1
|
Pollock JK, Greene LM, Nathwani SM, Kinsella P, O’Boyle NM, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. Involvement of NF-κB in mediating the anti-tumour effects of combretastatins in T cells. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:523-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
2
|
O'Boyle NM, Barrett I, Greene LM, Carr M, Fayne D, Twamley B, Knox AJS, Keely NO, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Lead Optimization of Benzoxepin-Type Selective Estrogen Receptor (ER) Modulators and Downregulators with Subtype-Specific ERα and ERβ Activity. J Med Chem 2017; 61:514-534. [PMID: 28426931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is an important target for the design of drugs such as tamoxifen (2a) and fulvestrant (5). Three series of ER-ligands based on the benzoxepin scaffold structure were synthesized: series I containing an acrylic acid, series II with an acrylamide, and series III with a saturated carboxylic acid substituent. These compounds were shown to be high affinity ligands for the ER with nanomolar IC50 binding values. Series I acrylic acid ligands were generally ERα selective. In particular, compound 13e featuring a phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid substituent was shown to be antiproliferative and downregulated ERα and ERβ expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Interestingly, from series III, the phenoxybutyric acid derivative compound 22 was not antiproliferative and selectively downregulated ERβ. A docking study of the benzoxepin ligands was undertaken. Compound 13e is a promising lead for development as a clinically relevant SERD, while compound 22 will be a useful experimental probe for helping to elucidate the role of ERβ in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Irene Barrett
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Miriam Carr
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Darren Fayne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Andrew J S Knox
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Niall O Keely
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Malebari AM, Greene LM, Nathwani SM, Fayne D, O'Boyle NM, Wang S, Twamley B, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. β-Lactam analogues of combretastatin A-4 prevent metabolic inactivation by glucuronidation in chemoresistant HT-29 colon cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:261-285. [PMID: 28254699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation by uridine 5-diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase enzymes (UGTs) is a cause of intrinsic drug resistance in cancer cells. Glucuronidation of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) was previously identified as a mechanism of resistance in hepatocellular cancer cells. Herein, we propose chemical manipulation of β-lactam bridged analogues of Combretastatin A-4 as a novel means of overcoming drug resistance associated with glucuronidation due to the expression of UGTs in the CA-4 resistant human colon cancer HT-29 cells. The alkene bridge of CA-4 is replaced with a β-lactam ring to circumvent potential isomerisation while the potential sites of glucuronate conjugation are deleted in the novel 3-substituted-1,4-diaryl-2-azetidinone analogues of CA-4. We hypothesise that glucuronidation of CA-4 is the mechanism of drug resistance in HT-29 cells. Ring B thioether containing 2-azetidinone analogues of CA-4 such as 4-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)-3-phenyl-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one (27) and 3-hydroxy-4-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one (45) were identified as the most potent inhibitors of tumour cell growth, independent of UGT status, displaying antiproliferative activity in the low nanomolar range. These compounds also disrupted the microtubular structure in MCF-7 and HT-29 cells, and caused G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of chemical manipulation as a means of overcoming glucuronidation attributed drug resistance in CA-4 resistant human colon cancer HT-29 cells, allowing the development of therapeutically superior analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azizah M Malebari
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Seema M Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Darren Fayne
- Molecular Design Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shu Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Greene LM, Royal KD, Bradley JM, Lascelles BDX, Johnson LR, Hawkins EC. Severity of Nasal Inflammatory Disease Questionnaire for Canine Idiopathic Rhinitis Control: Instrument Development and Initial Validity Evidence. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:134-141. [PMID: 28019044 PMCID: PMC5259640 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective treatments are needed for idiopathic chronic rhinitis in dogs, but assessment of efficacy requires a practical, quantifiable method for assessing severity of disease. OBJECTIVES To develop and perform initial validity and reliability testing of an owner-completed questionnaire for assessing clinical signs and dog and owner quality of life (QOL) in canine chronic rhinitis. ANIMALS Twenty-two dogs with histopathologically confirmed chronic rhinitis and 72 healthy dogs. METHODS In this prospective study, an online questionnaire was created based on literature review and feedback from veterinarians, veterinary internists with respiratory expertise, and owners of dogs with rhinitis. Owners of affected dogs completed the questionnaire twice, 1 week apart, to test reliability. Healthy dogs were assessed once. Data were analyzed using the Rasch Rating Scale Model, and results were interpreted using Messick's framework for evaluating construct validity evidence. RESULTS Initial item generation resulted in 5 domains: nasal signs, paranasal signs, global rhinitis severity, and dog's and owner's QOL. A 25-item questionnaire was developed using 5-point Likert-type scales. No respondent found the questionnaire difficult to complete. Strong psychometric evidence was available to support the substantive, generalizability, content, and structural aspects of construct validity. Statistical differences were found between responses for affected and control dogs for all but 2 items. These items were eliminated, resulting in the 23-item Severity of Nasal Inflammatory Disease (SNIFLD) questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The SNIFLD questionnaire provides a mechanism for repeated assessments of disease severity in dogs with chronic rhinitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Greene
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - K D Royal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - J M Bradley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - B D X Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - L R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - E C Hawkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Greene LM, Butini S, Campiani G, Williams DC, Zisterer DM. Pre-clinical evaluation of a novel class of anti-cancer agents, the Pyrrolo-1, 5-benzoxazepines. J Cancer 2016; 7:2367-2377. [PMID: 27994676 PMCID: PMC5166549 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are currently ranked one of the most validated targets for chemotherapy; with clinical use of microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) extending beyond half a century. Recent research has focused on the development of novel MTAs to combat drug resistance and drug associated toxicities. Of particular interest are compounds structurally different to those currently used within the clinic. The pyrrolo-1, 5-benzoxazepines (PBOXs) are a structurally distinct novel group of anti-cancer agents, some of which target tubulin. Herein, we review the chemistry, mechanism of action, preclinical development of the PBOXs and comparisons with clinically relevant chemotherapeutics. The PBOXs induce a range of cellular responses including; cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, anti-vascular and anti-angiogenic effects. The apoptotic potential of the PBOXs extends across a wide spectrum of cancer-derived cell lines, by targeting tubulin and multiple molecular pathways frequently deregulated in human cancers. Extensive experimental data suggest that combining the PBOXs with established chemotherapeutics or radiation is therapeutically advantageous. Pre-clinical highlights of the PBOXs include; cancer specificity and improved therapeutic efficacy as compared to some current first line therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, and Istituto Toscano Tumori, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, and Istituto Toscano Tumori, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - D C Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - D M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Greene LM, Nathwani SM, Zisterer DM. Inhibition of γ-secretase activity synergistically enhances tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induced apoptosis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells via upregulation of death receptor 5. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2900-2905. [PMID: 27698877 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a rare and aggressive hematopoietic malignancy prone to relapse and drug resistance. Half of all T-ALL patients exhibit mutations in Notch1, which leads to aberrant Notch1 associated signaling cascades. Notch1 activation is mediated by the γ-secretase cleavage of the Notch1 receptor into the active intracellular domain of Notch1 (NCID). Clinical trials of γ-secretase small molecule inhibitors (GSIs) as single agents for the treatment of T-ALL have been unsuccessful. The present study demonstrated, using immunofluorescence and western blotting, that blocking γ-secretase activity in T-ALL cells with N-[(3,5-difluorophenyl) acetyl]-L-alanyl-2-phenyl] glycine-1,1-dimethylethyl ester (DAPT) downregulated NCID and upregulated the tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptor 5 (DR5). Upregulation of DR5 restored the sensitivity of T-ALL cells to TRAIL. Combination index revealed that the combined treatment of DAPT and TRAIL synergistically enhanced apoptosis compared with treatment with either drug alone. TRAIL combined with the clinically evaluated γ-secretase inhibitor 3-[(1r, 4s)-4-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-4-(2, 5-difluorophenyl) cyclohexyl] propanoic acid (MK-0752) also significantly enhanced TRAIL-induced cell death compared with either drug alone. DAPT/TRAIL apoptotic synergy was dependent on the extrinsic apoptotic pathway and was associated with a decrease in BH3 interacting-domain death agonist and x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis. In conclusion, γ-secretase inhibition represents a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome TRAIL resistance for the treatment of T-ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Seema M Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nathwani SM, Greene LM, Butini S, Campiani G, Williams DC, Samali A, Szegezdi E, Zisterer DM. The pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine, PBOX-15, enhances TRAIL‑induced apoptosis by upregulation of DR5 and downregulation of core cell survival proteins in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:74-88. [PMID: 27176505 PMCID: PMC4902072 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic defects are frequently associated with poor outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) hence there is an ongoing demand for novel strategies that counteract apoptotic resistance. The death ligand TRAIL (tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and its selective tumour receptor system has attracted exceptional clinical interest. However, many malignancies including ALL are resistant to TRAIL monotherapy. Tumour resistance can be overcome by drug combination therapy. TRAIL and its agonist antibodies are currently undergoing phase II clinical trials with established chemotherapeutics. Herein, we present promising therapeutic benefits in combining TRAIL with the selective anti-leukaemic agents, the pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepines (PBOXs) for the treatment of ALL. PBOX-15 synergistically enhanced apoptosis induced by TRAIL and a DR5-selective TRAIL variant in ALL-derived cells. PBOX-15 enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis by dual activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The specific caspase-8 inhibitor, Z-IETD-FMK, identified the extrinsic pathway as the principal mode of apoptosis. We demonstrate that PBOX-15 can enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulation of DR5, reduction of cellular mitochondrial potential, activation of the caspase cascade and downregulation of PI3K/Akt, c-FLIP, Mcl-1 and IAP survival pathways. Of note, the PI3K pathway inhibitor LY-294002 significantly enhanced the apoptotic potential of TRAIL and PBOX-15 validating the importance of Akt downregulation in the TRAIL/PBOX-15 synergistic combination. Considering the lack of cytotoxicity to normal cells and ability to downregulate several survival pathways, PBOX-15 may represent an effective agent for use in combination with TRAIL for the treatment of ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema-Maria Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Bioscience Research Building, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eva Szegezdi
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Bioscience Research Building, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kinsella P, Greene LM, Bright SA, Pollock JK, Butini S, Campiani G, Bauer S, Williams DC, Zisterer DM. The novel pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine, PBOX-15, synergistically enhances the apoptotic efficacy of imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumours; suggested mechanism of action of PBOX-15. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:159-67. [PMID: 26885657 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The C-KIT receptor tyrosine kinase is constitutively activated in the majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST). Imatinib (IM) a selective inhibitor of C-KIT, is indicated for the treatment of KIT-positive unresectable and/or metastatic GIST, and has tripled the survival time of patients with metastatic GIST. However, the majority of patients develop IM-resistance and progress. Although IM elicits strong antiproliferative effects, it fails to induce sufficient levels of apoptosis; acquired IM-resistance and disease recurrence remain an issue, a more effective drug treatment is greatly needed. We examined the effect of a novel microtubule-targeting agent (MTA), pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine (PBOX)-15 in combination with IM on GIST cells. PBOX-15 decreased viability and in combination with IM synergistically enhanced apoptosis in both IM-sensitive and IM-resistant GIST cells, decreased the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1, and enhanced activation of pro-caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. The combination treatment also led to an enhanced inhibition of C-KIT-phosphorylation and inactivation of C-KIT-dependent signalling in comparison to either drug alone; CDC37, a key regulator of C-KIT in GIST was also dramatically decreased. Furthermore, PBOX-15 reduced CKII expression, an enzyme which regulates the expression of CDC37. In conclusion, our findings indicate the potential of PBOX-15 to improve the apoptotic response of IM in GIST cells and provide a more effective treatment option for GIST patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kinsella
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sandra A Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jade K Pollock
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery & Development, DBCF, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery & Development, DBCF, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Greene TF, Wang S, Greene LM, Nathwani SM, Pollock JK, Malebari AM, McCabe T, Twamley B, O’Boyle NM, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of 3-Phenoxy-1,4-diarylazetidin-2-ones as Tubulin-Targeting Antitumor Agents. J Med Chem 2015; 59:90-113. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Greene
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin
2, Ireland
| | - Shu Wang
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin
2, Ireland
| | - Lisa M. Greene
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Seema M. Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jade K. Pollock
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Azizah M. Malebari
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin
2, Ireland
| | - Thomas McCabe
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Niamh M. O’Boyle
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin
2, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniela M. Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary J. Meegan
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin
2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Greene LM, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. Combretastatins: more than just vascular targeting agents? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:212-27. [PMID: 26354991 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several prodrugs of the naturally occurring combretastatins have undergone extensive clinical evaluation as vascular targeting agents (VTAs). Their increased selectivity toward endothelial cells together with their innate ability to rapidly induce vascular shutdown and inhibit tumor growth at doses up to 10-fold less than the maximum tolerated dose led to the clinical evaluation of combretastatins as VTAs. Tubulin is well established as the molecular target of the combretastatins and the vast majority of its synthetic derivatives. Furthermore, tubulin is a highly validated molecular target of many direct anticancer agents routinely used as front-line chemotherapeutics. The unique vascular targeting properties of the combretastatins have somewhat overshadowed their development as direct anticancer agents and the delineation of the various cell death pathways and anticancer properties associated with such chemotherapeutics. Moreover, the ongoing clinical trial of OXi4503 (combretastatin-A1 diphosphate) together with preliminary preclinical evaluation for the treatment of refractory acute myelogenous leukemia has successfully highlighted both the indirect and direct anticancer properties of combretastatins. In this review, we discuss the development of the combretastatins from nature to the clinic. The various mechanisms underlying combretastatin-induced cell cycle arrest, mitotic catastrophe, cell death, and survival are also reviewed in an attempt to further enhance the clinical prospects of this unique class of VTAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (L.M.G., D.M.Z.), and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (M.J.M.), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (L.M.G., D.M.Z.), and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (M.J.M.), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (L.M.G., D.M.Z.), and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (M.J.M.), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Greene LM, Nolan DP, Regan-Komito D, Campiani G, Williams DC, Zisterer DM. Inhibition of late-stage autophagy synergistically enhances pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine-6-induced apoptotic cell death in human colon cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:927-35. [PMID: 23799546 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepines (PBOXs) are a novel group of selective apoptotic agents displaying promising therapeutic potential in both ex vivo chemotherapy-refractory patient samples and in vivo murine carcinoma models. In this report, we present novel data concerning the induction of autophagy by the PBOXs in adenocarcinoma-derived colon cancer cells. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradative pathway recently associated with chemotherapy. However, whether autophagy facilitates cell survival in response to chemotherapy or contributes to chemotherapy-induced cell death is highly controversial. Autophagy was identified by enhanced expression of LC3B-II, an autophagosome marker, an increase in the formation of acridine orange-stained cells, indicative of increased vesicle formation and electron microscopic confirmation of autophagic structures. The vacuolar H+ ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin-A1 (BAF-A1) inhibited vesicle formation and enhanced the apoptotic potential of PBOX-6. These findings suggest a cytoprotective role of autophagy in these cells following prolonged exposure to PBOX-6. Furthermore, BAF-A1 and PBOX-6 interactions were determined to be synergistic and caspase-dependent. Potentiation of PBOX-6-induced apoptosis by BAF-A1 was associated with a decrease in the levels of the anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl-1. The data provide evidence that autophagy functions as a survival mechanism in colon cancer cells to PBOX-6-induced apoptosis and a rationale for the use of autophagy inhibitors to further enhance PBOX‑6‑induced apoptosis in colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Greene LM, Wang S, O'Boyle NM, Bright SA, Reid JE, Kelly P, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. Combretazet-3 a novel synthetic cis-stable combretastatin A-4-azetidinone hybrid with enhanced stability and therapeutic efficacy in colon cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2451-8. [PMID: 23564200 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years an extensive series of synthetic combretastatin A-4 (CA-4)-azetidinone (β-lactam) hybrids were designed and synthesised with a view to improve the stability, therapeutic efficacy and aqueous solubility of CA-4. Lead compounds containing a 3,4,5-trimethoxy aromatic ring at position 1 and a variety of substitution patterns at positions 3 and 4 of the β-lactam ring were screened in three adenocarcinoma-derived colon cancer cell lines (CT-26, Caco-2 and the CA-4 resistant cell line, HT-29). In both CT-26 and Caco-2 cells all β-lactam analogues analysed displayed potent therapeutic efficacy within the nanomolar range. Substitution of the ethylene bridge of CA-4 with the β-lactam ring together with the aforementioned aryl substitutions improved the therapeutic efficacy of CA-4 up to 300‑fold in the combretastatin refractory HT-29 cells. The lead compound combretazet-3 (CAZ-3); chemical name [4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one] demonstrated improved chemical stability together with enhanced therapeutic efficacy as compared with CA-4 whilst maintaining the natural biological properties of CA-4. Furthermore, CAZ-3 demonstrated significant tumour inhibition in a murine model of colon cancer. Our results suggest that combretastatin-azetidinone hybrids represent an effective novel therapy for the treatment of combretastatin resistant carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
O'Boyle NM, Greene LM, Keely NO, Wang S, Cotter TS, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Synthesis and biochemical activities of antiproliferative amino acid and phosphate derivatives of microtubule-disrupting β-lactam combretastatins. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:705-21. [PMID: 23454513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and biochemical activities of novel water-soluble β-lactam analogues of combretastatin A-4 are described. The first series of compounds investigated, β-lactam phosphate esters 7a, 8a and 9a, exhibited potent antiproliferative activity and caused microtubule disruption in human breast carcinoma-derived MCF-7 cells. They did not inhibit tubulin polymerisation in vitro, indicating that biotransformation was necessary for their antiproliferative and tubulin binding effects in MCF-7 cells. The second series of compounds, β-lactam amino acid amides (including 10k and 11l) displayed potent antiproliferative activity in MCF-7 cells, disrupted microtubules in MCF-7 cells and also inhibited the polymerisation of tubulin in vitro. This indicates that the β-lactam amides did not require metabolic activation to have antiproliferative effects, in contrast to the phosphate series. Both series of compounds caused mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Molecular modelling studies indicated potential binding conformations for the β-lactam amino acid amides 10k and 11l in the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. Due to their aqueous solubility and potent biochemical effects, these compounds are promising candidates for further development as microtubule-disrupting agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nathwani SM, Hughes L, Greene LM, Carr M, O'Boyle NM, McDonnell S, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. Novel cis-restricted β-lactam combretastatin A-4 analogues display anti-vascular and anti-metastatic properties in vitro. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:585-94. [PMID: 23232969 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a naturally occurring microtubular-destabilising agent that possesses potent anti-tumour and anti-vascular properties both in vitro and in vivo. Clinical trials to date indicate that its water-soluble prodrug, combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA-4P), is well tolerated at therapeutically useful doses. However, the stilbenoid structure of CA-4, consisting of two phenyl rings linked by an ethylene bridge, renders the compound readily susceptible to isomerisation from its biologically active cis-conformation to its more thermodynamically stable but inactive trans-isomer. To circumvent this problem, we synthesised a series of cis-restricted CA-4 analogues. Replacement of the ethylene bridge with a 1,4-diaryl-2-azetidinone (β-lactam) ring provided a rigid scaffold thus preventing cis-trans isomerisation. We previously documented that these tubulin-depolymerising β-lactam compounds potently induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a variety of cancerous cell lines (including those displaying multidrug resistance) and ex vivo patient samples, whilst exerting only minimal toxicity to normal cells. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of the β-lactam compounds on both tumour vascularisation and tumour cell migration, two critical elements that occur during the growth and metastatic progression of tumours. We established that two representative β-lactam compounds, CA-104 and CA-432, exerted both anti-endothelial effects [G2/M arrest and apoptosis of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)] and anti-angiogenic effects [inhibition of HUVEC migration and differentiation and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release from MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells]. In addition, we established that lead analogue, CA-432, abrogated the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells indicating an anti-metastatic function for these compounds. In summary, our results to date collectively indicate that these cis-restricted β-lactam CA-4 analogues may prove to be useful alternatives to CA-4 in the treatment of cancer but with the added advantage of improved stability of the cis-isomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema-Maria Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Greene LM, O'Boyle NM, Nolan DP, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. The vascular targeting agent Combretastatin-A4 directly induces autophagy in adenocarcinoma-derived colon cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:612-24. [PMID: 22705646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical data demonstrated that the vascular targeting agent Combretastatin-A4 phosphate (CA-4P) prolonged survival of patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid cancer without any adverse side effects. However, as a single agent CA-4 failed to reduce tumour growth in the murine CT-26 adenocarcinoma colon cancer model. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of the innate resistance of HT-29 human adenocarcinoma cells to CA-4 is largely unknown. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that prolonged exposure to CA-4 and an azetidinone cis-restricted analogue, CA-432 (chemical name; 4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-azetidin-2-one) induced autophagy in adenocarcinoma-derived CT-26, Caco-2 and HT-29 cells but not in fibrosarcoma-derived HT-1080 cells. Autophagy is a fundamental self-catabolic process which can facilitate a prolonged cell survival in spite of adverse stress by generating energy via lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic constituents. Autophagy was confirmed by acridine orange staining of vesicle formation, electron microscopy and increased expression of LC3-II. Combretastatin-induced autophagy was associated with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and elongation of the mitochondria. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy by the vacuolar H(+)ATPase inhibitor Bafilomycin-A1 (BAF-A1) significantly enhanced CA-432 induced HT-29 cell death. Both CA-4 and its synthetic derivative, CA-432 induced the formation of large hyperdiploid cells in Caco-2 and CT-26 cells. The formation of these polyploid cells was significantly inhibited by autophagy inhibitor, BAF-A1. Results presented within demonstrate that autophagy is a novel response to combretastatin exposure and may be manipulated to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of this class of vascular targeting agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
O’Boyle NM, Carr M, Greene LM, Keely NO, Knox AJ, McCabe T, Lloyd DG, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Synthesis, biochemical and molecular modelling studies of antiproliferative azetidinones causing microtubule disruption and mitotic catastrophe. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4595-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
17
|
O’Boyle NM, Greene LM, Bergin O, Fichet JB, McCabe T, Lloyd DG, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Synthesis, evaluation and structural studies of antiproliferative tubulin-targeting azetidin-2-ones. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2306-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
Greene LM, Carr M, Keeley NO, Lawler M, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. BubR1 is required for the mitotic block induced by combretastatin-A4 and a novel cis-restricted ß-lactam analogue in human cancer cells. Int J Mol Med 2011; 27:715-23. [PMID: 21369694 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2011.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BubR1 is a well-defined guardian of the mitotic spindle, initiating mitotic arrest in response to the lack of tension and/or chromosome alignment across the mitotic plate. However, the role of BubR1 in combretastatin-induced cell death remains unknown. In this study, we describe the effects of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) and a synthetic cis-restricted 3,4-diaryl-2-azetidinone (ß-lactam) analogue (CA-432) on the modulation and phosphorylation of BubR1 in human cervical cancer-derived cells. We demonstrate that CA-4 and CA-432 depolymerise the microtubular network of human cervical carcinoma-derived cells. Both compounds induced the disassembly of the microtubules and the loss of microtubule tension led to the early phosphorylation of BubR1 and the late cleavage of BubR1. The phosphorylation of BubR1 correlated with the onset of G2M cell cycle arrest whilst the cleavage of BubR1 coincided with apoptosis induced by the combretastatins. The combretastatin-induced apoptosis and the BubR1 cleavage were caspase-dependent. In vitro enzyme digests demonstrated that combretastatin-activated BubR1 is a substrate for caspase-3. Gene silencing of BubR1 with small interfering RNA severely compromised combretastatin-induced G2M cell cycle arrest with a corresponding increase in the formation of polyploid cells in both cervical and breast cancer-derived cells. In summary, BubR1 is required to maintain the G2M arrest and limit the formation of polyploid cells in response to continued combretastatin exposure. Moreover, substitution of the ethylene bridge with 3,4-diaryl-2-azetidinone did not alter the tubulin depolymerising properties or the subsequent mitotic spindle checkpoint response to CA-4 in human cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
O'Boyle NM, Carr M, Greene LM, Bergin O, Nathwani SM, McCabe T, Lloyd DG, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Synthesis and evaluation of azetidinone analogues of combretastatin A-4 as tubulin targeting agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8569-84. [PMID: 21080725 DOI: 10.1021/jm101115u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and antiproliferative activity of a new series of rigid analogues of combretastatin A-4 are described which contain the 1,4-diaryl-2-azetidinone (β-lactam) ring system in place of the usual ethylene bridge present in the natural combretastatin stilbene products. These novel compounds are also substituted at position 3 of the β-lactam ring with an aryl ring. A number of analogues showed potent nanomolar activity in human MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, displayed in vitro inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and did not cause significant cytotoxicity in normal murine breast epithelial cells. 4-(4-Methoxyaryl)-substituted compound 32, 4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyaryl)-substituted compounds 35 and 41, and the 3-(4-aminoaryl)-substituted compounds 46 and 47 displayed the most potent antiproliferative activity of the series. β-Lactam 41 in particular showed subnanomolar activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC₅₀= 0.8 nM) together with significant in vitro inhibition of tubulin polymerization and has been selected for further biochemical assessment. These novel β-lactam compounds are identified as potentially useful scaffolds for the further development of antitumor agents that target tubulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Greene LM, Nathwani SM, Bright SA, Fayne D, Croke A, Gagliardi M, McElligott AM, O'Connor L, Carr M, Keely NO, O'Boyle NM, Carroll P, Sarkadi B, Conneally E, Lloyd DG, Lawler M, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. The Vascular Targeting Agent Combretastatin-A4 and a Novel cis-Restricted β-Lactam Analogue, CA-432, Induce Apoptosis in Human Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells and Ex Vivo Patient Samples Including Those Displaying Multidrug Resistance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:302-13. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.170415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
21
|
Barrett I, Carr M, O'Boyle N, Greene LM, Knox AJS, Lloyd DG, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Lead identification of conformationally restricted benzoxepin type combretastatin analogs: synthesis, antiproliferative activity, and tubulin effects. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:180-94. [PMID: 20222762 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903169659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized a series of polymethoxylated rigid analogs of combretastatin A-4 which contain a benzoxepin ring in place of the usual ethylene bridge present in the natural combretastatin products. The compounds display antiproliferative activity when evaluated against the MCF-7 and MDA human breast carcinoma cell lines. 5-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-benzoxepine (11g) was found to be the most potent product when evaluated against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. A brief computational study of the structure-activity relationship for the synthesized compounds is presented. These 4,5-diarylbenzoxepins are identified as potentially useful scaffolds for the further development of antitumor agents which target tubulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Barrett
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brito LFC, Kelleman A, Greene LM, Raz T, Barth AD. Semen Characteristics in a Sub-Fertile Arabian Stallion with Idiopathic Teratospermia. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45:354-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
McElligott AM, Maginn EN, Greene LM, McGuckin S, Hayat A, Browne PV, Butini S, Campiani G, Catherwood MA, Vandenberghe E, Williams DC, Zisterer DM, Lawler M. The novel tubulin-targeting agent pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine-15 induces apoptosis in poor prognostic subgroups of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8366-75. [PMID: 19826055 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine-15 (PBOX-15) is a novel microtubule depolymerization agent that induces cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis in a number of cancer cell lines. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by clonal expansion of predominately nonproliferating mature B cells. Here, we present data suggesting PBOX-15 is a potential therapeutic agent for CLL. We show activity of PBOX-15 in samples taken from a cohort of CLL patients (n = 55) representing both high-risk and low-risk disease. PBOX-15 exhibited cytotoxicity in CLL cells (n = 19) in a dose-dependent manner, with mean IC(50) of 0.55 micromol/L. PBOX-15 significantly induced apoptosis in CLL cells (n = 46) including cells with poor prognostic markers: unmutated IgV(H) genes, CD38 and zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP-70) expression, and fludarabine-resistant cells with chromosomal deletions in 17p. In addition, PBOX-15 was more potent than fludarabine in inducing apoptosis in fludarabine-sensitive cells. Pharmacologic inhibition and small interfering RNA knockdown of caspase-8 significantly inhibited PBOX-15-induced apoptosis. Pharmacologic inhibition of c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase inhibited PBOX-15-induced apoptosis in mutated IgV(H) and ZAP-70(-) CLL cells but not in unmutated IgV(H) and ZAP-70(+) cells. PBOX-15 exhibited selective cytotoxicity in CLL cells compared with normal hematopoietic cells. Our data suggest that PBOX-15 represents a novel class of agents that are toxic toward both high-risk and low-risk CLL cells. The need for novel treatments is acute in CLL, especially for the subgroup of patients with poor clinical outcome and drug-resistant disease. This study identifies a novel agent with significant clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M McElligott
- John Durkan Research Laboratories, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bright SA, Greene LM, Greene TF, Campiani G, Butini S, Brindisi M, Lawler M, Meegan MJ, Williams DC, Zisterer DM. The novel pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine, PBOX-21, potentiates the apoptotic efficacy of STI571 (imatinib mesylate) in human chronic myeloid leukaemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:310-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Greene LM, Campiani G, Lawler M, Williams DC, Zisterer DM. BubR1 Is Required for a Sustained Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint Arrest in Human Cancer Cells Treated with Tubulin-Targeting Pyrrolo-1,5-Benzoxazepines. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 73:419-30. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.039024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
26
|
Greene LM, Kelly L, Onnis V, Campiani G, Lawler M, Williams DC, Zisterer DM. STI-571 (imatinib mesylate) enhances the apoptotic efficacy of pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine-6, a novel microtubule-targeting agent, in both STI-571-sensitive and -resistant Bcr-Abl-positive human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:288-97. [PMID: 17202400 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.116640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor STI-571 (imatinib mesylate) and a novel microtubule-targeting agent (MTA), pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine (PBOX)-6, were investigated in STI-571-sensitive and -resistant human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. Cotreatment of PBOX-6 with STI-571 induced significantly more apoptosis in Bcr-Abl-positive CML cell lines (K562 and LAMA-84) than either drug alone (P < 0.01). Cell cycle analysis of propidium iodide-stained cells showed that STI-571 significantly reduced PBOX-6-induced G2M arrest and polyploid formation with a concomitant increase in apoptosis. Similar results were obtained in K562 CML cells using lead MTAs (paclitaxel and nocodazole) in combination with STI-571. Potentiation of PBOX-6-induced apoptosis by STI-571 was specific to Bcr-Abl-positive leukemia cells with no cytoxic effects observed on normal peripheral blood cells. The combined treatment of STI-571 and PBOX-6 was associated with the down-regulation of Bcr-Abl and repression of proteins involved in Bcr-Abl transformation, namely the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-x(L) and Mcl-1. Importantly, PBOX-6/STI-571 combinations were also effective in STI-571-resistant cells. Together, these findings highlight the potential clinical benefits in simultaneously targeting the microtubules and the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein in STI-571-sensitive and -resistant CML cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mulligan JM, Greene LM, Cloonan S, Mc Gee MM, Onnis V, Campiani G, Fattorusso C, Lawler M, Williams DC, Zisterer DM. Identification of tubulin as the molecular target of proapoptotic pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepines. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:60-70. [PMID: 16571652 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.021204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that certain members of a series of novel pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine (PBOX) compounds potently induce apoptosis in a variety of human chemotherapy-resistant cancer cell lines and in primary ex vivo material derived from cancer patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effects of these PBOX compounds is essential to their development as antineoplastic therapeutic agents. This study sought to test the hypothesis that proapoptotic PBOX compounds target the microtubules. We show that a representative proapoptotic PBOX compound, PBOX-6, induces apoptosis in both the MCF-7 and K562 cell lines. An accumulation of cells in G2/M precedes apoptosis in response to PBOX-6. PBOX-6 induces prometaphase arrest and causes an accumulation of cyclin B1 levels and activation of cyclin B1/CDK1 kinase in a manner similar to that of two representative antimicrotubule agents, nocodazole and paclitaxel. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrates that both PBOX-6 and another pro-apoptotic PBOX compound, PBOX-15, cause microtubule depolymerization in MCF-7 cells. They also inhibit the assembly of purified tubulin in vitro, whereas a nonapoptotic PBOX compound (PBOX-21) has no effect on either the cellular microtubule network or on the assembly of purified tubulin. This suggests that the molecular target of the pro-apoptotic PBOX compounds is tubulin. PBOX-6 does not bind to either the vinblastine or the colchicine binding site on tubulin, suggesting that it binds to an as-yet-uncharacterised novel site on tubulin. The ability of PBOX-6 to bind tubulin and cause microtubule depolymerization confirms it as a novel candidate for antineoplastic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jude M Mulligan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Greene LM, Fleeton M, Mulligan J, Gowda C, Sheahan BJ, Atkins GJ, Campiani G, Nacci V, Lawler M, Williams DC, Zisterer DM. The pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine, PBOX-6, inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro independent of estrogen receptor status and inhibits breast tumour growth in vivo. Oncol Rep 2005; 14:1357-63. [PMID: 16211309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of a novel series of pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine (PBOX) compounds have been shown to induce apoptosis in a number of human leukemia cell lines of different haematological lineage, suggesting their potential as anti-cancer agents. In this study, we sought to determine if PBOX-6, a well characterised member of the PBOX series of compounds, is also an effective inhibitor of breast cancer growth. Two estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (MCF-7 and T-47-D) and two ER-negative (MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3) cell lines were examined. The 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine reduction in cell viability. PBOX-6 reduced the cell viability of all four cell lines tested, regardless of ER status, with IC(50) values ranging from 1.0 to 2.3 microM. PBOX-6 was most effective in the SK-BR-3 cells, which express high endogenous levels of the HER-2 oncogene. Overexpression of the HER-2 oncogene has been associated with aggressive disease and resistance to chemotherapy. The mechanism of PBOX-6-induced cell death was due to apoptosis, as indicated by the increased proportion of cells in the pre-G1 peak and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Moreover, intratumoural administration of PBOX-6 (7.5 mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumour growth in vivo in a mouse mammary carcinoma model (p=0.04, n=5, Student's t-test). Thus, PBOX-6 could be a promising anti-cancer agent for both hormone-dependent and -independent breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Argraves WS, Greene LM, Cooley MA, Gallagher WM. Fibulins: physiological and disease perspectives. EMBO Rep 2004; 4:1127-31. [PMID: 14647206 PMCID: PMC1326425 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibulins are a family of proteins that are associated with basement membranes and elastic extracellular matrix fibres. This review summarizes findings from studies of animal models of fibulin deficiency, human fibulin gene mutations, human tumours and injury models that have advanced our understanding of the normal and pathological roles of members of this formerly obscure family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Scott Argraves
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department
of Cell Biology, 173 Ashley Avenue,
Charleston, South Carolina 29425,
USA
- Tel: +1 843 792 5482; Fax: +1 843 792 0664;
| | - Lisa M. Greene
- Department of Pharmacology, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marion A. Cooley
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department
of Cell Biology, 173 Ashley Avenue,
Charleston, South Carolina 29425,
USA
| | - William M. Gallagher
- Department of Pharmacology, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Tel: +353 1 7166743; Fax: +353 1 2692749;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mc Gee MM, Greene LM, Ledwidge S, Campiani G, Nacci V, Lawler M, Williams DC, Zisterer DM. Selective induction of apoptosis by the pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine 7-[[dimethylcarbamoyl]oxy]-6-(2-naphthyl)pyrrolo-[2,1-d] (1,5)-benzoxazepine (PBOX-6) in Leukemia cells occurs via the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 310:1084-95. [PMID: 15143129 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.067561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the Bcl-2 proto-oncogene in tumor cells confers resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we describe how the novel pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine compound 7-[[dimethylcarbamoyl]oxy]-6-(2-naphthyl)pyrrolo-[2,1-d] (1,5)-benzoxazepine (PBOX-6) selectively induces apoptosis in Bcl-2-overexpressing cancer cells, whereas it shows no cytotoxic effect on normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PBOX-6 overcomes Bcl-2-mediated resistance to apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) K562 cells by the time- and dose-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. PBOX-6 also induces Bcl-2 phosphorylation and apoptosis in wild-type T leukemia CEM cells and cells overexpressing Bcl-2. This is in contrast to chemotherapeutic agents such as etoposide, actinomycin D, and ultraviolet irradiation, whereby overexpression of Bcl-2 confers resistance against apoptosis. In addition, PBOX-6 induces Bcl-2 phosphorylation and apoptosis in wild-type Jurkat acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and cells overexpressing Bcl-2. However, Jurkat cells containing a Bcl-2 triple mutant, whereby the principal Bcl-2 phosphorylation sites are mutated to alanine, demonstrate resistance against Bcl-2 phosphorylation and apoptosis. PBOX-6 also induces the early and transient activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in CEM cells. Inhibition of JNK activity prevents Bcl-2 phosphorylation and apoptosis, implicating JNK in the upstream signaling pathway leading to Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings identify Bcl-2 phosphorylation and inactivation as a critical step in the apoptotic pathway induced by PBOX-6 and highlight its potential as an effective antileukemic agent.
Collapse
|
31
|
Greene LM, Twal WO, Duffy MJ, McDermott EW, Hill AD, O'Higgins NJ, McCann AH, Dervan PA, Argraves WS, Gallagher WM. Elevated expression and altered processing of fibulin-1 protein in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:871-8. [PMID: 12644824 PMCID: PMC2377096 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix protein fibulin-1 suppresses the motility and invasiveness of a variety of tumour cell types in vitro as well as the growth of fibrosarcoma tumours in nude mice. In this study, fibulin-1 protein expression in breast carcinoma specimens and normal breast tissue was evaluated immunohistologically. Fibulin-1 protein expression was also semiquantitatively assessed by immunoblot analysis in a collection of normal breast tissues (n=18), benign tumours (n=5) and breast carcinomas (n=39). In normal breast tissue, fibulin-1 protein expression predominated in the ductal epithelium and underlying myoepithelium, with weaker staining evident in the loose connective surrounding the ducts. Examination of breast carcinomas revealed that the tumour cells also expressed fibulin-1 protein. The level of mature fibulin-1 polypeptide (100 kDa) was higher in the breast carcinoma specimens as compared to normal breast tissue (Mann-Whitney U-test, P=0.0005). In addition to the mature fibulin-1 polypeptide, several smaller sized polypeptides of 55, 50 and 25 kDa were detected using monoclonal antibodies reactive towards an epitope located at the N-terminus of fibulin-1. The immunoreactive 50 kDa polypeptide was detected more frequently in breast carcinoma specimens than in normal breast tissue (chi(2)=17.22, P<0.0001). Furthermore, the ratio of the 50 kDa fragment to the mature fibulin-1 polypeptide correlated with the level of oestrogen receptor alpha (Spearman correlation coefficient, rs=0.49, P<0.003, n=36) and progesterone receptor (rs=0.43, P=0.008, n=36) expression in the tumour specimens. Taken together, these findings indicate that elevated expression and altered processing of fibulin-1 is associated with human breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Greene
- Department of Pharmacology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - W O Twal
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M J Duffy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - E W McDermott
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A D Hill
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - N J O'Higgins
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A H McCann
- Department of Pathology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Mater Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - P A Dervan
- Department of Pathology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Mater Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - W S Argraves
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - W M Gallagher
- Department of Pharmacology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Greene LM. More uses for a tax credit. Health Aff (Millwood) 2001; 20:303. [PMID: 11558719 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.20.5.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
33
|
Gallagher WM, Greene LM, Ryan MP, Sierra V, Berger A, Laurent-Puig P, Conseiller E. Human fibulin-4: analysis of its biosynthetic processing and mRNA expression in normal and tumour tissues. FEBS Lett 2001; 489:59-66. [PMID: 11231014 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the identification of a human orthologue of fibulin-4, along with analysis of its biosynthetic processing and mRNA expression levels in normal and tumour tissues. Comparative sequence analysis of fibulin-4 cDNAs revealed apparent polymorphisms in the signal sequence that could account for previously reported inefficient secretion in fibulin-4 transfectants. In vitro translation of fibulin-4 mRNA revealed the presence of full-length and truncated polypeptides, the latter apparently generated from an alternative translation initiation site. Since this polypeptide failed to incorporate into endoplasmic reticulum membrane preparations, it was concluded that it lacked a signal sequence and thus could represent an intracellular form of fibulin-4. Using fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis, the human fibulin-4 gene was localised to chromosome 11q13, this region being syntenic to portions of mouse chromosomes 7 and 19. Considering the fact that translocations, amplifications and other rearrangements of the 11q13 region are associated with a variety of human cancers, the expression of human fibulin-4 was evaluated in a series of colon tumours. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of RNA from paired human colon tumour and adjacent normal tissue biopsies showed that a significant proportion of tumours had approximately 2-7-fold increases in the level of fibulin-4 mRNA expression. Taken together, results reported here suggest that an intracellular form of fibulin-4 protein may exist and that dysregulated expression of the fibulin-4 gene is associated with human colon tumourigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M Gallagher
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Department of Pharmacology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tenholder MF, Greene LM, Thomas AM. The role of radiology in pulmonary infectious disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1998; 4:142-7. [PMID: 9675516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review of recently published papers focuses on the recent tious disease. Despite advances in thoracic imaging, the chest roentgenogram combined with the clinical history remain the cornerstone in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of pulmonary infectious disease. Examination of all prior films to document preexistent anatomic pulmonary or cardiac disease and to establish the progression or regression of the pulmonary infiltrate is essential prior to proceeding with more costly imaging.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Humans
- Lung/diagnostic imaging
- Lung Diseases, Fungal/diagnosis
- Lung Diseases, Fungal/diagnostic imaging
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnostic imaging
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnostic imaging
- Radiography
- Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnostic imaging
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Technology, Radiologic
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnostic imaging
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Tenholder
- University of Tennessee, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
McClave SA, Greene LM, Snider HL, Makk LJ, Cheadle WG, Owens NA, Dukes LG, Goldsmith LJ. Comparison of the safety of early enteral vs parenteral nutrition in mild acute pancreatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1997; 21:14-20. [PMID: 9002079 DOI: 10.1177/014860719702100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective study was designed to compare the safety, efficacy, cost, and impact on patient outcome of early total enteral nutrition (TEN) vs total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in acute pancreatitis. METHODS Patients admitted with acute pancreatitis or an acute flare of chronic pancreatitis, characterized by abdominal pain and elevated serum amylase and lipase, were randomized to receive either isocaloric and isonitrogenous TEN (via a nasojejunal feeding tube placed endoscopically) or TPN (via a central or peripheral line) started within 48 hours of admission. RESULTS Thirty patients were studied over 32 admissions (TEN given on 16 and TPN on 16) for acute pancreatitis. There were no differences on admission in mean age, Ranson criteria, multiple organ failure score (MOF), or APACHE III score between TEN and TPN groups. Although slower to approach goal feeding over the first 72 hours of admission, TEN patients received 71.3% goal calories by day 4 vs 85.2% for TPN patients (not significant). There were no deaths and no differences between groups in serial pain scores, days to normalization of amylase, days to diet by mouth, serum albumin levels, or percent nosocomial infection. However, the mean cost of TPN per patient was over four times greater than that for TEN ($3294 vs $761, respectively, p < .001). Mean serial Ranson criteria, APACHE III, and MOF scores recorded every 2 to 3 days decreased in the TEN group, whereas those in the TPN group increased. Only the difference in the third Ranson criteria (mean 6.3 days after admission) for the TEN and TPN groups (0.5 vs 2.8, respectively) reached statistical significance (p = .002). Stress-induced hyperglycemia was worse in the TPN group, as serum glucose levels increased significantly over the first 5 days of hospitalization (p < .02), whereas those in the TEN group showed no significant change. An exacerbation of pancreatitis, occurring in one TEN patient when the nasojejunal tube was dislodged into the stomach, resolved after placement back in the jejunum. Three patients who became asymptomatic and normalized amylase on TEN flared upon advancing to diet by mouth. CONCLUSIONS TEN for acute pancreatitis is as safe and effective, but is significantly less costly than TPN. Compared with TPN, TEN may promote more rapid resolution of the toxicity and stress response to pancreatitis. TEN via jejunal feeding should be used preferentially in this disease setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A McClave
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Greene LM, Gerlach CJ. Central lines have moved out. RN 1994; 57:26-30; quiz 31. [PMID: 8197384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
37
|
Lowen CC, Greene LM, McClave SA. Nutritional support in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Postgrad Med 1992; 91:407-14. [PMID: 1561174 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1992.11701302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition with bowel rest has been used as primary therapy to reduce disease activity and achieve remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, results are short-lived and similar success can be attained through total enteral nutrition with highly specialized elemental or semielemental formulas. Enteral nutrition costs less than parenteral nutrition, maintains gut integrity, stimulates immunocompetence, and helps to control symptoms and overall disease activity. Increased use of enteral formulas can be expected in the future. The role of diet in management of IBD is currently under scrutiny. No one diet is appropriate for all patients, but restriction of fat, fiber, lactose, or oxalate may be necessary to help alleviate symptoms and minimize the risk of complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Lowen
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY 40292
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Harwood IR, Greene LM, Kozakowski-Koch JA, Rasor JS. New peripherally inserted midline catheter: a better alternative for intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 1992; 12:233-9. [PMID: 1614749 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.1950120407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A study was performed on outpatients with cystic fibrosis (CF) to evaluate the performance of an over-the-needle peripherally inserted midline catheter for the delivery of 2-week courses of antibiotic therapy. The midline is a 7-inch catheter inserted in the antecubital region with the tip located in the axillary region. It is made of a newly developed biomaterial that softens and expands upon contact with body fluids. The hypotheses for the study were that the midline catheter: 1) is useful for intermediate-length therapies; 2) can prevent multiple 3-day conventional peripheral catheter restarts; 3) can prevent or delay the use of more invasive central devices; 4) is comfortable for patients; and 5) is economical. A total of 41 midlines were inserted in 27 patients with an average age and weight of 22 years and 109 pounds, respectively. Prior to this study implanted ports and primarily conventional short peripheral catheters were used to administer I.V. therapy to these patients; fifty percent of these short peripheral catheters failed within 2.6 days. At 2 weeks of dwell, 80% of the midline catheters placed in these patients were still indwelling. Also, 80% of all midline catheter removals were for non-catheter-related reasons. There were no cases of midline catheter phlebitis. In contrast, the phlebitis rates published for peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) and conventional short peripheral catheters at 7 days of dwell are 20% and greater than 51% respectively. The midline catheters were comfortable and well liked by most patients and became more economical than conventional peripheral catheters for therapies lasting approximately 6 days through 1 to 2 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Harwood
- Pediatric Pulmonary Disease, University of California Medical Center, San Diego 92103
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
McClave SA, Snider HL, Lowen CC, McLaughlin AJ, Greene LM, McCombs RJ, Rodgers L, Wright RA, Roy TM, Schumer MP. Use of residual volume as a marker for enteral feeding intolerance: prospective blinded comparison with physical examination and radiographic findings. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1992; 16:99-105. [PMID: 1556825 DOI: 10.1177/014860719201600299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High gastric residual volumes (RVs) are a frequent cause for cessation of total enteral nutrition (TEN). This study was designed to determine the RV that indicates intolerance or inadequate gastric emptying and to compare the RV findings in a blinded fashion with those findings obtained on physical examination and radiography. Twenty healthy normal volunteers (HNV), 8 stable patients with gastrostomy tubes (GTP), and 10 critically ill patients (CIP) were evaluated prospectively for 8 hours while receiving TEN. No subjects were clearly intolerant (ie, vomiting, aspiration). Of the total RVs recorded, 13.1% were greater than or equal to 150 mL in the CIP group, whereas only 2.4% of the RVs were greater than or equal to 150 mL in the HNV group. None of the RVs in the GTP group were greater than or equal to 150 mL. Objective scores on physical examination failed to correlate with RV (p = .397), as did objective scores on radiography (p = .742). However, objective scores on physical examination were significantly related to scores on radiography (p = .016). Abnormal physical examination findings were found in 4 out of 11 patients (GTP + CIP) with RVs less than 100 mL and in 6 out of 7 with RVs greater than or equal to 100 mL. Abnormal radiographic results were found in 6 out of 11 patients with RVs less than 100 mL, in 7 out of 7 patients with RVs greater than or equal to 100 mL, and in 4 out of 20 HNVs. There was no difference in RVs obtained from the supine or right lateral decubitus positions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A McClave
- University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kentucky 40292
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|