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Mello FV, Marmelo I, Fogaça FHS, Déniz FL, Alonso MB, Maulvault AL, Torres JPM, Marques A, Fernandes JO, Cunha SC. Behavior of diclofenac from contaminated fish after cooking and in vitro digestion. J Sci Food Agric 2024. [PMID: 38437521 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seafood consumers are widely exposed to diclofenac due to the high contamination levels often present in aquatic organisms. It is a potential risk to public health due its endocrine disruptor properties. Limited information is available about diclofenac behavior after food digestion to enable a more realistic scenario of consumer exposure. This study aimed to evaluate cooking effects on diclofenac levels, and determine diclofenac bioaccessibility by an in vitro digestion assay, using commercial fish species (seabass and white mullet) as models. The production of the main metabolite 4'-hydroxydiclofenac was also investigated. Fish hamburgers were spiked at two levels (150 and 1000 ng g-1 ) and submitted to three culinary treatments (roasting, steaming and grilling). RESULTS The loss of water seems to increase the diclofenac levels after cooking, except in seabass with higher levels. The high bioaccessibility of diclofenac (59.1-98.3%) observed in both fish species indicates that consumers' intestines are more susceptible to absorption, which can be worrisome depending on the level of contamination. Contamination levels did not affect the diclofenac bioaccessibility in both species. Seabass, the fattest species, exhibited a higher bioaccessibility of diclofenac compared to white mullet. Overall, cooking decreased diclofenac bioaccessibility by up to 40% in seabass and 25% in white mullet. The main metabolite 4'-hydroxydiclofenac was not detected after cooking or digestion. CONCLUSION Thus, consumption of cooked fish, preferentially grilled seabass and steamed or baked white mullet are more advisable. This study highlights the importance to consider bioaccessibility and cooking in hazard characterization studies. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia V Mello
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Micropollutants, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, I.P, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isa Marmelo
- IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, I.P, Lisboa, Portugal
- 4UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology - NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabíola H S Fogaça
- Laboratory of Bioaccessibility, Embrapa Food Agroindustry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lafont Déniz
- SCAI, Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography Lab, Campus Universitario de Rabanales. Edificio Ramón y Cajal, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvault
- IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, I.P, Lisboa, Portugal
- 4UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology - NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Micropollutants, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antônio Marques
- IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, I.P, Lisboa, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Montone RC, Alonso MB, Santos MCO, Méndez-Fernandez P, Taniguchi S, Barbosa APM, Gonçalves RM, Padilha JDA, Bertozzi C, da Silva J, Marigo J, Pereira ADS, Lourenço RA. Temporal trends of persistent organic pollutant contamination in Franciscana dolphins from the Southwestern Atlantic. Environ Res 2023; 216:114473. [PMID: 36195158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were analyzed in 136 blubber samples of Franciscana dolphins from Brazil (Pontoporia blainvillei), which is the most threatened dolphin in the Southwestern Atlantic. The dolphins were caught by the fishery fleet and collected from 2000 to 2018 in three regions of São Paulo state: northern São Paulo (SPN), central São Paulo (SPC), and southern São Paulo (SPS). The POPs analyzed in this study were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), Mirex, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The concentrations ranged from 36 to 7200 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) and 113-42200 ng g-1 lw for predominant compounds DDTs and PCBs, respectively. Similar profiles of PCB congeners were observed with a predominance of hexachlorinated compounds, representing approximately 50% of the total PCB amount; the highest PCB concentrations were observed from Baixada Santista (SPC) proximate to a highly urbanized and industrial coastal area. Significant differences were observed between the sexes and maturity of dolphins, mainly for PCBs, DDTs, and Mirex. In general, POPs other than HCB in Franciscana dolphins showed downward temporal trends, matching the regulatory periods for restricting and/or banning these compounds. Although POP concentrations are declining, PCB levels remain high in small dolphins, suggesting adverse health effects on Franciscanas. As organic contaminants are one of the numerous threats Franciscanas have been vulnerable to along the Brazilian coast, we recommend monitoring POPs levels every five years to check for declining (or stabilizing) trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda C Montone
- Instituto Oceanográfico - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Instituto Oceanográfico - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos César O Santos
- Instituto Oceanográfico - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Méndez-Fernandez
- Observatoire Pelagis, UMS 3462- La Rochelle Université - CNRS, 5 allées de l'océan, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Instituto Oceanográfico - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Barbosa
- Instituto Oceanográfico - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato M Gonçalves
- Instituto Oceanográfico - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Janeide de Assis Padilha
- Instituto Oceanográfico - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (CBMA), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carolina Bertozzi
- Instituto de Biociências - Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, câmpus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Josilene da Silva
- Instituto Oceanográfico - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Marigo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Derley S Pereira
- Instituto Oceanográfico - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Lourenço
- Instituto Oceanográfico - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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3
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Cunha SC, Menezes-Sousa D, Mello FV, Miranda JAT, Fogaca FHS, Alonso MB, Torres JPM, Fernandes JO. Survey on endocrine-disrupting chemicals in seafood: Occurrence and distribution. Environ Res 2022; 210:112886. [PMID: 35150711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the marine environment pose а potential risk to both wildlife and human health. The occurrence of EDCs in seafood depends of several factors such as source and amounts of EDCs that reach the aquatic environment, physicochemical features of EDCs, and its accumulation in trophic chain. This review highlights the occurrence and distribution of EDCs along the seafood in the last 6 years. The following EDCs were included in this review: brominated flame retardants (PBDEs, PBBs, HBCDDs, TBBPA, and novel flame retardants); pharmaceuticals (paracetamol, ibuprofen, diclofenac, carbamazepine), bisphenols, hormones, personal care products (Musk and UV Filters), and pesticides (organochlorides, organophosphates, and pyrethroids). Some of them were found above the threshold that may cause negative effects on human, animal, and environmental health. More control in some countries, as well as new legislation and inspection over the purchase, sale, use, and production of these compounds, are urgently needed. This review provides data to support risk assessment and raises critical gaps to stimulate and improve future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Dhoone Menezes-Sousa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia V Mello
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joyce A T Miranda
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiola H S Fogaca
- Bioacessiblity Laboratory, Embrapa Agroindustria de Alimentos, Av. Das Americas, 29501, 23020-470, Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Mello FV, Cunha SC, Fogaça FHS, Alonso MB, Torres JPM, Fernandes JO. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in seafood from two Brazilian coastal areas: Implication for human risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2022; 803:149744. [PMID: 34482147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals (PhACs) are considered emerging contaminants with potential accumulation in aquatic organisms. Thus, seafood consumption may cause long-term effects and health risk for consumers. In the present study, the occurrence of PhACs in seafood from two Brazilian coastal areas, Sepetiba Bay (n = 43) and Parnaiba Delta River (n = 48), was determined for the first time, and their potential risk for human health was assessed. An eco-friendly multi-analytes method was used, after being validated for the different types of matrices (mussels, fatty and lean fish). All compounds under study were detected at least in four seafood species, including chloramphenicol, an antibiotic prohibited in animal foods. Most PhACs had mean concentrations below limit of quantification. Ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as simvastatin and carbamazepine were the main PhACs bioaccumulated in edible parts of seafood species from Brazil. The high trophic level carnivorous species, snook, was the most contaminated by NSAIDs, while bivalves were the seafood more contaminated by lipid regulators. The profile of contamination did not vary among different types of matrix, except in relation to carbamazepine and ketoprofen. These PhACs were more abundant in species from Sepetiba Bay, an area highly impacted by human influence. The estimated daily exposure for Brazilian population that consumes the studied species was up to 20.3 ng/kg bw/day via carib pointed-venus and 25.7 ng/kg bw/day via snooks, lower than acceptable daily intake. Thus, consumption of seafood species from Sepetiba Bay and Parnaiba Delta River seems to be safe to the population in what concerns the PhACs studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia V Mello
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, G0-61, CCS, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Laboratory of Micropollutants, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, G0-61, CCS, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology e Hidrology, Facultaty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology e Hidrology, Facultaty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fabíola H S Fogaça
- Laboratory of Bioacessibility, Embrapa Food Agroindustry, Av. das Américas 29501, 23020-470 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, G0-61, CCS, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, G0-61, CCS, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Laboratory of Micropollutants, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, G0-61, CCS, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology e Hidrology, Facultaty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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5
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Menezes-Sousa D, Cunha SC, Vieira LR, Barboza LGA, Guilhermino L, Alonso MB, Torres JPM, Fernandes JO. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated congeners in Douro river estuary biota: Seasonal occurrence and risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2021; 790:147916. [PMID: 34091326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Especially added on many industrial and domestic products as flame retardants (FRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are among the chemicals of high environmental concern because of their potential harmfulness for environmental and human health. Seafood consumption is considered the main source of PBDEs and their methoxylated congeners (MeO-BDEs) for humans. The present study aims to investigate the seasonal occurrence of six PBDEs and eight MeO-BDEs congeners using Douro river biota (different trophic levels) as sentinels, as well as to evaluate the human exposure risk to PBDEs through seafood consumption. Biota samples (n = 273) were collected from one of the most important Portuguese estuaries in the north-western coast of Portugal at four different seasons (2019-2020). The analyses were performed by an environmental-friendly extraction procedure followed by Gas Chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole detector (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs were detected in all seafood samples analysed, with means ranging from 0.02 ng g-1 ww (flounder in autumn) to 3.75 ng g-1 ww (mussel in winter). Levels of lower-brominated PBDE congeners were significantly higher than higher-brominated ones in all seasons (p < 0.01). MeO-BDEs ranged from 0.001 ng g-1 ww (grey mullet in summer) to 5.66 ng g-1 ww (green crab in spring). Crabs and mussels presented the highest means of PBDEs and MeO-BDEs. Regarding the health risk assessment of the studied PBDE congeners (47, 99, and 153), consumption of Douro river fish is not a case of concern for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhoone Menezes-Sousa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Organic Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 -CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luis R Vieira
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology (ECOTOX), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 2250-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luís Gabriel A Barboza
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology (ECOTOX), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 2250-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology (ECOTOX), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 2250-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Organic Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 -CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João P M Torres
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Organic Micropollutants Laboratory Jan Japenga, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bl. G, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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6
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Vidal LG, Vannuci-Silva M, Alonso MB, Feo ML, Corcellas C, Bisi TL, Flach L, Fragoso ABL, Lima Silva FJ, Carvalho VL, de Meirelles ACO, Domit C, Barbosa LA, Cremer MJ, Azevedo AF, Torres JPM, Malm O, Lailson-Brito J, Eljarrat E. Pyrethroid insecticides along the Southwestern Atlantic coast: Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) as a bioindicator. Sci Total Environ 2020; 728:138749. [PMID: 32570306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pyrethroid compounds in hepatic tissue of Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) is reported for the first time. Twelve pyrethroids were determined in 50 animals from eight locations of the Brazilian coast. The highest average concentration of total pyrethroids (∑PYR) was 1166 ng.g-1 lw, with values ranging from 148 to 5918 ng.g-1 lw, in Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, while the Espírito Santo State had the highest median, 568 ng.g-1 lw. Permethrin was the predominant compound in most areas, contributing for 42% to 81% of the ∑PYR, whereas cypermethrin was the most abundant compound in Guanabara and Sepetiba bays (79% and 81%, respectively), both located in Rio de Janeiro State. Biological factors were not correlated with pyrethroids concentration. Tetramethrin and es/fenvalerate compounds were negatively correlated to the age, suggesting degradation/metabolization capacity in these animals that increases throughout life. Despite being metabolized and excreted, the wide use of these pollutants is reflected in relevant concentrations found in Guiana dolphins. This is the first study evaluating pyrethroids in a representative number of hepatic samples and covering >2600 km of coast. The overall lack of information on pyrethroids in cetaceans highlights the importance of understanding the profile and distribution of these pollutants in dolphins which exclusively inhabit the Southwestern Atlantic coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara G Vidal
- Aquatic Mammal and Bioindicator Laboratory Professora Izabel Gurgel (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/ 4002-E, Maracanã, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Radioisotope Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca (LREPF), Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Monizze Vannuci-Silva
- Aquatic Mammal and Bioindicator Laboratory Professora Izabel Gurgel (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/ 4002-E, Maracanã, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Aquatic Mammal and Bioindicator Laboratory Professora Izabel Gurgel (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/ 4002-E, Maracanã, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Radioisotope Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca (LREPF), Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Maria L Feo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cayo Corcellas
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tatiana L Bisi
- Aquatic Mammal and Bioindicator Laboratory Professora Izabel Gurgel (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/ 4002-E, Maracanã, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Flach
- Instituto Boto Cinza, Rua Dom Pedro I, Itacuruçá, 23870-000 Mangaratiba, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Bernadete Lima Fragoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais/Projeto Cetáceos da Costa Branca-Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN)/Projeto Golfinho Rotador. Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Flávio J Lima Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais/Projeto Cetáceos da Costa Branca-Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN)/Projeto Golfinho Rotador. Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Vítor Luz Carvalho
- Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos (AQUASIS), Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Domit
- Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Marine Studies Center (CEM), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Av Beira Mar s/n, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, 83255-000, PR, Brazil
| | - Lupércio A Barbosa
- Environmental Awareness Organization (ORCA), Rua São Paulo, 23, Praia da Costa, Vila Velha, ES 29101-315, Brazil
| | - Marta J Cremer
- Ecology and Conservation Laboratory for marine and coastal tetrapods, University of Joinville Region (UNIVILLE), São Francisco do Sul, Rod. Duque de Caxias, 6365, Iperoba, São Francisco do Sul, 89240-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Azevedo
- Aquatic Mammal and Bioindicator Laboratory Professora Izabel Gurgel (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/ 4002-E, Maracanã, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Aquatic Mammal and Bioindicator Laboratory Professora Izabel Gurgel (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/ 4002-E, Maracanã, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Olaf Malm
- Radioisotope Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca (LREPF), Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - José Lailson-Brito
- Aquatic Mammal and Bioindicator Laboratory Professora Izabel Gurgel (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/ 4002-E, Maracanã, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Mello FV, Kasper D, Alonso MB, Torres JPM. Halogenated natural products in birds associated with the marine environment: A review. Sci Total Environ 2020; 717:137000. [PMID: 32062248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (HNPs) are widespread compounds found at high concentrations in top predators such as seabirds. This paper reviews available data on methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs), heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1) and 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrroles (HDBPs) in these animals. In all, 25 papers reported such HNPs in seabirds. White tailed sea eagle from Sweden was the seabird species with higher MeO-BDEs levels in eggs and blood, while in liver the European shag from Norway was the one. Regarding HDBPs, glaucous gull livers from North Water Polynya and Leach's storm petrel eggs from South Canada (NE Atlantic) showed the highest levels, while brown skua eggs presented the highest concentration of Q1. DBP-Br4Cl2 and DBP-Br6 were the most abundant HDBPs in seabirds, although only one study investigated DBP-Br6. Furthermore, 2'-MeO-BDE-68/6'-MeO-BDE-47 ratios were lower than one in mostly of the studies (91%). The main sources of methoxylated congeners found in seabirds might to be from sponges and/or associated organisms (bacteria). The scarcity of data in seabirds showed the gap in knowledge. Few studies were done especially in tropical areas and Southern Hemisphere and the most were conducted in the northwest part of the globe. This review arouses the need of knowledge about the distribution of these compounds in seabirds worldwide as well as it encourages toxicological studies to better understand the possible effects of HNPs on seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia V Mello
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, G0-61, CCS, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Kasper
- Laboratório de Traçadores em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, G0-49, CCS, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, G0-61, CCS, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, G0-61, CCS, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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8
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Flach L, Alonso MB, Marinho T, Van Waerebeek K, Van Bressem MF. Clinical signs in free-ranging Guiana dolphins Sotalia guianensis during a morbillivirus epidemic: case study in Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 133:175-180. [PMID: 31019130 DOI: 10.3354/dao03343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
From November 2017 to March 2018, a cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) outbreak caused an unprecedented mass mortality among Guiana dolphins Sotalia guianensis in Ilha Grande Bay and Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Small boat surveys were conducted to document the behavior and clinical signs presented by diseased dolphins. We observed 5 abnormally behaving, disoriented Guiana dolphins on separate days, of which 1 died stranded and 2 sank. Signs of ataxia included difficulties with swimming and maintaining a course, balance and buoyancy. At least 40 other individuals were emaciated, and 10 photo-identified dolphins had miscellaneous skin lesions, some ulcerated. Labored breathing suggestive of airway obstruction was heard in several groups. These neurological, respiratory and cutaneous signs may comprise part of the clinical constellation of CeMV infection in dolphins. The combined threat of anthropogenic pressures and CeMV lethal disease is of concern for the survival of the Guiana dolphin population in Sepetiba Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Flach
- Instituto Boto Cinza, Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 23860-000, Brazil
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9
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Aznar-Alemany Ò, Yang X, Alonso MB, Costa ES, Torres JPM, Malm O, Barceló D, Eljarrat E. Preliminary study of long-range transport of halogenated flame retardants using Antarctic marine mammals. Sci Total Environ 2019; 650:1889-1897. [PMID: 30286355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eight PBDE congeners, three emerging brominated flame retardants, five dechloranes and eight MeO-PBDEs were monitored in tissues (muscular, adipose, brain) and fur of southern elephant seal and Antarctic fur seal of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. Total PBDEs and total dechloranes concentrations ranged between n.d.-6 ng/g lw. While PBDEs were not detected in brain tissue, Dec 602 was found in brain tissue of both seal species indicating that dechloranes -with potential neurological toxicity- could cross the blood-brain barrier. Emerging brominated flame retardants were not detected in any sample and only two MeO-PBDEs, which are of natural origin, were found. The presence of the detected compounds in biota from the Antarctic evidences their long-range transportation, being of special interest the detection of emerging compounds such as dechloranes. This is the first time that these contaminants have been detected in marine mammals from the Antarctic. BDE-47 concentrations were lower than previously reported for the same species, suggesting a successful effect of the existing regulation and bans on PBDEs. CAPSULE ABSTRACT: Halogenated flame retardants were in tissues of Antarctic seals proving long-range transport. Dechloranes showed similar behaviour to PBDEs, additionally they crossed the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Òscar Aznar-Alemany
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erli Schneider Costa
- Mestrado Profissional em Ambiente e Sustentabilidade, State University of Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), Rua Assis Brasil, 842, 95400-000 São Francisco de Paula, Brazil.
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olaf Malm
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Molins-Delgado D, Muñoz R, Nogueira S, Alonso MB, Torres JP, Malm O, Ziolli RL, Hauser-Davis RA, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Díaz-Cruz MS. Occurrence of organic UV filters and metabolites in lebranche mullet (Mugil liza) from Brazil. Sci Total Environ 2018; 618:451-459. [PMID: 29136596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
UV filters (UV-Fs) constitute a heterogeneous group of chemicals used as protection against the effects of UV radiation, widely used in all sort of goods and ubiquitous in the environment. The presence of these chemicals in fish is a matter of concern, because many UV-Fs display hormonal activity. In this study, muscle, gills, and liver from 11 Mugil liza individuals from the highly urbanized Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) were analysed in order to detect eight UV-Fs and metabolites (4-dihydroxybenzophenone [BP1] (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone [BP3], 4-methylbenzylidiene camphor [4MBC], ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate [EHMC], ethylhexyl dimethyl p-aminobenzoic acid [ODPABA], octocrylene [OC], 4-hydroxybenzophenone [4HB], and 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone [4DHB]) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Results showed that both target UV-Fs and metabolites were ubiquitous in the analysed tissues. Lower concentrations were observed in muscle and gills (3.07-31.6ngg-1 dry weight (dw)), whereas in liver significant amounts of metabolites (5.47-451ngg-1 dw) were present. With the concentrations determined in the fish, an estimation of the daily intake revealed that consumption of muscle in the diet represent from 0.3 to 15.2ng UV-Fs (kg body weight-1) d-1, higher than those reported in fish for selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Molins-Delgado
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Muñoz
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvia Nogueira
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - João Paulo Torres
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Olaf Malm
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Roberta Lourenço Ziolli
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Biosciences Institute, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Biosciences Institute, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (CESTEH), ENSP, FIOCRUZ, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Díaz-Cruz
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Alonso MB, Maruya KA, Dodder NG, Lailson-Brito J, Azevedo A, Santos-Neto E, Torres JPM, Malm O, Hoh E. Nontargeted Screening of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:1176-1185. [PMID: 28055195 PMCID: PMC6263163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To catalog the diversity and abundance of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) accumulating in high trophic marine species from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, tissue from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) stranded or incidentally captured along the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed by a nontargeted approach based on GC×GC/TOF-MS. A total of 158 individual HOCs from 32 different structural classes were detected in the blubber of 4 adult male T. truncatus. Nearly 90% of the detected compounds are not routinely monitored in the environment. DDT-related and mirex/dechlorane-related compounds were the most abundant classes of anthropogenic origin. Methoxy-brominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs) and chlorinated methyl- and dimethyl bipyrroles (MBPs and DMBPs) were the most abundant natural products. Reported for the first time in southwestern Atlantic cetaceans and in contrast to North American marine mammals, chlorinated MBPs and DMBPs were more abundant than their brominated and/or mixed halogenated counterparts. HOC profiles in coastal T. truncatus from Brazil and California revealed a distinct difference, with a higher abundance of MeO-BDEs, mirex/dechloranes and chlorinated bipyrroles in the Brazilian dolphins. Thirty-six percent of the detected HOCs had an unknown structure. These results suggest broad geographical differences in the patterns of bioaccumulative chemicals found in the marine environment and indicate the need to develop more complete catalogs of HOCs from various marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B. Alonso
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicators (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524 - S.4018 - Bl. E, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 20550-013
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes - Biophysics Institute (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 CCS - Bl.G, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 21941-902
| | - Keith A. Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Nathan G. Dodder
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - José Lailson-Brito
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicators (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524 - S.4018 - Bl. E, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 20550-013
| | - Alexandre Azevedo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicators (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524 - S.4018 - Bl. E, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 20550-013
| | - Elitieri Santos-Neto
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicators (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524 - S.4018 - Bl. E, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 20550-013
| | - Joao P. M. Torres
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes - Biophysics Institute (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 CCS - Bl.G, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 21941-902
| | - Olaf Malm
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes - Biophysics Institute (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 CCS - Bl.G, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 21941-902
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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12
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Alonso MB, Feo ML, Corcellas C, Gago-Ferrero P, Bertozzi CP, Marigo J, Flach L, Meirelles ACO, Carvalho VL, Azevedo AF, Torres JPM, Lailson-Brito J, Malm O, Diaz-Cruz MS, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Toxic heritage: Maternal transfer of pyrethroid insecticides and sunscreen agents in dolphins from Brazil. Environ Pollut 2015; 207:391-402. [PMID: 26453834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids (PYR) and UV filters (UVF) were investigated in tissues of paired mother-fetus dolphins from Brazilian coast in order to investigate the possibility of maternal transfer of these emerging contaminants. Comparison of PYR and UVF concentrations in maternal and fetal blubber revealed Franciscana transferred efficiently both contaminants to fetuses (F/M > 1) and Guiana dolphin transferred efficiently PYR to fetuses (F/M > 1) different than UVF (F/M < 1). PYR and UVF concentrations in fetuses were the highest-ever reported in biota (up to 6640 and 11,530 ng/g lw, respectively). Muscle was the organ with the highest PYR and UVF concentrations (p < 0.001), suggesting that these two classes of emerging contaminants may have more affinity for proteins than for lipids. The high PYR and UVF concentrations found in fetuses demonstrate these compounds are efficiently transferred through placenta. This study is the first to report maternal transfer of pyrethroids and UV filters in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Alonso
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca (LREPF), Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicator Laboratory (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha - Biopesca - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Unesp, Campus Litoral Paulista, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Feo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cayo Corcellas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina P Bertozzi
- Laboratório de Biologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha - Biopesca - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Unesp, Campus Litoral Paulista, Brazil
| | - Juliana Marigo
- Laboratório de Biologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha - Biopesca - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Unesp, Campus Litoral Paulista, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina O Meirelles
- Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos (AQUASIS), Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vitor L Carvalho
- Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos (AQUASIS), Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Azevedo
- Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicator Laboratory (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Brazil
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca (LREPF), Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - José Lailson-Brito
- Aquatic Mammals and Bioindicator Laboratory (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Brazil
| | - Olaf Malm
- Radioisotopes Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca (LREPF), Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Sandoghchi SR, Petrovich M, Gray DR, Chen Y, Wheeler NV, Bradley TD, Wong NHL, Jasion GT, Hayes J, Fokoua EN, Alonso MB, Mousavi SM, Richardson DJ, Poletti F. Optical side scattering radiometry for high resolution, wide dynamic range longitudinal assessment of optical fibers. Opt Express 2015; 23:27960-27974. [PMID: 26480455 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.027960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Current optical reflectometric techniques used to characterize optical fibers have to trade-off longitudinal range with spatial resolution and therefore struggle to provide simultaneously wide dynamic range (>20dB) and high resolution (<10cm). In this work, we develop and present a technique we refer to as Optical Side Scattering Radiometry (OSSR) capable of resolving discrete and distributed scattering properties of fibers along their length with up to 60dB dynamic range and 5cm spatial resolution. Our setup is first validated on a standard single mode telecoms fiber. Then we apply it to a record-length 11km hollow core photonic band-gap fiber (HC-PBGF) the characterization requirements of which lie far beyond the capability of standard optical reflectometric instruments. We next demonstrate use of the technique to investigate and explain the unusually high loss observed in another HC-PBGF and finally demonstrate its flexibility by measuring a HC-PBGF operating at a wavelength of 2µm. In all of these examples, good agreement between the OSSR measurements and other well-established (but more limited) characterization methods, i.e. cutback loss and OTDR, was obtained.
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14
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Alonso MB, Azevedo A, Torres JPM, Dorneles PR, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Lailson-Brito J, Malm O. Anthropogenic (PBDE) and naturally-produced (MeO-PBDE) brominated compounds in cetaceans--a review. Sci Total Environ 2014; 481:619-634. [PMID: 24636867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the available data on brominated flame retardants, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as on the naturally-produced methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) in cetacean tissues around the world. Levels and possible sources of both compound classes are discussed. Odontocete cetaceans accumulate higher PBDE concentrations than mysticete species. PBDE contamination was higher in cetaceans from the Northern hemisphere, whereas MeO-PBDE levels were higher in animals from the Southern hemisphere. Southern resident killer whales from NE Pacific presented the highest levels reported in biota, followed by bottlenose dolphins from North Atlantic (U.K. and U.S. coast). Many species presented PBDE concentrations above threshold levels for health effects in odontocetes. Time trend studies indicate that PBDE concentrations in odontocetes from Japan, China, U.S. and Canada coastal zones have increased significantly over the past 30 years. Studies from U.K. waters and NE Atlantic showed a decrease and/or stability of PBDE levels in cetacean tissues in recent decades. The highest MeO-PBDE concentrations were found in dolphins from Tanzania (Indian Ocean), bottlenose dolphins from Queensland, Australia (SW Pacific), and odontocetes from coastal and continental shelf waters off southeastern Brazil (SW Atlantic). The upwelling phenomenon and the presence of coral reef complexes in these tropical oceans may explain the large amounts of the naturally-produced organobromines. Considering that these bioaccumulative chemicals have properties that could cause many deleterious effects in those animals, future studies are required to evaluate the potential ecotoxicological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Alonso
- Radioisotopes Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; Aquatic Mammal and Bioindicator Laboratory (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Brazil; Projeto BioPesca, Praia Grande, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Azevedo
- Aquatic Mammal and Bioindicator Laboratory (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Brazil.
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Radioisotopes Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil.
| | - Paulo R Dorneles
- Radioisotopes Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil.
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Pic de Peguera 15, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - José Lailson-Brito
- Aquatic Mammal and Bioindicator Laboratory (MAQUA), School of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Brazil.
| | - Olaf Malm
- Radioisotopes Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil.
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Dorneles PR, Sanz P, Eppe G, Azevedo AF, Bertozzi CP, Martínez MA, Secchi ER, Barbosa LA, Cremer M, Alonso MB, Torres JPM, Lailson-Brito J, Malm O, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Das K. High accumulation of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners in marine mammals from Brazil: a serious PCB problem. Sci Total Environ 2013; 463-464:309-318. [PMID: 23827355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Blubber samples from three delphinid species (false killer whale, Guiana and rough-toothed dolphin), as well as liver samples from franciscana dolphins were analyzed for dioxins and related compounds (DRCs). Samples were collected from 35 cetaceans stranded or incidentally captured in a highly industrialized and urbanized area (Southeast and Southern Brazilian regions). Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for over 83% of the total TEQ for all cetaceans. Non-ortho coplanar PCBs, for franciscanas (82%), and mono-ortho PCBs (up to 80%), for delphinids, constituted the groups of highest contribution to total TEQ. Regarding franciscana dolphins, significant negative correlations were found between total length (TL) and three variables, ΣTEQ-DRCs, ΣTEQ-PCDF and ΣTEQ non-ortho PCB. An increasing efficiency of the detoxifying activity with the growth of the animal may be a plausible explanation for these findings. This hypothesis is reinforced by the significant negative correlation found between TL and PCB126/PCB169 concentration ratio. DRC concentrations (ng/g lipids) varied from 36 to 3006, for franciscana dolphins, as well as from 356 to 30,776, for delphinids. The sum of dioxin-like and indicator PCBs varied from 34,662 to 279,407 ng/g lipids, for Guiana dolphins from Rio de Janeiro state, which are among the highest PCB concentrations ever reported for cetaceans. The high concentrations found in our study raise concern not only on the conservation of Brazilian coastal cetaceans, but also on the possibility of human health problem due to consumption of fish from Brazilian estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R Dorneles
- Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil.
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Gago-Ferrero P, Alonso MB, Bertozzi CP, Marigo J, Barbosa L, Cremer M, Secchi ER, Domit C, Azevedo A, Lailson-Brito J, Torres JPM, Malm O, Eljarrat E, Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D. First determination of UV filters in marine mammals. Octocrylene levels in Franciscana dolphins. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:5619-5625. [PMID: 23627728 DOI: 10.1021/es400675y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Most current bioexposure assessments for UV filters focus on contaminants concentrations in fish from river and lake. To date there is not information available on the occurrence of UV filters in marine mammals. This is the first study to investigate the presence of sunscreen agents in tissue liver of Franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei), a species under special measures for conservation. Fifty six liver tissue samples were taken from dead individuals accidentally caught or found stranded along the Brazilian coastal area (six states). The extensively used octocrylene (2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate, OCT) was frequently found in the samples investigated (21 out of 56) at concentrations in the range 89-782 ng·g(-1) lipid weight. São Paulo was found to be the most polluted area (70% frequency of detection). Nevertheless, the highest concentration was observed in the dolphins from Rio Grande do Sul (42% frequency of detection within that area). These findings constitute the first data reported on the occurrence of UV filters in marine mammals worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Water and Soil Quality Research Group, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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de la Torre A, Alonso MB, Martínez MA, Sanz P, Shen L, Reiner EJ, Lailson-Brito J, Torres JPM, Bertozzi C, Marigo J, Barbosa L, Cremer M, Secchi E, Malm O, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Dechlorane-related compounds in franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) from southeastern and southern coast of Brazil. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:12364-12372. [PMID: 23016984 DOI: 10.1021/es302934p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of Dechlorane (Dec) 603 (0.75 ng/g lipid weight (lw); mean) and Dec 602 (0.38 ng/g lw; mean) were quantified in more than 95% of the franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) dolphin samples, whereas the frequency of detection decreased to 75% for Dechlorane Plus (DP) (1.53 ng/g lw, mean). The presence of Chlordene Plus (CP) was also observed (0.13 ng/g lw, mean) in half of the samples. On the contrary, Dec 604, decachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (aCl(10)DP), and undecachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (aCl(11)DP) concentrations were below the limit of quantifications in all cases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article reporting the presence of Dec 603, Dec 602, and CP in mammals. For comparative purposes, levels of Mirex, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) are also reported. Considering geographic distribution evaluation together with the strong positive correlations found between DP and PBDEs (r(s) = 0.63; p < 0.01), highly anthropogenic areas were identified as potential sources of these chemicals in this dolphin species. However, local sources for Dec 602, 603, Mirex, CP, and DBDPE were not found indicating that in this case historical use and/or atmospheric transport and deposition may play an important role in their fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de la Torre
- Persistent Organic Pollutant Group, Environmental Department. CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.
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Alonso MB, Eljarrat E, Gorga M, Secchi ER, Bassoi M, Barbosa L, Bertozzi CP, Marigo J, Cremer M, Domit C, Azevedo AF, Dorneles PR, Torres JPM, Lailson-Brito J, Malm O, Barceló D. Natural and anthropogenically-produced brominated compounds in endemic dolphins from Western South Atlantic: another risk to a vulnerable species. Environ Pollut 2012; 170:152-60. [PMID: 22797349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Liver samples from 53 Franciscana dolphins along the Brazilian coast were analyzed for organobrominated compounds. Target substances included the following anthropogenic pollutants: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), as well as the naturally-generated methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). PBDE concentrations ranged from 6 to 1797 ng/g lw (mean 166 ± 298 ng/g lw) and were similar to those observed in cetaceans from Northern Hemisphere. PBBs were found in all sampling locations (<LOQ to 57 ng/g lw). DBDPE was detected in 42% of the dolphins from the most industrialized Brazilian state and the concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 352 ng/g lw. Franciscana dolphins from the tropical Brazilian shore presented the highest MeO-PBDE concentrations ever reported for coastal cetaceans (up to 14 μg/g lw). Eight MeO-PBDE congeners were detected and the present investigation constituted the first record of occurrence of six of them in marine mammal livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Alonso
- Radioisotope Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca (LREPF), Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Alonso MB, Feo ML, Corcellas C, Vidal LG, Bertozzi CP, Marigo J, Secchi ER, Bassoi M, Azevedo AF, Dorneles PR, Torres JPM, Lailson-Brito J, Malm O, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Pyrethroids: a new threat to marine mammals? Environ Int 2012; 47:99-106. [PMID: 22796891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study constitutes the first investigation to demonstrate pyrethroid bioaccumulation in marine mammals, despite the assumption that these insecticides are converted to non-toxic metabolites by hydrolysis in mammals. Twelve pyrethroids were determined in liver samples from 23 male franciscana dolphins from Brazil. The median concentration values for total pyrethroids were 7.04 and 68.4 ng/g lw in adults and calves, respectively. Permethrin was the predominant compound, contributing for 55% of the total pyrethroids. Results showed a distinct metabolic balance of pyrethroids through dolphin life. High loads are received at the beginning of their lives and, when they reach sexual maturity, these mammals seem to degrade/metabolize pyrethroids. Maternal transfer of these compounds was also evaluated through the analysis of breast milk and placenta samples. Pyrethroids were detected in both matrices, with values between 2.53-4.77 ng/g lw and 331-1812 ng/g lw, respectively. Therefore, for the first time, a study shows mother-to-calf transfer of pyrethroids by both gestational and lactation pathways in dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Alonso
- Radioisotope Laboratory Eduardo Penna Franca-LREPF, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho-IBCCF, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Brazil
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Duran Alonso MB, Shiels P, McCallion AS, Bennett NK, Payne AP, Szpirer J, Szpirer C, Brodie MJ, Davies RW, Sutcliffe RG, Alonso MB. The cystatin S gene maps to rat chromosome 3, to which D1mgh18 is re-assigned from chromosome 1. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:946-7. [PMID: 9383294 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Rosen MR, Danilo P, Alonso MB, Pippenger CE. Effects of therapeutic concentrations of diphenylhydantoin on transmembrane potentials of normal and depressed Purkinje fibers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1976; 197:594-604. [PMID: 932992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard intracellular microelectrode techniques were used to study canine Purkinje fibers (PF) which had been superfused with blood or Tyrode's solution to determine the cardiac cellular electrophysiologic changes induced by antiarrhythmic concentrations of diphenylhydantoin (DPH). Some PF were normal whereas others were depressed by stretch, exposure to ouabain (125 mug/1) or superfusion with a solution in which all Na+ was replaced by tetraethylammonium. For normal fibers, therapeutic concentrations of DPH (DPH) induced slight decreases in action potential (AP) amplitude, maximum upstroke velocity of phase O (Vmax) and membrane responsiveness and somewhat greater decreases in AP duration. For fibers moderately depressed by ouabain or stretch, with reduced AP amplitude, maximum diastolic potential and Vmax, therapeutic [DPH] increased these variables. Fibers markedly depressed by Na-free solution or stretch developed slow response AP. The amplitude and Vmax of the AP were decreased by therapeutic [DPH]. Therapeutic [DPH] also suppressed automaticity and ouabain-induced delayed afterdepolarizations. Our studies suggest that the slight depression of normal PF AP characteristics induced by therapeutic [DPH] probably is of little significance with respect to antiarrhythmic effect. In contrast, both the improvement of AP characteristics of moderately depressed fibers and further depression of severely depressed fibers caused by [DPH] might modify arrhythmias. Effects of DPH on automaticity and delayed afterdepolarizations also would contribute to its antiarrhythmic effect.
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