Increasing concentration of pure micro- and macro-LDPE and PP plastic negatively affect crop biomass, nutrient cycling, and microbial biomass

Over the last 50 years, the intense use of agricultural plastic in the form of mulch films has led to an accumulation of plastic in soil, creating a legacy of plastic in agricultural fields. Plastic often contains additives, however it is still largely unknown how these compounds affect soil properties, potentially influencing or masking effects of the plastic itself. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pure plastics of varying sizes and concentrations, to improve our understanding of plastic-only interactions within soil-plant mesocosms. Maize (Zea mays L.) was grown over eight weeks following the addition of micro and macro low-density polyethylene and polypropylene at increasing concentrations (equivalent to 1, 10, 25, and 50 years mulch film use) and the effects of plastic on key soil and plant properties were measured. We found the effect of both macro and microplastic on soil and plant health is negligible in the short-term (1 to <10 years). However, ≥ 10 years of plastic application for both plastic types and sizes resulted in a clear negative effect on plant growth and microbial biomass. This study provides vital insight into the effect of both macro and microplastics on soil and plant properties.

LDPE and biodegradable PLA-PBAT plastics differentially affect plant-soil nitrogen partitioning and dynamics in a Hordeum vulgare mesocosm

Micro and macroplastics are emerging contaminants in agricultural settings, yet their impact on nitrogen (N) cycling and partitioning in plant-soil-microbial systems is poorly understood. In this mesocosm-scale study, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was exposed to macro or microplastic produced from low density polyethylene (LDPE) or biodegradable plastic at concentrations equivalent to 1, 10 and 20 years of plastic mulch film use. Partitioning of ¹⁵N-labelled fertiliser into plant biomass, soil and leachate yielded a partial mass balance. Soil N partitioning was probed via compound-specific ¹⁵N-stable isotope analyses of soil microbial protein. Concentration-dependent decreases in plant ¹⁵N uptake occurred with increased leached nitrogen for LDPE microplastic. Assimilation into soil microbial protein was higher for biodegradable plastics, which we associate with early-stage biodegradable plastic degradation. Partitioning of ¹⁵N into inorganic soil N pools was affected by LDPE size, with lower assimilation into the microbial protein pool. While microplastics and macroplastics altered soil N cycling, the limited impacts on plant health indicated the threshold for negative effects was not reached at agriculturally relevant concentrations. This study highlights the difference between conventional and biodegradable plastics, and emphasises that the interplay of micro and macroplastics on soil N cycling must be considered in future studies.

Stability of self-reported psychopathic traits in at-risk adolescents in youth welfare and juvenile justice institutions

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the self-reported stability of psychopathic traits in adolescents in residential care (both child welfare and juvenile justice placed juveniles) and potential influencing factors.

METHODS

We applied the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI) in a sample of 162 adolescents (M = 15.0 years, SD = 1.3) over a mean time interval of 11 months (min. 6, max. 21 months, SD = 3.14).

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in YPI total score nor in the three underlying dimensions Grandiose-Manipulative (GM), Callous-Unemotional (CU), and Impulsive-Irresponsible (II) between t1 and t2. Furthermore, approximately 70% of the adolescents showed no clinically significant reliable change on the YPI total score (as measured with the reliable change index), 15% improved, 15% deteriorated. The strongest predictor for psychopathic traits at t2 were psychopathic traits at t1. Additional predictors for higher levels of general psychopathic traits was male sex, for CU-traits male sex and lower levels of internalizing mental health problems, and for II-traits higher levels of externalizing mental health problems. Generally, the three reliable change groups (increase, no change, decrease) did not seemed to differ on relevant factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results add to the findings that psychopathic traits are relatively stable in this at-risk group over approximately a 1-year time interval. Research with a longer follow-up time and more time points is warranted to better interpret these results.

POS0183 SIGLEC1 AS A TYPE I INTERFERON BIOMARKER IN IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHIES

Background:

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are autoimmune diseases that mainly affect skeletal muscle, lung, skin and joints. IIM can be separated into dermatomyositis (DM), inclusion body myositis (IBM), antisynthetase syndrome (AS) and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM). Type I interferons (IFN) are known to play a crucial role in the etiopathogenesis of some of these entities such as DM.[1] Sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1 (SIGLEC1, CD169) is part of the type I IFN signature found in SLE and DM and is expressed on the cell surface of monocytes. Thus, analysis of SIGLEC1 expression by flow cytometry enables a straightforward assessment of the type I IFN signature. Its utility has been shown for juvenile and adult SLE and other rheumatic diseases but not in IIM.[2,3] The assessment of the type I IFN system in clinical practice is an unmet need and, in this context, SIGLEC1 might be useful.

Objectives:

To assess SIGLEC1 expression on monocytes by flow cytometry as a type I IFN biomarker in IIM

Methods:

Pediatric and adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of DM, AS, IMNM and IBM and at least one measurement of SIGLEC1 who have been treated at the Department of Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin between 2015 and 2020 were included in this retrospective study. Control groups of healthy individuals (n=19) and SLE patients (n=30) were included. Disease activity was assessed by Physician Global Assessment (PGA) and Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS). SIGLEC1 expression on monocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cross-sectional analyses (n=74) were performed using Mann Whitney-U test (MWU) and two-level mixed-effects linear regression model was used for longitudinal analyses (n=26, 110 visits). This study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin.

Results:

74 patients (adult/juvenile DM: n=21/n=17; AS: n=19; IMNM: n=8; IBM: n=9) were included. In cross-sectional analysis, SIGLEC1 expression was significantly upregulated in adult and juvenile DM patients with moderate to severe disease activity (PGA≥5) compared with adult/juvenile DM patients with no to moderate disease activity (PGA<5) (both p<0.001). In longitudinal analyses, SIGLEC1 correlated with disease activity in juvenile DM (SIGLEC1 vs. CMAS: betaST=-0.65; p<0.001) and adult DM (SIGLEC1 vs. PGA: betaST=0.52; p<0.001), better than Creatine Kinase (CK) (juvenile DM, CK vs. CMAS: betaST=-0.50; p<0.001; adult DM, CK vs PGA: betaST=0.17; p=0.149). In AS 42,1% of the patients showed elevated SIGLEC1 expression, while it was not upregulated in IMNM and only in two patients with IBM, who were concurrently positive for autoantibodies that affect the type I IFN system (see Figure 1).

Conclusion:

SIGLEC1 is a useful biomarker to identify an activated type I IFN system in IIM. Flow cytometry is used widely in laboratory medicine, which could facilitate the implementation of SIGLEC1 into clinical routine.

References:

[1]Gallay L, Mouchiroud G, Chazaud B. Interferon-signature in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2019;31:634–42. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000653

[2]Rose T, Grutzkau A, Hirseland H, et al. IFNalpha and its response proteins, IP-10 and SIGLEC-1, are biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1639–45. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201586

[3]Stuckrad SL von, Klotsche J, Biesen R, et al. SIGLEC1 (CD169) is a sensitive biomarker for the deterioration of the clinical course in childhood systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2020;:961203320965699. doi:10.1177/0961203320965699

Figure 1.

SIGLEC1 expression on monocytes in IIM subgroups and control groups; in IIM subgroups, patients with low disease activity (PGA<5) are marked in blue, patients with high disease activity (PGA≥5) are marked in red; mAb/cell, monoclonal antibodies bound per cell

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

A vanishing dynamic capillarity limit equation with discontinuous flux

We prove existence and uniqueness of a solution to the Cauchy problem corresponding to the dynamics capillarity equation ∂ t u ε , δ + div f ε , δ ( x , u ε , δ ) = ε Δ u ε , δ + δ ( ε ) ∂ t Δ u ε , δ , x ∈ M , t ≥ 0 u | t = 0 = u 0 ( x ) . Here, f ε , δ and u 0 are smooth functions while ε and δ = δ ( ε ) are fixed constants. Assuming f ε , δ → f ∈ L p ( R d × R ; R d ) for some 1 < p < ∞ , strongly as ε → 0 , we prove that, under an appropriate relationship between ε and δ ( ε ) depending on the regularity of the flux f , the sequence of solutions ( u ε , δ ) strongly converges in L loc 1 ( R + × R d ) toward a solution to the conservation law ∂ t u + div f ( x , u ) = 0 . The main tools employed in the proof are the Leray-Schauder fixed point theorem for the first part and reduction to the kinetic formulation combined with recent results in the velocity averaging theory for the second. These results have the potential to generate a stable semigroup of solutions to the underlying scalar conservation laws different from the Kruzhkov entropy solutions concept.

Tibial nailing using a suprapatellar rather than an infrapatellar approach significantly reduces anterior knee pain postoperatively: a multicentre clinical trial

AIMS

The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of anterior knee pain after antegrade tibial nailing using suprapatellar and infrapatellar surgical approaches.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 95 patients with a tibial fracture requiring an intramedullary nail were randomized to treatment using a supra- or infrapatellar approach. Anterior knee pain was assessed at four and six months, and one year postoperatively, using the Aberdeen Weightbearing Test - Knee (AWT-K) score and a visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain. The AWT-K is an objective patient-reported outcome measure that uses weight transmitted through the knee when kneeling as a surrogate for anterior knee pain.

RESULTS

A total of 53 patients were randomized to a suprapatellar approach and 42 to an infrapatellar approach. AWT-K results showed a greater mean proportion of weight transmitted through the injured leg compared with the uninjured leg when kneeling in the suprapatellar group compared with the infrapatellar group at all timepoints at all follow-up visits. This reached significance at four months for all timepoints except 30 seconds. It also reached significance at six months at 0 seconds, and for one year at 60 seconds.

CONCLUSION

The suprapatellar surgical approach for antegrade tibial nailing is associated with less anterior knee pain postoperatively compared with the infrapatellar approach Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1138-1143.

Driving Ability and Psychotropic Drugs: Legal Framework, Forensic Aspects

Although the rate of victims of road traffic accidents is already relatively low in Switzerland compared to other western countries, still 253 people died in 2015. The Swiss parliament therefore issued in 2012 already a program called “Via secura” to increase road traffic security by means of a package of measures, ranging from immobilizing systems for the car in case of drunken drivers to stricter rules for medical assessment of ability to drive a car and better training for doctors in such assessment to finally stricter laws regarding lower tolerance for alcohol levels and zero tolerance for drug consumption when driving a car. The presentation will focus on changes in legal regulation for both medical assessment as well as rules for alcohol or drug consumption when driving a car. Positive and negative consequences for the field of forensic psychiatry are discussed.

Disclosure of interest

The author declares that he has no competing interest.

Orientation Congruency Effects for Familiar Objects

How do observers recognize objects after spatial transformations? Recent neurocomputational models have proposed that object recognition is based on coordinate transformations that align memory and stimulus representations. If the recognition of a misoriented object is achieved by adjusting a coordinate system (or reference frame), then recognition should be facilitated when the object is preceded by a different object in the same orientation. In the two experiments reported here, two objects were presented in brief masked displays that were in close temporal contiguity; the objects were in either congruent or incongruent picture-plane orientations. Results showed that naming accuracy was higher for congruent than for incongruent orientations. The congruency effect was independent of superordinate category membership (Experiment 1) and was found for objects with different main axes of elongation (Experiment 2). The results indicate congruency effects for common familiar objects even when they have dissimilar shapes. These findings are compatible with models in which object recognition is achieved by an adjustment of a perceptual coordinate system.

Preparation of photochromic paper, using fibre-attached spiropyran polymer networks

Spiropyran-based photochromic paper was prepared by covalent immobilisation of functional polymer networks. The sensitivity of the UV-induced colour change was dynamically adjusted by a damping method. Thereby, a colourimetric UV sensor was designed.

High Estradiol Levels During Postmenopause - Pitfalls in Laboratory Analysis

A 54-year-old woman was admitted with a result of high serum estradiol levels (> 4300 pg/ml) and typical postmenopausal symptoms. She had a history of an adnexectomy (normal histopathology) due to the elevated estradiol levels. After surgery, estradiol levels were as high as before. Analyzing the anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B, DHEA-S and estrone, typical postmenopausal levels were found. Serum estradiol levels were controlled several times with rabbit-derived polyclonal as well as monoclonal antibodies to optimize the selectivity of the test system. Secondary, a radioimmunoassay was performed to exclude interferences of the detection system where lower, but still elevated estradiol levels (186 pg/ml) were found. Hypothesizing that our patient underwent a cross reaction with irregular antibodies, a control was done using sheep-derived antibodies, which proved a postmenopausal hormone level (estradiol level < 5 pg/ml). This result was confirmed using a fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA) revealing high levels of irregular antibodies (> 200 mg/l; reference < 30 mg/l). This case depicts the pitfalls of estradiol measurement detecting false elevated estradiol levels in a postmenopausal woman.

Surface Influences on the Electrodiffusive Behavior in Mesoporous Templates

The physicochemical details of the well-established template-assisted electrodeposition process for metal nanowire fabrication are investigated with respect to the physical origination for template geometry limitation. The overall process of metal reduction inside anodized Al2 O3 (AAO) is divided into three parts: i) the electrochemical reduction at the pore bottom, ii) the diffusion of the electrolytic species, and iii) the capacitive interaction between pore surface and electrolyte. The results show that the reduction of Ni is controlled by the degree of electrode recession, i.e., the pore depth. Applying Cottrell's equation to pulsed electrodeposition enables experimental access to diffusion coefficients (DNi2+). This gives a gradient in DNi2+ along with the filling process. The switch-over from crystallization to diffusion control is investigated to depend on temperature and pore length. Additionally, the electrode surface capacitance scales non-linearly with the pore depth. This is deduced as a consequence of electrostatic surface-electrolyte interaction. A minimum in the electrode capacitance at a pore length of 48 μm is identified as the point with maximum thickness of a double-layer-type surface effect to the electrolyte. The results extend the template's role from simply geometrically limiting metal growth and explain occurring process issues when filling especially high-aspect-ratio pores.

Ultrasound-guided diagnosis of fractures of the distal forearm in children

PURPOSE

Distal radius and forearm fractures are injuries that are frequently seen in trauma surgery outpatient clinics. Usually, the wrist is X-rayed in 2 planes as standard diagnostic procedure. In contrast, we evaluate in our study the accuracy of ultrasonography (US) in diagnosing these fractures.

METHODS

This prospective study includes the patients who presented at two trauma surgery clinics with a presumptive diagnosis of distal radius or forearm fracture between January and December 2012. After a clinical examination, US imaging of the distal forearm was first carried out on 6 standardized planes followed by radiographs of the wrist made in two planes. The age limit was set at the end of 11 years.

RESULTS

In total, 201 patients between 4 and 11 years of age were recruited with an average age of 9.5 years at the time of the trauma. There were 104 (51.7%) fractures distributed as follows: 89 (85.9%) injuries of the distal radius, 9 (8.7%) injuries of the distal ulna, and 6 (5.8%) combined injuries (radius and ulna). Sixty-five greenstick fractures were detected. Surgery was necessary in 34 cases. Specificity and sensitivity of ultrasound diagnosis were 99.5%.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound imaging is suitable to demonstrate fractures of the distal forearm. It is a highly sensitive procedure in detecting distal forearm fractures. In our opinion, a negative result in ultrasound may reduce the need for further radiographs in children with distal forearm lesions. But in any doubtful situation the need for conventional radiographs remains.

Electrochemical Reaction in Single Layer MoS2: Nanopores Opened Atom by Atom

Ultrathin nanopore membranes based on 2D materials have demonstrated ultimate resolution toward DNA sequencing. Among them, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) shows long-term stability as well as superior sensitivity enabling high throughput performance. The traditional method of fabricating nanopores with nanometer precision is based on the use of focused electron beams in transmission electron microscope (TEM). This nanopore fabrication process is time-consuming, expensive, not scalable, and hard to control below 1 nm. Here, we exploited the electrochemical activity of MoS2 and developed a convenient and scalable method to controllably make nanopores in single-layer MoS2 with subnanometer precision using electrochemical reaction (ECR). The electrochemical reaction on the surface of single-layer MoS2 is initiated at the location of defects or single atom vacancy, followed by the successive removals of individual atoms or unit cells from single-layer MoS2 lattice and finally formation of a nanopore. Step-like features in the ionic current through the growing nanopore provide direct feedback on the nanopore size inferred from a widely used conductance vs pore size model. Furthermore, DNA translocations can be detected in situ when as-fabricated MoS2 nanopores are used. The atomic resolution and accessibility of this approach paves the way for mass production of nanopores in 2D membranes for potential solid-state nanopore sequencing.

Peripartum pubic symphysis separation--Current strategies in diagnosis and therapy and presentation of two cases

BACKGROUND

During spontaneous vaginal delivery, pubic symphyseal widening is normal. Common changes are reversible after complication-free birth. However, cases of peripartum symphysis separation are rare. There is no consensus in the literature on how to treat pregnancy-related pubic symphysis separation.

METHODS

This review used a literature-based search (PubMed, 1900-2013) and analysis of 2 own case reports. Studies with conclusions regarding management were particularly considered.

RESULTS

Characteristic symptoms, suprapubic pain and tenderness radiating to the posterior pelvic girdle or lower back, may be noted 48 h after delivery. Pain on movement, especially walking or climbing stairs, is often present. Conservative treatments, such as a pelvic brace with physiotherapy and local interventions such as infiltration, are successful in most cases. Symptom reduction within 6 weeks is the most common outcome, but can take up to 6 months in some cases. Surgical intervention is needed in cases of persistent separation. Anterior plate fixation is offered as a well-known and safe procedure. Minimally invasive SI joint screw fixation is required in cases of combined posterior pelvic girdle lesions.

SUMMARY

Postpartum symphyseal rupture can be indicated with the rare occurrence of pelvic pain post-delivery, with sciatica or lumbago and decreased mobility. The diagnosis is made on clinical findings, as well as radiographs of the pelvic girdle. Conservative treatment with a pelvic brace is the gold standard in pre- and postpartum cases of symphysis dysfunction.

Injuries and overuse syndromes in competitive and elite bodybuilding

Competitive bodybuilding is a weightlifting sport similar to powerlifting, strongman competition and Olympic weightlifting, which aims to increase muscle mass, symmetry, and body definition. Although data regarding rates of injury, overuse syndromes and pain during routine training is available for these other disciplines, it is rare for competitive bodybuilding. The aim of this study was to investigate rates of injury, pain during workouts and/or overuse syndromes, as well as the influence of particular intrinsic and external factors. Data was collected using questionnaires from 71 competitive and elite bodybuilders. The information included training routines and prior injuries. Participants were recruited from bodybuilding clubs in Germany. 45.1% of athletes reported symptoms while training. The overall injury rate was computed to be 0.12 injuries per bodybuilder per year (0.24 injuries per 1 000 h of bodybuilding). Athletes over 40 exhibited higher rates of injury (p=0.029). Other investigated parameters showed no effects. Most injuries occurred in the shoulder, elbow, lumbar spine and knee regions. A large proportion of bodybuilders complained of pain not resulting in interruptions of training/competition. The injury rate is low compared to other weightlifting disciplines such as powerlifting, Olympic weightlifting or strongman competition. In comparison to team or contact sports the injury rate is minimal.

Detection of RNAP-DNA complexes using solid state nanopores

Transcription is the first step in gene expression where DNA is copied into RNA. It is extensively studied at the bulk level especially the regulation mechanism, which in cancerous cells is impaired. We were interested in studying E. coli RNAP enzyme at the single-molecule level for its functional as well as molecular motor properties. With nanopore sensing, we were able to observe RNA polymerase-DNA complexes translocate through nanopores and able to distinguish between individual complexes and bare RNA polymerase. We were also able to observe orientation of RNA polymerase in the nanopore whether flow or electric field predominates. The complexity of the signals from the protein-DNA complexes experiment motivated us to develop level detection software. This software is based on a change detection method called the CUSUM algorithm. OpenNanpore software was designed to analyze in details current blockages in nanopore signals with very little prior knowledge on the signal. With this work one can separate events according to their number of levels and study those sub-populations separately.

Fast and automatic processing of multi-level events in nanopore translocation experiments

We have developed a method to analyze in detail, translocation events providing a novel and flexible tool for data analysis of nanopore experiments. Our program, called OpenNanopore, is based on the cumulative sums algorithm (CUSUM algorithm). This algorithm is an abrupt change detection algorithm that provides fitting of current blockages, allowing the user to easily identify the different levels in each event. Our method detects events using adaptive thresholds that adapt to low-frequency variations in the baseline. After event identification, our method uses the CUSUM algorithm to fit the levels inside every event and automatically extracts their time and amplitude information. This facilitates the statistical analysis of an event population with a given number of levels. The obtained information improves the interpretation of interactions between the molecule and nanopore. Since our program does not require any prior information about the analyzed molecules, novel molecule-nanopore interactions can be characterized. In addition our program is very fast and stable. With the progress in fabrication and control of the translocation speed, in the near future, our program could be useful in identification of the different bases of DNA.

[Operative treatment of pediatric open fractures of the lower limb using the Taylor spatial frame fixator]

The operative management of open fractures of the lower limb requires a consistent treatment to avoid soft tissue complications. Acute angular shortening of the fracture enabling primary soft tissue closure is still an uncommon operative technique because of difficulties in correcting the secondary deformity. The case of a pediatric open fracture of the lower limb (Gustilo type IIIa) is described, which was treated with acute angular shortening followed by gradual correction using the Taylor spatial frame (TSF).

Measurement of common carotid artery intima-media thickness in clinical practice: comparison of B-mode and RF-based technique

PURPOSE

The common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) is usually measured using B-mode ultrasound images. A different approach for CCA-IMT detection is based on radio frequency (RF) multiple M-line analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study explores the relationship between B-mode and RF measurement of CCA-IMT, as well as the reproducibility of both methods in 136 patients recently diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Within one session, repeated measurements were made in the distal CCA bilaterally, using the B-mode (averaged over 10 mm) and RF technique (averaging 12 M-lines over 14 mm).

RESULTS

The two methods correlate well (Pearson r = 0.765). The CCA-IMT values measured with B-mode and RF were 0.779 +/- 0.196 mm and 0.734 +/- 0.172 mm, respectively. B-mode CCA-IMT is significantly larger than RF CCA-IMT (mean difference of 0.045 mm, SEM 7.8 microm; t = 5.82; p < 0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis, carotid artery stenosis, inhomogeneous IMT and diabetes mellitus were the main predictors of differences between B-mode and RF CCA-IMT. The intrapatient variation for B-mode and RF-based CCA-IMT is comparable (0.05 +/- 0.04 mm and 0.07 +/- 0.05 mm, respectively).

CONCLUSION

CCA-IMT values measured with RF and B-mode have similar reproducibility and exhibit acceptable correlation, but RF CCA-IMT is significantly smaller. The difference between both methods is mainly due to advanced atherosclerosis. Hence, both methods can be used reliably to measure CCA-IMT in clinical practice.

Development, Control, and Evaluation of an Actuated Car Door

Actuated car doors are a promising way to increase the convenience of access to cars. We propose an advanced actuation and control concept which can easily be integrated into conventional car doors. By utilizing a linear, nonbackdrivable actuator and various sensors, both automatic and manual door operations are enabled. A discrete state controller ensures a safe operation of the door, including automatic opening and closing. The realization of a supportive, high-quality haptic interaction with the car door for the manual operation is the principal part of our work. Due to the impracticality of a direct measurement of the user interaction force at a car door, we chose impedance control to render the desired dynamics. The impedance was designed to provide a convenient, intuitive, and safe manual handling of the door. We implemented and tested four different impedance control schemes, of which impedance control with actuator force feedback performed best. Two experimental evaluations with 16 and 27 participants revealed a predominant approval of the actuated car door.