectivas de estudio futuro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.18172/cig.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation was to determine how suddenly diminished auditory feedback affects articulatory behaviors for prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants (CIs). DESIGN Two 6-yr-old children served as participants. Considering their level of hearing impairment, one child had above average speech perception and production skills while the other child had exceptionally good speech perception and production abilities. Baseline data were collected four times over the course of 2 days with the children wearing their CIs. For three additional days, data were collected while the children wore their CIs (ON condition) and then again after their CIs had been deactivated for 1 hr (OFF condition). Variables assessed included amount of jaw opening, F1, F2, nasal air flow, voice onset time (VOT), voicing duration, and the magnitude and duration of intraoral air pressure (Po). Findings were related to each other and to previously reported phonatory findings from the same two children (Higgins, McCleary, & Schulte, 1999) to determine whether changes in articulatory variables in the OFF condition were consistent with a direct effect of diminished auditory feedback or an indirect influence of suprasegmental parameters. RESULTS Both children exhibited consistent and significant changes in articulatory parameters in the absence of auditory feedback. Such changes occurred more often for the child who had especially proficient speech perception and production skills. Some changes (i.e., reduced Po for [p] and reduced nasal air flow for [m]) appeared related to the influence of suprasegmental parameters, in particular, reduced subglottal air pressure. Other effects (i.e., increased F2 for [a] and reduced VOT for [p]) were suggestive of changes in the children's abilities to maintain appropriate articulatory placements and timing. Finally, a few changes (reduced jaw opening for [i] and increased Po duration for [p]) may have reflected compensatory strategies to maintain correct tongue placement and enhance temporal distinctions in the absence of auditory feedback. CONCLUSIONS Based on the data of our two participants, it appears that some prelingually deafened children with CIs and good speech perception/production skills rely on auditory feedback to maintain articulatory precision. In the absence of auditory feedback, such children may demonstrate changes in articulatory placement and timing. In addition, data from one of our participants are consistent with the idea that some children may be aware that their articulatory control is compromised in the absence of auditory feedback and attempt to compensate by altering articulatory durations or the range of associated articulatory movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Higgins
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purposes of this investigation were 1) to determine whether short-term auditory deprivation results in systematic phonatory changes for prelingually deafened children who use cochlear implants (CIs) and 2) to determine whether such changes are similar to those that have been reported for postlingually deafened adults. DESIGN Participants were two 6-yr-old children with CIs. Both children had been prelingually deafened, had good to excellent speech production and speech perception skills, and had been using their CIs for 2.5 yr. A single-subject design was used. Intraoral air pressure (Po), phonatory air flow (Vl), electroglottograph (EGG) cycle width, fundamental frequency (F0), and intensity were measured during syllable production over two baseline days and three experimental days. Data were collected twice on each baseline day while the children wore their CIs, with a 1 hr break between data collection sessions. On experimental days, data were collected while the children wore their CIs (ON condition) and after their CIs had been removed for 1 hr (OFF condition). RESULTS Both children demonstrated highly variable phonatory behaviors in baseline. The child with the more proficient speech production and perception skills showed consistent and significant reductions in Po, F0, and intensity in the OFF condition. These findings were dissimilar to those that occurred with repeated testing in the baseline condition and so were attributed to the sudden loss of auditory feedback. The other child showed a consistent and significant increase in mean Vl in the OFF condition. However, this child exhibited a similar finding with repeated testing in the baseline condition. Therefore, increased Vl in the OFF condition may have represented a practice effect. She also showed a small and consistent decrease in F0 in the OFF condition when F0 was derived from acoustic data, but this effect was not reliable in another data set when F0 was derived from the EGG signal. Our results with prelingually deafened children were inconsistent with reports of increased intensity and F0 in the absence of auditory feedback for postlingually deafened adults with CIs. CONCLUSIONS Some prelingually deafened children who are successful CI users appear to use auditory feedback to self-monitor phonation. We suggest that the participant in our investigation who showed systematic phonatory changes in response to diminished auditory feedback was using auditory feedback primarily to stabilize her phonatory behaviors. She may not have had adequate experience with auditory feedback or adequate flexibility in her use of feedback mechanisms to implement the phonatory compensations that late-deafened adults use when auditory feedback suddenly is diminished. We further suggest that the phonatory changes that she exhibited during short-term auditory deprivation reflected disruption of her typical speaking strategies or apprehension about speaking when her ability to self-monitor auditorily was compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Higgins
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA
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Higgins MB, Chait DH, Schulte L. Phonatory air flow characteristics of adductor spasmodic dysphonia and muscle tension dysphonia. J Speech Lang Hear Res 1999; 42:101-111. [PMID: 10025547 DOI: 10.1044/jslhr.4201.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if phonatory air flow characteristics differed among women with adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD), muscle tension dysphonia (MTD), and normal phonation. Phonatory air flow signals were gathered during [pa] syllable repetitions. Mean phonatory air flow, coefficients of variation, and the presence of large air flow perturbations (75 ml/s or more) were examined for the three groups of speakers. There was no significant difference in mean phonatory air flow across groups, and very large intersubject variation in mean phonatory air flow occurred for both the AdSD and MTD groups. Coefficients of variation were similar for the groups of women with MTD and normal phonation but were significantly larger for the group with AdSD. Air flow perturbations were common with AdSD and rare with MTD. Relatively large coefficients of variation and air flow perturbations of at least 75 ml/s did occur for some women with normal voices who were 70 years of age or older. It appears that intrasubject variability in phonatory air flow may aid in the differentiation of AdSD and MTD when used in conjunction with other elements of a thorough voice evaluation. However, the potential contribution of aging to increased intrasubject variability in phonatory air flow must be considered when interpreting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Higgins
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
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31
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Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the interaction between the supralaryngeal and laryngeal components of the speech mechanism by examining vowel-related effects for a variety of vocal fold articulatory and phonatory measures. Secondary issues were to determine if vowel-related differences were influenced by the nature of the speaking task or gender. Between-vowel differences in estimated subglottal air pressure, peak oral air flow, mean phonatory air flow, air flow near the termination of the vowel, electroglottograph cycle width (EGGW), fundamental frequency, and voice onset time were examined for men and women during syllable repetitions and sentence productions. Significant vowel-related differences were found for all of the measures except mean phonatory air flow, and generally were not influenced by speaking task or gender. Vowel-related effects for estimated subglottal air pressure, peak oral air flow, fundamental frequency, and VOT were consistent with some earlier studies. New findings included vowel-related differences in EGGW and air flow near the termination of the vowel. We propose a model that includes the contribution of mechanical forces, reflexive neural activity, and learned neural activity to explain vowel-related effects. When vowel height is varied, changes in laryngeal cartilage positioning and vocal fold and vocal tract tension appear to influence laryngeal articulatory and phonatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Higgins
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
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Hedrick MS, Schulte L, Jesteadt W. Effect of relative and overall amplitude on perception of voiceless stop consonants by listeners with normal and impaired hearing. J Acoust Soc Am 1995; 98:1292-1303. [PMID: 7560503 DOI: 10.1121/1.413466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of the /p/-/t/ contrast for normal-hearing listeners have shown that both manipulation of the amplitude of the burst relative to the vowel in the F4-F5 frequency region and overall presentation level can influence the perception of place of articulation [R. N. Ohde and K. N. Stevens, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 706-714 (1983); Gravel and Ohde, Asha 25, 101 (1983)], such that greater burst amplitude in the high frequencies and higher presentation levels result in more alveolar responses. The influence of relative amplitude and presentation level was tested for both normal-hearing (NH) and hearing-impaired (HI) listeners in the present study. Synthetic CV stimuli were used, and the amplitude of the burst relative to vowel-onset amplitude in the F4-F5 frequency region was manipulated across a 20-dB range. In addition, overall presentation level was varied across a 45-dB range. The findings revealed that the hearing-impaired listeners selected more alveolar responses than listeners with normal hearing when tested at equivalent SPLs. A group of five normal-hearing listeners were then presented the synthetic stimuli in a background of broadband noise at a level that produced thresholds at 4 kHz equivalent to the thresholds of five hearing-impaired listeners. Results from the noise-masked normal-hearing listeners did not consistently show more alveolar responses as presentation level of the stimuli was increased, thus failing to mimic the responses from the hearing-impaired listeners in quiet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hedrick
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA
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33
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Abstract
One goal of the Americans with Disabilities Act is to enhance access to career opportunities for individuals with hearing loss. Hearing-impaired professionals are woefully underrepresented among the cadre of scientists currently involved in hearing and deafness research. Information was obtained by questionnaire from 190 consecutive attendees (13 through 17 years of age) at a summer program for gifted hearing-impaired adolescents regarding career goals, attitudes toward academic and extracurricular activities, educational placement, primary communication modality, and parental hearing status. A follow-up questionnaire completed by 80 of these youth, presently attending college, provided comparison data regarding type of college attended and academic major. Males were significantly more likely to select majors in mathematics and science-related disciplines. The percentage of college attendees majoring in the sciences was much lower than the percentage of high school students who aspired to a scientific career. Strategies for attracting qualified hearing-impaired students into science majors should include educational efforts directed at students, parents, and academic advisors.
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Abstract
This study was undertaken as one approach to better understand how contractile activity regulates excitation-contraction coupling phenotype in skeletal muscle. The effects of denervation on the expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase), a key protein of the contraction-relaxation cycle, was analyzed in fast-twitch (FT) and slow-twitch (ST) skeletal muscle. Muscle mass, mRNA, and protein expression of specific isoforms of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) and contractile parameters related to muscle relaxation were measured in rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles at 1, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days after sciatic nerve transection. Wet muscle mass decreased to 35% of control by 28 days of denervation in both soleus and EDL muscles (P < 0.05). Northern and Western analyses showed decreases in mRNA and protein expression of the slow Ca2+ pump isoform (SERCA2a) in the denervated soleus muscle and in the fast Ca2+ pump isoform (SERCA1) in the denervated EDL muscle, particularly at later time points. There was no change in the expression of the alternate isoform in either muscle type. Prolongation of twitch contraction times, slowed rates of tension development, and leftward shifts in frequency-tension curves were consistent with the reduced Ca2+ pump density and suggested slowed Ca2+ handling in SR or denervated ST and FT muscles. The results are in marked contrast with those previously reported in non-weight-bearing muscle induced by biomechanical unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schulte
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215
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35
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Abstract
Estimates of subglottal air pressure, laryngeal airflow, and laryngeal airway resistance from syllable repetitions of children and adults were used in describing developmental changes in these variables and in hypothesizing corresponding changes in respiratory function. A trend was found for pressure and resistance to decrease with increases in flow from preschool age through adulthood. These patterns could be explained by the smaller size of laryngeal airway structures and increased expiratory muscle forces during speech in the younger subjects. When the subglottal air pressures were combined with published data on air volume expired during speech and recoil pressures of the respiratory system, hypothetical functions were derived for respiratory muscle forces and the work of speech breathing. These functions predict (a) a developmental shift from the use of net expiratory muscle force in the speech of preschool children to the adult patterns of combined inspiratory and expiratory muscle forces, and (b) the expiratory work of speech breathing is greater in preschool children than in older children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Netsell
- Department of Communication Disorders, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield 65804
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36
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Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the impact of hearing loss on phonatory, velopharyngeal, and articulatory functioning using a comprehensive physiological approach. Electroglottograph (EGG), nasal/oral air flow, and intraoral air pressure signals were recorded simultaneously from adults with impaired and normal hearing as they produced syllables and words of varying physiological difficulty. The individuals with moderate-to-profound hearing loss had good to excellent oral communication skills. Intraoral pressure, nasal air flow, durations of lip, velum, and vocal fold articulations, estimated subglottal pressure, mean phonatory air flow, fundamental frequency, and EGG abduction quotient were compared between the two subject groups. Data from the subjects with hearing loss also were compared across aided and unaided conditions to investigate the influence of auditory feedback on speech motor control. The speakers with hearing loss had significantly higher intraoral pressures, subglottal pressures, laryngeal resistances, and fundamental frequencies than those with normal hearing. There was notable between-subject variability. All of the individuals with profound hearing loss had at least one speech/voice physiology measure that fell outside of the normal range, and most of the subjects demonstrated unique clusters of abnormal behaviors. Abnormal behaviors were more evident in the phonatory than articulatory or velopharyngeal systems and were generally consistent with vocal fold hyperconstriction. There was evidence from individual data that vocal fold posturing influenced articulatory timing. The results did not support the idea that the speech production skills of adults with moderate-to-profound hearing loss who are good oral communicators deteriorate when there are increased motoric demands on the velopharyngeal and phonatory mechanism. Although no significant differences were found between the aided and unaided conditions, 7 of 10 subjects showed the same direction of change for subglottal pressure, intraoral pressure, nasal air flow, and the duration of lip and vocal fold articulations. We conclude that physiological assessments provide important information about the speech/voice production abilities of individuals with moderate-to-profound hearing loss and are a valuable addition to standard assessment batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Higgins
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
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Higgins MB, Netsell R, Schulte L. Aerodynamic and electroglottographic measures of normal voice production: intrasubject variability within and across sessions. J Speech Hear Res 1994; 37:38-45. [PMID: 8170128 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3701.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the normal intrasubject performance variability of four measures of phonatory function within and across sessions. Two different speaking tasks, syllable series and sentence production, were used to determine if more natural speaking tasks resulted in greater intrasubject variability. Vowel type ([i] versus [a]) also was varied. Estimated subglottal air pressure, mean phonatory air flow, abduction quotient, and fundamental frequency were derived from aerodynamic and electroglottographic signals obtained from 11 normally speaking men and 10 normally speaking women on four different days. Relative intrasubject variability was compared across speaking task, gender, and vowel type. Average across-session intrasubject variability was 5% for fundamental frequency and abduction quotient, 8% for estimated subglottal air pressure, and 15% for mean phonatory air flow during syllable repetition. There was significantly greater intrasubject variability for mean phonatory air flow and abduction quotient for the sentence repetition task. There were no significant differences in intrasubject variability across gender and vowel type. The data were used to compute cutoff values that represent the amount of variability that would be considered within normal limits. These normal data can be used for comparison when assessing and monitoring the phonatory abilities of individuals with voice disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Higgins
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
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38
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Gorga MP, Neely ST, Bergman BM, Beauchaine KL, Kaminski JR, Peters J, Schulte L, Jesteadt W. A comparison of transient-evoked and distortion product otoacoustic emissions in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. J Acoust Soc Am 1993; 94:2639-48. [PMID: 8270740 DOI: 10.1121/1.407348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) to distinguish normal hearing from hearing impairment was evaluated in 180 subjects. TEOAEs were analyzed into octave or one-third octave bands for frequencies ranging from 500 to 4000 Hz. Decision theory was used to generate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for each of three measurements (OAE amplitude, OAE/noise, reproducibility) for each OAE measure (octave TEOAEs, 1/3 octave TEOAEs, DPOAEs), for octave frequencies from 500 to 4000 Hz, and for seven audiometric criteria ranging from 10 to 40 dB HL. At 500 Hz, TEOAEs and DPOAEs were unable to separate normal from impaired ears. At 1000 Hz, both TEOAE measures were more accurate in identifying hearing status than DPOAEs. At 2000 Hz, all OAE measures performed equally well. At 4000 Hz, DPOAEs were better able to distinguish normal from impaired ears. Almost without exception, measurements of OAE/noise and reproducibility performed comparably and were superior to measurements of OAE amplitude, although the differences were small. TEOAEs analyzed into octave bands showed better performance than TEOAEs analyzed into 1/3 octaves. Under standard test conditions, OAE test performance appears to be limited by background noise, especially for the low frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Gorga
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131
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39
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Schulte L, Roberts MS, Zimmerman C, Ketler J, Simon LS. A quantitative assessment of limited joint mobility in patients with diabetes. Goniometric analysis of upper extremity passive range of motion. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36:1429-43. [PMID: 8216403 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780361016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The syndrome of limited joint mobility is a common but not widely recognized musculoskeletal complication of diabetes. The purpose of this study was to further characterize this syndrome using quantitative goniometric measures. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of a sample population was performed to establish the prevalence, location, and severity of limited joint mobility and to determine its relationship to extraarticular manifestations and complications of diabetes. Passive range of motion of both upper extremities was measured by goniometry in 70 adult patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 70 nondiabetic controls who were group-matched for age, sex, and general activity level. Joint mobility was assessed by both individual joint motions and a composite scoring technique. RESULTS Analysis of individual joints and composite scores revealed significant differences between dominant and nondominant extremities in both the control and the diabetic groups. Diabetic patients were generally less flexible than nondiabetic subjects throughout the arm, especially in shoulder and finger joints. In the full study population, multivariate analysis revealed that advanced age, male sex, and the presence of diabetes were associated with decreased passive range of motion for a majority of joints (P < 0.05). In the diabetes group, passive range of motion was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with age, sex, duration of diabetes, and to a variable extent, glucose control, but was not correlated with the presence of clinically significant neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, or peripheral vascular disease, with activity level, or with hand dominance. Stepwise regression analysis failed to identify single key joint motion(s) to serve as possible screening tests in predicting generalized limited joint mobility of the upper extremity. Finally, the effect of limb usage on range of motion in flexion may differ in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. CONCLUSION Limited joint mobility is a generalized phenomenon occurring throughout the upper extremities of many diabetic patients. It is significantly related to age, sex, and to a variable extent duration of diabetes and glucose control. It is not related to the standard complications of diabetes as defined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schulte
- Department of Rehabilitation Services, New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
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40
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Schulte L, Navarro J, Taylor J, Kandarian SC. 541 DENERVATION EFFECTS ON SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM PUMP GENE EXPRESSION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199305001-00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kandarian S, O'Brien S, Thomas K, Schulte L, Navarro J. Regulation of skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor gene expression by biomechanical unloading. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1992; 72:2510-4. [PMID: 1321113 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.6.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical unloading of the rat soleus by hindlimb unweighting is known to induce atrophy and a slow- to fast-twitch transition of skeletal muscle contractile properties, particularly in slow-twitch muscles such as the soleus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the expression of the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor gene is upregulated in unloaded slow-twitch soleus muscles. A rat DHP receptor cDNA was isolated by screening a random-primed cDNA lambda gt10 library from denervated rat skeletal muscle with oligonucleotide probes complementary to the coding region of the rabbit DHP receptor cDNA. Muscle mass and DHP receptor mRNA expression were assessed 1, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days after hindlimb unweighting in rats by tail suspension. Isometric twitch contraction times of soleus muscles were measured at 28 days of unweighting. Northern blot analysis showed that tissue distribution of DHP receptor mRNA was specific for skeletal muscle and expression was 200% greater in control fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) than in control soleus muscles. A significant stimulation (80%) in receptor message of the soleus was induced as early as 24 h of unloading without changes in muscle mass. Unloading for 28 days induced marked atrophy (control = 133 +/- 3 vs. unweighted = 62.4 +/- 1.8 mg), and expression of the DHP receptor mRNA in the soleus was indistinguishable from levels normally expressed in EDL muscles. These changes in mRNA expression are in the same direction as the 37% reduction in time to peak tension and 28% decrease in half-relaxation time 28 days after unweighting. Our results suggest that muscle loading necessary for weight support modulates the expression of the DHP receptor gene in the soleus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kandarian
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University 02215
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42
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Schulte L, Navarro J, Kandarian SC. SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM PUMP EXPRESSION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE ATROPHY. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199205001-00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Gorga MP, Kaminski JR, Beauchaine KL, Schulte L. Auditory brainstem responses elicited by 1000-Hz tone bursts in patients with sensorineural hearing loss. J Am Acad Audiol 1992; 3:159-65. [PMID: 1581590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Auditory brainstem responses were measured in response to 1000-Hz tone bursts from 115 patients with sensorineural hearing loss, presumably of cochlear origin. Mean wave V latencies and variability were comparable to those observed in normal hearing subjects for similar stimuli. The range of interaural differences in wave V latencies for 1000-Hz tone bursts were slightly greater than those observed for clicks, which may not be surprising, given the greater variability in wave V latencies for tonal stimulation, even in normal-hearing subjects. These differences, however, were not affected either by the magnitude or symmetry of hearing loss for frequencies at and above 1000 Hz. These data suggest that tone burst ABRs might be useful in otoneurologic evaluations, especially for patients with asymmetric hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Gorga
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131
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44
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Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of using a localization task to rule out unilateral hearing loss in infants. Fourcorner localization ability was assessed in 29 normal-hearing infants (9-20 mo) using four different test stimuli. In these same infants, a mild unilateral hearing loss was simulated by occlusion of the external auditory canal and the test sequence was repeated. Analysis of front-back, right-left, and combined errors for each of the test stimuli revealed that this type of task may allow detection of unilateral hearing loss as slight as 25 dB HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Auslander
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska
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Riembauer M, Schulte L, Würflinger A. PVT Data of Liquid and Solid Phases of Methanol, Cyclohexanol, and 2,3-Dimethylbutane up to 300 MPa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.1990.166.part_1.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ritzerfeld W, Schulte L. [Differing penicillin sensitivity within a Staphylococcus population and its demonstration by penicillic acid]. Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1965; 149:483-9. [PMID: 5865135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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