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Mariotti V, Han H, Ismail-Khan R, Tang SC, Dillon P, Montero AJ, Poklepovic A, Melin S, Ibrahim NK, Kennedy E, Vahanian N, Link C, Tennant L, Schuster S, Smith C, Danciu O, Gilman P, Soliman H. Effect of Taxane Chemotherapy With or Without Indoximod in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol 2021; 7:61-69. [PMID: 33151286 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) causes tumor immune suppression. The IDO1 pathway inhibitor indoximod combined with a taxane in patients with ERBB2-negative metastatic breast cancer was tested in a prospective clinical trial. Objective To assess clinical outcomes in patients with ERBB2-negative metastatic breast cancer treated with indoximod plus a taxane. Design, Setting, and Participants This phase 2 double-blinded randomized 1:1 placebo-controlled clinical trial enrolled patients at multiple international centers from August 26, 2013, to January 25, 2016. Eligibility criteria included ERBB2-negative metastatic breast cancer, ability to receive taxane therapy, good performance status, normal organ function, no previous immunotherapy use, and no autoimmune disease. The study was discontinued in June 2017 because of lack of efficacy. Data analysis was performed from February 2019 to April 2020. Interventions A taxane (paclitaxel [80 mg/m2] weekly 3 weeks on, 1 week off, or docetaxel [75 mg/m2] every 3 weeks) plus placebo or indoximod (1200 mg) orally twice daily as first-line treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS); secondary end points were median overall survival, objective response rate, and toxic effects. A sample size of 154 patients would detect a hazard ratio of 0.64 with 1-sided α = .1 and β = .2 after 95 events. Archival tumor tissue was stained with immunohistochemistry for IDO1 expression as an exploratory analysis. Results Of 209 patients enrolled, 169 were randomized and 164 were treated (85 in the indoximod arm; 79 in the placebo arm). The median (range) age was 58 (29-85) years; 166 (98.2%) were female, and 135 (79.9%) were White. The objective response rate was 40% and 37%, respectively (indoximod vs placebo) (P = .74). The median (range) follow-up time was 17.4 (0.1-39.4) months. The median PFS was 6.8 months (95% CI, 4.8-8.9) in the indoximod arm and 9.5 months (95% CI, 7.8-11.2) in the placebo arm (hazard ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8-1.8). Differences between the experimental and placebo arms in median PFS (6.8 vs 9.5 months) and overall survival (19.5 vs 20.6 months) were not statistically significant. Grade 3 or greater treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 60% of patients in both arms. Conclusions and Relevance This randomized clinical trial found that, among patients with ERBB2-negative metastatic breast cancer, addition of indoximod to a taxane did not improve PFS compared with a taxane alone. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01792050.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyo Han
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Shou-Ching Tang
- University of Mississippi Cancer Center and Research Institute, Jackson
| | | | | | | | - Susan Melin
- Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Gilman
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Hatem Soliman
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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Hemstreet GP, Pisarev VM, Enke CA, Hauke RJ, Rossi GR, Tennant L, Ramsey WJ, Vahanian NN, Link CJ. Effect of cellular vaccination of prostate cancer patients on IgG responses to peptide epitopes predicted from prostate tumor–associated autoantigens. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Riker AI, Vahanian NN, Link CJ, Tennant L, Ramsey WJ, Rossi GR, Alsfeld LC, Davila E, Harrison M. Combination immunotherapy for high-risk and advanced melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.8534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hardacre JM, Mulcahy MF, Talamonti M, Obel JC, Rocha Lima CS, Safran H, Rossi GR, Tennant L, Vahanian NN, Link CJ. Effect of hyperacute immunotherapy in addition to standard adjuvant therapy for resected pancreatic cancer on disease-free and overall survival: Preliminary analysis of phase II data. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Riker AI, Alsfeld LC, Harrison M, Foxworth D, Lee Q, Rossi GR, Tennant L, Ramsey WJ, Vahanian NN, Link CJ. A phase II clinical trial of a novel combinatorial antitumor immunotherapy for patients with high-risk resected stage III and metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.8586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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6
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Oyama Y, Talamonti M, Mulcahy M, Gonda E, Burt RK, Vahanian NN, Bell R, Tennant L, Ramsey WJ, Adrian T, Link C. A phase I/II study of an antitumor vaccination using α (1,3) galactosyltransferase expressing allogeneic tumor cells in pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
13512 Background: Prognosis of pancreatic cancer remains poor despite surgical resection. In a phase I trial, we examined the safety and feasibility of antitumor vaccination in Pts with surgically resected pancreatic cancer with two irradiated genetically altered human pancreatic cancer cell lines engineered to express xenotransplantation antigens by retroviral transfer of the murine a(1,3) galactosyltrasferase gene {HyperAcute Pancreatic Cancer Vaccine (HAPa)}. Methods: Pts had undergone complete surgical resection for stage IA to IIB pancreatic adenocarcinoma, ECOG PS≤2, no immunosuppressive drug use and an adequate organ function were eligible. Various adjuvant treatments were allowed prior to the start of HAPa according to the institutional preferences (5FU/radiation, cisplatin/gemicitabine followed by 5FU/radiation, 5FU/radiation followed by gemicitabine or gemicitabine/capecitabine/bevasizumab/radiation). Six Pts were scheduled to receive 12 every two week-intradermal injections (initial priming dose followed by 11 boost doses). The first cohort (Pts 1–3) was to receive at lower doses (2 × 108 cells priming and 1 x 108 cells boost). The second cohort (Pts 4–6) was to receive at higher doses (5 x 10^8 cells priming and 3 x 10^8 cells boost). Toxicity was assessed using the CTC v3.0. Results: To date, 6 Pts, 3 males, 3 females, median age 59 (range 50–66) were treated. Two Pts completed all 12 injections. Others received 9, 6, 6 and 4 injections, respectively. To date no serious adverse events can be attributed to the vaccine. Adverse events (≤CTC grade 2) attributable to the vaccine include injection site pain/discomfort and local skin reaction in all Pts. Other adverse events (≤grade 2) include hyperkalemia, fever and increased LDH levels in one Pt. One Pt with non-malignant hepatic lesions at the time of initial surgery was removed from the study after confirmation of metastatic disease in the liver. At this point the median 6.5 (range 9–4) months in the study all remaining (5/6) patients have no evidence of recurrent disease. Conclusions: Preliminary data indicate that antitumor vaccination with genetically altered allogeneic human pancreatic cancer cells expressing a(1, 3) galactosyltrasferase is safe and feasible [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Oyama
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
| | - M. Talamonti
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
| | - M. Mulcahy
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
| | - E. Gonda
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
| | - R. K. Burt
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
| | - N. N. Vahanian
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
| | - R. Bell
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
| | - L. Tennant
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
| | - W. J. Ramsey
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
| | - T. Adrian
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
| | - C. Link
- Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; NewLink Genetics, Ames, IA
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7
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Morris JC, Janik JE, Vahanian N, Mertes S, O’Hagan D, Tennant L, Pittaluga S, Albert P, Seregina T, Link C. A phase I study of antitumor vaccination using tumor cells genetically modified to express alpha(1,3)galactosyltransferase (αGT) in patients with refractory or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
12503 Background: Despite new treatments, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death. We examined the safety and activity of antitumor vaccination using genetically altered human non-small cell lung cancer cells (HAL; HyperAcute Lung Cancer Vaccine) engineered to express xenotransplantation antigens through retroviral transfer of the murine αGT gene in patients (Pts.) with NSCLC. Methods: A single institution Phase I trial. Eligibility: Stage IV, recurrent or progressive NSCLC, Age ≥18, ECOG PS ≤2, prior chemotherapies ≤2, AGC ≥1,500/μL, Plts. ≥100,000/μL, adequate hepatic/renal function and informed consent. Cohorts of Pts. received intrademal injections of 3 × 106, 10 × 106, 30 × 106, or 100 × 106 HAL vaccine cells every 4-weeks × 4, or 500 × 106 HAL cells followed by 300 × 106 HAL cells every 2-weeks × 7. Toxicity was assessed using CTCv3.0 and response by RECIST criteria. Immunological responses included anti-αGal antibody titers, interferon-γ ELISPOT and vaccine site skin biopsies. Results: Seventeen Pts., 9 men and 8 women, median age 57 years (range, 34–85), median number of prior chemotherapies 1 (range, 1–2) were vaccinated. There were no Grade 3/4 adverse events attributable to the study vaccine. Adverse events (≤grade 2) attributable to vaccination include injection site urticaria, pain/discomfort, local skin reaction, fatigue, herpes zoster, arthralgias/myalgias and hypertension. Six Pts. had stable disease ≥16 weeks duration (range, 16–85+ weeks), 9 Pts. progressed and 2 Pts. were not evaluable for response. Skin biopsies 48-hrs after vaccination demonstrated vaccine cells in the dermis with acute infiltration of lymphocytes, granulocytes and eosinophils. Serum anti-αGal titers increased 10–14 fold with vaccination. Conclusions: Xenogeneic antitumor vaccination with genetically altered allogeneic human lung cancer cells expressing αGT is safe and feasible. A phase II trial is planned. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Morris
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA
| | - J. E. Janik
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA
| | - N. Vahanian
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA
| | - S. Mertes
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA
| | - D. O’Hagan
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA
| | - L. Tennant
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA
| | - S. Pittaluga
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA
| | - P. Albert
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA
| | - T. Seregina
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA
| | - C. Link
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA
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8
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Morris JC, Vahanian N, Janik JE, Moses L, Tennant L, Pittaluga S, Gao W, Albert P, Seregina T, Link CJ. Phase I study of an antitumor vaccination using α(1,3) galactosyltransferase expressing allogeneic tumor cells in patients (Pts) with refractory or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Morris
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA
| | - N. Vahanian
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA
| | - J. E. Janik
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA
| | - L. Moses
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA
| | - L. Tennant
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA
| | - S. Pittaluga
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA
| | - W. Gao
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA
| | - P. Albert
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA
| | - T. Seregina
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA
| | - C. J. Link
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA
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9
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Tennant L. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: an overview. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2001; 5:218-9. [PMID: 11899767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Important advances have been made in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In the past two decades, treatment of this disease has changed and now includes the use of hydroxyurea, interferon, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and high-dose chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Because several relatively effective forms of therapy now exist, the care and management of patients with CML has become more complex. Through continued research and drug development, additional therapies are expected to emerge offering new hope and expanded treatment options for patients with CML.
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10
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Rich AM, Ellis PJ, Tennant L, Wright PE, Armstrong RS, Lay PA. Determination of Fe-ligand bond lengths and the Fe-N-O bond angles in soybean ferrous and ferric nitrosylleghemoglobin a using multiple-scattering XAFS analyses. Biochemistry 1999; 38:16491-9. [PMID: 10600110 DOI: 10.1021/bi990730n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The NO adducts of leghemoglobin (Lb) are implicated in biological processes, but only the adduct with ferrous Lb (Lb(II)NO) has been characterized previously. We report the first characterization of ferric nitrosylleghemoglobin (Lb(III)NO) and XAS experiments performed on frozen aqueous solutions of Lb(II)NO and Lb(III)NO at 10 K. The XANES and electronic spectra of the NO adducts are similar in shape and energies to the myoglobin (Mb) analogues. The environment of the Fe atom has been refined using multiple-scattering (MS) analyses of the XAFS data. For Lb(II)NO, the MS analysis resulted in an averaged Fe-N(p)(pyrrole) distance of 2.02 A, an Fe-N(epsilon)(imidazole) distance of 1.98 A, an Fe-N(NO) distance of 1.77 A, and an Fe-N-O angle of 147 degrees. The Fe-N(NO) distance and Fe-N-O angle obtained from the analysis of Lb(II)NO are in good agreement with those determined crystallographically for [Fe(TPP)(NO)] (TPP, tetraphenylporphyrinato), with and without 1-methylimidazole (1-MeIm) as the sixth ligand, and the MS XAFS structures reported previously for the myoglobin (Mb(II)NO) analogue and [Fe(TPP)(NO)]. The MS analysis of Lb(III)NO yielded an average Fe-N(p) distance of 2.00 A, an Fe-N(epsilon) distance of 1.89 A, an Fe-N(NO) distance of 1.68 A, and an Fe-N-O angle of 173 degrees. These bond lengths and angles are consistent with those determined previously for the myoglobin analogue (Mb(III)NO) and the crystal structures of the model complexes, [Fe(III)(TPP)(NO)(OH(2))](+) and [Fe(OEP)(NO)](+) (OEP, octaethylporphyrinato). The final XAFS R values were 16.1 and 18.2% for Lb(II)NO and Lb(III)NO, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Rich
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Foster MP, Wuttke DS, Clemens KR, Jahnke W, Radhakrishnan I, Tennant L, Reymond M, Chung J, Wright PE. Chemical shift as a probe of molecular interfaces: NMR studies of DNA binding by the three amino-terminal zinc finger domains from transcription factor IIIA. J Biomol NMR 1998; 12:51-71. [PMID: 9729788 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008290631575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the NMR resonance assignments for a macromolecular protein/DNA complex containing the three amino-terminal zinc fingers (92 amino acid residues) of Xenopus laevis TFIIIA (termed zf1-3) bound to the physiological DNA target (15 base pairs), and for the free DNA. Comparisons are made of the chemical shifts of protein backbone 1HN, 15N, 13C alpha and 13C beta and DNA base and sugar protons of the free and bound species. Chemical shift changes are analyzed in the context of the structures of the zf1-3/DNA complex to assess the utility of chemical shift change as a probe of molecular interfaces. Chemical shift perturbations that occur upon binding in the zf1-3/DNA complex do not correspond directly to the structural interface, but rather arise from a number of direct and indirect structural and dynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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12
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Kriwacki RW, Wu J, Tennant L, Wright PE, Siuzdak G. Probing protein structure using biochemical and biophysical methods. Proteolysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography of p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1. J Chromatogr A 1997; 777:23-30. [PMID: 9297835 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1, important for p53 tumor suppressor-dependent cell growth control in humans and other organisms, mediates G1/S-phase arrest through inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). The enzymatic activity of these kinases is essential for progress through the cell division cycle and one level of cell cycle regulation is exerted through inhibition of Cdks by a family of small proteins, including p21. Cdk inhibition requires a sequence of approximately 60 amino acids within the p21 NH2-terminus. Using proteolytic mapping, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, HPLC and size-exclusion chromatography, we show that p21, active as a Cdk inhibitor, exists in an extended, non-globular conformation in the absence of its biological target and that p21 lacks the hallmarks of stable secondary and tertiary structure. We have developed an efficient approach to obtain detailed proteolytic maps that takes advantage of the high accuracy and sensitivity of MALDI mass spectrometry. Our method allows a proteolytic map to be obtained from a single mass spectrum for fragments produced from a single proteolytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Kriwacki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Kriwacki RW, Hengst L, Tennant L, Reed SI, Wright PE. Structural studies of p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 in the free and Cdk2-bound state: conformational disorder mediates binding diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:11504-9. [PMID: 8876165 PMCID: PMC38087 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1, important for p53-dependent cell cycle control, mediates G1/S arrest through inhibition of Cdks and possibly through inhibition of DNA replication. Cdk inhibition requires a sequence of approximately 60 amino acids within the p21 NH2 terminus. We show, using proteolytic mapping, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, that p21 and NH2-terminal fragments that are active as Cdk inhibitors lack stable secondary or tertiary structure in the free solution state. In sharp contrast to the disordered free state, however, the p21 NH2 terminus adopts an ordered stable conformation when bound to Cdk2, as shown directly by NMR spectroscopy. We have, thus, identified a striking disorder-order transition for p21 upon binding to one of its biological targets, Cdk2. This structural transition has profound implications in light of the ability of p21 to bind and inhibit a diverse family of cyclin-Cdk complexes, including cyclin A-Cdk2, cyclin E-Cdk2, and cyclin D-Cdk4. Our findings suggest that the flexibility, or disorder, of free p21 is associated with binding diversity and offer insights into the role for structural disorder in mediating binding specificity in biological systems. Further, these observations challenge the generally accepted view of proteins that stable secondary and tertiary structure are prerequisites for biological activity and suggest that a broader view of protein structure should be considered in the context of structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Kriwacki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Liao X, Clemens K, Cavanagh J, Tennant L, Wright PE. 1H, 15N and 13C resonance assignments for the first three zinc fingers of transcription factor IIIA. J Biomol NMR 1994; 4:433-454. [PMID: 8019145 DOI: 10.1007/bf00179350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The first three zinc fingers (ZF1-3) of transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) from Xenopus have been shown to contribute the majority of the binding energy to the intact TFIIIA-DNA interaction [Liao et al. (1992) J. Mol. Biol., 223, 857-871]. We have expressed a 92-amino acid polypeptide containing the three N-terminal zinc fingers of TFIIIA. This three-fingered polypeptide has been isotopically labeled with 15N and 13C in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. Assignment of backbone 1H, 15N, aliphatic 1H and 13C and aromatic 1H and 13C resonances of delta NZF1-3 has been obtained using a combination of single-, double- and triple-resonance multidimensional NMR experiments. The secondary structures for each finger have been determined from NOE connectivities, 3JNH alpha values and chemical shifts. The results show that each finger folds into a canonical beta-sheet-helix zinc finger structural motif, while the linkers adopt an extended structure. The helix between the two histidine ligands in ZF3 is distorted by zinc coordination, to accommodate the presence of four intervening amino acids instead of three as in ZF1 and ZF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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15
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Bashford D, Case DA, Dalvit C, Tennant L, Wright PE. Electrostatic calculations of side-chain pK(a) values in myoglobin and comparison with NMR data for histidines. Biochemistry 1993; 32:8045-56. [PMID: 8347606 DOI: 10.1021/bi00082a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific titration curves for 12 histidine residues in carbon monoxy sperm whale myoglobin (MbCO) have been determined from two-dimensional (2D) double quantum NMR experiments. Eight of these histidine residues are observed to titrate over the accessible pH range, and pK(a) values have been determined; bounds on the titration midpoints of the remaining four histidines are also reported. Results for residues 48, 81, and 119 differ significantly from those estimated from earlier, one-dimensional studies, but they are in good agreement with values recently determined for metaquomyoglobin. These experimental values (plus those determined earlier for tyrosine titrations) are compared to predictions from crystal structures of myoglobin using a numerical Poisson-Boltzmann model and a Monte Carlo treatment of the multiple-site titration. An extension of existing models is described that accounts for alternate tautomers for histidines. Calculations are reported using several choices for radii and charges, and for five crystal structures, in order to assess the sensitivity of the results to details of the calculations. In general, the agreement between calculated and observed titration behavior suggests that this theoretical model captures much of the electrostatic behavior in this system, even though it ignores conformational fluctuations and the differences in mean structures that may exist between crystal and solution. Interactions among titrating groups are often important; in general, these interactions lead to more gradual individual site titrations (the mean Hill coefficient is about 0.8), and in several cases the interactions are so strong that two side chains need to be considered as a unit and single residues may participate in two-step titrations. It is suggested that histidines involved in such two-step titrations and carboxylic acid residues with abnormally low pK(a) values in the native conformation may be involved in the acid-induced partial unfolding of MbCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bashford
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Liao XB, Clemens KR, Tennant L, Wright PE, Gottesfeld JM. Specific interaction of the first three zinc fingers of TFIIIA with the internal control region of the Xenopus 5 S RNA gene. J Mol Biol 1992; 223:857-71. [PMID: 1538401 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(92)90248-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A DNA plasmid encoding the first 101 amino acid residues of the Xenopus 5 S RNA gene-specific transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) was derived by polymerase chain reaction amplification of this region from the cDNA for TFIIIA. This polypeptide includes the first three zinc fingers of the TFIIIA DNA binding domain. The polypeptide was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to greater than 95% homogeneity. The three finger polypeptide binds the internal control region of the 5 S RNA gene with sequence specificity and high affinity. Binding is metal-dependent and treatment of the polypeptide with EDTA abolishes binding. Polypeptide-DNA complexes exhibit a dissociation constant of 5.6(+/- 0.9) nM, while that for full-length Xenopus TFIIIA is 2.2(+/- 0.4) nM, measured under the same conditions. This suggests that the majority of the free energy of TFIIIA binding resides in these amino-terminal zinc fingers. The polypeptide protects 21 base-pairs of the internal control region from attack by DNase I, with protection from nucleotides +75 to +95 of the 120 base-pair gene. This region includes the C-block promoter element and several guanine residues that are essential for TFIIIA binding. Methylation interference experiments suggest that the mode of binding of the polypeptide and TFIIIA are similar. The minimal DNA sequences required for polypeptide binding were determined using a series of synthetic double-stranded deoxyribo-oligonucleotides. A 13 base-pair oligonucleotide spanning nucleotides +80 to +92 of the 5 S RNA gene retained specific and high-affinity binding, although the latter was reduced sixfold relative to longer DNA fragments. Polypeptides containing fingers 1 and 2, or fingers 2, 3 and 4 of TFIIIA do not exhibit sequence-specific DNA binding. Overall, these studies provide strong support for a model in which the first three zinc fingers of TFIIIA bind with high affinity between nucleotides +80 and +92 of the internal control region of the 5 S RNA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Liao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Dalvit C, Tennant L, Wright PE. 1H resonances of proximal histidine in CO complexes of hemoglobins provide a sensitive probe of coordination geometry. FEBS Lett 1987; 213:289-92. [PMID: 3556583 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)81507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward strategy for assignment of the C epsilon H, C delta H and N delta H proton resonances of the proximal histidine ligand in diamagnetic complexes of monomeric hemoglobins and myoglobins is reported. These resonances are subject to large ring current shifts and are highly sensitive to coordination geometry. There are no significant differences between the CO complexes of myoglobin, leghemoglobin or hemoglobin alpha-subunits in proximal His coordination geometry or hydrogen bonding to the backbone at Leu F4. Ring current calculations show that the His F8 coordination geometry in the CO complexes of myoglobin and hemoglobin alpha-subunits is very similar in crystal and solution.
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Dalvit C, Tennant L, Wright PE. 1H NMR studies of heme pocket conformation in zinc-substituted leghemoglobin, a diamagnetic analog of deoxyleghemoglobin. J Inorg Biochem 1986; 28:303-9. [PMID: 3806095 DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(86)80094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reconstitution of apoleghemoglobin with zinc protoporphyrin IX is reported. NMR spectra show that the reconstitution is orientation specific and that there is no detectable heme isomerism or conformational heterogeneity. Resonances of heme substituents and distal and proximal amino acid protons have been assigned. Only minor differences in porphyrin-protein packing occur between zinc leghemoglobin and the CO complex of ferrous leghemoglobin. The zinc is five-coordinate and is ligated by the proximal histidine. Comparisons with diamagnetic six-coordinate complexes show that the distal His-61 and Leu-65 side chains move away from the binding site upon coordination of exogenous ligands. Conformational changes are minimal when the ligand is O2.
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O'Brien JS, Tennant L, Veath ML, Scott CR, Bucknall WE. Characterization of unusual hexosaminidase A (HEX A) deficient human mutants. Am J Hum Genet 1978; 30:602-8. [PMID: 747188 PMCID: PMC1685872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two families with unusual hexosaminidase A (HEX A) mutations are described. In one, the proband had the Tay-Sachs disease phenotype with considerable HEX A activity. In the second, the proband was phenotypically normal with absent HEX A activity. Activities using ganglioside GM2 as substrate demonstrate markedly reduced activities in the first case and half-normal activities in the second. Pedigree analyses indicate the presence of two different mutations. In the first, the proband appears to be an allelic compound HEX A 2-4 where mutation HEX A 4 leads to a diminution of HEX A activity against GM2 but not for the synthetic substrate, 4MU-beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminide, with HEX A 2 being the Tay-Sachs disease (or similar) mutation. In the second family, the proband is an allelic compound HEX A 2-5 where mutation HEX A 5 leads to a diminution of HEX A activity against the synthetic substrate, 4MU-beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminide, but not for GM2. The presence of either mutation will lead to false-negative (HEX A 4) or false-positive (HEX A 5) assignments of heterozygosity or homozygosity for GM2 gangliosidosis when synthetic substrates are employed. In both families, DM2 N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase activity in fibroblasts was an accurate determinant of phenotype.
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Tennant L, Hattersley J, Cullen C. Some comments on the punishment relationship and its relevance to normalization for developmentally retarded people. Ment Retard 1978; 16:42-4. [PMID: 628344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
The isoenzyme pattern of alpha-L-fucosidase was studied by isoelectric focusing in livers from seven patients with cystic fibrosis and in normal and pathological (GM1-gangliosidosis, Type II and Sanfilippo disease) controls. The controls had very reproducible patterns consisting of seven isoenzymes of alpha-L-fucosidase with the most neutral from (I) representing a small proportion of the total activity. All seven of the cystic fibrosis livers had altered alpha-L-fucosidase isoenzyme patterns. The chemical relationship of the seven isoenzymes of normal liver alpha-L-fucosidase was investigated using neuramindase. The five most acidic forms of alpha-L-fucosidase appear to be related to the most neutral form by sialic acid residues. Since the isoenzymes of liver alpha-L-fucosidase appear to be related by sialic acid residues, it is possible that the altered alpha-L-fucosidase isoenzyme patterns found in cystic fibrosis livers may result from aberrant sialylation.
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Ho MW, Beutler S, Tennant L, O'Brien JS. Fabry's disease: evidence for a physically altered -galactosidase. Am J Hum Genet 1972; 24:256-66. [PMID: 5028966 PMCID: PMC1762271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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