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Wagstyl K, Whitaker K, Raznahan A, Seidlitz J, Vértes PE, Foldes S, Humphreys Z, Hu W, Mo J, Likeman M, Davies S, Lenge M, Cohen NT, Tang Y, Wang S, Ripart M, Chari A, Tisdall M, Bargallo N, Conde‐Blanco E, Pariente JC, Pascual‐Diaz S, Delgado‐Martínez I, Pérez‐Enríquez C, Lagorio I, Abela E, Mullatti N, O'Muircheartaigh J, Vecchiato K, Liu Y, Caligiuri M, Sinclair B, Vivash L, Willard A, Kandasamy J, McLellan A, Sokol D, Semmelroch M, Kloster A, Opheim G, Yasuda C, Zhang K, Hamandi K, Barba C, Guerrini R, Gaillard WD, You X, Wang I, González‐Ortiz S, Severino M, Striano P, Tortora D, Kalviainen R, Gambardella A, Labate A, Desmond P, Lui E, O'Brien T, Shetty J, Jackson G, Duncan JS, Winston GP, Pinborg L, Cendes F, Cross JH, Baldeweg T, Adler S. Atlas of lesion locations and postsurgical seizure freedom in focal cortical dysplasia: A MELD study. Epilepsia 2022; 63:61-74. [PMID: 34845719 PMCID: PMC8916105 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug-resistant focal epilepsy is often caused by focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs). The distribution of these lesions across the cerebral cortex and the impact of lesion location on clinical presentation and surgical outcome are largely unknown. We created a neuroimaging cohort of patients with individually mapped FCDs to determine factors associated with lesion location and predictors of postsurgical outcome. METHODS The MELD (Multi-centre Epilepsy Lesion Detection) project collated a retrospective cohort of 580 patients with epilepsy attributed to FCD from 20 epilepsy centers worldwide. Magnetic resonance imaging-based maps of individual FCDs with accompanying demographic, clinical, and surgical information were collected. We mapped the distribution of FCDs, examined for associations between clinical factors and lesion location, and developed a predictive model of postsurgical seizure freedom. RESULTS FCDs were nonuniformly distributed, concentrating in the superior frontal sulcus, frontal pole, and temporal pole. Epilepsy onset was typically before the age of 10 years. Earlier epilepsy onset was associated with lesions in primary sensory areas, whereas later epilepsy onset was associated with lesions in association cortices. Lesions in temporal and occipital lobes tended to be larger than frontal lobe lesions. Seizure freedom rates varied with FCD location, from around 30% in visual, motor, and premotor areas to 75% in superior temporal and frontal gyri. The predictive model of postsurgical seizure freedom had a positive predictive value of 70% and negative predictive value of 61%. SIGNIFICANCE FCD location is an important determinant of its size, the age at epilepsy onset, and the likelihood of seizure freedom postsurgery. Our atlas of lesion locations can be used to guide the radiological search for subtle lesions in individual patients. Our atlas of regional seizure freedom rates and associated predictive model can be used to estimate individual likelihoods of postsurgical seizure freedom. Data-driven atlases and predictive models are essential for evidence-based, precision medicine and risk counseling in epilepsy.
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Hayashi Y, Zhang Y, Yan X, Kuangmin C, Sashida G, Zefeng X, Lingyun W, Harada H, Shih L, Tsa W, Witte D, Caligiuri M, Wang Q, Xiao Z, Huang G. 70 IDENTIFICATION AND TARGETING HIF-1A PATHWAY IN MDS DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE. Leuk Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(15)30071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kurian SM, Le-Niculescu H, Patel SD, Bertram D, Davis J, Dike C, Yehyawi N, Lysaker P, Dustin J, Caligiuri M, Lohr J, Lahiri DK, Nurnberger JI, Faraone SV, Geyer MA, Tsuang MT, Schork NJ, Salomon DR, Niculescu AB. Identification of blood biomarkers for psychosis using convergent functional genomics. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:37-58. [PMID: 19935739 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are to date no objective clinical laboratory blood tests for psychotic disease states. We provide proof of principle for a convergent functional genomics (CFG) approach to help identify and prioritize blood biomarkers for two key psychotic symptoms, one sensory (hallucinations) and one cognitive (delusions). We used gene expression profiling in whole blood samples from patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, with phenotypic information collected at the time of blood draw, then cross-matched the data with other human and animal model lines of evidence. Topping our list of candidate blood biomarkers for hallucinations, we have four genes decreased in expression in high hallucinations states (Fn1, Rhobtb3, Aldh1l1, Mpp3), and three genes increased in high hallucinations states (Arhgef9, Phlda1, S100a6). All of these genes have prior evidence of differential expression in schizophrenia patients. At the top of our list of candidate blood biomarkers for delusions, we have 15 genes decreased in expression in high delusions states (such as Drd2, Apoe, Scamp1, Fn1, Idh1, Aldh1l1), and 16 genes increased in high delusions states (such as Nrg1, Egr1, Pvalb, Dctn1, Nmt1, Tob2). Twenty-five of these genes have prior evidence of differential expression in schizophrenia patients. Predictive scores, based on panels of top candidate biomarkers, show good sensitivity and negative predictive value for detecting high psychosis states in the original cohort as well as in three additional cohorts. These results have implications for the development of objective laboratory tests to measure illness severity and response to treatment in devastating disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kurian
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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4
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Benson DM, Romagne F, Squiban P, Wagtmann N, Farag S, Mita A, Hofmeister C, Smith M, Bakan C, Caligiuri M. Novel monoclonal antibody that enhances natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity against multiple myeloma (MM): Preclinical data and interim phase I clinical trial results. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3032 Background: MM is increasing in incidence and remains incurable. NK cells have modest killing activity against MM cells in part because of inhibitory signals from HLA class 1 antigens which act via the KIR receptors on NK cells. A novel anti-KIR blocking antibody (1–7F9 named IPH 2101) enhances patient NK cell cytotoxicity against autologous MM tumor cells in vitro and appears safe in an ongoing phase 1 clinical trial. Methods: NK cells from healthy controls or patients were pre-treated with IPH 2101 or IgG4 isotype control and co-cultured with MM cell lines or autologous MM tumor targets. NK cell production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) or granzyme B (GrB) were measured by ELISPOT. An open-label, single-agent, phase 1 dose escalation study of IPH 2101 is being conducted in patients with relapsed/refractory MM. KIR binding, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, effects on NK cell maturation, and biological effects of IPH 2101 are being monitored in all patients. Results: At an effector to target (E:T) ratio of 1:1, IPH 2101 significantly enhances NK cell IFN-γ release against MM targets (mean 33 spots/well ± 12, SEM vs. 11 ± 0.3, p = 0.005). At an E:T ratio of 10:1, IPH 2101 enhances NK cell cytotoxicity, by GrB release, of patient NK cells against autologous MM tumor cells (mean 111 spots/well ± 14, SEM vs 56 ± 10, p = 0.002). By Western blot, IPH 2101 may reduce levels of src, a kinase known to be involved in inhibitory KIR signaling. Dose escalation in the phase 1 study has been completed from 0.0003 mg/kg to 0.075 mg/kg in 14 evaluable patients. At the highest dose tested, KIR occupancy has been detected at a mean 95% ± 1.4 at 2 hours post dose, lasting up to 56% ± 18 during 2 weeks post dose. At this dose level, PK data show good correspondence with previous modeling activity. No deleterious effect on NK cell maturation has been seen. IPH 2101 has been well tolerated to date. Conclusions: IPH 2101 improves autologous NK cell killing of MM tumor cells by blocking inhibitory KIR. In the ongoing clinical trial, the antibody appears safe and well tolerated at the doses tested. This immunotherapeutic approach may hold promise as treatment for MM and further study is warranted. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Benson
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - F. Romagne
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - P. Squiban
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - N. Wagtmann
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - S. Farag
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - A. Mita
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - C. Hofmeister
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - M. Smith
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - C. Bakan
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - M. Caligiuri
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX
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Mani A, Roda J, Caligiuri M, Fleming G, Kaufman P, Brufsky A, Carson W, Shapiro C. A phase II trial of trastuzumab and low dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have previously failed trastuzumab. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3028 Background: Trastuzumab (TZB) mediates lysis of Her2-pos. breast cancer cells by interleukin-2 (IL2) primed natural killer (NK) cells. We hypothesized that IL2 would augment the effects of TZB. The objective of this study was to determine the response rate to and toxicity of low dose IL2 plus TZB in patients with Her2-pos. metastatic breast cancer who had progressed within 12 months of receiving TZB. Also, we measured the ability of patient (pt) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to produce cytokines and conduct antibody-directed cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Her2-pos. target cells. Methods: Pts received low (1 million IU/m2) and intermediate dose (12 million IU/m2) IL2 plus TZB (4 mg/kg) in each cycle. Low dose IL2 was given on days 2–7 and days 12–21 of cycle 1, and days 4–14 of later cycles. Intermediate dose IL2 was given on days 9–11 of cycle 1, and on days 1–3 of later cycles. TZB was given on day 1 and 8 of cycle 1, and on day 1 of later cycles. Pt plasma and PBMCs were analyzed for levels of serum cytokines and ADCC against a TZB-coated cell line, respectively. Results: Thirteen pts with median age of 52 (range 30–71), and a median of 1 (range 1–2) prior TZB-containing regimens were enrolled. The median number of cycles completed was 4. Five pts had grade 3 or greater toxicities, including fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, and hypercalcemia. Twelve pts had progression of disease, and 1 pt withdrew consent. ADCC of pt PBMCs against a TZB-coated cell line was enhanced in only 1 pt. Two pts had elevated plasma levels of interferon-gamma (IFNg), and one of these pts had a 20-fold increase in IFNg transcript levels. The antiangiogenic chemokines MIG and IP-10 rose significantly over baseline in 11 pts. Conclusions: TZB given with low and intermediate pulse-dose IL2 did not produce a robust immune or clinical response in this pt population. A clinical trial in a TZB-naive population may help to determine the immune effects of this combination of IL2 plus TZB. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Mani
- James Cancer Hosp OSU, Columbus, OH; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Dartmouth University, Lebanon, NH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - J. Roda
- James Cancer Hosp OSU, Columbus, OH; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Dartmouth University, Lebanon, NH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - M. Caligiuri
- James Cancer Hosp OSU, Columbus, OH; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Dartmouth University, Lebanon, NH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - G. Fleming
- James Cancer Hosp OSU, Columbus, OH; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Dartmouth University, Lebanon, NH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - P. Kaufman
- James Cancer Hosp OSU, Columbus, OH; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Dartmouth University, Lebanon, NH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A. Brufsky
- James Cancer Hosp OSU, Columbus, OH; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Dartmouth University, Lebanon, NH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - W. Carson
- James Cancer Hosp OSU, Columbus, OH; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Dartmouth University, Lebanon, NH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - C. Shapiro
- James Cancer Hosp OSU, Columbus, OH; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Dartmouth University, Lebanon, NH; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Lamphere L, Obermayr F, Caligiuri M, Unteregger G, Rudoltz MS, Wosikowksi K, Casazza AM. Satraplatin, an oral platinum analog, is active and synergistic with paclitaxel and docetaxel in prostate carcinoma models. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
14620 Background: Satraplatin is a novel oral platinum analog with potent cytotoxic and antitumor activity in preclinical models. Satraplatin showed activity in hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) and other tumor types in Phase II trials. A pivotal Phase III trial evaluating satraplatin as 2nd-line therapy for HRPC completed accrual of > 900 patients in 2005. Satraplatin’s activity, safety profile and ease of administration make it attractive for combination regimens. Methods: Satraplatin and its active metabolite JM-118 were tested in vitro as single agents in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP and the androgen-insensitive PC-3 and DU-145 human prostate carcinoma (ca.) cell lines. For in vitro combination studies, PC-3 cells were treated with satraplatin or JM-118 either prior to, after, or concomitantly with paclitaxel or docetaxel. The PC-3 cell line was used for in vivo xenograft experiments in nude mice. Paclitaxel was given intravenously on Day 1, satraplatin orally on Days 2 to 6, and paclitaxel again on Day 8. Results: Satraplatin and JM-118 as single agents inhibited the growth of all three prostate ca. cell lines in vitro in a dose dependent fashion. IC50 values for JM-118 were < 1μM. Strong synergism was noted when PC-3 tumor cells were treated in vitro with paclitaxel or docetaxel followed by satraplatin or JM-118. Satraplatin administered orally inhibited the growth of PC-3 xenografts in nude mice. Treatment of advanced PC-3 tumors with paclitaxel (40 mg/kg) and satraplatin (35 mg/kg) was well tolerated and resulted in a Tumor Growth Delay equivalent to 3 Log Cell Kill, an effect superior to that of the single agents. Conclusions: In vitro, satraplatin and its metabolite JM-118 are active as single agents against human prostate ca. cells, and are synergistic with taxanes. In vivo, treatment with paclitaxel followed by satraplatin showed synergism without increased toxicity. These preclinical data support ongoing Phase I and II clinical trials that are evaluating combinations of satraplatin with paclitaxel or docetaxel. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Lamphere
- GPC Biotech, Waltham, MA; GPC Biotech, Martinsreid, Germany; University of the Saar, Homburg, Germany; GPC Biotech, Princeton, NJ
| | - F. Obermayr
- GPC Biotech, Waltham, MA; GPC Biotech, Martinsreid, Germany; University of the Saar, Homburg, Germany; GPC Biotech, Princeton, NJ
| | - M. Caligiuri
- GPC Biotech, Waltham, MA; GPC Biotech, Martinsreid, Germany; University of the Saar, Homburg, Germany; GPC Biotech, Princeton, NJ
| | - G. Unteregger
- GPC Biotech, Waltham, MA; GPC Biotech, Martinsreid, Germany; University of the Saar, Homburg, Germany; GPC Biotech, Princeton, NJ
| | - M. S. Rudoltz
- GPC Biotech, Waltham, MA; GPC Biotech, Martinsreid, Germany; University of the Saar, Homburg, Germany; GPC Biotech, Princeton, NJ
| | - K. Wosikowksi
- GPC Biotech, Waltham, MA; GPC Biotech, Martinsreid, Germany; University of the Saar, Homburg, Germany; GPC Biotech, Princeton, NJ
| | - A. M. Casazza
- GPC Biotech, Waltham, MA; GPC Biotech, Martinsreid, Germany; University of the Saar, Homburg, Germany; GPC Biotech, Princeton, NJ
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Porcu P, Mone A, Puhalla S, Whitman S, Baiocchi R, Caligiuri M, Byrd J. Durable complete response (CR) and suppression of the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) viral load (VL) with alemtuzumab in refractory adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.6639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Porcu
- The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | - A. Mone
- The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | | | - J. Byrd
- The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
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8
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Kosuri KV, Bekaii-Saab T, Bender J, Criswell T, Kane Y, Chidiac T, Young D, Guttridge D, Caligiuri M, Villalona-Calero M. Disrupting TNF signaling in pancreatic cancer: A phase I/II clinical study in patients with advanced disease. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Bender
- Ohio State Univ James Cancer Ctr, Columbus, OH
| | - T. Criswell
- Ohio State Univ James Cancer Ctr, Columbus, OH
| | - Y. Kane
- Ohio State Univ James Cancer Ctr, Columbus, OH
| | - T. Chidiac
- Ohio State Univ James Cancer Ctr, Columbus, OH
| | - D. Young
- Ohio State Univ James Cancer Ctr, Columbus, OH
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Jilani I, Estey E, Manshuri T, Caligiuri M, Keating M, Giles F, Thomas D, Kantarjian H, Albitar M. Better detection of FLT3 internal tandem duplication using peripheral blood plasma DNA. Leukemia 2003; 17:114-9. [PMID: 12529667 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2002] [Accepted: 07/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutation of the FLT3 gene as an internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the juxtamembrane domain-coding sequence causes constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation and activation. Tumor-specific DNA has been documented in the sera of patients with solid tumors even when it is in an early stage. We compared the detection of FLT3 ITD in DNA extracted from cells of bone marrow (BM) aspirations with DNA extracted from peripheral blood (PB) plasma in patients newly diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML; 85 patients), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; 16 patients), and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL; 16 patients). FLT3 ITD was detected in 18 (21%) AML samples and in one (6%) MDS sample in both cellular and plasma DNA but in none of the ALL samples. Hemizygous/homozygous FLT3 ITD was detected in five (28%) of the FLT3 ITD-positive AML using plasma DNA, whereas only four of these cases showed hemizygous/homozygous FLT3 ITD using cellular DNA. The presence of FLT3 ITD was associated with significantly shorter survival (P = 0.02) when only patients younger than 50 years of age (48 AML+MDS patients) were considered. This finding was independent of cytogenetics in this age group. However, patients with the FLT3 ITD hemizygous/homozygous phenotype had even shorter survival (P = <0.001). As expected, the presence of FLT3 ITD correlated with higher white blood cell (WBC) counts. These data demonstrate that plasma DNA is a reliable alternative resource for detecting FLT3ITD, especially the hemizygous/homozygous genotype. Furthermore, the data derived from this study support the notion that the presence of FLT3 ITD in conjunction with the absence of the wild-type FLT3 allele predicts an especially poor prognosis for patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jilani
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Quan N, Avitsur R, Stark JL, He L, Shah M, Caligiuri M, Padgett DA, Marucha PT, Sheridan JF. Social stress increases the susceptibility to endotoxic shock. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 115:36-45. [PMID: 11282152 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of social disruption stress (SDR) on the susceptibility to endotoxic shock was investigated. SDR was found to increase the mortality of mice when they were challenged with the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Histological examination of SDR animals after LPS injection revealed widespread disseminated intravascular coagulation in the brain and lung, extensive meningitis in the brain, severe hemorrhage in the lung, necrosis in the liver, and lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen, indicating inflammatory organ damage. In situ hybridization histochemical analysis showed that the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor mRNA was down-regulated in the brain and spleen of SDR animals while the ratio of expression of AVP/CRH-the two adrenocorticotropic hormone secretagogue, increased. After LPS injection, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, was found significantly higher in the lung, liver, spleen, and brain of the SDR mice as compared with the LPS-injected home cage control animals. Taken together, these results show that SDR stress increases the susceptibility to endotoxic shock and suggest that the development of glucocorticoid resistance and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines are the mechanisms for this behavior-induced susceptibility to endotoxic shock.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Separation
- Corticosterone/blood
- Corticosterone/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility/etiology
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Disease Susceptibility/physiopathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Immunocompetence/drug effects
- Immunocompetence/immunology
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organ Specificity
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Shock, Septic/chemically induced
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Shock, Septic/physiopathology
- Social Behavior
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/blood
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- N Quan
- Section of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University Health Science Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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11
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Lotito SB, Actis-Goretta L, Renart ML, Caligiuri M, Rein D, Schmitz HH, Steinberg FM, Keen CL, Fraga CG. Influence of oligomer chain length on the antioxidant activity of procyanidins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:945-51. [PMID: 11027573 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of catechin monomers and procyanidin (dimers to hexamers) fractions purified from cocoa was studied in two in vitro systems: liposomes and human LDL. Liposome oxidation (evaluated as formation of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was initiated with 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH), 2,2'-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN), iron/ascorbate, or UV-C; LDL oxidation (evaluated as formation of conjugated dienes) was initiated with Cu(2+) or AAPH. Catechin monomers and procyanidin fractions inhibited both liposome and LDL oxidation. Monomers, dimers, and trimers fractions were the most effective antioxidants when liposome oxidation was initiated in the aqueous phase. When oxidation was initiated in the lipid domains, higher molecular weight procyanidins were the most effective. All fractions significantly inhibited Cu-mediated LDL oxidation; no significant effect of procyanidin molecular weight was observed. The hexamer fraction was the least effective with respect to preventing AAPH initiated LDL oxidation. Results reported herein give further evidence on the influence of the oligomer chain length on the antioxidant protection by procyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Lotito
- Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Samuel W, Caligiuri M, Galasko D, Lacro J, Marini M, McClure FS, Warren K, Jeste DV. Better cognitive and psychopathologic response to donepezil in patients prospectively diagnosed as dementia with Lewy bodies: a preliminary study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15:794-802. [PMID: 10984725 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1166(200009)15:9<794::aid-gps178>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In several retrospective post-mortem studies, patients meeting clinical criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) who gained the greatest cognitive benefit from treatment with an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor were found to have neocortical Lewy bodies accompanying classical AD neuropathology. This 'dementia with Lewy bodies' (DLB) subtype manifests both parkinsonian and psychopathologic features that set it apart from 'pure' AD (hereafter called AD). In the present preliminary study, 16 dementia patients were prospectively categorized as having DLB versus AD. Subjects were also categorized according to their profile on surface electromyographic (EMG) measures demonstrated in prior work to be analogues of clinically observed parkinsonian extrapyramidal signs (EPS). All patients were prescribed the AChE inhibitor donepezil (5 mg per day). At baseline and at 6 months, patients underwent cognitive testing with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) while caregivers assessed their psychopathologic status using the Behavioral Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease (BEHAVE-AD) scale. The tester was blinded to the AD versus DLB classification of the patients. AD cases (N=12) had only a slight increase in cognitive scores, while DLB patients' (N=4) mean MMSE scores increased to a significantly greater degree. Furthermore, patients categorized by EMG as EPS positive (N=8) attained an increase in their mean MMSE score from baseline to 6 months that differed significantly from a decline in MMSE observed among their EPS negative (N=4) counterparts. For all subjects, an increase in MMSE scores across 6 months of treatment correlated with a decline in BEHAVE-AD scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Samuel
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0624, USA.
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13
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Strack P, Caligiuri M, Pelletier M, Boisclair M, Theodoras A, Beer-Romero P, Glass S, Parsons T, Copeland RA, Auger KR, Benfield P, Brizuela L, Rolfe M. SCF(beta-TRCP) and phosphorylation dependent ubiquitinationof I kappa B alpha catalyzed by Ubc3 and Ubc4. Oncogene 2000; 19:3529-36. [PMID: 10918611 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NF kappa B is an important transcriptional regulator of multiple pro-inflammatory genes. In non-stimulated cells NF kappa B is anchored in the cytoplasm via the inhibitory protein I kappa B alpha. Following exposure to diverse pro-inflammatory signals (e.g. TNF alpha, IL1, LPS) various signal transduction cascades are initiated converging on the I kappa B kinase (IKK). IKK phosphorylates I kappa B alpha on serines 32 and 36 signaling the inhibitory protein for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The SCF beta-TRCP complex is the ubiquitin ligase responsible for mediating phosphorylation dependent ubiquitination of I kappa B alpha. Here we reconstitute phosphorylation dependent ubiquitination of I kappa B alpha using recombinant components. Our results suggest that the cullin specificity of the SCF complex may reflect its ability to associate with Rbx1. We demonstrate specific ubiquitination of I kappa B alpha by Ubc3 and Ubc4 in a phosphorylation and SCF beta-TRCP dependent manner and that both are capable of associating with the SCF beta-TRCP complex isolated from human cells. Finally, we show that Ubc4 is in excess to Ubc3 in THP.1 cells and 19 times more efficient in catalyzing the reaction, suggesting that Ubc4 is the preferentially used Ubc in this reaction in vivo. Our results also suggest that ubiquitin is transferred directly from the Ubc to phospho-I kappa B alpha in a SCF beta-TRCP dependent reaction. Oncogene (2000) 19, 3529 - 3536
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Affiliation(s)
- P Strack
- Mitotix, Inc., One Kendall Square, Building 600, Suite 622, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
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14
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Ying AK, Hassanain HH, Roos CM, Smiraglia DJ, Issa JJ, Michler RE, Caligiuri M, Plass C, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. Methylation of the estrogen receptor-alpha gene promoter is selectively increased in proliferating human aortic smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2000; 46:172-9. [PMID: 10727665 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a multigenic process leading to the progressive occlusion of arteries of mid to large caliber. A key step of the atherogenic process is the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells into the intimal layer of the arterial conduit. The phenotype of smooth muscle cells, once within the intima, is known to switch from contractile to de-differentiated, yet the regulation of this switch at the genomic level is unknown. Estrogen has been shown to regulate cell proliferation both for cancer cells and for vascular cells. However, methylation of the estrogen receptor-alpha gene (ERalpha) promoter blocks the expression of ERalpha, and thereby can antagonize the regulatory effect of estrogen on cell proliferation. We sought to determine whether methylation of the ERalpha is differentially and selectively regulated in contractile versus de-differentiated arterial smooth muscle cells. METHODS We used Southern blot assay, combined bisulfite restriction analysis (Cobra) and restriction landmark genome scanning (RLGS-M) to determine the methylation status of ERalpha in human aortic smooth muscle cells, either in situ (normal aortic tissue, contractile phenotype), or the same cells explanted from the aorta and cultured in vitro (de-differentiated phenotype). RESULTS We provide evidence that methylation of the ERalpha in smooth muscle cells that display a proliferative phenotype is altered relative to the same cells studied within the media of non-atherosclerotic aortas. Thus, the ERalpha promoter does not appear to be methylated in situ (normal aorta), but becomes methylated in proliferating aortic smooth muscle cells. Using a screening technique, RLGS-M, we show that alteration in methylation associated with the smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch does not seem to require heightened activity of the methyltransferase enzyme, and appears to be selective for the ERalpha and a limited pool of genes whose CpG island becomes either demethylated or de novo methylated. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the concept that the genome of aortic smooth muscle cells is responsive to environmental conditions, and that DNA methylation, in particular methylation of the ERalpha, could contribute to the switch in phenotype observed in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ying
- Heart and Lung Institute, 514 Medical Research Facility, 420 W. 12th Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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15
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Lucesoli F, Caligiuri M, Roberti MF, Perazzo JC, Fraga CG. Dose-dependent increase of oxidative damage in the testes of rats subjected to acute iron overload. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 372:37-43. [PMID: 10562414 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the in vivo response of rat testes to acute iron overload. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were injected ip with iron dextran at doses of 250 (Fe250), 500 (Fe500), or 1000 mg/kg body wt (Fe1000) or with saline (C). Parameters of oxidative stress and iron toxicity were measured 20 h after injection. Total iron content was 3.5-, 5.3-, and 10.4-fold higher in the Fe250, Fe500, and Fe1000 groups, respectively, compared to controls (320 +/- 22 nmol/g tissue). Histological studies showed that: (a) iron accumulated in the sperm and other testes cells, and (b) spermatogenesis was markedly lower in the Fe1000 group. The concentration of alpha-tocopherol, ubiquinol-9, and ubiquinol-10 in the testes was inversely correlated with the extent of oxidation. Testes chemiluminescence was 45% higher in the Fe1000 group compared to controls (41 cps/cm(2)). Endogenous levels of lipid oxidation, evaluated as 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, were 46, 73, and 82% higher in the groups Fe250, Fe500, and Fe1000, respectively, than in controls (33.6 +/- 1.4 nmol/g tissue). Oxidative damage to DNA evaluated by the presence of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (oxo(8)dG), was 26, 39, and 74% higher in the Fe250, Fe500, and Fe1000 groups, respectively, than in the C group (2.3 +/- 0.1 oxo(8)dG/10(5)dG). Protein oxidation was measured as protein thiols and carbonyl content in proteins and glutamine synthase activity. Protein thiols content and glutamine synthase activity were similar in all the groups, while the protein-associated carbonyls content was 96% higher in the Fe1000 group than in the C group (2.1 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg protein). No changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed. The results showed that in vivo iron overload induced oxidative stress and the impairment of spermatogenesis in rat testes that were dependent on the amount of iron supplemented and its accumulation in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lucesoli
- School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Lee EJ, George SL, Caligiuri M, Szatrowski TP, Powell BL, Lemke S, Dodge RK, Smith R, Baer M, Schiffer CA. Parallel phase I studies of daunorubicin given with cytarabine and etoposide with or without the multidrug resistance modulator PSC-833 in previously untreated patients 60 years of age or older with acute myeloid leukemia: results of cancer and leukemia group B study 9420. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2831-9. [PMID: 10561359 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.9.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Cancer and Leukemia Group B conducted parallel phase I trials of cytarabine, daunorubicin, and etoposide (ADE) with or without PSC-833 (P), a modulator of p-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred ten newly diagnosed patients > or = 60 years of age with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were treated. All patients received cytarabine by continuous infusion for 7 days at 100 mg/m(2)/d. The starting dose of daunorubicin was 30 mg/m(2)/d for 3 days. Etoposide was administered at a dose of 100 mg/m(2)/d for 3 days, except in the last cohort administered ADEP, who received 60 mg/m(2). PSC-833 was given intravenously with a loading dose of 1.5 mg/kg over 2 hours and a simultaneous continuous infusion of 10 mg/kg/d continued until 24 hours after the last dose of daunorubicin or etoposide. RESULTS There was no toxicity attributed to the PSC-833. Dose-limiting toxicity was primarily gastrointestinal (diarrhea, mucositis in the ADEP group). The estimated maximum-tolerated doses, calculated using a logistic regression model, were daunorubicin 40 mg/m(2)/d for 3 days with etoposide 60 mg/m(2) for 3 days in the ADEP group and daunorubicin 60 mg/m(2)/d for 3 days and etoposide 100 mg/m(2)/d for 3 days in the ADE group. Twenty-one (48%) of 44 patients achieved complete remission with ADE, compared with 29 (44%) of 66 patients treated with ADEP. CONCLUSION It is necessary to decrease the doses of daunorubicin and etoposide when they are administered with PSC-833, presumably because of the effect of the modulator on the pharmacokinetics of these agents. A phase III trial comparing the regimens derived from this phase I trial has recently begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lee
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Adler LA, Rotrosen J, Edson R, Lavori P, Lohr J, Hitzemann R, Raisch D, Caligiuri M, Tracy K. Vitamin E treatment for tardive dyskinesia. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394 Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:836-41. [PMID: 12892048 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.9.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several short-term, controlled trials have documented the efficacy of vitamin E in treating tardive dyskinesia. However, the persistent nature of the disease prompted us to perform a multicenter, longer-term trial of vitamin E. METHODS The study was a prospective, randomized, 9-site trial of up to 2 years of treatment with d-vitamin E (1600 IU/d) vs matching placebo. One hundred fifty-eight subjects with tardive dyskinesia who were receiving neuroleptic medications were enrolled. The blinded assessments performed were clinical (Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale, Barnes Akathisia Scale, and Modified Simpson-Angus [for Extrapyramidal Symptoms] Scale) and electromechanical assessments of movement disorders, psychiatric status (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale), and functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning). There were no significant differences in baseline demographic characteristics or in study assessments between the group that received vitamin E and the group that received placebo. RESULTS Vitamin E was well tolerated and subject compliance with medication was good and similar between treatment groups. One hundred seven subjects (70% of those receiving vitamin E and 66% of subjects receiving placebo) completed at least 1 year of treatment. There were no significant effects of vitamin E on total scores or subscale scores for the AIMS, electromechanical measures of dyskinesia, or scores from the other 4 scales. CONCLUSION This long-term, randomized trial of vitamin E vs placebo found no evidence for efficacy of vitamin E in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Adler
- Psychiatry Service, New York Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, NY 10010, USA
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18
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Ancoli-Israel S, Martin J, Jones DW, Caligiuri M, Patterson T, Harris MJ, Jeste DV. Sleep-disordered breathing and periodic limb movements in sleep in older patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:1426-32. [PMID: 10356624 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the prevalence of both sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) increase with age, we explored whether older schizophrenia patients would have a high incidence of SDB and PLMS. Correlations between sleep and clinical variables were also examined. METHODS Fifty-two patients (mean age = 59.6 years, SD = 8.9) had their sleep/wake, respiration, and leg movements recorded using a modified Medilog/Respitrace portable recording system plus oximetry. A battery of clinical, psychosocial, and motor disturbance variables were collected by research center staff. RESULTS Forty-eight percent of these patients had at least 10 respiratory events per hour of sleep. These patients reported more symptoms of daytime sleepiness than patients with fewer than 10 events per hour. The relatively high prevalence of SDB in this group may contribute to overall sleep disturbances, and does not appear to be a result of high body mass index. Only 14% of the patients had at least five limb movements per hour of sleep, suggesting the prevalence of PLMS is much lower than expected in this age group. The number of leg jerks was inversely related to symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. CONCLUSIONS The disturbance of sleep in these patients may be due, in part, to SDB, but is unlikely due to PLMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ancoli-Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
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19
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Abstract
We have undertaken a biochemical analysis of the regulation of the G1/S-phase transition and commitment to the cell cycle in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The execution of Start requires the activity of the Cdc2 protein kinase and the Sct1/Cdc10 transcription complex. Progression through G1 also requires the Ran1 protein kinase whose inactivation leads to activation of the meiotic pathway under conditions normally inhibitory to this process. We have found that in addition to Cdc2, Sct1/Cdc10 complex formation requires Ran1. We demonstrate that the Puc1 cyclin associates with Ran1 and Cdc10 in vivo and that the Ran1 protein kinase functions to control the association between Puc1 and Cdc10. In addition, we present evidence that the phosphorylation state of Cdc10 is altered upon inactivation of Ran1. These results provide biochemical evidence that demonstrate one mechanism by which the Ran1 protein kinase serves to control cell fate through Cdc10 and Puc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caligiuri
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724, USA
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20
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Abstract
In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the execution of Start requires the activity of the Cdc2 protein kinase and the Cdc10/Sct1 transcription complex. The loss of any of these genes leads to G1 arrest and activation of the mating pathway under appropriate conditions. We have undertaken a genetic and biochemical analysis of these genes and their protein products to elucidate the molecular mechanism that governs the regulation of Start. We demonstrate that serine-196 of Cdc10 is phosphorylated in vivo and provide evidence that suggests that phosphorylation of this residue is required for Cdc10 function. Substitution of serine-196 of Cdc10 with alanine (Cdc10 S196A) leads to inactivation of Cdc10. We show that Cdc10 S196A is incapable of associating with Sct1 to form a heteromeric complex, whereas substitution of this serine with aspartic acid (S196D) restores DNA-binding activity by allowing Cdc10 to associate with Sct1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Cdc2 activity is required for the formation of the heteromeric Sct1/Cdc10 transcription complex and that the Cdc10 S196D mutation alleviates this requirement. We thus provide biochemical evidence to demonstrate one mechanism by which the Cdc2 protein kinase may regulate Start in the fission yeast cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Connolly
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724, USA
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21
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Abstract
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes that are an important component of the innate immune system. Surface density expression of CD16 and CD56 can be used to classify functionally and developmentally distinct NK cell subsets. This notion has more recently been confirmed by the identification of unique cytokine receptor expression patterns within each NK cell subset. There are substantial data to suggest that NK cells are derived from proliferating bone marrow precursors. Murine studies have also shown that an intact marrow environment is necessary for the development of NK cells from their progenitor populations. Culture of bone marrow cells in IL-2-containing medium gives rise to effectors that are essentially indistinguishable from mature NK cells, and it has also been shown that NK cells can be generated in vitro by culture of CD34(+) bone marrow cells with IL-2. Several lines of evidence suggest that NK cells and T cells may share a common precursor. T cells and NK cells can both be generated from immature thymocytes in vitro, and both CD3(+) lymphocytes with functional TCR and CD3(-)CD16(+) NK cells can be generated from fetal liver cells under the appropriate culture conditions. One might therefore postulate the existence of a common NK/T-cell progenitor within the fetal liver that possesses the ability to differentiate into T lymphocytes under thymic influences. Alternatively, in the absence of these signals, or perhaps in response to other stimuli (i.e., IL-2), the NK/T-cell progenitor differentiates into cytolytic NK effectors. Although IL-2 has been found to be critical to the development of NK cells in vitro, it is important to note that NK cells are present in IL-2 knockout mice. Therefore, other cytokines that bind to components of the IL-2R may be important to the development of NK cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Carson
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, 14263
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22
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Abstract
We reviewed clinical case series published over a 10-year period addressing the cross-sectional frequency, incidence, and diagnostic and prognostic significance of extrapyramidal signs (EPS) in Alzheimer disease (AD). The review was prompted by recent reports of Lewy body (LB) pathology in the brains of many AD patients and the association of LB pathology with clinical parkinsonism in AD. In the clinical case series reviewed, we evaluated several possible determinants of prevalent EPS, including neuroleptic use, EPS assessment technique, and dementia severity. Neuroleptics were a well recognized cause of parkinsonism in these reports, though some failed to document the frequency of neuroleptic use. Assessment methods were also important: Studies using structured clinical research scales to rate EPS reported higher frequencies than studies employing routine neurological examination. The relationship between parkinsonism and dementia severity was complex. Some studies found bradykinesia, facial masking, and parkinsonian postural changes even in mildly demented, neuroleptic-naive AD patients. Rigidity, on the other hand, became increasingly common as dementia progressed. AD patients with EPS showed faster cognitive and functional decline and earlier death than those without EPS, even after consideration of differences in initial dementia severity. In the differential diagnosis of dementia with parkinsonism, LB disease in its various forms, including AD with LB, is the principal diagnostic consideration. Future studies of parkinsonism in AD should employ standardized clinical rating scales and should exclude patients on neuroleptics or analyze their results separately. Investigators should report frequencies for individual parkinsonian signs in addition to the overall prevalence of EPS to facilitate meaningful comparisons across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, USA
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23
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Abstract
A fission yeast cell cycle START gene has been identified, sct1. Loss of sct1 function results in cell cycle arrest at START and simultaneously in derepression of the mating pathway. sct1 therefore functions both as an essential activator of the mitotic cell cycle and as a repressor of differentiation. p72sct1 shares 36% sequence similarity with p85cdc10. p72sct1 is shown to act in partnership with p85cdc10 in a cell cycle regulatory transcription complex. A single dominant mutation within the putative DNA-binding domain of p72sct1 renders the cell independent of cdc10 function for the execution of START.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caligiuri
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724
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24
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Buchwald D, Freedman AS, Ablashi DV, Sullivan JL, Caligiuri M, Weinberg DS, Hall CG, Ashley RL, Saxinger C, Balachandran N. A chronic "postinfectious" fatigue syndrome associated with benign lymphoproliferation, B-cell proliferation, and active replication of human herpesvirus-6. J Clin Immunol 1990; 10:335-44. [PMID: 1964694 DOI: 10.1007/bf00917479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A 17-year-old, previously healthy woman developed an acute "mononucleosis-like" illness with an associated "atypical" pneumonitis, followed by years of debilitating chronic fatigue, fevers, a 10-kg weight loss, night sweats, and neurocognitive symptoms. Thereafter, her sister developed a similar but less severe illness. The patient developed marked, chronic lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, with associated persistent relative lymphocytosis and atypical lymphocytosis and with thrombocytopenia. After 3 years of illness, a splenectomy was performed, which resulted in some symptomatic improvement, prompt weight gain, and resolution of all hematologic abnormalities. Serial immunologic studies revealed a strikingly elevated number of activated B lymphocytes and a T lymphopenia, which improved but did not return to normal postsplenectomy. No causal association was found with any of several infectious agents that could produce such a lymphoproliferative illness. However, both the patient and her sister had evidence of active infection with the recently discovered human herpesvirus-6. Seven years after the onset of the illness, the patient and her sister remain chronically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Buchwald
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98121
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25
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Anderson P, Caligiuri M, O'Brien C, Manley T, Ritz J, Schlossman SF. Fc gamma receptor type III (CD16) is included in the zeta NK receptor complex expressed by human natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:2274-8. [PMID: 2138330 PMCID: PMC53669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.6.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that CD3- natural killer (NK) cells express the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor complex (zeta NK) in association with higher molecular weight structures whose expression differs between individual NK cell clones. Because NK cell cytolytic activity is known to be triggered by perturbation of the type III Fc gamma receptor (CD16), we sought to determine whether this activating molecule is included in the zeta NK molecular complex. Biochemical evidence for a physical association between CD16 and zeta NK was obtained by comparing immunoprecipitates formed using monoclonal antibodies reactive with each of these molecules by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and peptide mapping. In both clonal and polyclonal populations of CD3- NK cells, CD16 and zeta NK specifically associated with one another. Functional evidence for a specific association between CD16 and zeta NK in intact cells was obtained by demonstrating a coordinate down-modulation of both of these molecules induced by either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or monoclonal antibodies reactive with CD16. Our results suggest that Fc gamma receptor type III (CD16) is included in the zeta NK complex and that this complex is likely to play an important role in NK cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Clone Cells
- Down-Regulation
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Macromolecular Substances
- Peptide Mapping
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgE
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anderson
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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26
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes capable of killing tumour cells in a non-MHC restricted manner. NK cells do not express cell-surface CD3, or any known target recognition structure analogous to the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) heterodimers (alpha beta or gamma delta). Consistent with their lack of expression of a CD3-TCR complex, NK cells do not require prior sensitization or antigen presentation by accessory cells to specifically recognize their tumour targets. Although NK cells do not express CD3-TCR, they do express CD2, the target of an alternative activation pathway which is functional in both T cells and NK cells. In T cells, this alternative activation pathway utilizes some component of the CD3-TCR complex as a transducer molecule that is required for mitogenesis. The fact that NK cells are activated by this alternative pathway suggested that they might express a related subunit of the CD3-TCR complex capable of transducing the CD2-mediated signal. Here we show that human NK cells express the zeta-chain of the TCR complex in association with additional structures not included in CD3-TCR.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Blotting, Northern
- CD3 Complex
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Macromolecular Substances
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anderson
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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27
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DePaul R, Abbs JH, Caligiuri M, Gracco VL, Brooks BR. Hypoglossal, trigeminal, and facial motoneuron involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 1988; 38:281-3. [PMID: 3340294 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.38.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial, trigeminal, and hypoglossal motoneuron involvement was quantified in 25 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and in normal controls. Measures included (1) maximum voluntary contraction of the lower lip, mandible, and tongue using custom-designed force transducers, (2) clinical functions of each muscle group, and in some patients (3) orofacial mobility using videofluoroscopy. All measures indicated that the tongue muscles were most severely affected, even in patients who initially had symptoms in the extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R DePaul
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53705-2280
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Caligiuri M, Murray C, Buchwald D, Levine H, Cheney P, Peterson D, Komaroff AL, Ritz J. Phenotypic and functional deficiency of natural killer cells in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. The Journal of Immunology 1987. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.139.10.3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer (NK)3 cells are large granular lymphocytes that appear to play a significant role in the host's defense against viral infection. We performed an extensive phenotypic and functional characterization of NK cells on 41 patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), or "chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection" syndrome, and on 23 age- and sex-matched asymptomatic control subjects in an attempt to further characterize this illness. These studies demonstrated that a majority of patients with CFS have low numbers of NKH1+T3- lymphocytes, a population that represents the great majority of NK cells in normal individuals. CFS patients had normal numbers of NKH1+T3+ lymphocytes, a population that represents a relatively small fraction of NK cells in normal individuals. When tested for cytotoxicity against a variety of different target cells, patients with CFS consistently demonstrated low levels of killing. After activation of cytolytic activity with recombinant interleukin 2, patients were able to display increased killing against K562 but most patients remained unable to lyse Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cell targets. Additional cytotoxicity experiments were carried out utilizing anti-T3 monoclonal antibody to block killing by NKH1+T3+ cells. These experiments indicated that the NK cell that appears to be responsible for much of the functional activity remaining in patients with CFS belongs to the NKH1+T3+ subset, which under normal circumstances represents only approximately 20% of the NK cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caligiuri
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - C Murray
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - D Buchwald
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - H Levine
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - P Cheney
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - D Peterson
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - A L Komaroff
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - J Ritz
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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Caligiuri M, Murray C, Buchwald D, Levine H, Cheney P, Peterson D, Komaroff AL, Ritz J. Phenotypic and functional deficiency of natural killer cells in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Immunol 1987; 139:3306-13. [PMID: 2824604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK)3 cells are large granular lymphocytes that appear to play a significant role in the host's defense against viral infection. We performed an extensive phenotypic and functional characterization of NK cells on 41 patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), or "chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection" syndrome, and on 23 age- and sex-matched asymptomatic control subjects in an attempt to further characterize this illness. These studies demonstrated that a majority of patients with CFS have low numbers of NKH1+T3- lymphocytes, a population that represents the great majority of NK cells in normal individuals. CFS patients had normal numbers of NKH1+T3+ lymphocytes, a population that represents a relatively small fraction of NK cells in normal individuals. When tested for cytotoxicity against a variety of different target cells, patients with CFS consistently demonstrated low levels of killing. After activation of cytolytic activity with recombinant interleukin 2, patients were able to display increased killing against K562 but most patients remained unable to lyse Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cell targets. Additional cytotoxicity experiments were carried out utilizing anti-T3 monoclonal antibody to block killing by NKH1+T3+ cells. These experiments indicated that the NK cell that appears to be responsible for much of the functional activity remaining in patients with CFS belongs to the NKH1+T3+ subset, which under normal circumstances represents only approximately 20% of the NK cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caligiuri
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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Hance AJ, Robin ED, Halter JB, Lewiston N, Robin DA, Cornell L, Caligiuri M, Theodore J. Hormonal changes and enforced diving in the harbor seal Phoca vitulina. II. Plasma catecholamines. Am J Physiol 1982; 242:R528-32. [PMID: 7081478 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1982.242.5.r528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were measured in five harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, during a control period, during a 6-min dive, and during a 30-min postdiving recovery period. Measurements were performed with and without prior glucose administration. Control epinephrine concentrations [189 +/- 118 (SD) pg/ml] and norepinephrine concentrations (340 +/- 191 pg/ml) were similar to resting values in humans. During diving there are dramatic increases in both epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations, which returned to control values by 30 min of the postdiving recovery period. A similar pattern was found after glucose infusion. The increased catecholamines were not the primary mechanism responsible for arterial constriction during the dive. Persistent diving bradycardia suggests obliteration of the chronotropic effects of catecholamines during the dive. An unchanged stroke volume suggests obliteration of the inotropic effects of catecholamines during the dive. Catecholamines do not appear to be involved in postdiving hyperglycemia and hyperglucogenemia. Neither the regulatory role of increased catecholamines nor the physiological function of increased catecholamines was apparent from the studies. However, dramatic increases in plasma catecholamines during diving appear to be an important component of the hormonal response to prolonged diving in aquatic mammals.
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