Enhancement of gravimetric forced flow through system to determine sorption, swelling, and mass transfer characteristics of liquid sorbents

An existing apparatus for forced flow through of liquid sorbents has been enhanced with an optically accessible system including a transparent crucible, high pressure viewing cell, and camera. With this optical system, the active surface area between gas and liquid can be determined in situ for the first time under industrial process conditions while maintaining the accuracy of a magnetic suspension balance. Additionally, occurring swelling and the resulting buoyancy changes can now be corrected, further improving the quality of the data. Validation measurements focusing on the sorption isotherms, swelling, and bubble geometry of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with nitrogen at 303 K and up to 17 MPa, as well as with carbon dioxide at 303 K, 323 K, and 373 K at up to 3.5 MPa were completed. Absorption of nitrogen resulted in no observable volume change, whereas absorption of carbon dioxide resulted in temperature independent swelling of up to 9.8%. The gas bubble's structure and behavior during its ascend through the liquid was optically tracked in situ. Combining these two data sets with the absorption kinetics forms the basis to determine the measuring system independent mass transfer coefficients, which are applicable in other laboratory scale and industrial processes.

Simultaneous measurement of surface tension and viscosity using freely decaying oscillations of acoustically levitated droplets

Oscillations of small liquid drops around a spherical shape have been of great interest to scientists measuring physical properties such as interfacial tension and viscosity, over the last few decades. A powerful tool for contactless positioning is acoustic levitation, which has been used to simultaneously determine the surface tension and viscosity of liquids at ambient pressure. In order to extend this acoustic levitation measurement method to high pressure systems, the method is first evaluated under ambient pressure. To measure surface tension and viscosity using acoustically levitated oscillating drops, an image analysis method has to be developed and factors which may affect measurement, such as sound field or oscillation amplitude, have to be analyzed. In this paper, we describe the simultaneous measurement of surface tension and viscosity using freely decaying shape oscillations of acoustically levitated droplets of different liquids (silicone oils AK 5 and AK 10, squalane, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, and 1-octanol) in air. These liquids vary in viscosity from 2 to about 30 mPa s. An acoustic levitation system, including an optimized standing wave acoustic levitator and a high-speed camera, was used for this study. An image analysis was performed with a self-written Matlab® code. The frequency of oscillation and the damping constant, required for the determination of surface tension and viscosity, respectively, were calculated from the evolution of the equatorial and polar radii. The results and observations are compared to data from the literature in order to analyze the accuracy of surface tension and viscosity determination, as well as the effect of non-spherical drop shape or amplitude of oscillation on measurement.

[The impact of capsular repair on the dislocation rate after primary total hip arthroplasty: a retrospective analysis of 1972 cases]

BACKGROUND

Dislocation is the second most frequently encountered complication in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and occurs more commonly in the early postoperative rehabilitation phase. Sir Charnley recommended the "avoidance of resection of the capsule" and emphasised its contribution to hip joint stability in THA. Several authors, however, doubted its significance and considered resection of the capsule to be essential. Since 2002, some surgeons increasingly adopted a modified, less invasive technique of THA via Bauer approach, including the preservation and repair of the hip joint capsule with focus on maintaining its acetabular origin. Another group of surgeons applied the traditional technique including the resection of the joint capsule via an anterolateral approach. In this case-control study we investigated whether the dislocation rate can be reduced through joint capsule reconstruction and whether any negative impact on patient satisfaction, functional results or revision rate is observed.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

All cases of primary THA performed in our institution in a timeframe between 2002 and 2009 were included with the only exceptions of resurfacing arthroplasty, dual mobility and tumour hip replacements. Joint capsule repair cases were gathered in the study group (SG), capsule resection cases in the control group (CG). Additional patient-related data were taken from the anaesthesia records. The WOMAC score and a questionnaire focusing on detection of dislocations and revision surgeries was sent out for each case. Further targeted research was conducted that included requesting records and reports from external hospitals. In the case of non-responding patients, all available data (operating room documentation, electronic files, archive, X-rays) were reviewed for incidents of dislocation and revision surgery. Groupings and classifications were exclusively performed by senior surgeons. SG and CG were compared regarding epidemiologic, implant-associated and surgery-specific data. Statistical evaluations were performed using the Chi-squared test and the Mann-Whitney U test.

RESULTS

1972 cases of primary THA were included: 992 in the SG and 980 in the CG. The follow-up rates were 92.7 % in the SG and 76.4 % in the CG, the mean follow-up times 33.5 months and 73.4 months, respectively, with a follow-up of at least 12 months in all cases. In the SG, the dislocation rate was 0.3 % (n = 3) and thus significantly lower than the 2.55 % in the CG (n = 25, p < 0.001). Both the WOMAC score (SG: 1.46 ± 1.73; CG: 1.53 ± 1.80; p > 0.05) and the revision rate (SG: 5.24 %; CG: 6.84 %; p = 0.139) showed no significant differences.

CONCLUSION

Preservation and repair of the hip joint capsule causes an 88-%-reduction of the dislocation rate in primary THA in this large series including 1972 cases, operated via the Bauer or the anterolateral approach. Several authors reported comparable results after THA using similar techniques of soft tissue and capsular repair through the posterior or posterolateral approach. Sparing and reconstructing the hip joint capsule therefore seems to reduce the dislocation rate after primary THA by one order of magnitude regardless of the surgical approach and, especially, if the acetabular origin is preserved. Capsule-related specific complications such as an increased revision rate, malfunction or pain were neither recorded in our study nor by others. Thus, careful preservation and reconstruction of the hip joint capsule may be expressly recommended in primary THA.

Lean and fat mass as determinants of muscle strength and insulin sensitivity in Chilean elderly subjects

PURPOSE

To report the association of lean body mass with nutritional, social and economic factors and its functional consequences in free living healthy elderly subjects.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Healthy elderly subjects of low socioeconomic level were studied. Monthly income, marital status, anthropometric measures and fall risk were assessed. Mini Nutritional Assessment score was calculated. Body composition and bone mineral density were measured by double beam X ray absorptiomentry. Fasting serum lipids, fasting and postprandial insulin and glucose levels were measured. Hand grip, quadriceps and biceps strengths and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were measured.

RESULTS

One hundred and nine subjects (56 women), aged 75 +/- 4 years old were studied. Lean body mass was 34.1 +/- 4 and 49.2 +/- 5.4 kg in women and men respectively (p < 0.001), fat mass was 22.8 +/- 7.1 and 20.7 +/- 6.4 kg in women and men respectively (p= NS). Lean body mass correlated with hand grip, quadriceps and biceps muscle strengths in men and with quadriceps and biceps strength in women. Men that exercised regularly had higher quadriceps strength and maximal expiratory pressure. Total body fat correlated positively with fasting and postprandial serum insulin levels.

CONCLUSIONS

In this sample, lean body mass is directly related to muscle strength mostly in men. On the other hand, total fat mass is related to serum insulin levels.

Effects of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength in free living elders. Results of one year follow

PURPOSE

To assess the effects of a one year nutritional supplementation and resistance training program on muscle strength and walking capacity in the elderly.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Elderly subjects from two outpatient clinics received a nutritional supplement, that provided 400 Kcal, 15 g/protein and 50% of vitamin DRVs per day. Half the subjects receiving and not receiving the supplement were randomly assigned to a resistance exercise training program with two sessions per week. Every six months, body composition using DEXA, limb muscle strength, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures and walking capacity were assessed.

RESULTS

One hundred forty nine subjects were considered eligible and 101 (31 supplemented and trained, 28 supplemented, 16 trained and 26 without supplementation nor training) completed the year of follow up. Overall compliance with the supplement was 48 22 % and trained subjects attended 56 21% of programmed sessions. No changes in fat free mass were observed in any of the groups, but fat mass increased from 22.5 7.3 to 23.2 7.3 kg in all groups (p < 0.001). Upper and lower limb strength and walking capacity increased significantly in trained subjects whether supplemented or not. Maximal inspiratory pressure and right hand grip strength increased only in the supplemented and trained group.

CONCLUSIONS

Resistance training improved muscle strength and walking capacity.

The impact of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on the health functioning of free-living Chilean elders: results of 18 months of follow-up

Body composition changes and loss of functionality in the elderly are related to substandard diets and progressive sedentariness. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of an 18-mo nutritional supplementation and resistance training program on health functioning of elders. Healthy elders aged > or = 70 y were studied. Half of the subjects received a nutritional supplement. Half of the supplemented and nonsupplemented subjects were randomly assigned to a resistance exercise training program. Every 6 mo, a full assessment was performed. A total of 149 subjects were considered eligible for the study and 98 (31 supplemented and trained, 26 supplemented, 16 trained and 25 without supplementation or training) completed 18 mo of follow-up. Compliance with the supplement was 48%, and trained subjects attended 56% of programmed sessions. Activities of daily living remained constant in the supplemented subjects and decreased in the other groups. Body weight and fat-free mass did not change. Fat mass increased from 22.2 +/- 7.6 to 24.1 +/- 7.7 kg in all groups. Bone mineral density decreased less in both supplemented groups than in the nonsupplemented groups (ANOVA, P < 0.01). Serum cholesterol remained constant in both supplemented groups and in the trained groups, but it increased in the control group (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Upper and lower limb strength, walking capacity and maximal inspiratory pressure increased in trained subjects. In conclusion, patients who were receiving nutritional supplementation and resistance training maintained functionality, bone mineral density and serum cholesterol levels and improved their muscle strength.

Low serum folate but normal homocysteine levels in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease and matched healthy controls

Mild hyperhomocysteinemia has been considered a cardiovascular risk factor. However, recent prospective studies have not demonstrated that hyperhomocysteinemia or the underlying genetic defect on methylentetrahydrofolate reductase is associated with a higher risk of coronary or peripheral artery disease. We compared serum homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B(12) levels of patients with coronary and peripheral vascular disease with those of age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. Subjects taking multivitamins, with diabetes mellitus, or serum creatinine levels over 1.5 mg/dL were excluded from the study. Homocysteine was measured by fluorimetric high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum folate and vitamin B(12) levels were measured by an ion-capture method. We studied 32 patients with peripheral vascular disease (10 female), aged 69.6 +/- 11 y, 24 age- and sex-matched control subjects, 52 patients with coronary artery disease (7 female), aged 59.5 +/- 10.4 y, and 42 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Serum homocysteine levels were 11.7 +/- 7.4 and 9.3 +/- 4.5 micromol/L in vascular patients and in the control counterparts, respectively (not significant). The levels for coronary patients and the control counterparts were 9.0 +/- 3.9 and 8.6 +/- 3.6 micromol/L, respectively (not significant). Folate levels were 4.48 +/- 2.42 and 7.14 +/- 4.04 ng/mL in vascular patients and control subjects, respectively (P < 0.02); the levels in coronary patients and control counterparts were 5.15 +/- 1.9 and 6.59 +/- 2.49 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.01). No differences in vitamin B(12) or tocopherol levels were observed between patients and control subjects. There were no differences in homocysteine levels, but lower serum folate levels were observed when comparing patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease and healthy control subjects.

Changes in microsomal activity in alcoholism and obesity

BACKGROUND

Liver damage is more prevalent among obese alcoholics, and cytochrome P-4502E1(CYP2E1) induction is involved in its pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVES

The study was undertaken to assess microsomal function, in alcoholic and nonalcoholic male subjects with different body compositions, through pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone (CLZ). We also intended to study the relationship between CLZ hydroxylation and urinary levels of 8-hydroxydiguanosine, and between CLZ levels and liver histology.

METHODS

Serial measurements of CLZ serum concentration, after a 750 mg dose, were performed in 17 alcoholics (9 normal weight and 8 obese) and 21 nonalcoholic subjects (10 normal weight and 11 obese). Concentration of 6-hydroxy-chlorzoxazone (6-OH-CLZ) was determined at the second hour. Anthropometry, clinical laboratory tests, and urinary 8-hydroxydiguanosine concentrations were measured. Liver biopsies were performed in alcoholics.

RESULTS

Five biopsies revealed severe lesions, one in normal-weight and four in obese patients (p = NS). Area under the curve (AUC) of CLZ was higher in normal-weight controls compared with the rest of the groups (ANOVA p = 0.001). This parameter correlated negatively with adiposity in nonalcoholic subjects and did not correlate with liver histology. 6-OH-CLZ/CLZ ratio was lower in normal-weight controls, compared with obese subjects and normal-weight alcoholics (p = 0.02). Both alcoholism and obesity were included as predictors of CLZ AUC in a multiple regression analysis. The two-factor ANOVA showed an additive effect of centripetal body fat distribution and alcoholism. Urinary 8-hydroxydiguanosine levels were extremely variable.

CONCLUSIONS

Centripetal adiposity and alcoholism are associated with induction of CYP2E1. This may explain the higher prevalence of liver damage among obese alcoholics and also nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Effects of supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and LDL oxidation in coronary patients

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Serum homocysteine levels are specially dependent on folate nutritional status. In addition, the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in the endothelial microenvironment is a damaging factor that can be modified with fat-soluble antioxidant vitamins. The present study was done to assess the effect of a supplementation of folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and in vitro LDL oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease. Twenty-three patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease were given supplements for 15 d consisting of one capsule twice a day of a multivitamin preparation containing 0.65 mg folic acid, 150 mg alpha-tocopherol, 150 mg ascorbic acid, 12.5 mg beta-carotene, and 0.4 microgram vitamin B12. Serum lipids, vitamin and homocysteine levels, and in vitro LDL oxidation were measured before and after the supplementation period. During the supplementation period, serum folate levels increased from 5.0 +/- 1.5 to 10.8 +/- 3.8 ng/mL (P < 0.001), vitamin B12 increased from 317.4 +/- 130.4 to 334.5 +/- 123.8 pg/mL (P < 0.05), and alpha-tocopherol increased from 8.2 +/- 5.1 to 13.7 +/- 7.9 mg/L (P < 0.001). Serum homocysteine levels decreased from 8.7 +/- 4.3 to 6.3 +/- 2.2 mumol/L (P < 0.001). In vitro LDL oxidation decreased from 2.6 +/- 1.1 to 1.6 +/- 1.1 nmol malondialdehyde/mg protein (P < 0.001). In comparing patients with healthy controls, basal levels of folate were lower in the patients, whereas vitamin B12, alpha-tocopherol, and homocysteine levels were similar. No changes in serum lipid levels or body weight were observed. In conclusion, a short-term supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins can reduce serum homocysteine levels and in vitro LDL oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease.

Nutritional support in alcoholic cirrhotic patients improves host defenses

BACKGROUND

Malnutrition is usual in patients with alcoholic liver disease and is associated with a poor outcome. Nutritional support decreases nutrition-associated complications.

AIM

To demonstrate that nutritional support in ambulatory alcoholic cirrhotic patients improves host defenses.

METHODS

Thirty-one male outpatients with alcoholic cirrhosis CHILD-PUGH B or C were included. Twenty-five subjects completed six months consuming daily a nutritional supplement (Ensure, 1000 Kcal and 35 g protein), in addition to their regular diet. At entrance and every three months, a clinical assessment, nutritional evaluation and indirect calorimetry were performed. Liver function tests and LPS-induced monocyte production of cytokines, salivary secretory IgA, lactulose/mannitol ratio and breath hydrogen tests were also measured in these intervals. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and IgG and IgM antibody response to endotoxin were assessed at entrance and at the end of the study.

RESULTS

Patients drank 85% of the provided supplement as an average. REE, total body fat and serum albumin increased, basal breath hydrogen decreased and cellular immunity improved significantly during the follow up period (p< or =0.03). All the other parameters remained unchanged throughout the study. Six patients (16.2%) died during the study, five due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

CONCLUSION

Nutritional support in alcoholic cirrhotic patients improves nutritional status and cell mediated immunity.

[Serum homocysteine levels in healthy Chilean adults]

BACKGROUND

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a newly recognized cardiovascular risk factor that is present in 10 to 20% of European and North American individuals.

AIM

To measure homocysteine levels in healthy adults in Chile.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Serum homocysteine levels were measured in healthy adults using a fluorimetric HPLC method. Folic acid, vitamin. B12, serum lipids, creatinine and glucose were also assessed. All subjects answered a dietary habits questionnaire.

RESULTS

One hundred twenty eight subjects (90 female) aged 22 to 78 years old were studied. Homocysteine levels were 9.7 +/- 6.0 and 7.0 +/- 3.1 mumol/l in men and women respectively (p < 0.001). Folic acid levels were 6.1 +/- 2.7 and 6.1 +/- 2.9 ng/ml in men and women, and 24% of individuals had values below 4 ng/ml. Vitamin B12 levels were 393 +/- 147 and 393 +/- 163 pg/ml in the same groups. There was a negative correlation between homocysteine and folic acid levels and a positive correlation between homocysteine and creatinine levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Homocysteine levels in healthy Chilean individuals are similar to those reported abroad. Low folic acid levels were found in 24% of subjects.

Lipid turnover in alcoholics before and after an ethanol load

Alcohol ingestion decreases plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid oxidation. This study was conducted to determine palmitate turnover in alcoholics during a short abstinence period and after an ethanol load and in a group of nonalcoholic control subjects, looking for correlations between palmitate turnover, FFA, acetate, and acetoacetate/beta hydroxybutyrate ratio (AKBR). Palmitate C14 turnover was studied in five alcoholics during early abstinence and after a 0.8 g/kg ethanol load, and in five nonalcoholic normal controls. Plasma levels of FFA, acetate, acetoacetate, and beta hydroxybutyrate were measured before and during the ethanol load. A needle hepatic biopsy was performed in alcoholics. FFA levels, palmitate flux, oxidation, and nonoxidative disposal were similar in alcoholics compared with control subjects, decreasing significantly after the ethanol load in both groups. AKBR and ketone bodies were similar in both groups in the basal period. After the alcohol infusion, AKBR decreased significantly. Acetoacetate levels did not change, and beta hydroxybutyrate and total ketone bodies increased significantly in alcoholics and control subjects. A positive correlation was found between FFA levels and palmitate flux. Liver biopsies showed mild changes in the patients studied. The similar inhibition of lipid turnover, FFA release, and the drop in AKBR observed after an alcohol load in alcoholics and control subjects suggest that this effect is mediated by alcohol metabolism and not by metabolic alterations present in alcoholics.

Administration of medications through enteral feeding catheters

BACKGROUND: Enteral feeding catheters are commonly used to administer both nutritional feedings and oral forms of medications. Obstruction of the catheters is a major concern. OBJECTIVES: To study characteristics of obstruction of enteral feeding catheters in ICU patients and current knowledge and practices of ICU nurses of administering medications through such catheters. METHODS: A postcard invitation to participate in this descriptive survey was mailed to a random sample of 12,069 members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. The 52-item investigator-designed questionnaire was mailed to the 1700 critical care nurses who agreed to participate; 1167 (68.6%) returned completed survey questionnaires. RESULTS: Nurses estimated that 33.8% of their patients received 8.9 doses of medication per day through the enteral feeding catheter. The rate of obstruction of the tube by medications was 15.6%. Crushed medications contributed to obstruction, although liquid forms of the medications often were available. Nurses' primary source of knowledge about administering medications through enteral feeding catheters was clinical practice (56.9%) and consultation with peers (21.7%); only 19% had had inservice training on the topic. Written agency guidelines varied considerably, and 74% of nurses used two or more techniques that were contrary to recommendations. Factors significantly associated with lower rates of obstruction of enteral feeding catheters included (1) assistance from the pharmacy service to ensure liquid forms of medications, (2) nurses' attendance at a relevant seminar or inservice training program, and (3) not routinely crushing and administering enteric-coated or sustained-release medications through the enteral feeding catheter. CONCLUSIONS: Collaboration between nursing and pharmacy services to ensure delivery of liquid medications and avoid use of crushed medications may reduce the high rate of catheter obstruction due to medications. Research-based guidelines and a more formal dissemination of information to nurses are needed.

Administration of medications through enteral feeding catheters

BACKGROUND

Enteral feeding catheters are commonly used to administer both nutritional feedings and oral forms of medications. Obstruction of the catheters is a major concern.

OBJECTIVES

To study characteristics of obstruction of enteral feeding catheters in ICU patients and current knowledge and practices of ICU nurses of administering medications through such catheters.

METHODS

A postcard invitation to participate in this descriptive survey was mailed to a random sample of 12,069 members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. The 52-item investigator-designed questionnaire was mailed to the 1700 critical care nurses who agreed to participate; 1167 (68.6%) returned completed survey questionnaires.

RESULTS

Nurses estimated that 33.8% of their patients received 8.9 doses of medication per day through the enteral feeding catheter. The rate of obstruction of the tube by medications was 15.6%. Crushed medications contributed to obstruction, although liquid forms of the medications often were available. Nurses' primary source of knowledge about administering medications through enteral feeding catheters was clinical practice (56.9%) and consultation with peers (21.7%); only 19% had had inservice training on the topic. Written agency guidelines varied considerably, and 74% of nurses used two or more techniques that were contrary to recommendations. Factors significantly associated with lower rates of obstruction of enteral feeding catheters included (1) assistance from the pharmacy service to ensure liquid forms of medications, (2) nurses' attendance at a relevant seminar or inservice training program, and (3) not routinely crushing and administering enteric-coated or sustained-release medications through the enteral feeding catheter.

CONCLUSIONS

Collaboration between nursing and pharmacy services to ensure delivery of liquid medications and avoid use of crushed medications may reduce the high rate of catheter obstruction due to medications. Research-based guidelines and a more formal dissemination of information to nurses are needed.

[Intestinal permeability in alcoholic patients without liver damage]

BACKGROUND

Chronic alcoholism may increase intestinal permeability. However, there are few studies of intestinal permeability in chronic alcoholic subjects.

AIM

To study intestinal permeability in chronic alcoholic patients without clinical evidences of liver damage, during early abstinence, and in normal subjects.

METHODS

Thirty seven male subjects were studied, 18 controls and 19 alcoholics. All subjects underwent an anthropometric assessment and dietary history. Lactulose/mannitol test was performed during the third day of abstinence in alcoholics. After an 8 hour overnight fast, subjects drank 200 ml of a solution containing 5 g lactulose and 5 g mannitol. Subsequently, urine was collected during the following 5 hours, where both sugars were measured by gas chromatography.

RESULTS

Median values of lactulose/mannitol ratio were similar in alcoholics and controls (0.011, range 0.005-0.071 vs 0.014, range 0.005-0.027 respectively). However, absolute urinary excretion of both lactulose and mannitol was lower in alcoholics. There was no relationship between nutritional status and urinary excretion of lactulose, mannitol or lactulose/mannitol ratio.

CONCLUSION

In these alcoholic patients, no changes were observed in intestinal permeability.

[Results after two years of an alcoholic rehabilitation program]

BACKGROUND

Alcoholism is a serious public health problem in Chile and the best treatment strategy for this problem is far from being clear.

AIM

To assess the long term results of an alcoholism rehabilitation program.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

One hundred eighty two alcoholics admitted for treatment of their alcoholism were followed during two years in a special clinic. The effects of length of alcoholism, withdrawal symptoms on admission and the presence of histological liver damage on long term outcome were assessed using life table analysis.

RESULTS

During the two years period, 75% of patients were lost from control and 63% relapsed in their alcoholic ingestion. None of the above mentioned parameters had an effect on relapse or loss from follow up.

CONCLUSIONS

There are high attrition and failure rates and the length of alcoholism, degree of initial withdrawal and liver damage do not influence the long term results of this program.

[Markers of hepatic fibrogenesis in alcoholic patients]

BACKGROUND

An elevation of serologic markers of hepatic fibrogenesis has been reported in liver diseases of different etiologies. Among these, the N-terminal type III procollagen (P-III-P) and the P1 proteolytic fragment of laminin (P1 laminin) increase in alcoholic liver damage, in proportion to the progression of this condition.

AIM

To study serum levels of P-III-P and P1 laminin in asymptomatic alcoholics with and without liver damage and decompensated alcoholic cirrhotics, compared to normal controls.

METHODS

Serum P-III-P and laminin levels were measured in asymptomatic alcoholics during detoxification treatment. Liver biopsies were obtained, in order to detect liver damage, which was graded with a numeric score, considering values over 6 as severe damage. Serum fibrogenesis markers were also measured in a group of decompensated alcoholic cirrhotics.

RESULTS

P-III-P levels were significantly higher in cirrhotic patients compared to alcoholics with or without liver damage and to normal controls. Laminin was not different between groups. P-III-P did not correlate with histologic score in asymptomatic patients.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study P-III-P and P1 laminin were not usefull discriminators of severe liver damage among asymptomatic alcoholics; their levels were found to rise significantly only when liver disease has become clinically evident.

Fatty acid composition of liver total lipids in alcoholic patients with and without liver damage

Alcohol ingestion may promote lipid peroxidation, and the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver lipids may be essential for the generation of liver damage through this mechanism. The aim of this study is to examine fatty acid composition of liver lipids in chronic alcoholics with and without histological liver damage. A percutaneous liver biopsy was performed to 28 patients hospitalized for treatment of their alcoholism. Liver total lipids were extracted from a portion of the tissue sample and fatty acid composition was measured by gas chromatography. Another piece of the sample was sent for histological study. Six patients had histological cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis in their biopsies, the rest of the patients had minimal changes. Patients with liver damage had higher levels of oleic acid and total monoenoic fatty acids, a higher 18:1/18:0 ratio, lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, a lower 20:4/18:2 ratio, and a lower peroxidability index in liver total lipids, than patients without liver damage. Alcoholic patients with asymptomatic liver damage have less unsaturated fatty acids in liver total lipids than their counterparts with normal livers.

Effects of abstinence on sex hormone profile in alcoholic patients without liver failure

Excessive ethanol ingestion induces hypoandrogenism in male subjects. To confirm its presence and to study its relationship with the degree of liver damage and alcohol abstinence, plasma sex hormones were measured in alcoholic patients without liver failure, after two different abstinence periods. Patients were 30 male chronic alcoholics admitted to the Alcoholism Ward for treatment of their addiction. On admission, we measured: testosterone (T), estradiol (E), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG). A liver biopsy was also performed. These measurements were repeated at discharge and were also done in 15 normal volunteers. On admission (mean abstinence 1.9 +/- 1.7 days) total T was similar to controls, FSH was lower (p < 0.02) and high levels of SHBG were found (3.5 fold increase, as compared to controls). Histologically, 9 patients had normal liver; 14 had moderate alterations and 7 showed marked alterations. Hormonal values were not different in these 3 groups. At discharge, 11.1 +/- 4.7 days after admission, T, E and FSH did not show significant changes but LH decreased (8.2 +/- 5.2 mIU/ml vs 12.9 +/- 4.1, p < 0.001); SHBG also decreased (65.4 +/- 21.6 nmol/l vs 117.2 +/- 33.3, p < 0.001) to values that still were twice those of controls. It is concluded that alcoholic patients without clinical signs of liver failure have normal plasma testosterone levels, irrespective of their histologic liver alterations and high plasma SHBG levels that decreased significantly after a short abstinence. The concomitant LH decrease suggests that hypoandrogenism is likely in these patients. Fast changes in SHBG levels rise the possibility that this protein is candidate marker of alcoholism.

Suprahepatic vein oxygen tension in alcoholics with severe and mild liver damage

We measured suprahepatic vein and arterial partial oxygen pressure in 35 alcoholics with severe (N = 7) or mild (N = 28) histological liver damage and without evidence of clinical liver failure. The suprahepatic vein was punctured with a fine needle, using a percutaneous approach. Suprahepatic vein partial oxygen pressure was lower and arterial-suprahepatic gradient higher in alcoholics with severe liver damage compared to those with mild damage (35.1 +/- 1.7 vs 44.1 +/- 2.1 and 58.9 +/- 3.7 vs 45.9 +/- 2.4 mm Hg, respectively; P < 0.001). Suprahepatic puncture was well tolerated and devoid of complications. It is concluded that alcoholics with severe liver damage have lower oxygen tensions in the suprahepatic vein, a phenomenon that supports the hypoxic theory of alcoholic liver disease.

Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation in alcoholic cirrhotics

OBJECTIVE

Alcohol ingestion promotes lipoperoxidation and alters cellular antioxidant mechanisms. Alpha-tocopherol levels decrease in alcoholics as severity of liver damage increases. The aim of this protocol was to study the effects of a long-term oral 500 mg vitamin E daily supplementation in decompensated ambulatory alcoholic cirrhotics.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

67 subjects were included in this double blind trial; 33 patients received vitamin E and 34 patients received placebo tablets of identical appearance during 1 year. Each month, the patients were seen by a nurse practitioner who was in charge of detecting alcohol ingestion and checking adherence to treatment. Every 3 months, the patients underwent a medical examination, and blood samples were taken for clinical laboratory analysis and serum vitamin E measurement.

RESULTS

Alpha-tocopherol levels were significantly lower in patients with more severe liver disease. This difference was not significant when vitamin E levels were corrected by cholesterol. Oral supplementation significantly increased serum vitamin E levels in the experimental group. Alcohol ingestion and hospitalization rates were similar in both groups. Life table analysis did not show significant differences in mortality between the two groups.

DISCUSSION

Vitamin E supplementation with adequate doses of an alpha-tocopheryl acetate formulation during 1 year did not influence hepatic laboratory parameters, mortality or hospitalization rates of decompensated alcoholic cirrhotics, although serum levels of the vitamin significantly increased.

Protein turnover in abstinent and non-abstinent patients with alcoholic cirrhosis

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to measure the effect of chronic alcohol intake on leucine turnover in outpatients with stable alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

METHODS

Protein turnover rate was measured using L [1-14C] leucine in ten outpatients with proven alcoholic cirrhosis and in five healthy controls. After the performance of the turnover, the patients were divided in two groups depending on the evidence of alcohol ingestion in the previous month.

RESULTS

Non-abstinent patients had a significantly higher leucine flux and non-oxidative disposal (73.8 +/- 25.4 and 65.9 +/- 21.6) than abstinent cirrhotic patients (48.9 +/- 9.5 and 43.7 +/- 9.0) and normal controls 37.3 +/- 8.9 and 31.1 +/- 7.6 mumol/m2/min (p < 0.01). Leucine oxidation and serum leucine levels were similar in the three groups.

CONCLUSION

Alcohol intake in alcoholic cirrhotic patients has a catabolic effect that could be associated with the nutritional imbalances observed in alcoholic liver disease.

Leucine and glucose turnover in chronic alcoholics during early abstinence and after an ethanol load

We studied leucine turnover using a primed infusion of [1-14C]-L-leucine and glucose turnover using a primed infusion of [6-3H]-D-glucose in five alcoholic patients without liver damage and five age-matched controls. Infusions were maintained for 6 hr, and at the end of the 3rd hour, a 0.8 g/kg iv ethanol load was administered in 20 min. Leucine flux, nonoxidative disposal and oxidation rates, and glucose rate of appearance were calculated during the 3rd and 6th hours of infusion. Ethanol disappearance rate and the percentage completely metabolized to CO2 and H2O in 3 hr were also calculated. Compared with controls, alcoholics had significantly higher basal leucine flux (55.6 +/- 12 vs. 37.3 +/- 9.3 microM/m2/min) and nonoxidative disposal (48.7 +/- 8.7 vs. 31.1 +/- 7.5 microM/m2/min). No differences were observed in basal glucose appearance rates in alcoholics and controls (397.6 +/- 115.2 vs. 349.4 +/- 120.6 microM/m2/min). Compared with controls, alcoholics had a higher alcohol disappearance rate (2.72 +/- 0.59 vs. 1.84 +/- 0.43 mM/kg/min) and percentage of ethanol metabolized to CO2 and H2O in 3 hr (40.6 +/- 10.2 vs. 22.9 +/- 6.9%). After the ethanol load, both leucine turnover and glucose rate of appearance decreased significantly only in alcoholics. There was a positive correlation between the change in leucine flux and ethanol disappearance rate and percentage metabolized to CO2 and H2O in alcoholics.

[Prediction of histological liver damage in asymptomatic alcoholic patients by means of clinical and laboratory data]

Looking for a noninvasive method to predict liver histologic alterations in alcoholic patients without clinical signs of liver failure, we studied 187 chronic alcoholics recently abstinent, divided in 2 series. In the model series (n = 94) several clinical variables and results of common laboratory tests were confronted to the findings of liver biopsies. These were classified in 3 groups: 1. Normal liver; 2. Moderate alterations; 3. Marked alterations, including alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Multivariate methods used were logistic regression analysis and a classification and regression tree (CART). Both methods entered gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), weight and age as significant and independent variables. Univariate analysis with GGT and AST at different cutoffs were also performed. To predict the presence of any kind of damage (Groups 2 and 3), CART and AST > 30 IU showed the higher sensitivity, specificity and correct prediction, both in the model and validation series. For prediction of marked liver damage, a score based on logistic regression and GGT > 110 IU had the higher efficiencies. It is concluded that GGT and AST are good markers of alcoholic liver damage and that, using sample cutoffs, histologic diagnosis can be correctly predicted in 80% of recently abstinent asymptomatic alcoholics.

Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in outpatients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis

A controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in ambulatory patients with decompensated alcoholic liver disease was carried out during 1 year. Fifty-one patients were studied; 26 were assigned to an experimental group receiving a daily supplement of 1000 kcal and 34 g of proteins given as a casein-based enteral nutrition product and 25 to a control group receiving one placebo capsule. Patients were examined in a special clinic once a month or more if required. Sixty-eight percent of patients admitted to alcohol ingestion or had alcohol in urine samples on at least one occasion. Dietary recalls showed a significantly higher protein and caloric intake in case patients subjects (p < .0001). Nine patients died during the study, three case patients and six control patients (p = NS). The frequency of hospitalizations was significantly less in the experimental group. This difference was attributed to a reduction in severe infections. Mid-arm circumference, serum albumin concentration, and hand grip strength improved earlier in case patients, although both groups had a significant improvement in these parameters. Bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase decreased and prothrombin time increased significantly in both groups during the study period, without differences between groups. It is concluded that nutrition support decreases nutrition-associated complications in patients with alcoholic liver disease.

[Controlled study of the effect of silymarin on alcoholic liver disease]

A controlled trial on the use of Silymarin in patients with alcoholic liver disease was performed. Seventy two patients were admitted to the trial and randomly assigned to an experimental or controls group. Experimentals received 280 mg/day of Silymarin and controls an equal number of placebo tablets. Three patients on placebo and nine on Silymarin were lost from control (p = 0.035), remaining in control 34 patients receiving placebo and 25 patients receiving the drug. Both groups did not differ in their initial laboratory assessment and were followed up for an average of 15 months. Ten patients died during the follow up (5 in placebo and 5 in Silymarin); life table analysis did not show significant differences in mortality. Patients who died had lower serum albumin and prothrombin time and higher total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatases and CCLI on the initial clinical and laboratory assessment. Final laboratory values and their changes in those who survived did not differ between Silymarin and placebo. Twenty two patients on placebo (65%) and 14 on Silymarin (58%) recognized alcohol ingestion or had a positive urine sample analysis for alcohol during follow up. Those who abstained from alcohol had a significant fall in gamma glutamyl transferase during follow up. No other significant differences were observed between these two groups. It is concluded that in this trial, Silymarin did not change the evolution or mortality of alcoholic liver disease.