1
|
Waters D, Obeidin F, Alexiev BA, Rao MS, Peabody TD, Agulnik M, Yeldandi A. Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma in an immunocompromised male. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152497. [PMID: 31257088 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma (EHT) is a rare benign neoplasm classically occurring in the lower neck of adult males. Here we present a case of EHT occurring in a 43-year-old immunocompromised male and a brief review of existing literature. The patient presented with a palpable mass overlying the left clavicle which, on imaging, showed a solitary nodule possibly eroding the cortical bone. A biopsy predominantly showed spindle cells that were immunopositive for keratin AE1/AE3 as well as weakly positive for CD99, SMA, and CD34. A diagnosis of synovial sarcoma was favored; at which point surgical resection was performed. The resected mass was well-demarcated with a tan-yellow cut surface. Microscopically, the lesion was composed of a mixture of spindle cells, glands, and mature adipose tissue. The spindle cells were plump with bland nuclei, and the epithelial component showed morphology similar to glands of salivary or breast tissue with a bilayered appearance (luminal and basal). No pleomorphism, mitotic figures, or necrosis was present. Immunohistochemical stains were performed and showed the spindle cells to express a myoepithelial phenotype (cytokeratin AE1/AE3, p63, calponin positive). The glands showed SMA and p63 positivity in the basal cells (similar to salivary gland and breast). Overall, given the clinical context, histomorphologic, and immunohistochemical profile, a diagnosis of EHT was made. At 12 months of follow-up there was no evidence of recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Waters
- Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave Ward 3-140 W127, Chicago, 60611, United States.
| | - Farres Obeidin
- Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave Ward 3-140 W127, Chicago, 60611, United States
| | - Borislav A Alexiev
- Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave Ward 3-140 W127, Chicago, 60611, United States
| | - M Sambasiva Rao
- Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave Ward 3-140 W127, Chicago, 60611, United States
| | - Terrance D Peabody
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 675 N Saint Clair St, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
| | - Mark Agulnik
- Department of Internal Medicine - Medical Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 675 N Saint Clair St, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
| | - Anjana Yeldandi
- Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave Ward 3-140 W127, Chicago, 60611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kan L, Jain S, Cook W, Cao WQ, Usuda N, Yeldandi AV, Rao MS, Kanwar YS, Reddy JK. Cloning and expression of the mouse deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase gene: differs from the rat enzyme in that it lacks nuclear receptor interacting LXXLL motif. Gene Expr 2018; 8:231-46. [PMID: 10794525 PMCID: PMC6157361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the cloning of rat deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) cDNA and demonstrated that the full-length protein as well as the N-terminal 62-amino acid peptide interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). We now report the cloning of mouse dUTPase cDNA and show that it contains a 162-amino acid open reading frame, encoding a protein with a predicted Mr of 17,400 and differs from rat cDNA, which contains additional 43 amino acids at the N-terminal end. Unlike rat dUTPase, mouse dUTPase failed to bind PPARalpha. An evaluation of 205 amino acid containing rat dUTPase cDNA revealed that the N-terminal 43 extra amino acid segment contains an LXXLL signature motif, considered necessary and sufficient for the binding of several cofactors with nuclear receptors, and its absence in murine dUTPase possibly accounts for the differential binding of these enzymes to PPARalpha. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies revealed that, in the adult mouse, dUTPase is expressed at high levels in proliferating cells of colonic mucosa, and of germinal epithelium in testis. At 9.5-day mouse embryonic development, dUTPase expression is predominantly in developing neural epithelium, and hepatic primordium, and in later developmental stages (11.5-, 13.5-, and 15.5-day embryo), the expression began to be localized to the liver, kidney, gut epithelium, thymus, granular layer of the cerebellum, and olfactory epithelium. We also show that the murine dUTPase gene comprises 6 exons and the 5'-flanking region of -1479 to -27, which exhibited high promoter activity, contains a typical TATA box and multiple cis-elements such as Sp-1, AP2, AP3, AP4, Ker1, RREB, and CREB binding sites. These observations suggest the existence of variants of dUTPase, some of which may influence nuclear receptor function during development and differentiation, in addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of dUTP to dUMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Kan
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - William Cook
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Wen-Qing Cao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Nobuteru Usuda
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Anjana V. Yeldandi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - M. Sambasiva Rao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Yashpal S. Kanwar
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Janardan K. Reddy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
- Address correspondence to Janardan K. Reddy, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3008. Tel: (312) 503-8144; Fax: (312) 503-8249; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu Y, Qi C, Calandra C, Rao MS, Reddy JK. Cloning and identification of mouse steroid receptor coactivator-1 (mSRC-1), as a coactivator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Gene Expr 2018; 6:185-95. [PMID: 9041124 PMCID: PMC6148307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is expressed predominantly in adipose tissue. Forced expression of the two isoforms of this receptor, PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2, in fibroblasts initiates a transcriptional cascade that leads to the development of adipocyte phenotype. Using the yeast two-hybrid system and GAL4-PPARgamma as bait to screen mouse liver cDNA library, we isolated a mouse steroid receptor coactivator (mSRC-1) involved in nuclear hormone receptor transcriptional activity as a mPPARgamma interactive protein. mSRC-1 cDNA we isolated contains an open reading frame of 1447 amino acids and encodes a new member of the basic helix-loop-helix-PAS domain family. We show that the binding of mSRC-1 to mPPARgamma is ligand independent and coexpression of mSRC-1 with mPPARgamma increases the transcriptional activity of mPPARgamma in the presence of mPPARgamma ligand. We have identified the presence of two putative mPPARgamma binding sites in the mSRC-1, one between residues 620 and 789, and the second between residues 1231 and 1447. These two regions exhibit different degrees of binding affinity for mPPARgamma. We also show that mSRC-1 exhibits its own constitutive transcriptional activity in the yeast as well as in mammalian cells. These results suggest that mSRC-1 interacts with PPARgamma and plays a role in the PPARgamma-mediated signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rao MS, Yukawa M, Omori M, Thorgeirsson SS, Reddy JK. Expression of transcription factors and stem cell factor precedes hepatocyte differentiation in rat pancreas. Gene Expr 2018; 6:15-22. [PMID: 8931988 PMCID: PMC6148261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple foci of morphologically and functionally differentiated hepatocytes are induced in the pancreas of adult rats subjected to a copper depletion-repletion regimen. Differentiation of hepatocytes in pancreas is preceded by irreversible depletion of over 90% of pancreatic acinar cells. Progressive acinar cell loss during 4-6 weeks of copper deficiency results in the proliferation of oval cells, some of which may serve as the hepatocyte precursor or stem cells. Albumin mRNA is detected in oval cells at 5 and 6 weeks by in situ hybridization at which time no morphologically identifiable hepatocytes are evident in the pancreas. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of stem cell factor (SCF) in proliferating oval cells during 6 weeks of copper depletion, and Northern blot analysis revealed the expression of liver-enriched transcription factors in the rat pancreas during this 4-6-week period of copper deficiency. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha) mRNA was detected first at 4 weeks of copper deficiency. By 5 and 6 weeks of copper deficiency, the expression of mRNAs of C/EBP alpha, beta, and delta, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-3 factor (HNF-3 beta) was markedly enhanced. This enhanced expression of liver-enriched transcription factors and the SCF during oval cell proliferation in the pancreas preceding the expression of albumin mRNA and subsequent differentiation of hepatocyte phenotype further supports the identity of these oval cells as hepatocyte precursors or stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Rao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meindl A, Rao MS, Yang GY. Extranodal Rosai-Dorfman Disease With Mucosal Involvement of the Stomach in a Background of Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis. Int J Surg Pathol 2018; 26:671-675. [PMID: 29720012 DOI: 10.1177/1066896918773399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD), or sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, has been described involving both lymph nodes and extranodal sites, but extranodal RDD rarely involves the gastrointestinal tract. Although the etiology is unclear, several risk factors have been shown to be highly associated with this disease process, including viral infection and immune alterations. In this article, we present a case of a 79-year-old male with a history of autoimmune atrophic gastritis and multiple carcinoid tumors of the stomach presenting with a new stomach mass. An additional large sigmoid colon mass and adjacent enlarged lymph node was identified through imaging, prior to surgery. Through extensive pathologic analysis, we identified the first case of predominant extranodal RDD involving gastric mucosa and submucosa in a background of atrophic gastritis, with additional involvement of the sigmoid colon. Based on this case and literature review, we further discuss possible risk factors and pathogenesis of this disease process.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lapworth DJ, Krishan G, MacDonald AM, Rao MS. Groundwater quality in the alluvial aquifer system of northwest India: New evidence of the extent of anthropogenic and geogenic contamination. Sci Total Environ 2017; 599-600:1433-1444. [PMID: 28531952 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater depletion has been widely studied in northwest India, but water quality concerns are still poorly constrained. In this study, we explore the hydrochemistry of the top 160m of the aquifer system, through detailed field studies in the Bist-Doab region, considering both anthropogenic and geogenic controls. A detailed comparison is made between sites dominated by urban and agricultural landuse. Salinity, nitrate, chloride and lead concentrations are significantly higher in the shallow (0-50m) groundwater system due to surface anthropogenic contaminant loading from agricultural and urban sources. The widespread occurrence of oxic groundwater within the aquifer system means that denitrification potential is limited and also enhances the mobility of selenium and uranium in groundwater. Geogenic trace elements (e.g. As, Se, F), are generally found at concentrations below WHO guideline drinking water values, however elevated U concentrations (50-70μg/L) are found within the deeper part of the aquifer and shallow urban aquifers associated with higher bicarbonate waters. Higher concentration of Se (10-40μg/L) are found exclusively in the shallow groundwater system where Se is mobilised from soils and transported to depth in the shallow aquifer due to the prevailing oxidising aquifer conditions. New evidence from a range of environmental tracers shows elevated concentrations of anthropogenic contaminants in the deeper part of the aquifer (50-160m deep) and demonstrates vulnerability to vertical migration of contaminants. Continued intensive groundwater abstraction from >100m deep means that water quality risks to the deep aquifer system need to be considered together with water quantity constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, UK.
| | - G Krishan
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A M MacDonald
- British Geological Survey, Lyell Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M S Rao
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Provenzale D, Jasperson K, Ahnen DJ, Aslanian H, Bray T, Cannon JA, David DS, Early DS, Erwin D, Ford JM, Giardiello FM, Gupta S, Halverson AL, Hamilton SR, Hampel H, Ismail MK, Klapman JB, Larson DW, Lazenby AJ, Lynch PM, Mayer RJ, Ness RM, Rao MS, Regenbogen SE, Shike M, Steinbach G, Weinberg D, Dwyer MA, Freedman-Cass DA, Darlow S. Colorectal Cancer Screening, Version 1.2015. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2016; 13:959-68; quiz 968. [PMID: 26285241 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2015.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Colorectal Cancer Screening provide recommendations for selecting individuals for colorectal cancer screening, and for evaluation and follow-up of colon polyps. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarize major discussion points of the 2015 NCCN Colorectal Cancer Screening panel meeting. Major discussion topics this year were the state of evidence for CT colonography and stool DNA testing, bowel preparation procedures for colonoscopy, and guidelines for patients with a positive family history of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Provenzale
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Kory Jasperson
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Dennis J Ahnen
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Harry Aslanian
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Travis Bray
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Jamie A Cannon
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Donald S David
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Dayna S Early
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Deborah Erwin
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - James M Ford
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Francis M Giardiello
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Samir Gupta
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Amy L Halverson
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Stanley R Hamilton
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Heather Hampel
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Mohammad K Ismail
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Jason B Klapman
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - David W Larson
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Audrey J Lazenby
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Patrick M Lynch
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Robert J Mayer
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Reid M Ness
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - M Sambasiva Rao
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Scott E Regenbogen
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Moshe Shike
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Gideon Steinbach
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - David Weinberg
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Mary A Dwyer
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Deborah A Freedman-Cass
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | - Susan Darlow
- From Duke Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Hereditary Colon Cancer Foundation; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Fox Chase Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matkowskyj KA, Rao MS, Yang GY. Pathologic Features of Primary and Metastatic Hepatic Malignancies. Cancer Treat Res 2016; 168:257-293. [PMID: 29206377 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34244-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian liver, 60 % of the cellular components are hepatocytes while the remainder (35 %) includes biliary epithelium, Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, fat storing cells and connective tissue cells. Although neoplasms of hepatocytes are the most common, a significant number of both benign and malignant primary liver neoplasms arising from other cell types can develop, such as tumors of bile duct epithelium (Table 1). In addition, the liver is one of the most susceptible sites for metastatic tumors arising from other organs of the body. Not too long ago, liver tumors were left untreated because the liver was considered a complex and mysterious organ inaccessible to surgery. Advances in imaging procedures and surgical techniques over the past 40 years have revolutionized the approaches to the treatment of benign and malignant liver tumors. Subsegmentectomy, segmentectomy, lobectomy, and transplantation are routinely performed for the treatment of primary and metastatic liver tumors with minimal morbidity and mortality. Since accurate diagnosis remains the key to clinical and surgical management, the emphasis of this chapter is on classification, morphological features and differential diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the liver.
Collapse
|
9
|
Asai A, Chou PM, Bu HF, Wang X, Rao MS, Jiang A, DiDonato CJ, Tan XD. Dissociation of hepatic insulin resistance from susceptibility of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G496-504. [PMID: 24436353 PMCID: PMC3949024 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00291.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is affected by genetics and diet. It is associated with insulin resistance (IR) in hepatic and peripheral tissues. Here, we aimed to characterize the severity of diet-induced steatosis, obesity, and IR in two phylogenetically distant mouse strains, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J. To this end, mice (male, 8 wk old) were fed a high-fat and high-carbohydrate (HFHC) or control diet for 16 wk followed by the application of a combination of classic physiological, biochemical, and pathological studies to determine obesity and hepatic steatosis. Peripheral IR was characterized by measuring blood glucose level, serum insulin level, homeostasis model assessment of IR, glucose intolerance, insulin intolerance, and AKT phosphorylation in adipose tissues, whereas the level of hepatic IR was determined by measuring insulin-triggered hepatic AKT phosphorylation. We discovered that both C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice developed obesity to a similar degree without the feature of liver inflammation after being fed an HFHC diet for 16 wk. C57BL/6J mice in the HFHC diet group exhibited severe pan-lobular steatosis, a marked increase in hepatic triglyceride levels, and profound peripheral IR. In contrast, DBA/2J mice in the HFHC diet group developed only a mild degree of pericentrilobular hepatic steatosis that was associated with moderate changes in peripheral IR. Interestingly, both C57BL/6J and DBA/2J developed severe hepatic IR after HFHC diet treatment. Collectively, these data suggest that the severity of diet-induced hepatic steatosis is correlated to the level of peripheral IR, not with the severity of obesity and hepatic IR. Peripheral rather than hepatic IR is a dominant factor of pathophysiology in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Asai
- 1Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center and ,2Departments of Pediatrics and
| | - Pauline M. Chou
- 3Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago; and
| | - Heng-Fu Bu
- 1Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center and ,2Departments of Pediatrics and
| | - Xiao Wang
- 1Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center and ,2Departments of Pediatrics and
| | - M. Sambasiva Rao
- 3Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago; and
| | - Anthony Jiang
- 1Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center and
| | | | - Xiao-Di Tan
- 1Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center and ,2Departments of Pediatrics and ,3Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago; and ,4Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Badawy AEM, Rao MS. Filters of lattices with respect to a congruence. Discuss Math - General Algebra and Applications 2014; 34:211. [DOI: 10.7151/dmgaa.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Burt RW, Cannon JA, David DS, Early DS, Ford JM, Giardiello FM, Halverson AL, Hamilton SR, Hampel H, Ismail MK, Jasperson K, Klapman JB, Lazenby AJ, Lynch PM, Mayer RJ, Ness RM, Provenzale D, Rao MS, Shike M, Steinbach G, Terdiman JP, Weinberg D, Dwyer M, Freedman-Cass D. Colorectal cancer screening. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2013; 11:1538-75. [PMID: 24335688 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2013.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mortality from colorectal cancer can be reduced by early diagnosis and by cancer prevention through polypectomy. These NCCN Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer Screening describe various colorectal screening modalities and recommended screening schedules for patients at average or increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. In addition, the guidelines provide recommendations for the management of patients with high-risk colorectal cancer syndromes, including Lynch syndrome. Screening approaches for Lynch syndrome are also described.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Context.-Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a long-standing chronic active inflammatory process in the bowel with increased risk for the development of colorectal carcinoma. Several molecular events involved in chronic active inflammatory processes contribute to multistage progression of human cancer development, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, aberrant arachidonic acid metabolites and cytokines/growth factors, and immune dysfunction. These molecular events in IBD lead to genetic abnormality and promote aberrant cell proliferation, which further lead to epithelial changes encompassing a broad spectrum from inflammation-induced hyperplasia to dysplasia. Objective.-To review the (1) epidemiologic and molecular pathogenesis of the risk for colorectal cancer in IBD, (2) morphologic characterization, biomarker(s), and classification of dysplastic lesions, and (3) clinical management of dysplastic lesions arising in IBD. Data Sources.-The different IBD-related dysplastic lesions are illustrated by using morphology in conjunction with molecular pathways, and the "field cancerization" theory and its potential significance are discussed with a review of the literature. Conclusions.-Patients with IBD are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. The risk of developing carcinoma is related to the extent/duration/activity of the patient's disease. There is no consensus regarding the extent of carcinoma risk associated with IBD; however, all would agree that patients with IBD represent a group at significant risk for developing carcinoma and as such, warrant adequate surveillance and prevention. With better screening modalities and detection/characterization of dysplastic lesions, IBD-associated serrated lesions, and "field cancerization," we will improve our understanding of and approach to risk stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Matkowskyj
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Matkowskyj KA, Rao MS, Raparia K. Transcription factor E3 protein-positive perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of the appendix presenting as acute appendicitis: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137:434-7. [PMID: 23451753 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0103-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are a group of mesenchymal tumors that coexpress melanocytic and smooth muscle markers; their exact origin remains unknown. This group includes renal angiomyolipoma, clear cell sugar tumor, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis, although the term perivascular epithelioid cell tumors is currently used for lesions that exhibit a similar morphologic and immunohistochemical profile throughout the human body. Recently, a distinct subset of PEComas has been shown to harbor transcription factor E3 gene (TFE3) fusions. We report, for the first time, a unique case of TFE3-positive PEComa presenting as acute appendicitis in a 24-year-old woman. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of benign-appearing epithelioid cells with clear and eosinophilic cytoplasm, and arranged in nested and alveolar patterns. Immunohistochemical studies showed diffuse strong positivity for neuron-specific enolase, TFE3, and progesterone receptor and focal strong positivity for human melanoma black-45 (HMB-45) and melanocyte differentiation antigen (Melan-A) in the tumor cells. Although rare, PEComa should be included in the differential diagnosis of mesenchymal tumors of the appendix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Matkowskyj
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jia Y, Viswakarma N, Crawford SE, Sarkar J, Sambasiva Rao M, Karpus WJ, Kanwar YS, Zhu YJ, Reddy JK. Early embryonic lethality of mice with disrupted transcription cofactor PIMT/NCOA6IP/Tgs1 gene. Mech Dev 2012; 129:193-207. [PMID: 22982455 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PIMT (also known as PIPMT/NCOA6IP/Tgs1), first isolated as a transcription coactivator PRIP (NCOA6)-interacting 96-kDa protein with RNA-binding property, possesses RNA methyltransferase activity. As a transcription coactivator binding protein, PIMT enhances the nuclear receptor transcriptional activity and its methyltransferase property is involved in the formation of the 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap of non-coding small RNAs, but the in vivo functions of this gene have not been fully explored. To elucidate the biological functions, we used gene targeting to generate mice with a disrupted PIMT/Tgs1 gene. Disruption of PIMT gene results in early embryonic lethality due to impairment of development around the blastocyst and uterine implantation stages. We show that PIMT is expressed in all cells of the E3.5day blastocyst in the mouse. PIMT null mutation abolished PIMT expression in all cells of the blastocyst and caused a reduction in the expression of Oct4 and Nanog transcription factor proteins in the E3.5 blastocyst resulting in the near failure to form inner cell mass (ICM). With conditional deletion of PIMT gene, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit defective wound healing in the scratch assay and a reduction in cell proliferation due to decreased G₀/G₁ transition and G₂/M phase cell cycle arrest. We conclude that PIMT/NCOA6IP, which is expressed in all cells of the 3.5 day stage blastocyst, is indispensable for early embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang J, Jia Y, Fu T, Viswakarma N, Bai L, Rao MS, Zhu Y, Borensztajn J, Reddy JK. Sustained activation of PPARα by endogenous ligands increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents obesity in ob/ob mice. FASEB J 2011; 26:628-38. [PMID: 22009939 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-194019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, a major health concern, results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice are paradigmatic of obesity, resulting from excess energy intake and storage. Mice lacking acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1), the first enzyme of the peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation system, are characterized by increased energy expenditure and a lean body phenotype caused by sustained activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) by endogenous ligands in liver that remain unmetabolized in the absence of Acox1. We generated ob/ob mice deficient in Acox1 (Acox1(-/-)) to determine how the activation of PPARα by endogenous ligands might affect the obesity of ob/ob mice. In contrast to Acox1(-/-) (14.3±1.2 g at 6 mo) and the Acox1-deficient (ob/ob) double-mutant mice (23.8±4.6 g at 6 mo), the ob/ob mice are severely obese (54.3±3.2 g at 6 mo) and had significantly more (P<0.01) epididymal fat content. The resistance of Acox1(-/-)/ob/ob mice to obesity is due to increased PPARα-mediated up-regulation of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in liver. Activation of PPARα in Acox1-deficient ob/ob mice also reduces serum glucose and insulin (P<0.05) and improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Further, PPARα activation reduces hepatic steatosis and increases hepatocellular regenerative response in Acox1(-/-)/ob/ob mice at a more accelerated pace than in mice lacking only Acox1. However, Acox1(-/-)/ob/ob mice manifest hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and also develop hepatocellular carcinomas (8 of 8 mice) similar to those observed in Acox1(-/-) mice (10 of 10 mice), but unlike in ob/ob (0 of 14 mice) and OB/OB (0 of 6 mice) mice, suggesting that superimposed ER stress and PPARα activation contribute to carcinogenesis in a fatty liver. Finally, absence of Acox1 in ob/ob mice can impart resistance to high-fat diet (60% fat)-induced obesity, and their liver had significantly (P<0.01) more cell proliferation. These studies with Acox1(-/-)/ob/ob mice indicate that sustained activation of lipid-sensing nuclear receptor PPARα attenuates obesity and restores glucose homeostasis by ameliorating insulin resistance but increases the risk for liver cancer development, in part related to excess energy combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Krantz SB, Shields MA, Dangi-Garimella S, Cheon EC, Barron MR, Hwang RF, Rao MS, Grippo PJ, Bentrem DJ, Munshi HG. MT1-MMP cooperates with Kras(G12D) to promote pancreatic fibrosis through increased TGF-β signaling. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1294-304. [PMID: 21856775 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is associated with a pronounced fibrotic reaction that was recently shown to limit delivery of chemotherapy. To identify potential therapeutic targets to overcome this fibrosis, we examined the interplay between fibrosis and the key proteinase membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, MMP-14), which is required for growth and invasion in the collagen-rich microenvironment. In this article, we show that compared with control mice (Kras(+)/MT1-MMP(-)) that express an activating Kras(G12D) mutation necessary for pancreatic cancer development, littermate mice that express both MT1-MMP and Kras(G12D) (Kras(+)/MT1-MMP(+)) developed a greater number of large, dysplastic mucin-containing papillary lesions. These lesions were associated with a significant amount of surrounding fibrosis, increased α-smooth muscle actin (+) cells in the stroma, indicative of activated myofibroblasts, and increased Smad2 phosphorylation. To further understand how MT1-MMP promotes fibrosis, we established an in vitro model to examine the effect of expressing MT1-MMP in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells on stellate cell collagen deposition. Conditioned media from MT1-MMP-expressing PDAC cells grown in three-dimensional collagen enhanced Smad2 nuclear translocation, promoted Smad2 phosphorylation, and increased collagen production by stellate cells. Inhibiting the activity or expression of the TGF-β type I receptor in stellate cells attenuated MT1-MMP conditioned medium-induced collagen expression by stellate cells. In addition, a function-blocking anti-TGF-β antibody also inhibited MT1-MMP conditioned medium-induced collagen expression in stellate cells. Overall, we show that the bona fide collagenase MT1-MMP paradoxically contributes to fibrosis by increasing TGF-β signaling and that targeting MT1-MMP may thus help to mitigate fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth B Krantz
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang J, Viswakarma N, Yu S, Jia Y, Bai L, Vluggens A, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Khan M, Singh I, Yang G, Rao MS, Borensztajn J, Reddy JK. Progressive endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis in fatty acyl-CoA oxidase 1-deficient mice. Am J Pathol 2011; 179:703-13. [PMID: 21801867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) knockout (ACOX1(-/-)) mice manifest hepatic metabolic derangements that lead to the development of steatohepatitis, hepatocellular regeneration, spontaneous peroxisome proliferation, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Deficiency of ACOX1 results in unmetabolized substrates of this enzyme that function as biological ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) in liver. Here we demonstrate that sustained activation of PPARα in ACOX1(-/-) mouse liver by these ACOX1 substrates results in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Overexpression of transcriptional regulator p8 and its ER stress-related effectors such as the pseudokinase tribbles homolog 3, activating transcription factor 4, and transcription factor CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein as well as phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, indicate the induction of unfolded protein response signaling in the ACOX1(-/-) mouse liver. We also show here that, in the liver, p8 is a target for all three PPAR isoforms (-α, -β, and -γ), which interact with peroxisome proliferator response elements in p8 promoter. Sustained activation of p8 and unfolded protein response-associated ER stress in ACOX1(-/-) mouse liver contributes to hepatocyte apoptosis and liver cell proliferation culminating in the development of hepatocarcinogenesis. We also demonstrate that human ACOX1 transgene is functional in ACOX1(-/-) mice and effectively prevents metabolic dysfunctions that lead to ER stress and carcinogenic effects. Taken together, our data indicate that progressive PPARα- and p8-mediated ER stress contribute to the hepatocarcinogenesis in ACOX1(-/-) mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bai L, Jia Y, Viswakarma N, Huang J, Vluggens A, Wolins NE, Jafari N, Rao MS, Borensztajn J, Yang G, Reddy JK. Transcription coactivator mediator subunit MED1 is required for the development of fatty liver in the mouse. Hepatology 2011; 53:1164-74. [PMID: 21480322 PMCID: PMC3076129 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), a nuclear receptor, when overexpressed in liver stimulates the induction of adipocyte-specific and lipogenesis-related genes and causes hepatic steatosis. We report here that Mediator 1 (MED1; also known as PBP or TRAP220), a key subunit of the Mediator complex, is required for high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis as well as PPARγ-stimulated adipogenic hepatic steatosis. Mediator forms the bridge between transcriptional activators and RNA polymerase II. MED1 interacts with nuclear receptors such as PPARγ and other transcriptional activators. Liver-specific MED1 knockout (MED1(ΔLiv) ) mice, when fed a high-fat (60% kcal fat) diet for up to 4 months failed to develop fatty liver. Similarly, MED1(ΔLiv) mice injected with adenovirus-PPARγ (Ad/PPARγ) by tail vein also did not develop fatty liver, whereas mice with MED1 (MED1(fl/fl) ) fed a high-fat diet or injected with Ad/PPARγ developed severe hepatic steatosis. Gene expression profiling and northern blot analyses of Ad/PPARγ-injected mouse livers showed impaired induction in MED1(ΔLiv) mouse liver of adipogenic markers, such as aP2, adipsin, adiponectin, and lipid droplet-associated genes, including caveolin-1, CideA, S3-12, and others. These adipocyte-specific and lipogenesis-related genes are strongly induced in MED1(fl/fl) mouse liver in response to Ad/PPARγ. Re-expression of MED1 using adenovirally-driven MED1 (Ad/MED1) in MED1(ΔLiv) mouse liver restored PPARγ-stimulated hepatic adipogenic response. These studies also demonstrate that disruption of genes encoding other coactivators such as SRC-1, PRIC285, PRIP, and PIMT had no effect on hepatic adipogenesis induced by PPARγ overexpression. CONCLUSION We conclude that transcription coactivator MED1 is required for high-fat diet-induced and PPARγ-stimulated fatty liver development, which suggests that MED1 may be considered a potential therapeutic target for hepatic steatosis. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Bai
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuzhi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Navin Viswakarma
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aurore Vluggens
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nathan E. Wolins
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nadereh Jafari
- Genomics Core Facility Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - M. Sambasiva Rao
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jayme Borensztajn
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Janardan K. Reddy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Potu BK, Nampurath GK, Rao MS, Bhat KMR. Effect of Cissus quadrangularis Linn on the development of osteopenia induced by ovariectomy in rats. Clin Ter 2011; 162:307-312. [PMID: 21912817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to see the efficacy of petroleum ether extract of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) on development of osteopenia in ovariectomy induced Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The female Wistar rats were ovariectomized or Sham operated. The rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/ kg b.w, i.p.), the ovaries were removed bilaterally. Sham-operation was performed in the same manner but only exposing the ovaries (sham operated (SHAM) group). A day later, the ovariectomized rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight animals each. The groups are 1. Sham operated (SHAM), 2. Ovariectomized (OVX), 3. Ovariectomized and treated with 25 mg/kg b.w of raloxifene (OVX+RAL), 4. Ovariectomized and treated with 500 mg/kg b.w of petroleum ether extract of CQ (OVX+CQ). The treatment continued for 30 days. At the end of the treatment, rats in all groups were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Before sacrifice, blood was collected for the estimation of serum ALP, TRAP, Calcium and hydroxyproline; where as the left femur was used for histomorphometrical analysis. RESULTS The findings assessed on the basis of animal weight, morphology of femur, histomorphometry and biochemical analysis. As compared to SHAM group, OVX group animals showed a significant rise in serum ALP, TRAP and hydroxyproline levels at the end of 1 month following ovariectomy while no significant change was seen in the serum calcium levels. ALP and TRAP levels of OVX + RAL and OVX + CQ groups showed a further increase following administration of raloxifene and Cissus quadrangularis. The serum hydroxyproline content was found to be increased in the OVX + CQ compared to SHAM group. CQ significantly increased the thickness of both cortical (p <0.001) and trabecular bone (p <0.001).This action of CQ is comparable to action of Raloxifene. )These data suggest a strong anti-osteoporotic activity of CQ. CONCLUSION The results confirm, at least in part, for the use of Cissus quadrangularis in folk medicine to treat osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B K Potu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vluggens A, Andreoletti P, Viswakarma N, Jia Y, Matsumoto K, Kulik W, Khan M, Huang J, Guo D, Yu S, Sarkar J, Singh I, Rao MS, Wanders RJ, Reddy JK, Cherkaoui-Malki M. Reversal of mouse Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) null phenotype by human ACOX1b isoform [corrected]. J Transl Med 2010; 90:696-708. [PMID: 20195242 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1) gene in the mouse results in the development of severe microvesicular hepatic steatosis and sustained activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha). These mice manifest spontaneous massive peroxisome proliferation in regenerating hepatocytes and eventually develop hepatocellular carcinomas. Human ACOX1, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, has two isoforms including ACOX1a and ACOX1b, transcribed from a single gene. As ACOX1a shows reduced activity toward palmitoyl-CoA as compared with ACOX1b, we used adenovirally driven ACOX1a and ACOX1b to investigate their efficacy in the reversal of hepatic phenotype in Acox1(-/-) mice. In this study, we show that human ACOX1b is markedly effective in reversing the ACOX1 null phenotype in the mouse. In addition, expression of human ACOX1b was found to restore the production of nervonic (24:1) acid and had a negative impact on the recruitment of coactivators to the PPARalpha-response unit, which suggests that nervonic acid might well be an endogenous PPARalpha antagonist, with nervonoyl-CoA probably being the active form of nervonic acid. In contrast, restoration of docosahexaenoic (22:6) acid level, a retinoid-X-receptor (RXRalpha) agonist, was dependent on the concomitant hepatic expression of both ACOX1a and ACOX1b isoforms. This is accompanied by a specific recruitment of RXRalpha and coactivators to the PPARalpha-response unit. The human ACOX1b isoform is more effective than the ACOX1a isoform in reversing the Acox1 null phenotype in the mouse. Substrate utilization differences between the two ACOX1 isoforms may explain the reason why ACOX1b is more effective in metabolizing PPARalpha ligands.
Collapse
|
22
|
Vluggens A, Andreoletti P, Viswakarma N, Jia Y, Matsumoto K, Kulik W, Khan M, Huang J, Guo D, Yu S, Sarkar J, Singh I, Rao MS, Wanders RJ, Reddy JK, Cherkaoui-Malki M. Erratum: Functional significance of the two ACOX1 isoforms and their crosstalks with PPARα and RXRα. J Transl Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
23
|
Reddy DS, Muchandi IS, Srinivasa RA, Pradeep HA, RaviKumar K, Rao MS, Ibrahim M. Effect of Holostemma annularis on the progression of diabetes induced by a high fructose diet in rats and in diabetic C57BL/6J ob/ob mice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2010; 3:87-94. [PMID: 21437079 PMCID: PMC3047978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of Holostemma annularis K. Schum (Asclepiadacae) are used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. This medicinal plant, widely used in more than 34 ayurvedic preparations, was evaluated in a high fructose diet in induced insulin resistance and in C57BL/6J ob/ob diabetic mice for its antidiabetic activity. Graded doses of both chloroform and methanolic extracts of the roots of H. annularis were administered to normal and experimental diabetic rats for 21 days. Serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol levels and total protein in urine were analyzed. Significant results were observed in the estimated parameters. These data justify the use of the plant in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and is a potential source for the isolation of new active agents for diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DS Reddy
- Nizam Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - IS Muchandi
- HSK College of Pharmacy, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - RA Srinivasa
- Bhaskar College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - HA Pradeep
- Nizam Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K RaviKumar
- Nizam Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - MS Rao
- Nizam Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Ibrahim
- Nizam Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: Mohammed Ibrahim, Nizam Institute of Pharmacy, Deshmukhi, Pochampally (Mandal), Near Ramoji Film City, Nalgonda-508284, Andhra Pradesh, India, Tel +91 08685 202135, Fax +91 08685 202135, Email
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Burt RW, Barthel JS, Dunn KB, David DS, Drelichman E, Ford JM, Giardiello FM, Gruber SB, Halverson AL, Hamilton SR, Ismail MK, Jasperson K, Lazenby AJ, Lynch PM, Martin EW, Mayer RJ, Ness RM, Provenzale D, Rao MS, Shike M, Steinbach G, Terdiman JP, Weinberg D. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Colorectal cancer screening. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2010; 8:8-61. [PMID: 20064289 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2010.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
25
|
Matsumoto K, Huang J, Viswakarma N, Bai L, Jia Y, Zhu YT, Yang G, Borensztajn J, Rao MS, Zhu YJ, Reddy JK. Transcription coactivator PBP/MED1-deficient hepatocytes are not susceptible to diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the mouse. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:318-25. [PMID: 20007298 PMCID: PMC2812575 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coactivator [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-binding protein (PBP)/mediator subunit 1 (MED1)] is a critical component of the mediator transcription complex. Disruption of this gene in the mouse results in embryonic lethality. Using the PBP/MED1 liver conditional null (PBP/MED1ΔLiv) mice, we reported that PBP/MED1 is essential for liver regeneration and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α ligand Wy-14,643-induced receptor-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. We now examined the role of PBP/MED1 in genotoxic chemical carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced and phenobarbital-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis. The carcinogenic process was initiated by a single intraperitoneal injection of DEN at 14 days of age and initiated cells were promoted with phenobarbital (PB) (0.05%) in drinking water. PBP/MED1ΔLiv mice, killed at 1, 4 and 12 weeks, revealed a striking proliferative response of few residual PBP/MED1-positive hepatocytes that escaped Cre-mediated deletion of PBP/MED1 gene. No proliferative expansion of PBP/MED1 null hepatocytes was noted in the PBP/MED1ΔLiv mouse livers. Multiple hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) developed in the DEN-initiated PBP/MED1fl/fl and PBP/MED1ΔLiv mice, 1 year after the PB promotion. Of interest is that all HCC developing in PBP/MED1ΔLiv mice were PBP/MED1 positive. None of the tumors was PBP/MED1 negative implying that hepatocytes deficient in PBP/MED1 are not susceptible to neoplastic conversion. HCC that developed in PBP/MED1ΔLiv mouse livers were transplantable in athymic nude mice and these maintained PBP/MED1fl/fl genotype. PBP/MED1fl/fl HCC cell line derived from these tumors expressed PBP/MED1 and deletion of PBP/MED1fl/fl allele by adeno-Cre injection into tumors caused necrosis of tumor cells. These results indicate that PBP/MED1 is essential for the development of HCC in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jia Y, Viswakarma N, Matsumoto K, Pyper S, Rao MS, Reddy JK. Early Embryonic Lethality of Mice with Disrupted Transcription Cofactor PIMT/NCoA6IP Gene. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.739.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Jia
- PathologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL
| | | | | | - Sean Pyper
- PathologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Matsumoto K, Jia Y, Viswakarma N, Rao MS, Reddy JK. Transcription coactivator PBP/MED1 is required for diethylnitrosamine‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the mouse. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.927.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuzhi Jia
- PathologyNorthwestern universityChicagoIL
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Viswakarma N, Matsumoto K, Jia Y, Rao MS, Reddy JK. Mice lacking transcription cofactor PRIC285 reveal attenuation of liver regeneration but are viable and develop normally. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.117.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuzhi Jia
- PathologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Margaryan NV, Strizzi L, Abbott DE, Seftor EA, Rao MS, Hendrix MJC, Hess AR. EphA2 as a promoter of melanoma tumorigenicity. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:279-88. [PMID: 19223760 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.3.7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The greatest health threat from malignant melanoma is death due to metastatic disease. Consequently, the identification of markers predictive of metastatic disease is essential for identifying new therapeutic targets. EphA2, a protein tyrosine kinase receptor commonly expressed in epithelial cells, has been found to be overexpressed and constitutively active in melanoma tumor cells having a metastatic phenotype as characterized by increased invasion, proliferation and vasculogenic mimicry (VM). Based on this observation, we hypothesized that increased expression of EphA2 by melanoma tumor cells could promote these characteristics of a metastatic phenotype in addition to promoting tumorigenicity as a whole. We analyzed a panel of human melanoma tumor cell lines derived from patient tissues classified as primary (either radial growth phase or vertical growth phase) and/or metastatic for the expression of EphA2 and found a correlation between increased EphA2 expression and metastatic potential. Experiments using the most metastatic of the human melanoma cell lines demonstrated that downregulation of EphA2 results in a significant decrease in invasion, proliferation, clonogenicity and VM in vitro, in addition to suppressed tumorigenicity in an orthotopic mouse model. Lastly, utilization of a human phospho-kinase array revealed increased phosphorylation of several different protein kinases involved in mediating various aspects of cellular proliferation. To the best of our knowledge these results provide the first direct in vivo evidence demonstrating a role for EphA2 in promoting melanoma tumorigenicity and suggest EphA2 as a significant molecular target for the therapeutic intervention of malignant melanoma.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
Jia Y, Viswakarma N, Fu T, Yu S, Rao MS, Borensztajn J, Reddy JK. Conditional ablation of mediator subunit MED1 (MED1/PPARBP) gene in mouse liver attenuates glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone-induced hepatic steatosis. Gene Expr 2009; 14:291-306. [PMID: 19630272 PMCID: PMC2756817 DOI: 10.3727/105221609788681213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist dexamethasone (Dex) induces hepatic steatosis and enhances constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) expression in the liver. CAR is known to worsen hepatic injury in nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis. Because transcription coactivator MED1/PPARBP gene is required for GR- and CAR-mediated transcriptional activation, we hypothesized that disruption of MED1/PPARBP gene in liver cells would result in the attenuation of Dex-induced hepatic steatosis. Here we show that liver-specific disruption of MED1 gene (MED1(delta Liv)) improves Dex-induced steatotic phenotype in the liver. In wild-type mice Dex induced severe hepatic steatosis and caused reduction in medium- and short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases that are responsible for mitochondrial beta-oxidation. In contrast, Dex did not induce hepatic steatosis in mice conditionally null for hepatic MED1, as it failed to inhibit fatty acid oxidation enzymes in the liver. MED1(delta Liv) livers had lower levels of GR-regulated CAR mRNA compared to wild-type mouse livers. Microarray gene expression profiling showed that absence of MED1 affects the expression of the GR-regulated genes responsible for energy metabolism in the liver. These results establish that absence of MED1 in the liver diminishes Dex-induced hepatic steatosis by altering the GR- and CAR-dependent gene functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Navin Viswakarma
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tao Fu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Songtao Yu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M. Sambasiva Rao
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jayme Borensztajn
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Janardan K. Reddy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Buchman AL, Yu-Yang G, Rao MS. Mucosal prolapse appearing as a colonic polypoid lesion. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7:A30. [PMID: 18986851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Buchman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Srinivasan VD, Wayne JD, Rao MS, Zynger DL. Solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreas: case report with cytologic and surgical pathology correlation and review of the literature. JOP 2008; 9:526-530. [PMID: 18648147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Solitary fibrous tumor is an uncommon spindle cell tumor which can occur in a variety of locations. Four cases of pancreatic solitary fibrous tumor have been reported in the literature. CASE REPORT We report the fifth case of pancreatic solitary fibrous tumor in a 78-year-old woman who presented with back pain and weight loss. Imaging studies were suggestive of an endocrine tumor. Endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration was performed and revealed a benign mesenchymal tumor, which is the first successful report of cytology on a pancreatic solitary fibrous tumor. The patient underwent a distal pancreatectomy with resection of the mass which was diagnosed as solitary fibrous tumor, supported by immunohistochemical studies showing positivity for CD99, vimentin, bcl-2, and CD34. CONCLUSION Diagnosing pancreatic solitary fibrous tumor is challenging due to its rarity, nonspecific clinical presentation, and difficulty to be radiologically distinguished from other pancreatic lesions. These issues as well as the prior four cases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya D Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine. Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rao MS, Subbarao V. Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits DNA synthesis of rat hepatocytes induced by partial hepatectomy or mitogen (ciprofibrate). Cell Prolif 2008; 30:1-5. [PMID: 9332491 PMCID: PMC7081163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study we have shown that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) inhibits hepatocyte DNA synthesis after short-term administration and induces hepatocellular carcinomas after long-term administration in the rat. It is not known whether DHEA is also capable of inhibiting replicative and mitogen-induced DNA synthesis. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of DHEA on DNA synthesis in the rat liver after partial hepatectomy and mitogen administration. After partial hepatectomy, DHEA significantly inhibited DNA synthesis at 20, 26, 32 and 38 h. Similarly, combined administration of ciprofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator and mitogen, and DHEA also resulted in significant hepatocyte DNA synthesis. However, DHEA did not affect liver enlargement caused by ciprofibrate. This experimental system will serve as useful tool to evaluate the role of cell proliferation in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Rao
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Lakeside Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Reddy KA, Trimurthy Rao A, Krishna R, Manjula Y, Sambasiva Rao M, Srinivasulu K. A rare case of bilateral basal cell adenomas in the parotid glands. Indian J Surg 2008; 70:32-4. [PMID: 23133013 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-008-0007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a very rare case of bilateral parotid tumors in a 55-year-old female patient who presented with left parotid mass of 7 × 7 cm size since 8 years and right parotid mass of 2.5 × 1.5 cm size since 2 years duration. Based on clinical features a provisional diagnosis of bilateral pleomorphic adenomas was made. Results of fine needle aspiration cytology of both masses were inconclusive. Bilateral superficial conservative parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation revealed bilateral encapsulated and lobulated tumors which on histopathological examination revealed bilateral basal cell adenomas in both parotid glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Anji Reddy
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, NRI Medical College and Hospital, Chinakakani, Guntur, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Guo D, Sarkar J, Suino-Powell K, Xu Y, Matsumoto K, Jia Y, Yu S, Khare S, Haldar K, Rao MS, Foreman JE, Monga SPS, Peters JM, Xu HE, Reddy JK. Induction of nuclear translocation of constitutive androstane receptor by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha synthetic ligands in mouse liver. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36766-76. [PMID: 17962186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707183200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferators activate nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and enhance the transcription of several genes in liver. We report here that synthetic PPARalpha ligands Wy-14,643, ciprofibrate, clofibrate, and others induce the nuclear translocation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in mouse liver cells in vivo. Adenoviral-enhanced green fluorescent protein-CAR expression demonstrated that PPARalpha synthetic ligands drive CAR into the hepatocyte nucleus in a PPARalpha- and PPARbeta-independent manner. This translocation is dependent on the transcription coactivator PPAR-binding protein but independent of coactivators PRIP and SRC-1. PPARalpha ligand-induced nuclear translocation of CAR is not associated with induction of Cyp2b10 mRNA in mouse liver. PPARalpha ligands interfered with coactivator recruitment to the CAR ligand binding domain and reduced the constitutive transactivation of CAR. Both Wy-14,643 and ciprofibrate occupied the ligand binding pocket of CAR and adapted a binding mode similar to that of the CAR inverse agonist androstenol. These observations, therefore, provide information for the first time to indicate that PPARalpha ligands not only serve as PPARalpha agonists but possibly act as CAR antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Viswakarma N, Yu S, Naik S, Kashireddy P, Matsumoto K, Sarkar J, Surapureddi S, Jia Y, Rao MS, Reddy JK. Transcriptional regulation of Cidea, mitochondrial cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like effector A, in mouse liver by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18613-18624. [PMID: 17462989 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701983200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cidea (cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like effector A), a member of a novel family of proapoptotic proteins, is expressed abundantly in the brown adipose tissue of the mouse. Although Cidea mRNA is not detectable in the mouse liver, we now show that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha ligands Wy-14,643 and ciprofibrate increase the Cidea mRNA level in a PPARalpha-dependent manner, whereas Cidea induction in liver by PPARgamma overexpression is PPARalpha independent. Increase in Cidea mRNA content in liver did not alter the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) gene, which regulates thermogenesis, lipolysis, and conservation of energy. Although Cidea is considered to be a proapoptotic factor, Cidea induction in liver did not result in increased apoptosis. To elucidate the mechanism by which PPARalpha and PPARgamma regulate Cidea gene expression in the liver, we analyzed the promoter region of the Cidea gene. Three putative peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) are found in the Cidea gene promoter. Transactivation, gel-shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that the proximal PPRE in Cidea gene (Cidea-PPRE1 at -680/-668) is functional for both PPARalpha and -gamma. We conclude that Cidea is a novel target gene for both PPARalpha and -gamma in the liver where these two transcription factors utilize the same PPRE region for dual regulation. The induction of Cidea in liver with these PPARalpha and -gamma agonists suggests a possible role for Cidea in energy metabolism and a less likely role in hepatocyte apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navin Viswakarma
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008
| | - Songtao Yu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008
| | - Swati Naik
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008
| | - Papreddy Kashireddy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008
| | - Kojiro Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008
| | - Joy Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008
| | - Sailesh Surapureddi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008
| | - Yuzhi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008
| | - M Sambasiva Rao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008
| | - Janardan K Reddy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Matsumoto K, Yu S, Jia Y, Ahmed MR, Viswakarma N, Sarkar J, Kashireddy PV, Rao MS, Karpus W, Gonzalez FJ, Reddy JK. Critical role for transcription coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-binding protein/TRAP220 in liver regeneration and PPARalpha ligand-induced liver tumor development. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:17053-60. [PMID: 17438330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701956200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the gene encoding for the transcription coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-binding protein (PBP/TRAP220/DRIP205/Med1) in the mouse results in embryonic lethality. Here, we have reported that targeted disruption of the Pbp/Pparbp gene in hepatocytes (Pbp(DeltaLiv)) impairs liver regeneration with low survival after partial hepatectomy. Analysis of cell cycle progression suggests a defective exit from quiescence, reduced BrdUrd incorporation, and diminished entry into G(2)/M phase in Pbp(DeltaLiv) hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy. Pbp(DeltaLiv) hepatocytes failed to respond to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, implying that hepatic PBP deficiency affects c-met signaling. Pbp gene disruption also abolishes primary mitogen-induced liver cell proliferative response. Striking abrogation of CCl(4)-induced hepatocellular proliferation and hepatotoxicity occurred in Pbp(DeltaLiv) mice pretreated with phenobarbital due to lack of expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes necessary for CCl(4) activation. Pbp(DeltaLiv) mice, chronically exposed to Wy-14,643, a PPARalpha ligand, revealed a striking proliferative response and clonal expansion of a few Pbp(fl/fl) hepatocytes that escaped Cre-mediated gene deletion in Pbp(DeltaLiv) livers, but no proliferative expansion of PBP null hepatocytes was observed. In these Pbp(DeltaLiv) mice, none of the Wy-14,643-induced hepatic adenomas and hepatocellular carcinomas was derived from PBP(DeltaLiv) hepatocytes; all liver tumors developing in Pbp(DeltaLiv) mice maintained non-recombinant Pbp alleles and retained PBP expression. These studies provide direct evidence in support of a critical role of PBP/TRAP220 in liver regeneration, induction of hepatotoxicity, and hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zeng X, Rao MS. Human embryonic stem cells: Long term stability, absence of senescence and a potential cell source for neural replacement. Neuroscience 2007; 145:1348-58. [PMID: 17055653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Unlike normal somatic cells, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can proliferate indefinitely in culture in an undifferentiated state where they do not appear to undergo senescence and yet remain nontransformed. Cells maintain their pluripotency both in vivo and in vitro, exhibit high telomerase activity, and maintain telomere length after prolonged in vitro culture. Thus, hESCs may provide an unlimited cell source for replacement in a number of aging-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease as well as other neurological disorders including spinal cord injuries. The ability of hESCs to bypass senescence is lost as hESCs differentiate into fully differentiated somatic cells. Evidence has been accumulated that differences in telomere length, telomerase activity, cell cycle signaling, DNA repair ability, as well as the lack of genomic, mitochondrial and epigenetic changes, may contribute to the lack of senescence in hESC. In this manuscript, we will review recent advances in characterizing hESCs and monitoring changes in these aspects in prolonged cultures. We will focus on the potential roles of several cellular pathways including the telomerase, p53 and the Rb pathways in escaping senescence in hESCs. We will also discuss the genomic and epigenetic changes in long-term hESC culture and their potential roles in bypassing senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zeng
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rao MS, Singh I. The effect of temperature on the mechanical response and the viscosity and oxygen consumption of unstriated muscle. J Physiol 2007; 98:12-25. [PMID: 16995186 PMCID: PMC1393941 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1940.sp003831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
42
|
Sarkar J, Qi C, Guo D, Ahmed MR, Jia Y, Usuda N, Viswakarma N, Rao MS, Reddy JK. Transcription coactivator PRIP, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-interacting protein, is redundant for the function of nuclear receptors PParalpha and CAR, the constitutive androstane receptor, in mouse liver. Gene Expr 2007; 13:255-69. [PMID: 17605299 PMCID: PMC6032459 DOI: 10.3727/000000006780666948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the genes encoding for the transcription coactivators, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-interacting protein (PRIP/ASC-2/RAP250/TRBP/NRC) and PPAR-binding protein (PBP/TRAP220/DRIP205/MED1), results in embryonic lethality by affecting placental and multiorgan development. Targeted deletion of coactivator PBP gene in liver parenchymal cells (PBP(LIV-/-)) results in the near abrogation of the induction of PPARalpha and CAR (constitutive androstane receptor)-regulated genes in liver. Here, we show that targeted deletion of coactivator PRIP gene in liver (PRIP(LIV-/-)) does not affect the induction of PPARalpha-regulated pleiotropic responses, including hepatomegaly, hepatic peroxisome proliferation, and induction of mRNAs of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation system, indicating that PRIP is not essential for PPARalpha-mediated transcriptional activity. We also provide additional data to show that liver-specific deletion of PRIP gene does not interfere with the induction of genes regulated by nuclear receptor CAR. Furthermore, disruption of PRIP gene in liver did not alter zoxazolamine-induced paralysis, and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Studies with adenovirally driven EGFP-CAR expression in liver demonstrated that, unlike PBP, the absence of PRIP does not prevent phenobarbital-mediated nuclear translocation/retention of the receptor CAR in liver in vivo and cultured hepatocytes in vitro. These results show that PRIP deficiency in liver does not interfere with the function of nuclear receptors PPARalpha and CAR. The dependence of PPARalpha- and CAR-regulated gene transcription on coactivator PBP but not on PRIP attests to the existence of coactivator selectivity in nuclear receptor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lepore AC, Neuhuber B, Connors TM, Han SSW, Liu Y, Daniels MP, Rao MS, Fischer I. Long-term fate of neural precursor cells following transplantation into developing and adult CNS. Neuroscience 2006; 142:287-304. [PMID: 17120358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Successful strategies for transplantation of neural precursor cells for replacement of lost or dysfunctional CNS cells require long-term survival of grafted cells and integration with the host system, potentially for the life of the recipient. It is also important to demonstrate that transplants do not result in adverse outcomes. Few studies have examined the long-term properties of transplanted neural precursor cells in the CNS, particularly in non-neurogenic regions of the adult. The aim of the present study was to extensively characterize the fate of defined populations of neural precursor cells following transplantation into the developing and adult CNS (brain and spinal cord) for up to 15 months, including integration of graft-derived neurons with the host. Specifically, we employed neuronal-restricted precursors and glial-restricted precursors, which represent neural precursor cells with lineage restrictions for neuronal and glial fate, respectively. Transplanted cells were prepared from embryonic day-13.5 fetal spinal cord of transgenic donor rats that express the marker gene human placental alkaline phosphatase to achieve stable and reliable graft tracking. We found that in both developing and adult CNS grafted cells showed long-term survival, morphological maturation, extensive distribution and differentiation into all mature CNS cell types (neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). Graft-derived neurons also formed synapses, as identified by electron microscopy, suggesting that transplanted neural precursor cells integrated with adult CNS. Furthermore, grafts did not result in any apparent deleterious outcomes. We did not detect tumor formation, cells did not localize to unwanted locations and no pronounced immune response was present at the graft sites. The long-term stability of neuronal-restricted precursors and glial-restricted precursors and the lack of adverse effects suggest that transplantation of lineage-restricted neural precursor cells can serve as an effective and safe replacement therapy for CNS injury and degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Lepore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 Queen Lane, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Cystic lesions of the pancreas are increasingly identified because of advances in imaging techniques. The cystic lesions are of different types and are classified as neoplastic, nonneoplastic, and developmental types. Identification of the nature of these cystic lesions is very important because the course and treatment of disparate types of cysts are different. Here, we describe, for the first time, mesothelial cyst involving the pancreas in a 36-year-old man. Distal pancreatectomy showed a 3-cm unilocular cyst containing clear fluid. The cyst was lined by flat to cuboidal epithelium surrounded by fibrous tissue. The lining epithelial cells were positive for vimentin, thrombomodulin, cytokeratin 5/6, and calretinin, thus confirming the mesothelial nature of the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlo M Nicolas
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gonsalves N, Policarpio-Nicolas M, Zhang Q, Rao MS, Hirano I. Histopathologic variability and endoscopic correlates in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 64:313-9. [PMID: 16923475 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2006.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently recognized as an important cause of dysphagia and food impaction in adults, eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) is diagnosed by histologic findings of increased mucosal eosinophils. OBJECTIVE We examined variability in histopathologic features of adults with EE to derive a recommendation on the optimal number and location of biopsies needed for diagnosis. DESIGN Charts were reviewed from 74 patients diagnosed with EE based on > or =15 eosinophils per high-power field (eos/hpf). Biopsy specimens were prospectively analyzed for the degree of eosinophilia and histopathologic features of EE. Subgroup analysis was performed in patients with biopsy specimens from both the proximal and the distal esophagus. The biopsy specimens from patients with EE were compared with specimens from biopsied Schatzki's ring. SETTING Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. PATIENTS Charts were reviewed for 74 adult patients and biopsy specimens were available for 66 patients. RESULTS A total of 341 biopsy specimens from 66 patients were available for analysis and revealed marked variability within and between biopsy specimens of individual patients. The median eos/hpf was 107 (0-557 eos/hpf). By using criteria of > or =15 eos/hpf for diagnosis, we found that 1 biopsy specimen had a sensitivity of 55%, which increased to 100% after 5 biopsies. By using stricter criteria, additional biopsy specimens were needed to achieve 100% sensitivity. Despite a higher eosinophilia in distal (82 eos/hpf) compared with proximal biopsy specimens (68 eos/hpf), this difference was not statistically significant. There was marked difference between eosinophilia in mucosal biopsy specimens of patients with EE (82 eos/hpf) compared with Schatzki's ring (0.3 eos/hpf). CONCLUSIONS Significant histologic variability exists among biopsy specimens from individual patients with EE and necessitates multiple biopsies to improve diagnostic sensitivity. No significant difference in eosinophilia was demonstrated between proximal and distal sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Gonsalves
- Division of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Guo D, Sarkar J, Ahmed MR, Viswakarma N, Jia Y, Yu S, Sambasiva Rao M, Reddy JK. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-binding protein (PBP) but not PPAR-interacting protein (PRIP) is required for nuclear translocation of constitutive androstane receptor in mouse liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:485-95. [PMID: 16828057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) regulates transcription of phenobarbital-inducible genes that encode xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in liver. CAR is localized to the hepatocyte cytoplasm but to be functional, it translocates into the nucleus in the presence of phenobarbital-like CAR ligands. We now demonstrate that adenovirally driven EGFP-CAR, as expected, translocates into the nucleus of normal wild-type hepatocytes following phenobarbital treatment under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. Using this approach we investigated the role of transcription coactivators PBP and PRIP in the translocation of EGFP-CAR into the nucleus of PBP and PRIP liver conditional null mouse hepatocytes. We show that coactivator PBP is essential for nuclear translocation of CAR but not PRIP. Adenoviral expression of both PBP and EGFP-CAR restored phenobarbital-mediated nuclear translocation of exogenously expressed CAR in PBP null livers in vivo and in PBP null primary hepatocytes in vitro. CAR translocation into the nucleus of PRIP null livers resulted in the induction of CAR target genes such as CYP2B10, necessary for the conversion of acetaminophen to its hepatotoxic intermediate metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. As a consequence, PRIP-deficiency in liver did not protect from acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis, unlike that exerted by PBP deficiency. These results establish that transcription coactivator PBP plays a pivotal role in nuclear localization of CAR, that it is likely that PBP either enhances nuclear import or nuclear retention of CAR in hepatocytes, and that PRIP is redundant for CAR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Guo
- The Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lepore AC, Walczak P, Rao MS, Fischer I, Bulte JWM. MR imaging of lineage-restricted neural precursors following transplantation into the adult spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2006; 201:49-59. [PMID: 16764862 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation is a promising strategy for treatment of CNS injuries and neurodegenerative disorders because of potential for cell replacement. An important element of future clinical applications is development of a non-invasive procedure to follow NPC fate. We show that neuronal-restricted precursors (NRPs) and glial-restricted precursors (GRPs), NPCs with lineage restrictions for neurons and glia, respectively, can be labeled in vitro with the superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent Feridex. Following engraftment into intact adult spinal cord, labeled cells robustly survived in white and gray matter and migrated selectively along white matter tracts up to 5 mm. Localization of cells was reliably established using ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cords. Imaging coincided with histological detection of iron and the human alkaline phosphatase transgene in most grafting sites, including the stream of migrating cells. Following transplantation, magnetically labeled cells exhibited mature morphologies and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, similar to grafts of unlabeled NRPs and GRPs. Interestingly, Feridex-labeled cells, but not unlabeled cells, induced influx of ED1-positive macrophages/microglia. Small numbers of these phagocytic cells took up iron from grafted cells, while the majority of Feridex label was found in transplanted cells. We conclude that Feridex labeling does not inhibit NPC differentiation and can be used to reliably localize NPCs by MRI following engraftment into adult CNS, with the possible exception of areas of rapidly proliferating cells. The present results are relevant for MR-guided clinical application of transplantation strategies in treatment of spinal cord injury and other CNS pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Lepore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD), whether it is alcoholic FLD (AFLD) or nonalcoholic FLD (NAFLD), encompasses a morphological spectrum consisting of hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) and steatohepatitis. FLD has the inherent propensity to progress toward the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is generally difficult to distinguish AFLD from NAFLD on morphological grounds alone despite the distinctions implied by these etiological designations. The indistinguishable spectrum of histological features of both AFLD and NAFLD suggests a possible convergence of pathogenetic mechanisms at some critical juncture that enables the progression of steatohepatitis toward cirrhosis and liver cancer. From a pathogenetic perspective, FLD may be considered a single disease with multiple etiologies. Excess energy consumption and reduced energy combustion appear to be critical events that culminate in lipid storage in the liver. Energy combustion in the liver is controlled by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha-regulated mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation systems and the microsomal omega-oxidation system. PPAR-alpha, a receptor for peroxisome proliferators, functions as a sensor for fatty acids (lipid sensor), and ineffective PPAR-alpha sensing can lead to reduced energy burning resulting in hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. Delineation of the pathogenetic aspects of FLD is necessary for developing novel therapeutic strategies for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janardan K Reddy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Levin B, Barthel JS, Burt RW, David DS, Ford JM, Giardiello FM, Gruber SB, Halverson AL, Hamilton S, Kohlmann W, Ludwig KA, Lynch PM, Marino C, Martin EW, Mayer RJ, Pasche B, Pirruccello SJ, Rajput A, Rao MS, Shike M, Steinbach G, Terdiman JP, Weinberg D, Winawer SJ. Colorectal Cancer Screening Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2006; 4:384-420. [PMID: 16569391 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2006.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and women in the United States. An estimated 104,950 new cases of colon cancer and 40,340 new cases of rectal cancer will occur in the United States in 2005. During the same year, an estimated 56,290 people will die from colon and rectal cancer. Because patients with localized colon cancer have a 90% 5-year survival rate, screening is a critical and particularly effective procedure for colorectal cancer prevention. Screening options include colonoscopy; combined fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and sigmoidoscopy; sigmoidoscopy alone; or double-contrast barium enema.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Collapse
|
50
|
Hattiangady B, Rao MS, Zaman V, Shetty AK. Incorporation of embryonic CA3 cell grafts into the adult hippocampus at 4-months after injury: effects of combined neurotrophic supplementation and caspase inhibition. Neuroscience 2006; 139:1369-83. [PMID: 16580143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As receptivity of the injured hippocampus to cell grafts decreases with time after injury, strategies that improve graft integration are necessary for graft-mediated treatment of chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as temporal lobe epilepsy. We ascertained the efficacy of two distinct graft-augmentation strategies for improving the survival of embryonic day 19 hippocampal CA3 cell grafts placed into the adult hippocampus at 4-months after kainic acid induced injury. The donor cells were labeled with 5'-bromodeoxyuridine, and pre-treated and grafted with either brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and a caspase inhibitor or fibroblast growth factor and caspase inhibitor. The yield of surviving grafted cells and neurons were quantified at 2-months post-grafting. The yield of surviving cells was substantially greater in grafts treated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and caspase inhibitor (84%) or fibroblast growth factor and caspase inhibitor (99% of injected cells) than standard cell grafts (26%). Because approximately 85% of surviving grafted cells were neurons, increased yield in augmented groups reflects enhanced survival of grafted neurons. Evaluation of the mossy fiber synaptic re-organization in additional kainic acid-lesioned rats receiving grafts enriched with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and caspase inhibitor at 3-months post-grafting revealed reduced aberrant dentate mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate supragranular layer than "lesion-only" rats at 4 months post-kainic acid, suggesting that some of the aberrantly sprouted mossy fibers in the dentate supragranular layer withdraw when apt target cells (i.e. grafted neurons) become available in their vicinity. Thus, the yield of surviving neurons from CA3 cell grafts placed into the adult hippocampus at an extended time-point after injury could be enhanced through apt neurotrophic supplementation and caspase inhibition. Apt grafting is also efficacious for reversing some of the abnormal synaptic reorganization prevalent in the hippocampus at later time-points after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hattiangady
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|