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Enaime G, Dababat S, Wichern M, Lübken M. Olive mill wastes: from wastes to resources. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:20853-20880. [PMID: 38407704 PMCID: PMC10948480 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Olive oil extraction has recently experienced a continuous increase due to its related beneficial properties. Consequently, large amounts of olive mill wastes (OMWs) derived from the trituration process are annually produced, causing serious environmental problems. The limited financial capabilities of olive mills make them usually unable to bear the high costs required for the disposal of their wastes. Alternatively, the valorization of OMWs within the framework of the so-called waste-to-resource concept and their recycling can represent a successful strategy for the implementation of circular economy model in the olive industry, which could have significant socioeconomic impacts on low-income Mediterranean countries. There is, however, no unique solution for OMWs valorization, due to the wide variety of the wastes' composition and their seasonal production. In this review, the potential of OMWs for being reused and the recent technological advances in the field of OMWs valorization are assessed. Special focus is given to the analysis of the advantages and limitations of each technology and to reporting the most significant issues that still limiting its industrial scale-up. The information collected in this review shows that OMW could be effectively exploited in several sectors, including energy production and agriculture. OMWs potential seems, however, undervalued, and the implementation of sustainable valorization strategies in large-scale remains challenging. More efforts and policy actions, through collective actions, encouraging subsidies, and establishing public-private collaborations, are still needed to reconcile research progress with industrial practices and encourage the large-scale implementation of the waste-to-resource concept in the olive sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Enaime
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Salahaldeen Dababat
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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Dababat S, Berzio S, Wichern M, Lübken M. Anaerobic digestibility of aerobic granular sludge from continuous flow reactors: the role of granule size distribution. Water Sci Technol 2023; 87:3047-3058. [PMID: 37387429 PMCID: wst_2023_184 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in integrating aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology into wastewater industries. Several projects are being performed to cultivate the aerobic granules for continuous flow reactors (AGS-CFR), while there is a scarcity of those projects that investigate the bio-energy recovery from AGS-CFR. This research was designed to examine the digestibility of AGS-CFR. Beyond that, it aimed at defining the role of the granule size on their digestibility. For this purpose, a series of bio-methane potential (BMP) tests have been run at mesophilic conditions. The results showed that AGS-CFR has a lower methane potential (107.43 ± 4.30 NmL/g VS) compared to activated sludge. This may be the result of the high sludge age (30 days) of AGS-CFR. Additionally, the results revealed that the average size of granules is among the main factors that reduce their digestibility, but it does not inhibit it. It was noticed that granules of size >250 μm have a significantly lower methane yield than the smaller ones. Kinetically, it was noticed that the kinetic models with two hydrolysis rates fit well with the methane curve of AGS-CFR. Overall, this work showed that the average size of AGS-CFR characterizes its biodegradability, which in turn defines its methane yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahaldeen Dababat
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany E-mail:
| | - Stephan Berzio
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
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Stricker M, Littfinski T, Pecher KH, Lübken M, Wichern M. Hydraulic modeling of a compact stormwater treatment device applying concepts of dynamic similitude. Water Sci Technol 2023; 87:954-968. [PMID: 36853773 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of compact treatment devices (CTDs) with high removal efficiencies and low space requirements is a key objective of urban stormwater treatment. Thus, many devices utilize a combination of sedimentation and upward-flow filtration in a single system. Here, sedimentation is used before filtration, which makes it difficult to evaluate the individual treatment stages separately. This study determines the removal efficiency by sedimentation and the expected filter load in a specific compact treatment device designed for a catchment area of up to 10,000 m2. In contrast to a full-scale investigation, small-scale physical hydraulic modeling is applied as a new cost-saving alternative. To validate upscaling laws, tracer signals and particle-size-specific removal efficiencies are determined for two geometrically similar models at different length scales. Thereby, Reynolds number similarity produces similar flow patterns, while the similarity of Hazen numbers allows to upscale removal efficiencies. Upscaling to the full-scale reveals that the filter in the device is only partly loaded by particulate matter that consists mostly of particles ≤63 μm. Thus, sedimentation upstream of a filter is of relevant importance in CTDs. The proposed dimensionless relationship may be used for particles from different catchments and helps to size the device accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Stricker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany E-mail:
| | - Tobias Littfinski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany E-mail:
| | | | - Manfred Lübken
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany E-mail:
| | - Marc Wichern
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany E-mail:
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Stricker M, Littfinski T, Heinz E, Pecher KH, Lübken M, Grüning H, Wichern M. Design-oriented evaluation of the hydrodynamics in a full-scale combined filter-lamella separator for urban stormwater treatment. Water Sci Technol 2022; 85:2854-2868. [PMID: 35638792 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of compact treatment devices with high removal efficiencies and low space requirements is a key objective of urban stormwater treatment. Thus, many devices utilize a combination of sedimentation and upward flow filtration in a single system. This study, for the first time, evaluates the flow field inside a combined filter-lamella separator via computational fluid dynamics. Herein, three objectives are investigated: (i) the flow field for different structural configurations, (ii) the distribution of particulate matter along the filter bed and (iii) the dynamic clogging in discrete filter zones, which is addressed by a clogging model derived from literature data. The results indicate that a direct combination of a filtration stage with a lamella separator promotes a uniform flow distribution. The distribution of particulate matter along the filter bed varies with configuration and particle size. Clogging, induced by particles in the spectrum <63 μm, creates gradients of hydraulic conductivity along the filter bed. After treating about half of Germany's annual runoff-efficient precipitation at a rainfall intensity of 5 L/(s·ha), the filtration rates increase in the front of the filter bed by +10%. Thus, long-term operating behavior is sensitive to efficient filter utilization in compact treatment devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Stricker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany E-mail:
| | - Tobias Littfinski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany E-mail:
| | - Eva Heinz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany E-mail:
| | | | - Manfred Lübken
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany E-mail:
| | - Helmut Grüning
- Faculty of Energy, Building Services, Environmental Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Münster, Stegerwaldstraße 39, Steinfurt 48565, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany E-mail:
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Gehring T, Deineko E, Hobus I, Kolisch G, Lübken M, Wichern M. Effect of sewage sampling frequency on determination of design parameters for municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Sci Technol 2021; 84:284-292. [PMID: 34312336 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The uncertainty associated with the determination of load parameters, which is a key step in the design of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), was investigated on the basis of data sets from 58 WWTPs. A further analysed aspect was the organic load variations associated with variable sewage temperatures. Data from 26 WWTPs with a high inflow sampling frequency was used to simulate scenarios to investigate the effect of lower sampling frequencies through a Monte Carlo approach. The calculation of 85-percentile values for chemical oxygen demand (COD) loadings based on only 26 samples per year is associated with a variability of up to ±18%. Approximately 90 samples per year will be necessary to reduce this uncertainty for estimation of COD loadings below 10%. Hence, a low sampling frequency can potentially lead to under- or overestimation of design parameters. Through an analogous approach, it was possible to identify uncertainties of ±11% in COD loading when weekly average data was used with four samples per week. Finally, a tendency to lower COD input loads with increasing temperatures was identified, with a reduction of about 1% of the average loading per degree Celsius.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gehring
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - E Deineko
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany; German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Transport Research, Commercial Transport, Rudower Chaussee 7, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - I Hobus
- Wupperverbandsgesellschaft für integrale Wasserwirtschaft mbH, Untere Lichtenplatzer Str. 100, 42289 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Kolisch
- Wupperverbandsgesellschaft für integrale Wasserwirtschaft mbH, Untere Lichtenplatzer Str. 100, 42289 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - M Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Enaime G, Baçaoui A, Yaacoubi A, Berzio S, Wichern M, Lübken M. Packed-bed biofilm reactor for semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater: performances and COD mass balance analysis. Environ Technol 2020; 41:2657-2669. [PMID: 30724702 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1578830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the treatability of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) using an anaerobic fixed bed biofilm reactor packed with granular activated carbon (GAC) and inoculated with non-acclimated biomass was performed in a semi-continuous mode under mesophilic conditions. Three organic loading rates (OLR) varied from 0.94 to 2.81 g COD/(L d) were applied. The results of batch adsorption tests on GAC and the experimental data from PBBR-GAC operation were used to set up a COD mass balance in order to investigate the effect of adsorption on the COD removal during the three anaerobic treatment steps. Despite the slight accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during the second and the third steps, between 735 and 1135 mg COD/L (as acetic acid), a stable environment for methanogens was maintained for a period of 104 days. During the three steps, degradation levels were up to 80% of COD and 85% of phenolic compounds. An averaged specific biogas production of 1.77 LN/d and a methane (CH4) concentration of about 60%, corresponding to a CH4 yield of 0.31 L CH4produced/g CODdepleted, were reached at an OLR of 2.81 g COD/(L d). The results show that the COD mass balance was not closed during the first two steps, while in the third step, it could be around 96%. This finding suggests that the adsorption of organic substances on activated carbon occur just during the two first steps, while at 2.81 g COD/(L d) OLR no adsorption is occurring and the introduced COD becomes completely available for CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Enaime
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Baçaoui
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelrani Yaacoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Stephan Berzio
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Enaime G, Baçaoui A, Yaacoubi A, Belaqziz M, Wichern M, Lübken M. Phytotoxicity assessment of olive mill wastewater treated by different technologies: effect on seed germination of maize and tomato. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:8034-8045. [PMID: 31897978 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The phytotoxicity effect of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) treated in a combined system regrouping pretreatment by filtration on olive stones and coagulation-flocculation, and anaerobic digestion (AD) on seed germination of maize and tomato was evaluated through germination tests in petri dishes and growth tests in pots. Three samples, referenced as AD-40, AD-60, and AD-80, were collected from the anaerobic reactor operating with an influent at 40, 60, and 80% OMWW/water (% v/v). Concentrations between 25 and 100% were used for maize and between 5 and 25% were used for tomato using raw and pretreated samples, while anaerobic samples were used without dilution. For maize, 100% and 75% OMWW were very phytotoxic and completely prohibited seed germination, while phytotoxicity was decreased following dilution at 25% and 50% OMWW. Maize germinability was found highly enhanced when watered with anaerobic samples. For tomato, high dilution was required to reduce the phytotoxicity of raw and pretreated OMWW and a high relative germination percentage was registered at 5, 10, and 15% OMWW, while for samples anaerobically treated, a high phytotoxicity is still observed. Growth tests, showed more favorable results for maize watered with raw and pretreated samples at 25% OMWW and with biological samples. For tomato and with the exception of 25% OMWW and AD-80, seeds respond positively to all samples. It was concluded that if the OMWW will be used for irrigating maize, it could be directly used after anaerobic digestion, while for tomato further dilution is required. The phenolic profile analysis of the tested samples coupled with the results of the germination tests showed that the OMWW phytotoxicity appears to be determined by not only the monomeric phenols but also by other toxic components unaffected by the applied treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Enaime
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, B.P 2390, Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - Abdelaziz Baçaoui
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, B.P 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelrani Yaacoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, B.P 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Majdouline Belaqziz
- Polyvalent Laboratory of Research and Development, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Béni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Hiegemann H, Littfinski T, Krimmler S, Lübken M, Klein D, Schmelz KG, Ooms K, Pant D, Wichern M. Performance and inorganic fouling of a submergible 255 L prototype microbial fuel cell module during continuous long-term operation with real municipal wastewater under practical conditions. Bioresour Technol 2019; 294:122227. [PMID: 31610498 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A submergible 255 L prototype MFC module was operated under practical conditions with municipal wastewater having a large share in industrial discharges for 98 days to investigate the performance of two of the largest, ever investigated multi-panel stainless steel/activated carbon air cathodes (85 × 85 cm). At a flow rate of 144 L/d, power density of 78 mW/m2Cat (317 mW/m3) and COD, TSS and TN removal of 41 ± 16 %, 36 ± 16 % and 18 ± 14 %, respectively, were reached. Observed Coulombic efficiency and substrate-specific energy recovery were 29.5 ± 14 % and 0.184 ± 0.125 kWhel/kgCOD,deg, respectively. High salt content of wastewater (TDS = 2.8 g/L) led to severe inorganic fouling causing a drastic decline in power output and energy recovery of more than 90 % in the course of experiments. Mechanical cleaning of the cathodes restored only 22 % (17 mW/m2Cat) of the power output and did not improve nutrient removal or energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Hiegemann
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; Emschergenossenschaft / Lippeverband, Kronprinzenstr. 24, 45128 Essen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Littfinski
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Krimmler
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Klein
- Emschergenossenschaft / Lippeverband, Kronprinzenstr. 24, 45128 Essen, Germany
| | - Karl-Georg Schmelz
- Emschergenossenschaft / Lippeverband, Kronprinzenstr. 24, 45128 Essen, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Ooms
- Research Institute for Water and Waste Management at RWTH Aachen (FiW) e.V., Kackertstr. 15 - 17, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Deepak Pant
- Separation & Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Kaetzl K, Lübken M, Uzun G, Gehring T, Nettmann E, Stenchly K, Wichern M. On-farm wastewater treatment using biochar from local agroresidues reduces pathogens from irrigation water for safer food production in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 2019; 682:601-610. [PMID: 31128373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the suitability of an anaerobic biofilter (AnBF) as an efficient and low-cost wastewater treatment for safer irrigation water production for Sub-Saharan Africa was investigated. To determine the influence of different ubiquitous available materials on the treatment efficiency of the AnBF, rice husks and their pyrolysed equivalent, rice husk biochar, were used as filtration media and compared with sand as a common reference material. Raw sewage from a municipal full-scale wastewater treatment plant pretreated with an anaerobic filter (AF) was used in this experiment. The filters were operated at 22 °C room temperature with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.05 m·h-1 for 400 days. The mean organic loading rate (OLR) of the AF was 194 ± 74 and 63 ± 16 gCOD·m-3·d-1 for the AnBF. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (up to 3.9 log10-units), bacteriophages (up to 2.7 log10-units), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (up to 94%) and turbidity (up to 97%) could be significantly reduced. Additionally, the essential plant nutrients nitrogen and phosphorous were not significantly affected by the water treatment. Overall, the performance of the biochar filters was significantly better than or equal to the sand and rice husk filters. By using the treated wastewater for irrigating lettuce plants in a pot experiment, the contamination with FIB was >2.5 log-units lower (for most of the plants below the detection limit of 5.6 MPN per gram fresh weight) than for plants irrigated with raw wastewater. Respective soil samples were minimally contaminated and nearly in the same range as that of tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Kaetzl
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gülkader Uzun
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tito Gehring
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Edith Nettmann
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kathrin Stenchly
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), Universität Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Enaime G, Baçaoui A, Yaacoubi A, Wichern M, Lübken M. Olive mill wastewater pretreatment by combination of filtration on olive stone filters and coagulation-flocculation. Environ Technol 2019; 40:2135-2146. [PMID: 29421956 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1439106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study a new combined process, comprising filtration of raw olive mill wastewater (OMWW) on two successive olive stone (OS) filters followed by a coagulation-flocculation, was developed in order to perform an efficient pretreatment of OMWW. The results show that the use of OS filter leads to a higher removal of total suspended solids (TSS) and fatty matter (FM) from the raw OMWW (about 82.5% and 73.8%, respectively) and a depletion of total phenolic compounds (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (11.3% and 23.2%, respectively). The coagulation-flocculation was then applied to improve the removal of TP and COD from the filtered OMWW. For this purpose, a full-factorial design was used to study the effect of different factors involved in coagulation-flocculation. The studied variables were: pH (5-8), coagulant type (ferric chloride; FC and aluminum sulfate; AS), coagulant concentration (250-1000 mg/L) and flocculant (Anionique polyelectrolyte Superfloc A120 PWG) concentration (1-5 mg/L). The results reveal that the use of 250 mg/L FC and 5 mg/L flocculant at an acid pH (around 5) allows for, respectively, a removal of TP and COD of about 10.8% and 31.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Enaime
- a Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech , Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Baçaoui
- a Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech , Morocco
| | - Abdelrani Yaacoubi
- a Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech , Morocco
| | - Marc Wichern
- b Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- b Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
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11
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Kosse P, Lübken M, Schmidt TC, Lange RL, Wichern M. Assessing potential impacts of phosphate precipitation on nitrous oxide emissions and the carbon footprint of wastewater treatment plants. Environ Technol 2019; 40:2107-2113. [PMID: 29405839 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1437781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal salts are widely used for the precipitation of phosphorus during wastewater treatment transforming soluble orthophosphate to an insoluble salt. In practice, more complex reactions are taking place including a reduction of the chemical solubility of dissolved greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide, present in the wastewater stream. In this respect, it was postulated that phosphorous precipitation will lead to artificial N2O stripping and hence to an increased carbon footprint of wastewater treatment plants. From lab-scale experiments utilizing N2O-saturated synthetic sewage solutions, it was evidenced that metal salt addition leads to N2O stripping with 20.8 g N2O per liter for a FeCl2-based precipitant to 26.4 g N2O per liter for a Aln(OH)mCl3n-m-based precipitant. Taking this maximum potential stripping effect into account for a carbon footprint analysis, a potential contribution of 16.11 kg CO2,eq·PE-1·a-1 was calculated in a case study, where FeCl3 was considered. With respect to the defined system boundary conditions, the overall on-site and off-site CO2 emissions were raised by 34% from 46.87 kg CO2,eq·PE-1·a-1 to 62.97 kg CO2,eq·PE-1·a-1 through CO2,eq coming from phosphorous precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kosse
- a Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- a Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- b Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
- c Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | | | - Marc Wichern
- a Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
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12
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Kosse P, Kleeberg T, Lübken M, Matschullat J, Wichern M. Quantifying direct carbon dioxide emissions from wastewater treatment units by nondispersive infrared sensor (NDIR) - A pilot study. Sci Total Environ 2018; 633:140-144. [PMID: 29573680 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of nutrient-rich wastewater potentially results in direct release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2, N2O or CH4 - and thus affects Waste Water Treatment Plant's carbon footprint. Accurate CO2 quantification is challenging due to various chemical, physical and operational conditions. A floating chamber equipped with a nondispersive infrared, single beam, dual wavelength sensor has been evaluated for a pilot approach to quantify fugitive CO2 emissions above different wastewater treatment units. Total average CO2 flux was 1182gCO2·m-2·d-1 with minimum and maximum fluxes of 829gCO2·m-2·d-1 and 1493gCO2·m-2·d-1, respectively. Total observed CO2 emissions were in 7 to 17kgCO2·PE-1·a-1 (average 12kgCO2·PE-1·a-1). The nitrification tank accounted for about 94.3% of the emissions, followed by secondary clarification (ca. 4.3%) and denitrification (ca. 1.4%), based on those average annual CO2 emissions per population equivalent (PE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kosse
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Tasja Kleeberg
- Geochemistry and Geoecology Group, Interdisciplinary Environmental Research Centre, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Matschullat
- Geochemistry and Geoecology Group, Interdisciplinary Environmental Research Centre, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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13
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Blomberg K, Kosse P, Mikola A, Kuokkanen A, Fred T, Heinonen M, Mulas M, Lübken M, Wichern M, Vahala R. Development of an Extended ASM3 Model for Predicting the Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:5803-5811. [PMID: 29668272 PMCID: PMC6150676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An Activated Sludge Model #3 (ASM3) based, pseudomechanistic model describing nitrous oxide (N2O) production was created in this study to provide more insight into the dynamics of N2O production, consumption, and emissions at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). N2O emissions at the studied WWTP are monitored throughout the plant with a Fourier transform infrared analyzer, while the developed model encountered N2O production in the biological reactors via both ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) nitrification and heterotrophic denitrifiers. Additionally, the stripping of N2O was included by applying a KL a-based approach that has not been widely used before. The objective was to extend the existing ASM3-based model of the plant and assess how well the full-scale emissions could be predicted with the selected model. The validity and applicability of the model were tested by comparing the simulation results with the comprehensive online data. The results show that the ASM3-based model can be successfully extended and applied to modeling N2O production and emissions at a full-scale WWTP. These results demonstrate that the biological reactor can explain most of the N2O emissions at the plant, but a significant proportion of the liquid-phase N2O is further transferred during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Blomberg
- Helsinki
Region Environmental Services Authority, P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 HSY, Helsinki, Finland
- Department
of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Pascal Kosse
- Urban
Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna Mikola
- Department
of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Anna Kuokkanen
- Helsinki
Region Environmental Services Authority, P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 HSY, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Fred
- Helsinki
Region Environmental Services Authority, P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 HSY, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Helsinki
Region Environmental Services Authority, P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 HSY, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michela Mulas
- Department
of Teleinformatics Engineering, Federal
University of Ceará, Campus of Pici, Fortaleza (Ceará), 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Urban
Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Urban
Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Riku Vahala
- Department
of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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14
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Hiegemann H, Lübken M, Schulte P, Schmelz KG, Gredigk-Hoffmann S, Wichern M. Inhibition of microbial fuel cell operation for municipal wastewater treatment by impact loads of free ammonia in bench- and 45L-scale. Sci Total Environ 2018; 624:34-39. [PMID: 29245036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 45-liter microbial fuel cell (MFC) system was integrated into a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The system was operated under practical conditions with supernatant of a pre-thickener for 50days in order to identify, whether higher power output and energy recovery is possible compared to the use of primary clarifier effluent, as used in a previous study. The higher COD (chemical oxygen demand) loading rates of supernatant neither increased power densities, nor energy recovery, but impact loads of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in concentrations >800mg/L (free ammonia nitrogen (FAN)>40mg/L) led to an instant collapse of power output and nutrient removal, which was reversed when ammonia concentrations decreased. Investigations in lab-scale under defined conditions verified that the inhibition of the exoelectrogenic biofilm is in fact caused by high levels of FAN. Here, COD removal, power output and energy recovery constantly decreased, when FAN-concentrations were increased above 64mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Hiegemann
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulte
- Emschergenossenschaft (EG), Kronprinzenstr. 24, 45128 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Sylvia Gredigk-Hoffmann
- Research Institute for Water and Waste Management at RWTH Aachen (FiW) e.V., Kackertstr. 15-17, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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15
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Lübken M, Kosse P, Clausen K, Pehl B, Bendt T, Wichern M. Direct dosage of reactivated carbon from waterworks into the activated sludge tank for removal of organic micropollutants. Water Sci Technol 2018; 2017:370-377. [PMID: 29851389 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The thermal reactivation of granular activated carbon is a substantial ecological and economic benefit in the process of drinking water treatment. A significant amount of abraded carbon, which is similar to powdered activated carbon (PAC), is produced that can be brought to application at wastewater treatment plant level for the removal of micropollutants in a powdered activated carbon-activated sludge (PAC-AS) system. This excess carbon derived as a by-product from the reactivation process in a waterworks was applied directly into the activated sludge tank and has been elevated in this study by monitoring the removal efficiencies for benzotriazole, carbamazepine, diclofenac, metoprolol and sulfamethoxazole in the effluent of a semi-technical wastewater treatment plant of 39 m3. A simulation-derived sampling strategy was applied to optimize the recovery rates of the micropollutants. Flow-proportional, 72-hour composite sampling was considered best. The elimination rates obtained for a 10 g PAC·m-3 dosage were 73% for benzotriazole, 59% for carbamazepine, 60% for diclofenac, 67% for metoprolol and 48% for sulfamethoxazole. The obtained results underline the importance of appropriate sampling strategies, which can be derived from hydraulic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany E-mail:
| | - P Kosse
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany E-mail:
| | - K Clausen
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany E-mail:
| | - B Pehl
- Stadtentwässerungsbetrieb Düsseldorf, Auf Dem Draap 15, 40221 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Bendt
- Stadtentwässerungsbetrieb Düsseldorf, Auf Dem Draap 15, 40221 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany E-mail:
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16
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Azari M, Le AV, Lübken M, Denecke M. Model-based analysis of microbial consortia and microbial products in an anammox biofilm reactor. Water Sci Technol 2018; 77:1951-1959. [PMID: 29676752 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical model for a granular biofilm reactor for leachate treatment was validated by long-term measured data to investigate the mechanisms and drivers influencing biological nitrogen removal and microbial consortia dynamics. The proposed model, based on Activated Sludge Model (ASM1), included anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), nitrifying and heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria which can attach and grow on granular activated carbon (GAC) particles. Two kinetic descriptions for the model were proposed: with and without soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The model accuracy was checked using recorded total inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the effluent and estimated relative abundance of active bacteria using quantitative fluorescence in-situ hybridization (qFISH). Results suggested that the model with EPS kinetics fits better for the relative abundance of anammox bacteria and nitrifying bacteria compared to the model without EPS. The model with EPS and SMP confirms that the growth and existence of heterotrophs in anammox biofilm systems slightly increased due to including the kinetics of SMP production in the model. During the one-year simulation period, the fractions of autotrophs and EPS in the biomass were almost stable but the fraction of heterotrophs decreased which is correlated with the reduction in nitrogen surface loading on the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Azari
- Department of Urban Water- and Waste Management, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 15, 45141 Essen, Germany E-mail: ; Contributed equally to this work
| | - A V Le
- Department of Urban Water- and Waste Management, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 15, 45141 Essen, Germany E-mail: ; Contributed equally to this work
| | - M Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraβe 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - M Denecke
- Department of Urban Water- and Waste Management, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 15, 45141 Essen, Germany E-mail:
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17
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Kosse P, Lübken M, Schmidt TC, Wichern M. Quantification of nitrous oxide in wastewater based on salt-induced stripping. Sci Total Environ 2017; 601-602:83-88. [PMID: 28550728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment plants has attracted much attention in recent years demanding accurate and rapid quantification methods. In the present study a salt-assisted methodology is proposed by which N2O is chemically stripped out from wastewater and quantified by gas chromatography (GC-TCD) subsequently. Eight different inorganic salts have been evaluated for this purpose, likewise the application of ultrasound. By addition of sodium bromide (NaBr) the best recovery rate of about 98% (=1.14±0.05kg·m-3) N2O from a saturated stock solution (1.16kg·m-3, 295.85K and 1atm) was achieved. The application of ultrasound led to considerable smaller N2O recoveries of 37% (=0.43±0.01kg·m-3) after a 60min treatment. Practical applicability of the method has been demonstrated by applying NaBr to grab samples from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The highest N2O concentration was found in the secondary clarifier with 10.99±0.20g·m-3. Besides, N2O could be quantified in the activated sludge process with up to 9.87±0.50g·m-3 yielding 7.75gN2O·PE-1·a-1 specifically for the investigated wastewater treatment plant. Hence, the proposed method proved suitable as a routine quantification method for N2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kosse
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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18
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Azari M, Lübken M, Denecke M. Simulation of simultaneous anammox and denitrification for kinetic and physiological characterization of microbial community in a granular biofilm system. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Hiegemann H, Herzer D, Nettmann E, Lübken M, Schulte P, Schmelz KG, Gredigk-Hoffmann S, Wichern M. An integrated 45L pilot microbial fuel cell system at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Bioresour Technol 2016; 218:115-22. [PMID: 27351707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A 45-L pilot MFC system, consisting of four single-chamber membraneless MFCs, was integrated into a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and operated under practical conditions with the effluent of the primary clarifier for nine months to identify an optimal operational strategy for stable power output and maximum substrate based energy recovery (Normalized Energy Recovery, NER). Best results with the MFC were obtained at a hydraulic retention time of 22h with COD, TSS and nitrogen removal of 24%, 40% and 28%, respectively. Mean NER of 0.36kWhel/kgCOD,deg and coulombic efficiency of 24.8% were reached. Experimental results were used to set up the first described energy balance for a whole WWTP with an integrated MFC system. Energetic calculations of the model WWTP showed that energy savings due to reduced excess sludge production and energy gain of the MFC are significantly higher than the loss of energy due to reduced biogas production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Hiegemann
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Daniel Herzer
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Edith Nettmann
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulte
- Emschergenossenschaft (EG), Kronprinzenstr. 24, 45128 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Sylvia Gredigk-Hoffmann
- Research Institute for Water and Waste Management at RWTH Aachen (FiW) e.V., Kackertstr. 15-17, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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20
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Gehring T, Niedermayr A, Berzio S, Immenhauser A, Wichern M, Lübken M. Determination of the fractions of syntrophically oxidized acetate in a mesophilic methanogenic reactor through an (12)C and (13)C isotope-based kinetic model. Water Res 2016; 102:362-373. [PMID: 27390036 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to accurately describe the carbon flow in anaerobic digestion processes, this work investigates the acetate degradation pathways through the use of stable carbon isotope analysis and a mathematical model. Batch assays using labeled (13)C acetate were employed to distinguish the acetate consumption through methanogenic Archaea and acetate-oxidizing Bacteria. Suspended and sessile biomass, with over 400 days of retention time, from a mesophilic (36.5 °C) upflow anaerobic filter was used as inocula in these assays. A three-process model for acetoclastic methanogenesis and syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO) was developed to allow for a precise quantification of the SAO contribution. The model distinguishes carbon atoms in light and heavy isotopes, (12)C and (13)C, respectively, which permitted the simulation of the isotope ratios variation in addition to gas production, gas composition and acetate concentrations. The model indicated oxidized fractions of acetate between 7 and 18%. Due to the low free ammonia inhibition potential for the acetoclastic methanogens in these assays these findings point to the biomass retention times as a driven factor for the SAO pathway. The isotope-based kinetic model developed here also describes the δ(13)C variations in unlabeled assays accurately and has the potential to determine biological (13)C fractionation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Gehring
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
| | - Andrea Niedermayr
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
| | - Stephan Berzio
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
| | - Adrian Immenhauser
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
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21
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Gehring T, Klang J, Niedermayr A, Berzio S, Immenhauser A, Klocke M, Wichern M, Lübken M. Determination of methanogenic pathways through carbon isotope (δ13C) analysis for the two-stage anaerobic digestion of high-solids substrates. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:4705-14. [PMID: 25741999 DOI: 10.1021/es505665z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study used carbon isotope (δ(13)C)-based calculations to quantify the specific methanogenic pathways in a two-stage experimental biogas plant composed of three thermophilic leach bed reactors (51-56 °C) followed by a mesophilic (36.5 °C) anaerobic filter. Despite the continuous dominance of the acetoclastic Methanosaeta in the anaerobic filter, the methane (CH4) fraction derived from carbon dioxide reduction (CO2), fmc, varied significantly over the investigation period of 200 days. At organic loading rates (OLRs) below 6.0 gCOD L(-1) d(-1), the average fmc value was 33%, whereas at higher OLRs, with a maximum level of 17.0 gCOD L(-1) d(-1), the fmc values reached 47%. The experiments allowed for a clear differentiation of the isotope fractionation related to the formation and consumption of acetate in both stages of the plant. Our data indicate constant carbon isotope fractionation for acetate formation at different OLRs within the thermophilic leach bed reactors as well as a negligible contribution of homoacetogenesis. These results present the first quantification of methanogenic pathway (fmc values) dynamics for a continually operated mesophilic bioreactor and highlight the enormous potential of δ(13)C analysis for a more comprehensive understanding of the anaerobic degradation processes in CH4-producing biogas plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Gehring
- †Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Johanna Klang
- ‡Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Andrea Niedermayr
- §Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Stephan Berzio
- †Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Adrian Immenhauser
- §Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Michael Klocke
- ‡Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- †Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- †Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
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22
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Schmidtlein F, Lübken M, Grote I, Orth H, Wichern M. Photoreactivation and subsequent solar disinfection of Escherichia coli in UV-disinfected municipal wastewater under natural conditions. Water Sci Technol 2015; 71:220-226. [PMID: 25633945 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoreactivation of ultraviolet (UV)-disinfected wastewater of different qualities was experimentally assessed. Photoreactivation ability of secondary effluent and microstrained inflow was analyzed in different samples of 50 mL (Petri dish) and 7,000 mL volume to describe open channel effluent situations of wastewater treatment plants in a more realistic approach. The small sample of secondary effluent revealed a total log10 inactivation of 1.8 units and the small sample of microstrained inflow a total log10 inactivation of 3.2, with an applied UV-254 fluence of 84 and 253 J/m², respectively. Maximum net photoreactivation for secondary effluent and microstrained inflow was in the order of 1.2 log10 and 0.37 log10 units, respectively, for both sample sizes. However, significantly faster photoreactivation performance was generally determined for small sample volumes. The photoreactivation processes were completely compensated for by solar disinfection within a 120 min exposure time. Solar disinfection processes were negligible in the larger sample volumes of microstrained inflow. For municipal wastewater treatment systems with open channel effluents, it is essential to take into consideration the dependence of solar UV-365 fluence rate on water depth and wastewater characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schmidtlein
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44780, Germany E-mail:
| | - M Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44780, Germany E-mail:
| | - I Grote
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44780, Germany E-mail:
| | - H Orth
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44780, Germany E-mail:
| | - M Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44780, Germany E-mail:
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Koch K, Lübken M, Gehring T, Wichern M, Horn H. Biogas from grass silage - Measurements and modeling with ADM1. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101:8158-8165. [PMID: 20580224 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mono fermentation of grass silage without the addition of manure was performed over a period of 345days under mesophilic conditions (38 degrees C). A simulation study based on the IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) was done in order to show its applicability to lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, the influent was fractioned by established fodder analysis (Weender analysis and van Soest method). ADM1 was modified with a separate compound of inert decay products similar to the approach of Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1). Furthermore, a function, which described the influence of solids on the process of hydrolysis, has been integrated to reproduce reliable ammonium concentrations. The model was calibrated by using the modified Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient to evaluate simulation quality. It was possible to fit observed data by changing only hydrogen inhibition constants and the maximum acetate uptake rate. The extended ADM1 model showed good agreement with measurements and was suitable for modeling anaerobic digestion of grass silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Koch
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany
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24
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Lübken M, Gehring T, Wichern M. Microbiological fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass: current state and prospects of mathematical modeling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1643-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Koch K, Wichern M, Lübken M, Horn H. Mono fermentation of grass silage by means of loop reactors. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:5934-5940. [PMID: 19577462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A loop reactor was operated for mono fermentation of grass silage without manure addition under mesophilic conditions (38 degrees C). An averaged specific biogas production of 0.50 m(N)(3) per kg volatile solids (VS) with a methane concentration of 52% at an organic loading rate of up to 3.5 kg(VS)/(m(3) d) was obtained. The retention time varied from 440 days at 1.0 kg(VS)/(m(3) d) to 50 days at 3.5 kg(VS)/(m(3) d). The degradation level was more than 60% based on VS and 75% based on COD. The first-order hydrolysis rate constant of the process was estimated to be 0.6 d(-1). Despite the relative high ammonium concentration of up to 4 g/l, the system worked stable for an operation period of 310 days. In particular the TS content in the fermenter was found to be a key parameter and should not exceed 12% in order to avoid instabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Koch
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Wichern M, Gehring T, Fischer K, Andrade D, Lübken M, Koch K, Gronauer A, Horn H. Monofermentation of grass silage under mesophilic conditions: measurements and mathematical modeling with ADM 1. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:1675-1681. [PMID: 18977132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper experimental data from grass fermentation and simulation results with the Anaerobic Digestion Model (ADM) No. 1 are described. Two laboratory reactors were operated under mesophilic conditions with volumetric loading rates in between 0.3 and 2.5 kg(VS)/(m(3) x d). Two different kinds of grass silage were used as substrates, resulting in an average specific biogas production of 600 L/kg(VS). The ADM 1 was calibrated both manually and with the help of a Genetic Algorithm in Matlab/Simulink. Results from calibration indicate that the NH3 inhibition constant used to model the inhibition of acetate uptake is three to five times higher compared with digested activated sludge. The hydrogen inhibition constants applied for propionate and valerate/butyrate uptake are around two orders of magnitude lower than for sludge digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Wichern
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Bavaria, Germany.
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Wichern M, Lindenblatt C, Lübken M, Horn H. Experimental results and mathematical modelling of an autotrophic and heterotrophic biofilm in a sand filter treating landfill leachate and municipal wastewater. Water Res 2008; 42:3899-3909. [PMID: 18708239 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of wastewater treatment with soil filters is important to optimise plant operation and reduce the risk of clogging. The article presents results of a treatment concept which uses a combination of SBR and vertical-flow sand filter technology. The SBR was mainly used for denitrification and sedimentation of substances in particulate form. Efficient nitrification was achieved by the planted sand filter. Degradation rates of 10gNH(4)-N/(m(2)xd) were measured for periods with peak loadings. The two-dimensional dynamic model reproduces the biofilm growth and decay of heterotrophic and autotrophic biomass. It is capable of describing the clogging of the sand filter by combining a biochemical and a geometric model. After calibration, the model was used for the calculation of maximum nitrogen degradation performances. Maximum degradation rates of 12gNH(4)-N/(m(2)xd) can be achieved if the COD/TKN ratio is reduced before to a level lower than that of municipal wastewater. The COD was further degraded in the filter than we expected comparing it with activated sludge plants. Within the soil filter a biofilm thickness of up to 110microm is simulated depending on the embankment of gravel and grains of sand. Sensitivity analysis of model parameters showed the high impact of the maximum autotrophic growth rate, the autotrophic yield, the diffusion coefficient for oxygen and the number of contact points of the single grains of sand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Wichern
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Wichern M, Lübken M, Horn H. Optimizing sequencing batch reactor (SBR) reactor operation for treatment of dairy wastewater with aerobic granular sludge. Water Sci Technol 2008; 58:1199-1206. [PMID: 18845857 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2008.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The biological wastewater treatment using aerobic granular sludge is a new and very promising method, which is predominantly used in SBR reactors which have higher volumetric conversion rates than methods with flocculent sludge. With suitable reactor operation, flocculent biomass will accumulate into globular aggregates, due to the creation of increased substrate gradients and high shearing power degrees. In the research project described in this paper dairy wastewater with a high particle load was treated with aerobic granular sludge in an SBR reactor. A dynamic mathematical model was developed describing COD and nitrogen removal as well as typical biofilm processes such as diffusion or substrate limitation in greater detail. The calibrated model was excellently able to reproduce the measuring data despite of strongly varying wastewater composition. In this paper scenario calculations with a calibrated biokinetic model were executed to evaluate the effect of different operation strategies for the granular SBR. Modeling results showed that the granules with an average diameter of 2.5 mm had an aerobic layer in between 65-95 microm. Density of the granules was 40 kgVSS/m3. Results revealed amongst others optimal operation conditions for nitrogen removal with oxygen concentrations below 5 gO2/m3. Lower oxygen concentrations led to thinner aerobic but thicker anoxic granular layers with higher nitrate removal efficiencies. Total SBR-cycle times should be in between 360-480 minutes. Reduction of the cycle time from 480 to 360 minutes with a 50% higher throughput resulted in an increase of peak nitrogen effluent concentrations by 40%. Considering biochemical processes the volumetric loading rate for dairy wastewater should be higher than 4.5 kgCOD/(m3*d). Higher COD input load with a COD-based volumetric loading rate of 9.0 kgCOD/(m3*d) nearly led to complete nitrogen removal. Under different operational conditions average nitrification rates up to 5 gNH/(m3*h) and denitrification rates up to 3.7 gNO/(m3*h) were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wichern
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Wichern M, Lübken M, Horn H, Schlattmann M, Gronauer A. Investigations and mathematical simulation on decentralized anaerobic treatment of agricultural substrate from livestock farming. Water Sci Technol 2008; 58:67-72. [PMID: 18653938 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2008.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic processes are widely used for treatment of both municipal and industrial wastewater as well as agricultural substrates. In contrast to the aerobic methods, they are frequently more cost-efficient, they have a lower surplus sludge production, and the reactors can be run with higher volumetric loads and thus smaller volumes. In the paper presented both experimental data and the application of the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 for agricultural substrate from livestock farming will be described. A 3,500 L reactor with mesophilic operation and loaded with cattle manure was examined with respect to its COD degradation, gas production, and gas composition. Results revealed a reduction of 30-35% COD and a biogas production of 287 L(Biogas)/kg(VS) when operated with a specific loading rate of 3.6 kg(VS)/(m(3).d).After calibration of the ADM 1, which was based predominantly on the acetate uptake rate (k(ac.m)=3.6 g/(g.d)), the disintegration constant (k(Dis)=0.05 d(-1)) and the exact determination of the influent COD fractions contained in the agricultural substrate, it was possible to simulate the measured data of the plant in excellent quality. For future application of the ADM 1 as part of control strategies a sensitivity analysis was carried out. The analysis based on the SVM slope technique has been done to identify highly sensitive biochemical parameters. These are, amongst others, the acetate uptake rate, the disintegration constant, the biomass decay rates and the half saturation constant for ammonia inhibition. Sensitivity analysis of the inflow COD fractions (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and inert) showed the necessity of detailed measurements for the prediction of the gas flow and composition as well as for prognosis of inhibitions in the anaerobic process. For cattle manure especially the fractions of inert material and carbohydrates should be observed carefully. Due to the high content of NH(4)-N in manure the protein fraction is not as sensitive as the two mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wichern
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, Garching, Germany.
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Lübken M, Wichern M, Schlattmann M, Gronauer A, Horn H. Modelling the energy balance of an anaerobic digester fed with cattle manure and renewable energy crops. Water Res 2007; 41:4085-96. [PMID: 17631938 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the net energy production of anaerobic fermenters is important for reliable modelling of the efficiency of anaerobic digestion processes. By using the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) the simulation of biogas production and composition is possible. This paper shows the application and modification of ADM1 to simulate energy production of the digestion of cattle manure and renewable energy crops. The paper additionally presents an energy balance model, which enables the dynamic calculation of the net energy production. The model was applied to a pilot-scale biogas reactor. It was found in a simulation study that a continuous feeding and splitting of the reactor feed into smaller heaps do not generally have a positive effect on the net energy yield. The simulation study showed that the ratio of co-substrate to liquid manure in the inflow determines the net energy production when the inflow load is split into smaller heaps. Mathematical equations are presented to calculate the increase of biogas and methane yield for the digestion of liquid manure and lipids for different feeding intervals. Calculations of different kinds of energy losses for the pilot-scale digester showed high dynamic variations, demonstrating the significance of using a dynamic energy balance model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Lübken M, Wichern M, Letsiou I, Kehl O, Bischof F, Horn H. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion in compact systems: investigations by modern microbiological techniques and mathematical simulation. Water Sci Technol 2007; 56:19-28. [PMID: 18048973 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2007.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermophilic anaerobic digestion in compact systems can be an economical and ecological reasonable decentralised process technique, especially for rural areas. Thermophilic process conditions are important for a sufficient removal of pathogens. The high energy demand, however, can make such systems unfavourable in terms of energy costs. This is the case when low concentrated wastewater is treated or the system is operated at low ambient temperatures. In this paper we present experimental results of a compact thermophilic anaerobic system obtained with fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis and mathematical simulation. The system was operated with faecal sludge for a period of 135 days and with a model substrate consisting of forage and cellulose for a period of 60 days. The change in the microbial community due to the two different substrates treated could be well observed by the FISH analysis. The Anaerobic Digestion Model no. 1 (ADM1) was used to evaluate system performance at different temperature conditions. The model was extended to contribute to decreased methanogenic activity at lower temperatures and was used to calculate energy production. A model was developed to calculate the major parts of energy consumed by the digester itself at different temperature conditions. It was demonstrated by the simulation study that a reduction of the process temperature can lead to higher net energy yield. The simulation study additionally showed that the effect of temperature on the energy yield is higher when a substrate is treated with high protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lübken
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, Garching, Germany.
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Lübken M, Wichern M, Bischof F, Prechtl S, Horn H. Development of an empirical mathematical model for describing and optimizing the hygiene potential of a thermophilic anaerobic bioreactor treating faeces. Water Sci Technol 2007; 55:95-102. [PMID: 17506425 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2007.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Poor sanitation and insufficient disposal of sewage and faeces are primarily responsible for water associated health problems in developing countries. Domestic sewage and faeces are prevalently discharged into surface waters which are used by the inhabitants as a source for drinking water. This paper presents a decentralized anaerobic process technique for handling of such domestic organic waste. Such an efficient and compact system for treating faeces and food waste may be of great benefit for developing countries. Besides a stable biogas production for energy generation, the reduction of bacterial pathogens is of particular importance. In our research we investigated the removal capacity of the reactor concerning pathogens, which has been operated under thermophilic conditions. Faecal coliforms and intestinal enterococci have been detected as indicator organisms for bacterial pathogens. By the multiple regression analysis technique an empirical mathematical model has been developed. The model shows a high correlation between removal efficiency and both, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and temperature. By this model an optimized HRT for defined bacterial pathogens effluent standards can be easily calculated. Thus, hygiene potential can be evaluated along with economic aspects. In this paper not only results for describing the hygiene potential of a thermophilic anaerobic bioreactor are presented, but also an exemplary method to draw the right conclusions out of biological tests with the aid of mathematical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lübken
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Wichern M, Lübken M, Blömer R, Rosenwinkel KH. Efficiency of the Activated Sludge Model no. 3 for German wastewater on six different WWTPs. Water Sci Technol 2003; 47:211-218. [PMID: 12906292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In 1999, the Activated Sludge Model No. 3 by the IWA Task Group on Mathematical Modelling for the Design and Operation of Biological Wastewater Treatment was presented. The model is used for the simulation of nitrogen removal. The simulations in this paper were done on the basis of a new calibration of the ASM 3 by Koch et al., with the easily degradable COD measured by respiration. For modelling of EBPR the BioP-Module of Rieger et al., was used. Six German wastewater treatment plants were simulated during this research to test the existing set of parameters of the models on various large scale plants. It was shown that changes for nitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal in the set of biological parameters were necessary. Sensible parameters and recommended values are presented in this article. Apart from the values of the changed biological parameters, we will in our examination discuss the modelling of the different activated sludge systems and the influent fractioning of the COD. Two plants with simultaneous denitrification in the recirculation ditch (EBPR) are simulated, one with preliminary dentrification, one with intermittent denitrification (EBPR), one with cascade denitrification (EBPR), and one pilot plant according to the Johannesburg-process (EBPR) which was simulated over a period of three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wichern
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, University of Hanover (ISAH), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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