Quantitative multi-image analysis in metals research

Quantitative multi-image analysis (QMA) is the systematic extraction of new information and insight through the simultaneous analysis of multiple, related images. We present examples illustrating the potential for QMA to advance materials research in multi-image characterization, automatic feature identification, and discovery of novel processing-structure-property relationships. We conclude by discussing opportunities and challenges for continued advancement of QMA, including instrumentation development, uncertainty quantification, and automatic parsing of literature data.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1557/s43579-022-00265-7.

[A four year follow-up study of recombinant HB vaccine--comparisons between three doses of subcutaneous injections and additional low dose intradermal injection]

To determine the efficacy of an additional low dose of intradermal injection of recombinant HB vaccine administered to nonresponders in addition to the standard three injections, we investigated the anti-HBs positive rate and titer of anti-HBs after four years among 58 subjects who did not develop antibodies after three doses of subcutaneous injections and who did develop the antibody after an additional low dose intradermal injection (Nonresponders), and compared them with 150 subjects who developed anti-HBs after three doses of subcutaneous injections (Responders). Fifty four subjects who were negative after four years were revaccinated with one or three doses of the subcutaneous injection. Anti-HBs positive rates after four years were 56.0 percent in Responders and 56.9 percent in Nonresponders, showing no differences. Eighty eight percent of 54 subjects who were given one or three doses of the vaccine developed anti-HBs. There were no differences in the antibody rates or titer of the antibody between the one and three doses groups. The decrease in titer of antibody was related to the levels initially having the most marked decrease in the level four years later. From these findings, we concluded that there were no differences of anti-HBs positive rates or antibody titer after four years in Responders and Nonresponders, and that one additional dose of the vaccine may be effective four years after initial administration among both groups.

Probucol-induced QT prolongation and syncope

We report a patient who experienced a reversible prolongation of the QT interval and episodes of syncope while receiving probucol. A 64-year-old woman experienced syncopal attacks 8 and 11 weeks after beginning probucol treatment (500 mg twice daily). The pre-treatment ECG showed a slight prolongation of the corrected QT interval (QTc) (0.46 sec). Her QTc increased to 0.62 sec 12 weeks after beginning probucol treatment and decreased to about the baseline value (0.48 sec) 6 weeks after treatment was discontinued. Probucol is known to prolong the QT interval. A long QT interval has been linked to an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias, syncope or sudden death. However, clinical reports which causally relate probucol treatment to syncope are very rare. Although an ECG during the episodes of syncope was not available, this patient's syncope might be due to ventricular tachyarrhythmia associated with probucol-induced QT prolongation. This case emphasizes the need for careful evaluation of the QT interval before and during probucol treatment.

Ultrastructure and function of cilia and spermatozoa flagella in a patient with Kartagener's syndrome

A 37-year-old man with the characteristic clinical signs of Kartagener's syndrome, including bronchiectasia, chronic paranasal sinusitis, and situs inversus, was found to have immotile cilia and sperm. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the majority of cilia lacked dynein arms and radial spokes and that various defects of microorgans existed in the sperm. The most frequent defect was total defect of axoneme followed by defect of inner dynein arms in the sperm. These findings suggest an association between the structural abnormality of absent inner dynein arms and immotility of cilia and sperm in Kartagener's syndrome.

Chromosomal translocation t(13;16) in a patient with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

A patient with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) had an apparently balanced reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes 13 and 16 [t(13;16)(q14.11;q24)]. The patient's father has the same chromosomal translocation with no apparent physical abnormalities. The role of the chromosomal translocation in this patient is discussed.

Multiple osteomyelitis due to Mycobacterium avium with no pulmonary presentation in a patient of sarcoidosis

A 31-year-old man with multiple osteomyelitis due to Mycobacterium avium is reported. The patient had been on prednisolone for systemic lymphadenopathy which was thought to be caused by sarcoidosis. In June 1990, he noticed high fever and general bone pain. He was found to have multiple lytic lesions in the bones which were biopsied showing acid-fast bacilli. This organism was revealed to be M. avium. The chest radiograph film revealed no abnormal pulmonary findings. Multiple bone lesions in the absence of pulmonary disease is reported to be rare for atypical mycobacterial infection.

[Liver abscesses successfully treated by intraportal administration of amphotericin B in a case of acute myeloblastic leukemia (M2)]

A 46-year-old male was admitted to our hospital because of relapse of acute myeloblastic leukemia (M2). Remission was successfully reinduced after reinduction chemotherapy consisting of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, etoposide and vincristine, but was complicated by neutropenia. After the therapy, the patient had persistent fever of about 38 degrees C despite broad-spectrum antibiotics therapy and the patient developed pain in the right quadrant of the abdomen. The white blood cell count rose to 23000/mm3. Liver function tests showed abnormal findings mainly consisting of an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level. Ultrasonography showed multiple hypoechoic lesions in the liver and CT scans also revealed multiple low density areas. Therefore he was suspected of having a complication of liver abscesses. Amphotericin B was administered 75 mg/day intravenously every other day. A percutaneous liver biopsy was performed, but was not diagnostic. Blood cultures were negative for pathogens. Amphotericin B was administered up to a cumulative dosage of 2.3 g, but the patient remained febrile. Then he had an exploratory laparotomy and an open liver biopsy. The liver biopsy samples showed fungal elements proved by PAS staining. A catheter was inserted into the portal vein. Administration of Amphotericin B was started 20 mg daily through the catheter. The temperature fell to normal after institution of this therapy. The abnormal findings in CT scans almost disappeared and the inflammatory findings became negative after he had received intraportal administration of Amphotericin B over three months. Through the analysis of this case study, we confirmed that the intraportal administration of Amphotericin B was effective to the intractable liver abscesses due to fungi.

Intrapericardial instillation of OK-432 for the management of malignant pericardial effusion: report of three cases

Three patients with cardiac tamponade caused by malignancy were treated by pericardiocentesis with intrapericardial OK-432 instillation. The underlying disease was adenocarcinoma of unknown origin, breast cancer and multiple myeloma. Under electrocardiographic monitoring, a polyethylene catheter with several side holes was inserted into the pericardial sac, and after a maximal volume of fluid was withdrawn, 5 KE of OK-432 diluted in 20 ml of saline was instilled through the catheter. All the patients who received intrapericardial OK-432 therapy obtained complete control of pericardial effusion for more than 30 days. The side effects were fever, chills and chest pain which were easily controlled by antipyretics.

[Successful treatment with tegafur and PSK in a patient with gallbladder cancer]

A 56-year-old man was admitted to Miyazaki Prefectural Hospital with a complaint of pain in the right upper quadrant. The liver was moderately enlarged on palpation with tenderness in the upper abdomen. Ultrasonography and abdominal CT showed gallbladder tumor with multiple space-occupying lesions in the liver. In addition, serum levels of CEA and CA19-9 were markedly elevated. These findings suggested gallbladder cancer with liver metastasis, and he was soon started on tegafur rectally (1,000 mg/day) and PSK orally (3.0 g/day). Two months later, the lesions in the liver almost disappeared, although little change in size of the gallbladder tumor was noted. This condition lasted for 6 months indicating partial response. Subsequently, he died of liver failure 14 months after the start of treatment. Since few antineoplastic agents have been reported to be effective against gallbladder cancer, tegafur and PSK might be a good combination for this disease.

Phase II trial of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cis-platinum), vincristine, and peplomycin for advanced squamous cell carcinoma

Advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, lung, esophagus, and uterine cervix is still a challenging cancer to the medical practice. We have treated 23 such patients with a combination of cis-platinum, vincristine, and peplomycin. Cis-platinum was given at a dose of 60 mg/m2 on day 1, and 1.0 mg/m2 of vincristine was given on day 3, followed 6 hours later by peplomycin 10 mg/day by continuous infusion iv or sc over the next 5 days. This combination was given every 3 weeks. The overall response rate was 71% for 17 evaluable patients, including one complete response. The median duration of response and survival was 2 and 5 months, respectively. Six other patients with esophageal and cervical carcinoma were treated with two cycles of this combination followed by radical radiation therapy or surgery. Five of them achieved significant response prior to radical treatment. Major side effects were nausea, vomiting, alopecia, and mild myelotoxicity, which were acceptable. This regimen, with a high response rate and acceptable toxicity, warrants further investigation.

Recombinant interferon beta and gamma in the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is one of the most difficult diseases to treat because of severe underlying immune deficiency and metabolic disturbance. Interferon has potent antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating properties, and therefore, this may be a good agent to treat such immune deficient patients with peripheral T-cell leukemia. During a period from April 1984 to August 1985, six patients were treated with interferon-beta (IFN-beta), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was given to five patients. Three patients achieved partial remission by IFN-beta administration with a response duration of 1, 1.5, and 12 months respectively, whereas one complete remission and two partial responses were experienced by IFN-gamma treatment with 4, 4, and 2 months of response. Side effects of IFN-beta were similar to those of IFN-gamma including fever, chills, fatigue, mild hematologic depression, and transient hepatic enzyme abnormalities. These promising results warrant further well-designed clinical trials including combination with other agents or modalities of treatment.

A case of CD4+/CD8- adult T-cell leukemia with good response to interferon-beta terminating as a CD4+/CD8+ adult T-cell lymphoma

The leukemic cells of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) usually express the helper/inducer associated antigen reactive with anti-CD4 antibodies but not with anti-CD8. We present a 63-yr-old woman with ATL characterized by circulating leukemic cells with CD4+/CD8- phenotype, hepatosplenomegaly with no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of proviral DNA of human T-cell leukemia virus I in the leukemic cells. She was successfully treated with interferon beta and the remission lasted for 12 months. She then relapsed in the lymph nodes with minimal peripheral blood involvement. The neoplastic cells of the lymph node now co-expressed CD4 and CD8 antigens indicating that the change in clinical manifestation was accompanied by a phenotypic change of the leukemic cells.

[Peplomycin for hypercalcemia in a patient with adult T cell leukemia]

A 60-year-old man with adult T cell leukemia had been suffering from intractable hypercalcemia resistant to saline hydration, intravenous administration of furosemide, elcatonin, prednisolone and phosphate, and also hemodialysis. Since there was one report suggesting that bleomycin could act as an anticalcemic agent, peplomycin, a new derivative of blerivative of bleomycin, was given at a dose of 10 mg/day by continuous intravenous infusion for 3 days and rapid normalization of serum calcium and creatinine levels resulted. The mechanism of this antihypercalcemic effect is not clear, but peplomycin directly inhibit bone resorption.

[Successful chemotherapy in undescended testicular and extragonadal germ cell tumors: report of 2 cases]

Two patients with advanced germ cell tumor who entered complete remission following intensive combination chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgical intervention are reported. A 28-year-old businessman presented with abdominal pain and masses associated with an elevated HCG level for which he underwent exploratory laparotomy. Large retroperitoneal masses were found and microscopical examination of the masses were revealed seminoma. Three courses of combination chemotherapy consisting of CDDP, VLB and PEP were given to the patient followed by radiation therapy to the parailiac, paraaortic, mediastinal and supraclavicular lymph nodes with boost irradiation to the paraaortic lymph nodes where the large masses were located. The other patient was a 21-year-old student who developed sharp precordial chest pain which proved to be due to a large mediastinal mass accompanied by an elevated AFP level. He was treated with radiation therapy to the mediastinum, surgical resection and combination chemotherapy. However, he showed recurrence in the lungs associated with rising AFP levels, and was given a salvage chemotherapy consisting of 3 courses of CDDP, ADR, PEP and Etoposide. Both patients were successfully treated with combined modalities of treatment including intensive chemotherapy and have been off therapy without recurrence for over 12 and 4 months, respectively.

[Side effects of peplomycin]

Twenty-three patients with squamous cell carcinoma were treated with a combination chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, vincristine, and peplomycin. Overall response rate was over 70% including complete disappearance of tumors in one patient. Peplomycin was given by continuous i.v. or s.c. infusion using a micro-infusion pump. All the patients experienced some degree of nausea, vomiting, and hair loss. Phlebitis and induration of injection sites with subsequent local pigmentation were frequently encountered. Nausea and vomiting were caused mainly by cisplatin, but more than 60% of the patients experienced transient increase of anorexia or nausea in the period of peplomycin administration. Eruption with skin excoriation or pigmentation along scratch dermatitis were seen in 5 patients. These side effects were well tolerated, and high fever which is commonly observed in one-shot therapy did not develop in any patient. Pulmonary fibrosis was also not seen. Peplomycin should be given by low-dose continuous infusion because of its low toxicity and comparable antineoplastic activity to one-shot therapy.

Clinical analysis of 33 patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)-diagnostic criteria and significance of high- and low-risk ATL

The clinical characteristics of 33 patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) are described. All patients were born and have lived in Miyazaki Prefecture (southwest of Japan). Because of a wide range of clinical presentations and courses, they were subdivided into 2 groups. In the high-risk group, patients presented with high white-cell counts (WBC greater than or equal to 20,000/microliter) and over 30% of abnormal lymphoid cells (18 patients) and hypercalcemia with a low percentage of leukemic cells (5 patients). In this group the median survival time was only 3 months despite various modes of treatment. In contrast, patients of the second group exhibited a low percentage of abnormal lymphoid cells (WBC less than 20,000/microliter and/or leukemic cells less than 30%) and had no hypercalcemia (8 patients). Their clinical course was chronic with a median survival of 8 months, regardless of modalities of treatment. Two patients went through a period when the number of circulating leukemic cells was low (less than or equal to 5%) before overt leukemia appeared. Other clinical features, signs, symptoms, routine laboratory data, serum anti-ATL-associated antibody, cell membrane markers and cytogenetic studies were similar to those observed in other districts of Kyushu island.

[A case of adult T-cell leukemia responding to recombinant interferon-beta (GKT-beta)]

Interferon-beta (GKT-beta) was administered to a patient with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), presumably of acute type, with a marked organ infiltration and increases in serum calcium, LDH and bilirubin. The therapy produced a fall in the number of peripheral blood abnormal lymphocytes, disappearance of jaundice, reduction in the degree of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly and a remarkable improvement of general condition with a performance status of grade 3 improving to grade 1. The response has been maintained for more than seven months. Dose, schedule and criteria for drug discontinuation are matters for further investigation.

Identification of complex phenotype (OKT4+/OKT8+) on adult T-cell leukemia cells by sequential application of indirect rosette assay with protein A-coated ox red blood cells and immunoperoxidase technic

The specific immunophenotypic characterization of the hematologic malignant diseases has been obtained most commonly by the immunofluorescent technic. It requires a microscope with illuminator or the expensive flow cytometer that usually precludes morphologic assessment. It was compared with the indirect rosette assay and the immunoperoxidase study, which allowed both immunologic and morphologic assessment. These three technics appeared to be comparable quantitatively, and the latter two technics utilizing cytospin preparations were applied sequentially to the leukemic cells of adult T-cell leukemia with a complex phenotype (OKT4+/OKT8+) and successfully displayed the double markers on each leukemic cell.

Serum concentration of sisomicin by intravenous infusion and its clinical response as a single agent

SISO in doses of 1.0 to 1.8 mg/kg was administered by a 30-minute intravenous infusion every 12 hours to 10 patients with infections, 9 of whom had underlying diseases including malignant diseases, diabetes mellitus, and diabetes insipidus with indwelling FOLEY catheter. The serum concentration of SISO was around 6.75 micrograms/ml in the end of infusion, and less than 1.0 micrograms/ml at 8 to 12 hours after infusion. SISO was given to the patients as a single agent for at least 3 to 5 days and all patients experienced an excellent to good response clinically, and causative organisms which showed a minimal inhibitory concentration of less than 1.56 micrograms/ml disappeared after the treatment associated with clinical improvement. There were no untoward effects noted in this study.

Clinical features of OKT4+/OKT8+ adult T-cell leukemia

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) has a range of clinical characteristics. Phenotypically the leukemic cells usually express the helper/inducer associated antigen OKT4 with lack of OKT8. We have observed three patients with acute ATL cytologically indistinguishable from OKT4+/OKT8- ATL but whose neoplastic cells had the unusual phenotype, OKT3+, OKT4+, OKT6-, OKT8+ OKT9+/-, OKT11+, Tac+/-, TdT-. All patients had abnormal karyotypes and antibodies against anti-ATL associated antigens as well as proviral DNA of human T-cell leukemia virus in the leukemic cells. The clinical course was complicated by skin eruptions, hypercalcemia, pulmonary infection and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. All died of complications shortly after diagnosis. The clinical features of these patients were similar to those of OKT4+/OKT8- ATL. However, their acute course suggests that co-expression surface antigens OKT4 and OKT8 may be a sign of aggressive nature of the disease with poor prognosis.

[Treatment for advanced malignant lymphoma in patients with compromised bone marrow--a combination therapy using pepleomycin, vincristine and high-dose adrenocorticoids (POP regimen)]

It is often very frustrating for clinicians when in cases where Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is relapsing rapidly, sufficient doses of cytotoxic agents and/or radiation therapy cannot be given because of cytopenia due either to previous treatment or to bone marrow infiltration by the lymphoma. We have been treating such patients with a combination chemotherapy consisting of vincristine 0.25 mg/day i.v. push daily for 4 days, pepleomycin 5 mg/day s.c. by continuous infusion daily for 4 days, and prednisolone 1 g/day p.o. or methylprednisolone 1 g/day d.i.v. every other day for 4 days POP combination) administered every 2 to 3 weeks until an improvement in cytopenia occurs. Twelve patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, including 8 T-cell lymphoma patients, entered this pilot study when they were cytopenic or had been treated with cytotoxic agents or radiation therapy immediately prior to POP therapy. All patients responded and experienced more than 50% tumor reduction associated with improved general condition. Untoward effects included transient glycosuria, mild decline of serum immunoglobulin levels, herpes zoster and temporary aggravation of cutaneous or oral fungal infection in each of one to two patients. Since this treatment is switched to other forms of treatment when bone marrow function has recovered, duration of the response cannot be determined. The survival time was rather short because of poor general condition and aggravation of concurrent active pulmonary infection before the start of treatment. This treatment is sufficient effective, however, to be tried on patients with active lymphoma, not necessarily associated with poor bone marrow function, unless active infection supervention.

A case of sicca syndrome due to primary amyloidosis

We report the rare occurrence of sicca syndrome associated with primary amyloidosis. A 63-year-old man with apparent keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia died of the cardiac failure. Neither sialography nor labial gland biopsy revealed findings compatible with Sjögren's syndrome. Macroglobulinemia and a positive Bence-Jones protein were noted in urine testing. Amyloid deposition was demonstrated by Congo red staining on biopsied rectal tissues, and by typical birefringence under polarized light microscopy. At autopsy, the amyloid deposition was identified histochemically in the submandibular gland and the minor salivary glands of oral cavity.

[Clinical experience of sisomicin sulfate by intravenous drip infusion for the treatment of infection complicated by malignant disease]

Sisomicin sulfate (SISO) was used for the treatment of infections complicated by malignant diseases in 10 cases; 4 cases with suspicious sepsis, 2 with pneumonia, 2 with urinary tract infection, 1 with renal abscess and 1 with cholecystitis. SISO was administered by intravenous drip infusion at daily dose from 100 to 150 mg for 6 to 12 days, concomitantly with other antibiotics. Clinical results were as follows; Good in 2, fair in 5, poor in 3 cases. As to the side effects of SISO, cylindruria with aggravation of microscopic hematuria and elevations of GOT, GPT and A1-P were observed each one of them, respectively. The relationship to the SISO, however, was not clear. In view of the above results, the drip infusion of SISO may be useful for the treatment of serious infection complicated by malignant diseases.

[Prophylactic antiemetic treatment for cancer chemotherapy--comparison of domperidone and chlorpromazine]

The antiemetic effect of domperidone against nausea, vomiting, and anorexia induced by antineoplastic agents was compared with that of chlorpromazine. Twenty patients with malignant neoplasms given 2 cycles of a combination chemotherapy including cisplatinum and adriamycin received domperidone in one cycle and chlorpromazine in another cycle. Antiemetics 10-20 mg were given 30 minutes before chemotherapy and every 4-6 hours afterwards by div, iv, or po. No significant differences in severity of nausea and vomiting and duration of anorexia were noted between domperidone and chlorpromazine. Side effects were observed in 11 patients who received chlorpromazine, while none was observed in domperidone. It was concluded that domperidone was as effective as chlorpromazine as antiemetics and more useful because of its lower incidence of side effects. The antiemetic effect of domperidone, however, was not great enough for some patients, especially when they received cisplatinum. A higher dose of domperidone or domperidone with concomitant use of glucocorticoids should be considered as promising antiemetics for these patients.