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Burke MG, Fonck RJ, Mckee GR, Winz GR. Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy for fast local magnetic field measurements of magnetized fusion plasmas. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:033504. [PMID: 37012775 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel spectroscopy diagnostic for measuring internal magnetic fields in high temperature magnetized plasmas has been developed. It involves spectrally resolving the Balmer-α (656 nm) neutral beam radiation split by the motional Stark effect with a spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS). The unique combination of high optical throughput (3.7 mm2sr) and spectral resolution (δλ ∼ 0.1 nm) allows these measurements to be made with time resolution ≪1 ms. The high throughput is effectively utilized by incorporating a novel geometric Doppler broadening compensation technique in the spectrometer. The technique significantly reduces the spectral resolution penalty inherent to using large area, high-throughput optics while still collecting the large photon flux provided by such optics. In this work, fluxes of order 1010 s-1 support the measurement of deviations of <5 mT (ΔλStark ∼ 10-4 nm) in the local magnetic field with 50 µs time resolution. Example high time resolution measurements of the pedestal magnetic field throughout the ELM cycle of a DIII-D tokamak plasma are presented. Local magnetic field measurements give access to the dynamics of the edge current density, which is essential to understanding stability limits, edge localized mode generation and suppression, and predicting performance of H-mode tokamaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Burke
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R J Fonck
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G R Mckee
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G R Winz
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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2
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Michael JR, Giannuzzi LA, Burke MG, Zhong XL. Mechanism of FIB-Induced Phase Transformation in Austenitic Steel. Microsc Microanal 2022; 28:70-82. [PMID: 34839848 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621013738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of unstable austenite to ferrite or α′ martensite as a result of exposure to Xe+ or Ga+ ions at room temperature was studied in a 304 stainless steel casting alloy. Controlled Xe+ and Ga+ ion beam exposures of the 304 were carried out at a variety of beam/sample geometries. It was found that both Ga+ and Xe+ ion irradiation resulted in the transformation of the austenite to either ferrite or α′ martensite. In this paper, we will refer to the transformation product as a BCC phase. The crystallographic orientation of the transformed area was controlled by the orientation of the austenite grain and was consistent with either the Nishiyama–Wasserman or the Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationships. On the basis of the Xe+ and Ga+ ion beam exposures, the transformation is not controlled by the chemical stabilization of the BCC phase by the ion species, but is a result of the disorder caused by the ion-induced recoil motion and subsequent return of the disordered region to a more energetically favorable phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Michael
- Sandia National Laboratory, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM87185-0886, USA
| | | | - M Grace Burke
- Materials Performance Centre, Department of Materials, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, UK
| | - Xiang Li Zhong
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, UK
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3
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Burke MG, Fonck RJ, Harlander JM, McKee GR. Doppler-shift compensated spatial heterodyne spectroscopy for rapidly moving sources. Appl Opt 2021; 60:4885-4891. [PMID: 34143050 DOI: 10.1364/ao.426159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High resolution luminosity product measurements of neutral beam emission in magnetized plasmas are severely limited by the artificial Doppler broadening inherent to the use of large diameter collection optics. In this paper, a broadening compensation method is developed for the spatial heterodyne spectroscopy interferometric technique. The compensation technique greatly reduces the artificial broadening, thereby enabling high resolution measurements at a significantly higher photon flux than previously available. Compensated and uncompensated measurements of emission generated by impact excitation of 61 keV deuterium neutrals in a tokamak plasma at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility are presented. The spectral width of the compensated measurement is ${\sim}0.13 \;{\rm{nm}}$, which is comparable to the instrument resolution. This width is ${\sim}4 \times$ smaller than the uncompensated width, which for the 20 cm diameter collection lens system utilized in this study is ${\sim}0.5 \;{\rm{nm}}$.
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4
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Zhong X, Wade CA, Withers PJ, Zhou X, Cai C, Haigh SJ, Burke MG. Comparing Xe + pFIB and Ga + FIB for TEM sample preparation of Al alloys: Minimising FIB-induced artefacts. J Microsc 2021; 282:101-112. [PMID: 33210738 PMCID: PMC8246817 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the dual beam Xe+ plasma focused ion beam (Xe+ pFIB) instrument has attracted increasing interest for site-specific transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation for a local region of interest as it shows several potential benefits compared to conventional Ga+ FIB milling. Nevertheless, challenges and questions remain especially in terms of FIB-induced artefacts, which hinder reliable S/TEM microstructural and compositional analysis. Here we examine the efficacy of using Xe+ pFIB as compared with conventional Ga+ FIB for TEM sample preparation of Al alloys. Three potential source of specimen preparation artefacts were examined, namely: (1) implantation-induced defects such as amophisation, dislocations, or 'bubble' formation in the near-surface region resulting from ion bombardment of the sample by the incident beam; (2) compositional artefacts due to implantation of the source ions and (3) material redeposition due to the milling process. It is shown that Xe+ pFIB milling is able to produce improved STEM/TEM samples compared to those produced by Ga+ milling, and is therefore the preferred specimen preparation route. Strategies for minimising the artefacts induced by Xe+ pFIB and Ga+ FIB are also proposed. LAY DESCRIPTION: FIB (focused ion beam) instruments have become one of the most important systems in the preparation of site-specific TEM specimens, which are typically 50-100 nm in thickness. TEM specimen preparation of Al alloys is particularly challenging, as convention Ga-ion FIB produces artefacts in these materials that make microstructural analysis difficult or impossible. Recently, the use of noble gas ion sources, such as Xe, has markedly improved milling speeds and is being used for the preparation of various materials. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the structural defects formed during FIB milling and assess the ion-induced chemical contamination in these TEM samples. Here we explore the feasibility and efficiency of using Xe+ PFIB as a TEM sample preparation route for Al alloys in comparison with the conventional Ga+FIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Zhong
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - C. Austin Wade
- Department of Materials, Materials Performance CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Philip J. Withers
- Department of Materials, Henry Royce InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Changrun Cai
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Sarah J. Haigh
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - M. Grace Burke
- Department of Materials, Materials Performance CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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5
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Burke MG, Fonck RJ, McKee GR, Winz GR. Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy for high speed measurements of Stark split neutral beam emission in a high temperature plasma. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10D114. [PMID: 30399811 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of electrostatic potential, or local electric field, turbulence is a critical missing component in validating nonlinear turbulence and transport simulations of fusion plasmas. A novel diagnostic is being developed for measuring local electric field fluctuations, E ̃ ( r , t ) , via high-speed measurements of the light emitted from a hydrogenic neutral beam. It exploits the proportionality of the spectral line splitting from the Motional Stark Effect to the total electric field experienced by the neutral atom at the excitation site. The measurement is localized by the usual cross-beam geometry of beam-spectroscopy measurements. The corner stone of the diagnostic is a high spectral resolution, high etendue spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS). A SHS design with high etendue (∼5 mm2 sr) and resolution (∼0.14 nm) meets the formidable spectrometer requirements. Field tests of the spectrometer at the DIII-D tokamak demonstrate that the beam emission spectrum produced by the SHS agrees with that of a traditional spectrometer and that the measured flux is adequate for turbulence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Burke
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R J Fonck
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G R McKee
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G R Winz
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Neill TS, Morris K, Pearce CI, Sherriff NK, Burke MG, Chater PA, Janssen A, Natrajan L, Shaw S. Stability, Composition, and Core-Shell Particle Structure of Uranium(IV)-Silicate Colloids. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:9118-9127. [PMID: 30001122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Uranium is typically the most abundant radionuclide by mass in radioactive wastes and is a significant component of effluent streams at nuclear facilities. Actinide(IV) (An(IV)) colloids formed via various pathways, including corrosion of spent nuclear fuel, have the potential to greatly enhance the mobility of poorly soluble An(IV) forms, including uranium. This is particularly important in conditions relevant to decommissioning of nuclear facilities and the geological disposal of radioactive waste. Previous studies have suggested that silicate could stabilize U(IV) colloids. Here the formation, composition, and structure of U(IV)-silicate colloids under the alkaline conditions relevant to spent nuclear fuel storage and disposal were investigated using a range of state of the art techniques. The colloids are formed across a range of pH conditions (9-10.5) and silicate concentrations (2-4 mM) and have a primary particle size 1-10 nm, also forming suspended aggregates <220 nm. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, ultrafiltration, and scanning transmission electron microscopy confirm the particles are U(IV)-silicates. Additional evidence from X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function data suggests the primary particles are composed of a UO2-rich core and a U-silicate shell. U(IV)-silicate colloids formation correlates with the formation of U(OH)3(H3SiO4)32- complexes in solution indicating they are likely particle precursors. Finally, these colloids form under a range of conditions relevant to nuclear fuel storage and geological disposal of radioactive waste and represent a potential pathway for U mobility in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Neill
- Research Centre for Radwaste and Disposal, Williamson Research Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Katherine Morris
- Research Centre for Radwaste and Disposal, Williamson Research Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Carolyn I Pearce
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Nicholas K Sherriff
- National Nuclear Laboratory, Chadwick House, Warrington Road , Birchwood Park, Warrington WA3 6AE , U.K
| | - M Grace Burke
- Materials Performance Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Philip A Chater
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Arne Janssen
- Materials Performance Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Louise Natrajan
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Samuel Shaw
- Research Centre for Radwaste and Disposal, Williamson Research Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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Prestat E, Kulzick MA, Dietrich PJ, Smith MM, Tien ME, Burke MG, Haigh SJ, Zaluzec NJ. In Situ Industrial Bimetallic Catalyst Characterization using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy at One Atmosphere and Elevated Temperature. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2151-2156. [PMID: 28605152 PMCID: PMC5577507 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new experimental platform for in situ scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) which allows real time, nanoscale, elemental and structural changes to be studied at elevated temperature (up to 1000 °C) and pressure (up to 1 atm). Here we demonstrate the first application of this approach to understand complex structural changes occurring during reduction of a bimetallic catalyst, PdCu supported on TiO2, synthesized by wet impregnation. We reveal a heterogeneous evolution of nanoparticle size, distribution, and composition with large differences in reduction behavior for the two metals. We show that the data obtained is complementary to in situ STEM electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and when combined with in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) allows correlation of bulk chemical state with nanoscale changes in elemental distribution during reduction, facilitating new understanding of the catalytic behavior for this important class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Prestat
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mr. Matthew Smith
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Mr. Eu‐Pin Tien
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - M. Grace Burke
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Haigh
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Nestor J. Zaluzec
- School of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
- Argonne National LaboratoryPhoton Sciences DivisionArgonneIL60439USA
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8
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Schilling S, Janssen A, Zaluzec NJ, Burke MG. Practical Aspects of Electrochemical Corrosion Measurements During In Situ Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Aqueous Media. Microsc Microanal 2017; 23:741-750. [PMID: 28784199 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617012314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The capability to perform liquid in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments provides an unprecedented opportunity to examine the real-time processes of physical and chemical/electrochemical reactions during the interaction between metal surfaces and liquid environments. This work describes the requisite steps to make the technique fully analytical, from sample preparation, through modifications of the electrodes, characterization of electrolytes, and finally to electrochemical corrosion experiments comparing in situ TEM to conventional bulk cell and microcell configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Schilling
- 1Materials Performance Centre,University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL,UK
| | - Arne Janssen
- 1Materials Performance Centre,University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL,UK
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- 1Materials Performance Centre,University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL,UK
| | - M Grace Burke
- 1Materials Performance Centre,University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL,UK
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9
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Schlossberg DJ, Bodner GM, Bongard MW, Burke MG, Fonck RJ, Perry JM, Reusch JA. Noninductively Driven Tokamak Plasmas at Near-Unity Toroidal Beta. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:035001. [PMID: 28777627 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.035001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Access to and characterization of sustained, toroidally confined plasmas with a very high plasma-to-magnetic pressure ratio (β_{t}), low internal inductance, high elongation, and nonsolenoidal current drive is a central goal of present tokamak plasma research. Stable access to this desirable parameter space is demonstrated in plasmas with ultralow aspect ratio and high elongation. Local helicity injection provides nonsolenoidal sustainment, low internal inductance, and ion heating. Equilibrium analyses indicate β_{t} up to ∼100% with a minimum |B| well spanning up to ∼50% of the plasma volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Schlossberg
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G M Bodner
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M W Bongard
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M G Burke
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R J Fonck
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J M Perry
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J A Reusch
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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10
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Zhong XL, Schilling S, Zaluzec NJ, Burke MG. Sample Preparation Methodologies for In Situ Liquid and Gaseous Cell Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy of Electropolished Specimens. Microsc Microanal 2016; 22:1350-1359. [PMID: 27819208 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616011855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies utilizing in situ liquid and/or gaseous cell scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) have been reported. Because of the difficulty in the preparation of suitable specimens, these environmental S/TEM studies have been generally limited to studies of nanoscale structured materials such as nanoparticles, nanowires, or sputtered thin films. In this paper, we present two methodologies which have been developed to facilitate the preparation of electron-transparent samples from conventional bulk metals and alloys for in situ liquid/gaseous cell S/TEM experiments. These methods take advantage of combining sequential electrochemical jet polishing followed by focused ion beam extraction techniques to create large electron-transparent areas for site-specific observation. As an example, we illustrate the application of this methodology for the preparation of in situ specimens from a cold-rolled Type 304 austenitic stainless steel sample, which was subsequently examined in both 1 atm of air as well as fully immersed in a H2O environment in the S/TEM followed by hyperspectral imaging. These preparation techniques can be successfully applied as a general procedure for a wide range of metals and alloys, and are suitable for a variety of in situ analytical S/TEM studies in both aqueous and gaseous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li Zhong
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - Sibylle Schilling
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - M Grace Burke
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
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Kumar V, Brent JR, Shorie M, Kaur H, Chadha G, Thomas AG, Lewis EA, Rooney AP, Nguyen L, Zhong XL, Burke MG, Haigh SJ, Walton A, McNaughter PD, Tedstone AA, Savjani N, Muryn CA, O'Brien P, Ganguli AK, Lewis DJ, Sabherwal P. Nanostructured Aptamer-Functionalized Black Phosphorus Sensing Platform for Label-Free Detection of Myoglobin, a Cardiovascular Disease Biomarker. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:22860-8. [PMID: 27508925 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the electrochemical detection of the redox active cardiac biomarker myoglobin (Mb) using aptamer-functionalized black phosphorus nanostructured electrodes by measuring direct electron transfer. The as-synthesized few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets have been functionalized with poly-l-lysine (PLL) to facilitate binding with generated anti-Mb DNA aptamers on nanostructured electrodes. This aptasensor platform has a record-low detection limit (∼0.524 pg mL(-1)) and sensitivity (36 μA pg(-1) mL cm(-2)) toward Mb with a dynamic response range from 1 pg mL(-1) to 16 μg mL(-1) for Mb in serum samples. This strategy opens up avenues to bedside technologies for multiplexed diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases in complex human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology , Habitat Centre, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Jack R Brent
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Munish Shorie
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology , Habitat Centre, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Harmanjit Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology , Habitat Centre, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Gaganpreet Chadha
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology , Habitat Centre, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Andrew G Thomas
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Edward A Lewis
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan P Rooney
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Nguyen
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang Li Zhong
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - M Grace Burke
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Walton
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D McNaughter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksander A Tedstone
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky Savjani
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Muryn
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O'Brien
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashok K Ganguli
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology , Habitat Centre, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - David J Lewis
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Sabherwal
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology , Habitat Centre, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
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Burke MG, Fonck RJ, Bongard MW, Schlossberg DJ, Winz GR. Erratum: "Multi-point, high-speed passive ion velocity distribution diagnostic on the Pegasus Toroidal Experiment" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 10D516 (2012)]. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:079902. [PMID: 27475614 DOI: 10.1063/1.4958821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Burke
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R J Fonck
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M W Bongard
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G R Winz
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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13
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Thome KE, Bongard MW, Barr JL, Bodner GM, Burke MG, Fonck RJ, Kriete DM, Perry JM, Schlossberg DJ. High Confinement Mode and Edge Localized Mode Characteristics in a Near-Unity Aspect Ratio Tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:175001. [PMID: 27176526 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.175001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tokamak experiments at near-unity aspect ratio A≲1.2 offer new insights into the self-organized H-mode plasma confinement regime. In contrast to conventional A∼3 plasmas, the L-H power threshold P_{LH} is ∼15× higher than scaling predictions, and it is insensitive to magnetic topology, consistent with modeling. Edge localized mode (ELM) instabilities shift to lower toroidal mode numbers as A decreases. These ultralow-A operations enable heretofore inaccessible J_{edge}(R,t) measurements through an ELM that show a complex multimodal collapse and the ejection of a current-carrying filament.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Thome
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M W Bongard
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J L Barr
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G M Bodner
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M G Burke
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R J Fonck
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D M Kriete
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J M Perry
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Slater TJ, Janssen A, Camargo PH, Burke MG, Zaluzec NJ, Haigh SJ. STEM-EDX tomography of bimetallic nanoparticles: A methodological investigation. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 162:61-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Lim JJH, Malheiros LRC, Bertali G, Long CJ, Freyer PD, Burke MG. Comparison of Additive Manufactured and Conventional 316L Stainless Steels-ERRATUM. Microsc Microanal 2015:1. [PMID: 26634846 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761501555x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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16
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Lewis EA, Haigh SJ, Slater TJA, He Z, Kulzick MA, Burke MG, Zaluzec NJ. Real-time imaging and local elemental analysis of nanostructures in liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:10019-22. [PMID: 24831648 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02743d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new design of in situ liquid cells is demonstrated, providing the first nanometer resolution elemental mapping of nanostructures in solution. The technique has been applied to investigate dynamic liquid-phase synthesis of core-shell nanostructures and to simultaneously image the compositional distribution for multiple elements within the resulting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Lewis
- Materials Performance Centre and Electron Microscopy Centre, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Slater TJA, Camargo PHC, Burke MG, Zaluzec NJ, Haigh SJ. Understanding the limitations of the Super-X energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer as a function of specimen tilt angle for tomographic data acquisition in the S/TEM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/522/1/012025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Zaluzec NJ, Burke MG, Haigh SJ, Kulzick MA. X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry during in situ liquid cell studies using an analytical electron microscope. Microsc Microanal 2014; 20:323-329. [PMID: 24564969 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of analytical spectroscopies during scanning/transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) investigations of micro- and nano-scale structures has become a routine technique in the arsenal of tools available to today's materials researchers. Essential to implementation and successful application of spectroscopy to characterization is the integration of numerous technologies, which include electron optics, specimen holders, and associated detectors. While this combination has been achieved in many instrument configurations, the integration of X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy and in situ liquid environmental cells in the S/TEM has to date been elusive. In this work we present the successful incorporation/modifications to a system that achieves this functionality for analytical electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor J Zaluzec
- 1 Argonne National Laboratory, Electron Microscopy Center, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - M Grace Burke
- 2 School of Materials, Materials Performance Centre and Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- 2 School of Materials, Materials Performance Centre and Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Slater TJA, Macedo A, Schroeder SLM, Burke MG, O'Brien P, Camargo PHC, Haigh SJ. Correlating catalytic activity of Ag-Au nanoparticles with 3D compositional variations. Nano Lett 2014; 14:1921-6. [PMID: 24579934 DOI: 10.1021/nl4047448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Significant elemental segregation is shown to exist within individual hollow silver-gold (Ag-Au) bimetallic nanoparticles obtained from the galvanic reaction between Ag particles and AuCl4(-). Three-dimensional compositional mapping using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) tomography within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) reveals that nanoparticle surface segregation inverts from Au-rich to Ag-rich as Au content increases. Maximum Au surface coverage was observed for nanoparticles with approximately 25 atom % Au, which correlates to the optimal catalytic performance in a three-component coupling reaction among cyclohexane carboxyaldehyde, piperidine, and phenylacetylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J A Slater
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester , Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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20
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Burke MG, Fonck RJ, Bongard MW, Schlossberg DJ, Winz GR. Multi-point, high-speed passive ion velocity distribution diagnostic on the Pegasus Toroidal Experiment. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D516. [PMID: 23126858 DOI: 10.1063/1.4733309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A passive ion temperature polychromator has been deployed on Pegasus to study power balance and non-thermal ion distributions that arise during point source helicity injection. Spectra are recorded from a 1 m F/8.6 Czerny-Turner polychromator whose output is recorded by an intensified high-speed camera. The use of high orders allows for a dispersion of 0.02 Å/mm in 4th order and a bandpass of 0.14 Å (~13 km/s) at 3131 Å in 4th order with 100 μm entrance slit. The instrument temperature of the spectrometer is 15 eV. Light from the output of an image intensifier in the spectrometer focal plane is coupled to a high-speed CMOS camera. The system can accommodate up to 20 spatial points recorded at 0.5 ms time resolution. During helicity injection, stochastic magnetic fields keep T(e) low (100 eV) and thus low ionization impurities penetrate to the core. Under these conditions, high core ion temperatures are measured (T(i) ≈ 1.2 keV, T(e) ≈ 0.1 keV) using spectral lines from carbon III, nitrogen III, and boron IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Burke
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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21
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Abstract
A 1.2-kb bovine DR beta-like cDNA clone (BoLA-DRB3) was isolated from a peripheral blood lymphocyte cDNA library utilizing a human DR beta cDNA as a probe. BoLA-DRB3 was found to have a high degree of nucleotide sequence similarity (96.8%) with a previously sequenced bovine DR beta-like gene (A1). It is believed that BoLA-DRB3 and A1 represent distinct alleles of one of the three bovine DR beta-like loci. Sequence comparison of BoLA-DRB3 with genes representing the other two bovine DR beta-like loci resulted in moderate degrees of sequence similarities (83.1% and 86.3%, respectively). Comparison of the relative abundance of RNA transcripts of the three bovine DR beta-like loci by Northern analysis of lymphocyte RNA indicated that BoLA-DRB3 is the most actively transcribed of the three bovine DR beta-like genes. Based on these results we suggest that of the three DR beta-like loci thus far identified in the bovine, only one is actively transcribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Burke
- USDA, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166
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Stallings-Mann ML, Burke MG, Trout WE, Roberts RM. Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of a Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor secreted by the porcine uterus. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:24090-4. [PMID: 7929061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine uterus synthesizes a proteinase inhibitor (M(r) 14,000) under the influence of progesterone that is relatively specific for plasmin and trypsin, but that also has weak affinity for chymotrypsin. Several isoforms of this uterine plasmin/trypsin inhibitor were purified by a procedure whose final two steps involved affinity chromatography on immobilized chymotrypsin and cation exchange chromatography. Amino-terminal sequencing showed that at least three of the isoforms were closely related. An oligonucleotide probe based on the protein sequence was used to identify a cDNA that contained an open reading frame coding for a mature protein (M(r) 10,295) of 93 amino acids. The inhibitor had a well defined, but unique, Kunitz domain of 64 residues at its amino terminus that shared 67% sequence identity to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Its P1 residue was arginine rather than lysine. Northern analysis showed the presence of a single mRNA species (700 bases) that in adult female pigs appeared to be confined to the uterus. During pregnancy, UPTI mRNA expression was high until Day 30 and decreased significantly thereafter. By contrast, uteroferrin mRNA reached maximal concentrations in late pregnancy. These data are consistent with an earlier hypothesis that the inhibitor serves to neutralize the activities of one or more serine proteinases generated by the proliferating trophoblast during the formation of the noninvasive placenta of the pig.
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Sinharoy S, Buhay H, Burke MG, Lampe DR, Pollak TM. Growth and the microstructural and ferroelectric characterization of oriented BaMgF(4) thin films. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 1991; 38:663-671. [PMID: 18267632 DOI: 10.1109/58.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The growth of ferroelectric BaMgF(4) thin films on Si(100), sapphire, and other substrates under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions is reported. Microstructural characterization of the films using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that they were oriented crystalline films, although not epitaxial. Ferroelectric hysteresis measurements yielded spontaneous polarization and coercivity values of almost 1.0 muC/cm(2) and 160 kV/cm, respectively. The discrepancy with the bulk ferroelectric values were attributed to the electrical contacts, impurities in the film, and lack of polar axis orientation. Preliminary capacitance-voltage (C-V) hysteresis measurements on a 480-nm-thick BaMgF(4) film yielded a 10.8-V threshold shift (memory window) in response to a +/-10-V programming voltage for a MIS gate structure similar to that of the ferroelectric memory field-effect transistor (FEMFET).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sinharoy
- Westinghouse Sci. and Technol. Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Clawitter J, Trout WE, Burke MG, Araghi S, Roberts RM. A novel family of progesterone-induced, retinol-binding proteins from uterine secretions of the pig. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:3248-55. [PMID: 2303448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has revealed the presence of a group of relatively acidic proteins of molecular weight about 22,000 in the uterine flushings of pseudopregnant pigs. The proteins have been purified by a combination of gel filtration chromatography and high performance anion-exchange chromatography and shown to bind both [3H] retinol and [3H]retinoic acid. At least four protein peaks that bound retinoids could be detected in the uterine secretions of a single pig. The ion-exchange procedure also allowed the retinol-free apoproteins to be separated from the holoforms that had associated ligand. Amino acid sequencing of the NH2 termini of polypeptides within three of the peaks revealed the presence of proteins with some degree of sequence identity to serum retinol-binding proteins (RBP). The most basic polypeptides showed the least similarity (about 30% identity), while the most acidic isoform analyzed shared about 70% sequence identity with the NH2 terminus of human serum RBP. Western blotting procedures employing an antiserum raised against the most basic isoforms showed that the amount of retinol-binding protein in uterine secretions increased markedly in ovariectomized animals in response to long term progesterone treatment. These proteins appear to form part of the uterine histotroph thought to be essential for nourishment of the conceptuses during pregnancy. A simple three-step procedure for purifying retinol-binding protein from pig serum is also described. The NH2-terminal sequence of this RBP is similar to that of human RBP but different from those of the uterine forms. The study suggests that a family of RBP, distinct from the serum form, is secreted by the uterine endometrium of the pig in response to progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Clawitter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
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Abstract
A comparison of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe field-ion microscopy (APFIM) is presented with respect to the interpretation of complex microstructures, phase identification, determination of crystallographic order, and analysis of interfaces. The capabilities, spatial resolutions, and limitations of each technique are discussed with examples taken from combined analytical electron microscopy (AEM) and APFIM studies. Both techniques are extremely powerful for routine characterization of a wide range of materials, although care must be exercised in experimentation and interpretation. The combined use of TEM and APFIM is synergistic and extends their individual capabilities from the macro scale to the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Burke
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Abstract
The uterus of the pig secretes large amounts of protein in response to progesterone. Estrogen alone has little effect but in combination with progesterone is synergistic at low doses and inhibitory at high doses. The responses of the uterus to progesterone require prolonged hormone treatment and are not immediate. The proteins secreted by the uterus of all species are believed to play some role in the nutritional and developmental support of the conceptuses, particularly during early pregnancy. Such a role is likely to be of greater importance in species such as the pig which possesses a noninvasive, diffuse-type of epitheliochorial placentation. A group of basic polypeptides dominates the uterine secretions of the pig. The best characterized is uteroferrin, a purple colored, iron-containing acid phosphatase which transports iron across the placenta. Three polypeptides which are found associated noncovalently with uteroferrin have been shown to be antigenically closely related to each other and to have arisen from a single precursor polypeptide. Their function is unknown. A family of plasmin/trypsin inhibitors which show sequence homology with bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (aprotinin) has been well characterized and appears to control intrauterine proteolytic events initiated by the conceptuses. Several other proteins secreted in response to progesterone remain to be characterized and functionally defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Roberts
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
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Coplan J, Gleason JR, Ryan R, Burke MG, Williams ML. Validation of an early language milestone scale in a high-risk population. Pediatrics 1982; 70:677-83. [PMID: 7133817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed language evaluations were obtained by interviewing the parents of 191 healthy children aged 0 to 3 years, and by testing the children themselves. From these data, normative values were derived for 41 language milestones in the first 36 months of life. These values were used to construct the Early Language Milestone Scale (ELM Scale), a brief language assessment tool suitable for use by general pediatricians. Physician use of the ELM Scale in a population of 119 children considered at high risk for the presence of developmental disability yielded 97% sensitivity and 93% specificity for the ELM Scale as a detector of developmentally delayed children, when compared with more formal developmental measures as applied by a clinical psychologist or speech pathologist. Early language milestones are a sensitive indicator of developmental integrity; delayed achievement of early language milestones strongly suggests the presence of a significant underlying developmental disability. The ELM Scale may be adopted as a valid measure of developmental status among children considred at high risk for the presence of developmental disabilities.
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