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Walther B, Guggisberg D, Badertscher R, Egger L, Portmann R, Dubois S, Haldimann M, Kopf-Bolanz K, Rhyn P, Zoller O, Veraguth R, Rezzi S. Comparison of nutritional composition between plant-based drinks and cow's milk. Front Nutr 2022; 9:988707. [PMID: 36386959 PMCID: PMC9650290 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.988707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The high decline in liquid milk consumption in Western countries has been compensated by the increased consumption of processed dairy products and the rapidly increasing number of new plant-based beverages constantly introduced in the market, advertised as milk substitutes and placed on shelves near milk products. To provide better understanding about the nutritional value of these drinks compared with cow's milk, 27 plant-based drinks of 8 different species and two milk samples were purchased from two big retailers in Switzerland, and their composition regarding protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin, and mineral contents and residue load [glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and arsenic] was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Energy and nutrient intakes were calculated and compared with the dietary reference values for Germany, Austria and Switzerland (D-A-CH). In addition, the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) was calculated to estimate the quality of the proteins. Milk contained more energy; fat; carbohydrate; vitamins C, B2, B12, and A; biotin; pantothenic acid; calcium; phosphorus; and iodine than most plant-based drinks. Soy drinks provided slightly more protein and markedly more vitamins B1 and B6, folic acid, and vitamins E and D2 (with supplemented vitamin D2) and K1, magnesium, manganese, iron, and copper than milk and the other plant-based drinks. However, with the exception of cow's milk and soy drinks, which had > 3% protein, most milk alternatives contained ≤ 1% protein; therefore, they cannot be considered good protein sources. In regard to protein quality, milk was outstanding compared with all plant-based drinks and exhibited higher calculated DIAASs. Our results show that the analyzed plant-based drinks are not real alternatives to milk in terms of nutrient composition, even if the actual fortification is taken into account. Improved fortification is still an issue and can be optimized using the most bioavailable and soluble derivatives. Complete replacement of milk with plant-based drinks without adjusting the overall diet can lead to deficiencies of certain important nutrients in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Max Haldimann
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Kopf-Bolanz
- School of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rhyn
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Otmar Zoller
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Serge Rezzi
- Swiss Nutrition and Health Foundation, Épalinges, Switzerland
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Fuchs K, Grundmann T, Haldimann M, Fleisch E. HoloSelecta dataset: 10'035 GTIN-labelled product instances in vending machines for object detection of packaged products in retail environments. Data Brief 2020; 32:106280. [PMID: 32984473 PMCID: PMC7494663 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the potential of current neural network architectures to reliably identify packaged products within a retail environment, we created an open-source dataset of 295 shelf images of vending machines with 10'035 labelled instances of 109 products. The dataset contains photos of vending machines by the provider Selecta, the largest European operator of vending machines. The vending machines are a mix of machines in public and private office spaces. The vending machines contain food as well as beverage products. The product instances in the vending machine images are labelled with bounding boxes, where a bounding box encapsulates the entire product with as little overlap as possible. The labels corresponding to the bounding box consist of a structured, human-readable labels including brand, product name and size as well as the GTIN of the product. The GTIN is the global standard to identify products in the retail environment and therefore increases the value as a dataset for the retail industry. Contrary to typical object detection datasets that choose labels at a higher level such as a can or bottle for a much wider variety of objects, this dataset chooses a far more detailed label that depends less on the shape but rather on the exact design of the product. The dataset falls into the category of object detection datasets with a large number of objects, which next to the GTIN label, represents a main differentiator of the dataset to other object detection datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Fuchs
- ETH Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
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Jenny-Burri J, Blanc A, Aubert R, Haldimann M, Zürcher U, Burnier M, Paccaud F, Bochud M, Dudler V. Uranium exposure of the Swiss population based on 24-hour urinary excretion. Swiss Med Wkly 2020; 150:w20207. [PMID: 32294221 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2020.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Important regional differences in uranium exposure exist because of varying uranium concentrations in soil, water and food. Comprehensive data on the exposure of the general population to uranium is, however, scarce. Based on the 24-hour urinary excretion, the uranium exposure of the adult Swiss population was assessed in relation to age, sex, place of residence, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit and type of drinking water, as well as risk factors in relation to kidney impairment and indicators of a possible renal dysfunction. METHODS Uranium was quantified in 24-hour urine from a nationwide population-based sample (n = 1393). The ratio 238U/233U was measured for isotope dilution calibration with a sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (HR-ICP-MS). RESULTS Overall median and 95th percentile were 15 and 67 ng/24 h, respectively. The place of residence significantly influenced urinary uranium excretion. However, most of the highest urinary uranium excretion levels could not be associated to areas known for their elevated uranium concentrations in the drinking water. Sources other than the local drinking water (e.g., bottled water) might be important, too. Gender as well as albumin excretion also had a significant effect on uranium excretion. The latter was, however, strongly dependent on the presence of diabetes mellitus. No association was found for age, BMI, smoking habit or the other examined kidney related variables. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of uranium exposure, assessed via 24-hour urinary uranium excretion, and current knowledge of the toxicity of naturally occurring uranium, a substantial corresponding health risk for the general adult population is unlikely. However, as long as no specific sensitive biomarker for the biological impact of low-dose chronic uranium exposure has been identified and validated, assessing subtle health impact of such exposure will remain difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Jenny-Burri
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annabelle Blanc
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Aubert
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Max Haldimann
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ursina Zürcher
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fred Paccaud
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Dudler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
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Haldimann M, Walther B, Dudler V, Aubert R, Wechsler D. Increase of iodine content in brine-salted soft, semi-hard and hard cheeses by diffusion of iodide. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1787-1799. [PMID: 31553689 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1668571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Iodised salt (supplemented with potassium iodide) is the primary source of iodine in Switzerland, but it is rarely used in the manufacture of cheese. In the present study, the diffusion of iodide and chloride in experimentally produced soft, semi-hard and hard cheeses was investigated after brine-salting and subsequent ripening with iodised or non-iodised salt. Diffusion of iodide (I-) and chloride (Cl-) into the cheeses was monitored by zonal analyses at different times of ripening. The concurrent diffusion of the two ions in the aqueous phase of cheeses was modelled using Fick's law and the apparent diffusion coefficients (Dapp) were determined. The results showed that iodide diffuses more slowly into the interior of the cheeses than chloride. Although the ripened cheeses still showed a concentration gradient between rind and centre, an average increase of 402 ± 30 µg kg-1 iodine was achieved in the edible part of the cheeses treated with iodised salt. Based on a national food survey, the hypothetical contribution of cheese to the dietary iodine intake was estimated. If cheese was produced with iodised salt, it would cover approximately 10% of the recommended daily iodine intake (150 µg d-1). Therefore, the use of iodised salt in cheese production would make an important contribution to a iodine supply for population groupswith borderline iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Haldimann
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Vincent Dudler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Aubert
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
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van der Reijden OL, Galetti V, Bürki S, Zeder C, Krzystek A, Haldimann M, Berard J, Zimmermann MB, Herter-Aeberli I. Iodine bioavailability from cow milk: a randomized, crossover balance study in healthy iodine-replete adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:102-110. [PMID: 31788697 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk and dairy products are considered important dietary sources of iodine in many countries. However, to our knowledge, iodine bioavailability from milk has not been directly measured in humans. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare iodine bioavailability in iodine-replete adults from: 1) cow milk containing a high concentration of native iodine; 2) milk containing a low concentration of native iodine, with the addition of potassium iodide (KI) to assess a potential matrix effect; and 3) an aqueous solution of KI as a comparator; with all 3 containing equal amounts of total iodine (263 µg/250 mL). We also speciated iodine in milk. DESIGN We conducted a 3-wk, randomized, crossover balance study in adults (n = 12) consuming directly analyzed, standardized diets. During the 3 test conditions - high intrinsic iodine milk (IIM), extrinsically added iodine in milk (EIM), and aqueous iodine solution (AIS) - subjects collected 24-h urine over 3 d and consumed the test drink on the second day, with 3- or 4-d wash-out periods prior to each treatment. Iodine absorption was calculated as the ratio of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) to total iodine intake. Milk iodine speciation was performed using ion chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Iodine intake from the standardized diet was 195 ± 6 µg/d for males and 107 ± 6 µg/d for females; the test drinks provided an additional 263 µg. Eleven subjects completed the protocol. There was a linear relation between iodine intake and UIE (β = 0.89, SE = 0.04, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in UIE among the 3 conditions (P = 0.24). Median (range) fractional iodine absorption across the 3 conditions was 91 (51-145), 72 (48-95), and 98 (51-143)% on days 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with day 2 significantly lower compared with days 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). In milk, 80-93% of the total iodine was inorganic iodide. CONCLUSION Nearly all of the iodine in cow milk is iodide and although fractional iodine absorption from milk decreases with increasing dose, its bioavailability is high. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03590431.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L van der Reijden
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Galetti
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Bürki
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Zeder
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Krzystek
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Haldimann
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Division of Risk Assessment, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joel Berard
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Herter-Aeberli
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Zurich, Switzerland
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Stalder E, Haldimann M, Blanc A, Dudler V, Ponte B, Pruijm M, Ackermann D, Bochud M. Use of day and night urinary iodine excretion to estimate the prevalence of inadequate iodine intakes via the estimated average requirement cut-point method. Swiss Med Wkly 2019; 149:w20090. [PMID: 31154659 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2019.20090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to determine urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in day and night samples collected over a 24-hour period and evaluate the usual dietary iodine intake distribution from this collection. We propose a method by which the prevalence of inadequacy can be calculated from a single 24-hour collection, reducing the burden on participants and the study costs. The samples from 1128 participants were collected between 2009 and 2013 within the framework of the Swiss Kidney Project on Genes observational cohort study; 1024 samples were suitable for statistical evaluation of iodine analysis. Participants were over 18, resident in Switzerland and of European ancestry. Over 24 hours, urine was collected as night-time (bedtime until and including first morning urine) and day-time (the remainder) samples. Associations with variables, in particular to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), were investigated using mixed models. The 24-hour median UICs were 73 and 96 µg/l for women (n = 542) and men (n = 482), respectively; 24-hour median intakes (derived from the corresponding excretion) were 127 and 156 µg/d, respectively. Day and night excretions were normalised to 24-hour excretion values and the usual intake distribution calculated by the US National Cancer Institute method. The Estimated Average Requirement cut-point method was used to calculate the prevalence of inadequacy, estimated at 14% for women and 4% for men; above the target of 2-3%. We conclude that segregating 24-hour urine into day and night collections is sufficient to determine the prevalence of iodine inadequacy in the population and reduces the burden on participants by sparing a second 24-hour collection. No association between iodine intake and eGFR was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Stalder
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Max Haldimann
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annabelle Blanc
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Dudler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Belen Ponte
- Department of Nephrology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ackermann
- Department for Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Beer-Borst S, Luta X, Hayoz S, Sommerhalder K, Krause CG, Eisenblätter J, Jent S, Siegenthaler S, Aubert R, Haldimann M, Strazzullo P. Study design and baseline characteristics of a combined educational and environmental intervention trial to lower sodium intake in Swiss employees. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:421. [PMID: 29606103 PMCID: PMC5879608 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood pressure is a primary cardiovascular disease risk factor. Population-wide governmental strategies aim to reduce lifestyle and dietary risk factors for hypertension, one of which is an unbalanced diet with high sodium and low potassium intakes. Nutrition interventions in the workplace are considered a promising approach in encouraging health-promoting behaviors. We developed and conducted the health promoting sodium reduction trial "Healthful & Tasty: Sure!" in worksites in the German-speaking part of Switzerland from May 2015 to Nov 2016, for which we present the study protocol and baseline characteristics. METHODS Healthful & Tasty, a cluster nonrandomized single-arm trial with calibration arm, aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of a combined educational and environmental intervention in the workplace in reducing employees' average daily sodium/salt intake by 15%. To this end, health and food literacy of employees and guideline compliance among the catering facility team needed to be improved. The primary outcome measure was sodium/salt intake estimated from sodium excretion in a 24-h urine sample. Secondary outcome measures included changes in the overall qualitative diet composition, blood pressure, anthropometric indices, and health and food literacy. Of eight organizations with catering facilities, seven organizations took part in the nutrition education and catering salt reduction interventions, and one organization participated as a control. Overall, 145 consenting employees were included in the staggered, one-year four-phase trial, of which 132 participated in the intervention group. In addition to catering surveys and food sampling, the trial included five follow-up health assessments including questionnaires, blood pressure measurements, anthropometrics, and sodium, potassium, and iodine intake measurements obtained from 24-h and spot urine samples, and a food record checklist. Exploratory and hypothesis generating baseline statistical analysis included 141 participants with adequate 24-h urine samples. DISCUSSION Despite practice-driven limitations to the study design and small cluster and participant numbers, this trial has methodological strength and will provide important insights into the effectiveness of a combined educational and environmental intervention to reduce salt intake among female and male Swiss employees. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00006790 . Registered 23 September 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Beer-Borst
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Xhyljeta Luta
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hayoz
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Sommerhalder
- Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Murtenstrasse 10, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Corinna Gréa Krause
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Eisenblätter
- Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Murtenstrasse 10, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Jent
- Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Murtenstrasse 10, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Siegenthaler
- Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Murtenstrasse 10, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Aubert
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Division of Risk Assessment, Laboratories, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Max Haldimann
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Division of Risk Assessment, Laboratories, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, Federico II University of Naples Medical School, via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Walther B, Wechsler D, Schlegel P, Haldimann M. Iodine in Swiss milk depending on production (conventional versus organic) and on processing (raw versus UHT) and the contribution of milk to the human iodine supply. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 46:138-143. [PMID: 29413103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The iodine content in milk depends on various factors, including the season, production system, and location of milk production. The aim of this study was 1) to obtain data on the iodine concentration of conventional and organically produced milk and according to seasons; 2) to compare these actual data with previous measurement data; 3) to study the influence of UHT treatment on the iodine content and 4) to estimate the contribution of organic and conventional milk to the consumer's iodine intake. A total of 110 samples of conventional and organic ultra-heat treated (UHT) whole milk were collected in the period between 1 May 2013 and 30 April 2014 from two large-scale companies, processing milk from two regions in Switzerland. The iodine concentration in organic milk (average 71 ± 25 μg/l) was significantly lower than in conventional milk (average 111 ± 26 μg/l) and varied between suppliers. Milk iodine concentration varied according to the month of collection in organic and conventionally produced milk, with lowest values between August and October (organic milk 42 μg/l; conventional milk 75 μg/l) and highest values in January (organic milk 99 μg/l; conventional milk 145 μg/l). Heat treatment did not influence iodine concentration. Since milk and dairy products are significant source of food-related iodine intake in Switzerland, consumers who prefer organic milk and dairy products are likely to have an inferior iodine status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Walther
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Wechsler
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Max Haldimann
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
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Guillod-Magnin R, Brüschweiler BJ, Aubert R, Haldimann M. Arsenic species in rice and rice-based products consumed by toddlers in Switzerland. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1164-1178. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1440641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Guillod-Magnin
- Division of Risk Assessment, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Berne, Switzerland
| | - Beat J. Brüschweiler
- Division of Risk Assessment, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Berne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Aubert
- Division of Risk Assessment, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Berne, Switzerland
| | - Max Haldimann
- Division of Risk Assessment, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Berne, Switzerland
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Bochud M, Jenny-Burri J, Pruijm M, Ponte B, Guessous I, Ehret G, Petrovic D, Dudler V, Haldimann M, Escher G, Dick B, Mohaupt M, Paccaud F, Burnier M, Péchère-Bertschi A, Martin PY, Vogt B, Ackermann D. Urinary Cadmium Excretion Is Associated With Increased Synthesis of Cortico- and Sex Steroids in a Population Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:748-758. [PMID: 29077874 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Urinary cadmium (Cd) excretion is associated with cancer and cardiovascular morbidity. A potential mechanism could be disturbance of steroidogenesis in gonads and adrenal glands. OBJECTIVE We tested whether urinary excretion of Cd is correlated with that of cortico- and sex steroid metabolites in the general adult population. SETTING The Swiss Kidney Project on Genes in Hypertension is a multicentric, family-based population study. MEASURES Urinary excretions of steroid hormone metabolites and Cd were measured with separate day and night collections. Associations were analyzed by mixed linear models. RESULTS Urinary Cd and testosterone excretions in men were significantly correlated (respective day and night β values [standard error (SE)], 1.378 [0.242], P < 0.0005; and 1.440 [0.333], P < 0.0005), but not in women [0.333(0.257), P = 0.2; and 0.674 (0.361), P = 0.06]. Urinary Cd and cortisol excretions were positively associated in both sexes [day: β = 0.475 (SE, 0.157), P = 0.0025, and 0.877 (SE, 0.194), P < 0.0005, respectively; night: β = 0.875 (SE, 0.253), P < 0.0005 and 1.183 (SE, 0.277), P = 0.00002, respectively]. Cd excretion was correlated with mineralocorticoid metabolites excretion, except tetrahydroaldosterone, in both sexes (P < 0.01). There was an independent effect of Cd on sex hormone and corticosteroid synthesis and an interdependent effect on gluco- and mineralcorticoid production. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence for a global stimulating effect on steroid synthesis already at low-dose Cd exposure. These findings might explain the association of Cd with diseases such as steroid-sensitive cancers or metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Judith Jenny-Burri
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Belen Ponte
- Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georg Ehret
- Cardiology, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dusan Petrovic
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Dudler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Max Haldimann
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Escher
- Department for Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Department for Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Mohaupt
- Department for Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fred Paccaud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoinette Péchère-Bertschi
- Service of Endocrinology, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Martin
- Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department for Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ackermann
- Department for Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Cusnir R, Jaccard M, Bailat C, Christl M, Steinmann P, Haldimann M, Bochud F, Froidevaux P. Probing the Kinetic Parameters of Plutonium-Naturally Occurring Organic Matter Interactions in Freshwaters Using the Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:5103-10. [PMID: 27064997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of trace metals with naturally occurring organic matter (NOM) is a key process of the speciation of trace elements in aquatic environments. The rate of dissociation of metal-NOM complexes will impact the amount of free metal available for biouptake. Assessing the bioavailability of plutonium (Pu) helps to predict its toxic effects on aquatic biota. However, the rate of dissociation of Pu-NOM complexes in natural freshwaters is currently unknown. Here, we used the technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) with several diffusive layer thicknesses to provide new insights into the dissociation kinetics of Pu-NOM complexes. Results show that Pu complexes with NOM (mainly fulvic acid) are somewhat labile (0.2 ≤ ξ ≤ 0.4), with kd = 7.5 × 10(-3) s(-1). DGT measurements of environmental Pu in organic-rich natural water confirm these findings. In addition, we determined the effective diffusion coefficients of Pu(V) in polyacrylamide (PAM) gel in the presence of humic acid using a diffusion cell (D = 1.70 ± 0.25 × 10(-6) cm(2) s(-1)). These results show that Pu(V) is a more mobile species than Pu(IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Cusnir
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital , 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maud Jaccard
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital , 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bailat
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital , 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Christl
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Steinmann
- Division of Radiation Protection, Federal Office of Public Health , 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Max Haldimann
- Division of Radiation Protection, Federal Office of Public Health , 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - François Bochud
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital , 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Froidevaux
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital , 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dold S, Baumgartner J, Zeder C, Krzystek A, Osei J, Haldimann M, Zimmermann MB, Andersson M. Optimization of a New Mass Spectrometry Method for Measurement of Breast Milk Iodine Concentrations and an Assessment of the Effect of Analytic Method and Timing of Within-Feed Sample Collection on Breast Milk Iodine Concentrations. Thyroid 2016; 26:287-95. [PMID: 26563466 PMCID: PMC4985231 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) may be an indicator of iodine status during lactation, but there are few data comparing different analytical methods or timing of sampling. The aims of this study were: (i) to optimize a new inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method; and (ii) to evaluate the effect of analytical method and timing of within-feed sample collection on BMIC. METHODS The colorimetric Sandell-Kolthoff method was evaluated with (a) or without (b) alkaline ashing, and ICP-MS was evaluated using a new (129)I isotope ratio approach including Tellurium (Te) for mass bias correction (c) or external standard curve (d). From iodine-sufficient lactating women (n = 97), three samples were collected within one breast-feeding session (fore-, mid-, and hind-feed samples) and BMIC was analyzed using (c) and (d). RESULTS Iodine recovery from NIST SRM1549a whole milk powder for methods (a)-(d) was 67%, 24%, 105%, and 102%, respectively. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for ICP-MS comparing (c) and (d) were 1.3% versus 5.6% (p = 0.04) and 1.1% versus 2.4% (p = 0.33). The limit of detection (LOD) was lower for (c) (0.26 μg/kg) than it was for (d) (2.54 μg/kg; p = 0.02). Using (c), the median [95% confidence interval (CI) obtained by bootstrap] BMIC (μg/kg) in foremilk (179 [CI 161-206]) and in mid-feed milk (184 [CI 160-220]) were not significantly different (p = 0.017), but were higher than in hindmilk (175 [CI 153-216]; p < 0.001). In foremilk using (d), BMIC was 199 ([CI 182-257]; p < 0.001 vs. (c)). The variation in BMIC comparing (c) and (d) (13%) was greater than variation within feeding (5%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Because of poor recoveries, (a) and (b) should not be used to measure BMIC. Compared with (d), (c) has the advantages of higher precision and a lower LOD. In iodine-sufficient women, BMIC shows low variation within a breast-feeding session, so timing of sampling is not a major determinant of BMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Dold
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
| | - Christophe Zeder
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Krzystek
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Osei
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
| | - Max Haldimann
- Division of Risk Assessment, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael B. Zimmermann
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Iodine Global Network, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Andersson
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Iodine Global Network, Zurich, Switzerland
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Jenny-Burri J, Haldimann M, Brüschweiler BJ, Bochud M, Burnier M, Paccaud F, Dudler V. Cadmium body burden of the Swiss population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1265-72. [PMID: 26062765 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1051137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Urinary cadmium (Cd) excretion was measured within a representative Swiss collective. With a median of 0.23 µg/24 h (n = 1409) and the 95th percentile at 0.81 µg/24 h, no increased health risk for the general non-exposed population was identified. The independent variables Age, BMI and Smoking habit had a significant effect on urinary Cd excretion. No association was found with the region of residence and sex. A subsample comparison between 24-h and spot urines of the same subjects (n = 90) did not reveal an evident concentration difference for both creatinine-adjusted sample types. Dependencies on age and gender were observed for creatinine, which consequently impacts on the creatinine normalisation of urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Jenny-Burri
- a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office , Risk Assessment Division , Bern , Switzerland
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Bouhouch RR, Bouhouch S, Cherkaoui M, Aboussad A, Stinca S, Haldimann M, Andersson M, Zimmermann MB. Direct iodine supplementation of infants versus supplementation of their breastfeeding mothers: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:197-209. [PMID: 24622750 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodine deficiency in infants can damage the developing brain and increase mortality. Present recommendations state that oral iodised oil should be given to breastfeeding mothers to correct iodine deficiency in infancy when iodised salt is not available, and that direct supplementation should be given to infants who are not being breastfed or receiving iodine-fortified complimentary foods. However, there is little evidence for these recommendations. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of direct versus indirect supplementation of the infant. METHODS We did this double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in Morocco. Healthy breastfeeding mothers and their term newborn babies (aged ≤8 weeks) were block randomised by clinic day to receive either: one dose of 400 mg iodine to the mother and placebo to the infant (indirect infant supplementation), or one dose of about 100 mg iodine to the infant and placebo to the mother (direct infant supplementation). Randomisation was masked to participants and investigators. Coprimary outcomes were: maternal and infant urinary iodine concentrations, breastmilk iodine concentration, maternal and infant thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations, maternal and infant thyroxine (T4) concentrations, and infant growth. These outcomes were measured at baseline, and when infants were aged about 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months, and the two groups were compared using mixed effects models. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01126125. FINDINGS We recruited 241 mother-infant pairs between Feb 25, and Aug 10, 2010, and completed data collection by Aug 6, 2011. At baseline, median urinary iodine concentration was 35 μg/L (IQR 29-40) in mothers and 73 μg/L (29-237) in infants, suggesting iodine deficiency. During the study, maternal urinary iodine concentration (p=0.011), breastmilk iodine concentration (p<0.0001), and infant urinary iodine concentration (p=0.042) were higher in the indirect infant supplementation group than in the direct supplementation group. Maternal TSH (p=0.276) and T4 (p=0.074) concentrations did not differ between the groups over the course of the study, nor did infant TSH (p=0.597) and T4 (p=0.184) concentrations, but the number of infants with thyroid hypofunction was lower (p=0.023) in the indirect supplementation group than the direct supplementation group. The infant groups did not differ in anthropomorphic measures, except that length-for-age Z score was slightly greater in the direct infant supplementation group (p=0.032). At 3 months and 6 months of age, median infant urinary iodine concentration in the indirect infant supplementation group was sufficient (>100 μg/L), whereas infant urinary iodine concentration was sufficient only at 6 months in the direct supplementation group. There were no serious adverse events in either group. INTERPRETATION In regions of moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency without effective salt iodisation, lactating women who receive one dose of 400 mg iodine as oral iodised oil soon after delivery can provide adequate iodine to their infants through breastmilk for at least 6 months, enabling the infants to achieve euthyroidism. Direct supplementation is less effective in improving infant iodine status. FUNDING ETH Zurich, Switzerland; the Medicor Foundation, Vaduz, Lichtenstein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabir Bouhouch
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Cherkaoui
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Abdelmounaim Aboussad
- Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakesh, Morocco; Medical Faculty, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Sara Stinca
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Haldimann
- Consumer Protection Directorate, Federal Office of Public Health, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Andersson
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; The International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Global Network, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; The International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Global Network, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Haldimann M, Alt A, Blanc A, Brunner K, Sager F, Dudler V. Migration of antimony from PET trays into food simulant and food: determination of Arrhenius parameters and comparison of predicted and measured migration data. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:587-98. [PMID: 23286325 PMCID: PMC3613973 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.751631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Migration experiments with small sheets cut out from ovenable PET trays were performed in two-sided contact with 3% acetic acid as food simulant at various temperatures. The fraction of diffusible antimony (Sb) was estimated to be 62% in the PET sample under study. Apparent diffusion coefficients of Sb in PET trays were determined experimentally. Measurement of migration between 20 and 150°C yielded a linear Arrhenius plot over a wide temperature range from which the activation energy (E(a)) of 188 ± 36 kJ mol(-1) and the pre-exponential factor (D(0)) of 3.6 × 10(14) cm(2) s(-1) were determined for diffusing Sb species. E (a) was similar to previously reported values for PET bottles obtained with a different experimental approach. E (a) and D (0) were applied as model parameters in migration modelling software for predicting the Sb transfer in real food. Ready meals intended for preparation in a baking oven were heated in the PET trays under study and the actual Sb migration into the food phase was measured by isotope dilution ICP-MS. It was shown that the predictive modelling reproduces correctly experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haldimann
- Federal Office of Public Health, Chemical Risks Section, Bern, Switzerland.
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Stalder E, Blanc A, Haldimann M, Dudler V. Occurrence of uranium in Swiss drinking water. Chemosphere 2012; 86:672-679. [PMID: 22154002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The results of a nationwide survey of uranium in Swiss drinking water are reported. Elevated concentrations of uranium in groundwater are found mainly in the alpine regions and can be traced back to the geology of the bedrock. Water sources were systematically surveyed and analysed for the presence of Li, B, Si, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Tl, Pb and U and the results were analysed to determine if any correlation with uranium concentration was apparent. No correlation was found. The results are interpreted in relation to the current WHO guideline and those of other countries with a view to determining which areas would be affected if a maximum value were to be adopted and which areas require further investigation. Uranium content varied considerably, from below the limit of detection to almost 100 μg L(-1). Of the 5548 data samples, 98% are below the 2004 WHO provisional guideline value of 15 μg L(-1) and 99.7% below the revised (2011) value of 30 μg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stalder
- Federal Office of Public Health, Food Safety Division, Chemical Risks Section, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland
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Andersson M, Aeberli I, Wüst N, Piacenza AM, Bucher T, Henschen I, Haldimann M, Zimmermann MB. The Swiss iodized salt program provides adequate iodine for school children and pregnant women, but weaning infants not receiving iodine-containing complementary foods as well as their mothers are iodine deficient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:5217-24. [PMID: 20810570 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND If children and pregnant women in the population are iodine sufficient, it is generally assumed infants are also sufficient. But weaning infants may be at risk of iodine deficiency because iodized salt contributes little dietary iodine during this period. To fill this gap, iodine fortification of infant formula milk (IFM) and complementary foods (CF) is likely important. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to first confirm that Swiss school children and pregnant women remain iodine sufficient and then to assess iodine status in infancy and the relative contribution of breast milk and IFM/CF to their iodine intakes. METHODS We measured urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) in national cross-sectional samples of: 1) pregnant women (n=648); 2) school children (n=916); 3) infants at three time points: at 3-4 d after birth and at 6 and 12 months (n=875); and 4) breast-feeding mothers (n=507). We measured breast milk iodine concentrations in the mothers, assessed iodine sources in infant diets, and analyzed iodine content of commercial IFM/CFs (n=22) and salt samples from the school children's households (n=266). RESULTS Median (m) UICs in pregnant women (162 μg/liter) and school children (120 μg/liter) were sufficient, and 80% of the household salt was adequately iodized (≥15 ppm). However, mUICs in infants not receiving IFM/CF were not sufficient: 1) mUIC in breast-fed infants (82 μg/liter) was lower than in non-breast-fed infants (105 μg/liter) (P<0.001) and 2) mUIC in breast-fed weaning infants not receiving IFM/CF (70 μg/liter) was lower than infants receiving IFM (109 μg/liter) (P<0.01). mUIC was low in lactating mothers (67 μg/liter) and median breast milk iodine concentration was 49 μg/kg. CONCLUSIONS In countries in which iodized salt programs supply sufficient iodine to older children and pregnant women, weaning infants, particularly those not receiving iodine-containing IFM, may be at risk of inadequate iodine intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andersson
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Jenny-Burri J, Haldimann M, Dudler V. Estimation of selenium intake in Switzerland in relation to selected food groups. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1516-31. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.506603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Froidevaux P, Bochud F, Haldimann M. Retention half times in the skeleton of plutonium and 90Sr from above-ground nuclear tests: a retrospective study of the Swiss population. Chemosphere 2010; 80:519-524. [PMID: 20466404 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plutonium and (90)Sr are considered to be among the most radiotoxic nuclides produced by the nuclear fission process. In spite of numerous studies on mammals and humans there is still no general agreement on the retention half time of both radionuclides in the skeleton in the general population. Here we determined plutonium and (90)Sr in human vertebrae in individuals deceased between 1960 and 2004 in Switzerland. Plutonium was measured by sensitive SF-ICP-MS techniques and (90)Sr by radiometric methods. We compared our results to the ones obtained for other environmental compartments to reveal the retention half time of NBT fallout (239)Pu and (90)Sr in trabecular bones of the Swiss population. Results show that plutonium has a retention half time of 40+/-14 years. In contrast (90)Sr has a shorter retention half time of 13.5+/-1.0 years. Moreover (90)Sr retention half time in vertebrae is shown to be linked to the retention half time in food and other environmental compartments. These findings demonstrate that the renewal of the vertebrae through calcium homeostatic control is faster for (90)Sr excretion than for plutonium excretion. The precise determination of the retention half time of plutonium in the skeleton will improve the biokinetic model of plutonium metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Froidevaux
- University Institute for Radiation Physics, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Froidevaux P, Haldimann M. Plutonium from above-ground nuclear tests in milk teeth: investigation of placental transfer in children born between 1951 and 1995 in Switzerland. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:1731-1734. [PMID: 19079728 PMCID: PMC2599771 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational risks, the present nuclear threat, and the potential danger associated with nuclear power have raised concerns regarding the metabolism of plutonium in pregnant women. OBJECTIVE We measured plutonium levels in the milk teeth of children born between 1951 and 1995 to assess the potential risk that plutonium incorporated by pregnant women might pose to the radiosensitive tissues of the fetus through placenta transfer. METHODS We used milk teeth, whose enamel is formed during pregnancy, to investigate the transfer of plutonium from the mother's blood plasma to the fetus. We measured plutonium using sensitive sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques. We compared our results with those of a previous study on strontium-90 ((90)Sr) released into the atmosphere after nuclear bomb tests. RESULTS Results show that plutonium activity peaks in the milk teeth of children born about 10 years before the highest recorded levels of plutonium fallout. By contrast, (90)Sr, which is known to cross the placenta barrier, manifests differently in milk teeth, in accordance with (90)Sr fallout deposition as a function of time. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that plutonium found in milk teeth is caused by fallout that was inhaled around the time the milk teeth were shed and not from any accumulation during pregnancy through placenta transfer. Thus, plutonium may not represent a radiologic risk for the radiosensitive tissues of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Froidevaux
- University Institute of Radiation Physics, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Grand Pré 1, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Antimony residues, a result of the use of a polycondensation catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oven-proof trays, were analysed in ready-to-eat meals. The toxicity of antimony has raised concerns about consumer safety; therefore, the migration of small fractions of these residues into ready meals and foods as a result of cooking directly in the PET trays was studied. A straightforward approach of measuring real samples was selected to obtain accurate exposure data. Background antimony concentration was determined separately from a series of lunch meals, which ranged from not detectable to 3.4 microg kg(-1). Microwave and conventional oven-cooking caused a distinct increase in the concentration of antimony in food and ready meals of 0-17 and 8-38 microg kg(-1), respectively, depending, to a certain extent, on the industrial preparations. The migrated quantities of antimony corresponded to 3-13 microg. For comparison, PET roasting bags and ready-made dough products in PET baking dishes were also evaluated. About half of the products prepared at a temperature of 180 degrees C exceeded the specific migration limit set for food contact material by the European Commission. However, the migrated amounts of antimony relative to the accepted tolerable daily intake (TDI) show that exposure from this type of food is currently not of toxicological concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haldimann
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Schwarzenburgstrasse, Bern 3003, Switzerland.
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Abstract
A monitoring study of serum selenium concentration was carried out on healthy blood donors from different regions of Switzerland. With an overall mean serum concentration of 98 microg/L (n=1847), the selenium status of the healthy adults can be assessed as adequate. The lowest measured concentration of 62 microg/L denotes that the risk of a marginal selenium deficiency in the Swiss population is small. Compared to a similar study carried out in 1993, the status improved for both genders, although the increase is higher among women. It is noteworthy that the supplementation practice has increased during this period with ca. 2% of the population taking Se-micronutrients. No correlation between the age and the serum concentration is detected, even though the age-range was enlarged in this study to 18-68 years for the women and to 19-72 years for the men. The place of residence only marginally influences the selenium concentration, which implies a certain uniformity of the dietary habits between the various regions of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Burri
- Federal Office of Public Health, Food Safety Division, Chemical Risks Section, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:895–8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Burri
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Division of Food Safety, Section Chemical Risks, Bern, Switzerland.
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Franke BM, Haldimann M, Reimann J, Baumer B, Gremaud G, Hadorn R, Bosset JO, Kreuzer M. Indications for the applicability of element signature analysis for the determination of the geographic origin of dried beef and poultry meat. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Als C, Haldimann M, Minder C, Gerber H. Pilot study of urinary iodine concentration and of biochemical thyroid parameters before and after cautious public health intervention on salt iodide content: The Swiss longitudinal 1996–2000 iodine study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:1201-10. [PMID: 15226756 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Iodide concentration (IC) in salt was cautiously increased in Switzerland (15 --> 20 ppm iodide). We evaluated the dynamics of the effect of this intervention on urinary iodine concentration (UIC, microg/l) and on thyroid parameters. SETTING University Hospital in Bern, Switzerland. SUBJECTS A cohort of 36 subjects (12 children, 11 women, 13 men) out of 44 were recruited. INTERVENTIONS During the study periods PRE (May 1996-May 1998) and POST (October 1998-December 2000, subdivided into equal subperiods POST1 and POST2), that is, before and after the increase of IC in salt, subjects collected 6248 urine spots for analysis of UIC. Thyroid volumes (n=2/subject) and serum thyroid parameters (n=8/subject) were sequentially evaluated. METHODS Average PRE-POST data were compared (multiple regression analysis). RESULTS UIC increased overall by 5.1% (P=0.0003). Increase of UIC was highest in children (11.3%, P<0.0001), significant in women (8%, P=0.0016), but not significant in men (P=0.143). Comparison between periods POST1 and POST2 showed that UIC changed more gradually in women than in children. Thyroid volumes were normal, no nonphysiological change occurred. TSH indicated euthyroidism; it decreased in children (1.98 ==> 1.74 mU/l, P=0.04) and increased in men (1.65 ==> 1.91mU/l, P=0.025). FT3 decreased in children (P<0.004) and FT4 decreased in men (P=0.017), both within normal ranges. TSH, FT3 and FT4 were unchanged in women. FT3/FT4 ratios were stable. Anti-TPO-Ab titers were stable (P=0.9). Anti-Tg-Ab titers decreased (P=0.009). CONCLUSION The significant UIC effects were of uncertain metabolic relevance. No pathological side effects occurred. Differential delays and penetrances of UIC increase in children and adults were hitherto unknown. The unspectacular stepwise policy seems to be safe. Our pilot results in a population with moderate iodine deficiency in women should be confirmed in population-based cluster studies. SPONSORSHIP This work was supported by grants from the University Hospital in Bern, the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (SFOPH), the 'Swiss National Foundation for Scientific Research' (32-49424.96), the 'Fondation Genevoise de Bienfaisance Valerie Rossi di Montelera', the 'Schweizerische Lebensversicherungs- und Rentenanstalt' and the 'Schüpbach Foundation of the University of Bern'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Als
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Als C, Haldimann M, Bürgi E, Donati F, Gerber H, Zimmerli B. Swiss pilot study of individual seasonal fluctuations of urinary iodine concentration over two years: is age-dependency linked to the major source of dietary iodine? Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57:636-46. [PMID: 12771964 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because of known significant seasonal fluctuations of iodine concentration in cow's milk (ICM) in Switzerland (winter/summer (w/s) ICM ratio averages 5.6), we looked for seasonal variations and familial aspects in urinary iodine and sodium concentrations (UIC, UNaC). DESIGN : Prospective sequential cohort investigation. SETTING University hospital. SUBJECTS Thirteen children (six girls, seven boys) aged 3-10 y and their parents (n=9) aged 30-47 y. INTERVENTIONS The volunteers collected 1729 spot urine samples (5.1996-5.1998). UIC data from winter (UIC(w): December-February) and summer seasons (UIC(s): July-September) were compared with UNaC and average milk consumption. Iodine intakes from milk and salt were modelized. RESULTS Highest seasonal fluctuations of UIC were found in six pre-school children (w/s UIC group average=1.56, significant), followed by seven school children (w/s UIC group average=1.24, N.S.); none existed in adults. UIC/UNaC showed corresponding seasonal fluctuations in children, but not in adults. Winter milk was an important iodine source for children, as proven indirectly by similar seasonal fluctuations of ICM, UIC, UIC/UNaC and an important part within UIC due to milk. CONCLUSIONS Contribution to UIC from milk intake during winter was high in children (40-50%) and lower in adults (about 20%). Compared with children, dietary habits of adults are more complex and their iodine supply depends mainly on iodized salt and not on milk, so the effect of seasonal ICM variations on UIC is less marked. Because of significant seasonal UIC fluctuations in consumers of fresh milk products in Switzerland, results of future UIC studies conducted during summer and winter seasons should be compared cautiously, especially in young children. Furthermore, consumption of milk is to be promoted, since, besides calcium and vitamins, it is an essential source of iodine. UNaC determination should be included in epidemiologic studies if the dietary source of iodine is questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Als
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND During the Kosovo conflict approximately 11 tons of depleted uranium munitions were used against armored targets, predominantly in the west. Potential exposure to uranium amongst employees of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in western Kosovo was assessed. METHODS Individuals (n = 31) who had resided at least 3 mo in western Kosovo provided 24-h urine collections and completed an administered questionnaire. Specimens were analyzed for creatinine concentration, and uranium concentration was determined using inductively coupled mass spectrometry. FINDINGS Subjects ranged in age from 22 to 45 y, and 77% were male. Mean duration of residency was 11 mo, and 14 individuals were in western Kosovo throughout the hostilities. Almost three quarters of subjects reported seeing destroyed tanks or vehicles, predominantly while passing by within a vehicle. Two individuals spent time within 50 m of a destroyed tank or vehicle while outside of a vehicle. Urinary uranium concentrations ranged from 3.5 to 26.9 ng of uranium per liter of urine (median 8.9 ng L(-)). Creatinine normalized values ranged from 2.9 to 21.1 ng of uranium per gram of creatinine (median 7.4 ng g(-1) creatinine). These results fall toward the lower end of urinary uranium determinations made amongst non-exposed populations drawn from a literature review. INTERPRETATION These results do not indicate an increased exposure to uranium amongst adults living and working in western Kosovo who do not spend time in proximity to destroyed vehicles. Environmental sampling and replication of these results amongst a sample including children and individuals reporting intensive exposure to destroyed vehicles would further develop the exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Meddings
- Unit of the Chief Medical Officer, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Als C, Keller A, Minder C, Haldimann M, Gerber H. Age- and gender-dependent urinary iodine concentrations in an area-covering population sample from the Bernese region in Switzerland. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143:629-37. [PMID: 11078987 DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1430629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Before a scheduled increase of salt iodide content up to 20 p.p.m. in Switzerland, urinary iodine concentration (UIC, microg/l) of a randomly selected, area-covering, age-stratified population subgroup was sampled in spring 1997. In contrast to former published studies on UIC, we minimized biases by age, gender, rural/urban, socio-economic and cultural influences. METHODS We contacted 750 households in the Bernese region using random telephone numbers. Per household, one proband selected by play dice collected a spot urine sample. We defined seven age categories: infants, children, adolescents, adults I-III and seniors, aged 0-5, 6-12, 13-20, 21-35, 36-50, 51-65 and >65 years respectively. Randomized UIC data were compared with WHO criteria of iodine deficiency (ID) and previous non-randomized, age-dependent Swiss UIC data. To recruit a perfect random group of volunteers proved difficult, as study participation of adolescent and male populations was somewhat lower than that of elder and female (P<0.005) populations respectively. Study participation of inhabitants of rural and suburban regions was comparable (P=0.139). Out of 413 obtained urine spots, 412 (55%) were analyzed statistically (58% women, 42% men, P<0.005). RESULTS Ninety per cent of all UIC values ranged between 25 and 200 microg/l. Median UIC showed mild ID (94 microg/l). UIC varied significantly between age categories (P=0. 0006). Women had lower UIC than men (P=0.014). Infants had no ID. Women in child-bearing age (13-35 years), adults II, adults III and seniors had mild ID. Compared with recommended supplies of 150 and 200 microg I/day in children and male adolescents respectively, we consider their UIC (110 and 144 microg/l) as at least borderline deficient. Absolute UIC was lowest in seniors. Probands from rural/suburban households had similar UICs. Our UIC data were comparable to published ones. CONCLUSIONS Despite long-term national efforts with iodized salt (15 p.p.m. in 1997), mild ID still prevailed in Bern in spring 1997, with rare extreme UIC values. Mild ID with women in child-bearing age (and probably also with children and male adolescents) was a serious concern, as goiter growth with puberty or pregnancy might be the consequence. Mild ID in adults and seniors might be due to restricted NaCl intake. Results of our randomly selected subgroup from a 650 000 population show that age- and gender-dependency are important when comparing our collected data with published UIC data. This fact must be considered with non-randomly selected population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Als
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Haldimann M, Eastgate A, Zimmerli B. Improved measurement of iodine in food samples using inductively coupled plasma isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Analyst 2000; 125:1977-82. [PMID: 11193085 DOI: 10.1039/b005879n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new ICP-MS method for the determination of iodine in food samples is presented. The method makes use of a new miniature cyclonic spray chamber and a concentric glass nebulizer that is designed for low sample uptakes and is operated in a self-aspirating mode. As a consequence the wash-out was accelerated over conventional systems. This configuration allows the direct determination of iodine in mineralized solutions following digestion with nitric acid only. No strong oxidizing reagents such as perchloric acid or lengthy sample preparation were necessary to alter the chemical form of potentially volatile species. The isotope dilution technique using the long-lived isotope 129I was applied to obtain freedom from matrix effects. The present study reports on results for total iodine in selected nutritional and biological reference materials and makes a comparison with instrumental neutron activation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haldimann
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Division of Food Science, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
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Als C, Helbling A, Peter K, Haldimann M, Zimmerli B, Gerber H. Urinary iodine concentration follows a circadian rhythm: a study with 3023 spot urine samples in adults and children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:1367-9. [PMID: 10770167 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.4.6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our overall aim is to monitor iodine supply in a prospective study before and after the September 1998 increase of salt iodide content in Switzerland. Because iodide is supplied by alimentation, we moreover wondered whether urinary iodine concentration (UI) is governed by circadian rhythmicity. Forty-two subjects (18 males and 24 females, including 13 children) collected 3023 urine spots between May 1996 and May 1998, at a rate of three to five samples per month, at any time of the day. The results show that circadian rhythmicity of UI in adults and children was found independent of the individual subject, age, gender, and season. Lowest UI levels were found between 8-11 h. A curve increasing progressively between 12 and 24 h was obtained. UI returned to base-line levels between 21 and 22 h in children only. UI peaks occurred 4-5 h after main meals; children's peaks occurred later than that of adults. Although the existence of a circadian rhythm of UI is probably universal, its profile, however, depends on alimentation. Because nadir of UI is represented by morning spots, this might seem an appropriate collecting period. In view of the significant circadian rhythmicity of UI, studies with restriction of sampling time to morning hours, for example, cannot be directly compared with studies in which urine is sampled all over the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Als
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Haldimann M, Zimmerli B, Als C, Gerber H. Direct determination of urinary iodine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using isotope dilution with iodine-129. Clin Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/44.4.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An inductively coupled mass spectrometric method was developed for the direct determination of iodine in urine. The application of isotope dilution analysis with added 129I offers new possibilities for automatic and accurate determinations. The sample preparation consists of dilution with an ammonia solution containing 129I. The validation was made by comparison with the results obtained in another laboratory by a spectrophotometric method based on the Sandell–Kolthoff reaction. Different regression models, including maximum likelihood estimation, were used to compare the methods. None of the models revealed analytical bias between the two methods. The urine samples analyzed for validation were from three persons previously exposed to an iodine bath and covered a concentration range of 0.2 to 2.8 μmol/L. A detection limit of 0.02 μmol/L, a within-run CV of 2.5%, and a between-run CV of 11.9% were estimated for the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Haldimann
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Division of Food Science, Section of Food Chemistry and Analysis, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Zimmerli
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Division of Food Science, Section of Food Chemistry and Analysis, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudine Als
- University of Bern, Inselspital, Department of Pathology, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Gerber
- University Hospital, Inselspital, Department of Clinical Chemistry, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Haldimann M, Zimmerli B, Als C, Gerber H. Direct determination of urinary iodine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using isotope dilution with iodine-129. Clin Chem 1998; 44:817-24. [PMID: 9554494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An inductively coupled mass spectrometric method was developed for the direct determination of iodine in urine. The application of isotope dilution analysis with added 129I offers new possibilities for automatic and accurate determinations. The sample preparation consists of dilution with an ammonia solution containing 129I. The validation was made by comparison with the results obtained in another laboratory by a spectrophotometric method based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Different regression models, including maximum likelihood estimation, were used to compare the methods. None of the models revealed analytical bias between the two methods. The urine samples analyzed for validation were from three persons previously exposed to an iodine bath and covered a concentration range of 0.2 to 2.8 micromol/L. A detection limit of 0.02 micromol/L, a within-run CV of 2.5%, and a between-run CV of 11.9% were estimated for the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haldimann
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Division of Food Science, Section of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Bern.
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Abstract
The serum selenium (Se) concentrations of apparently healthy 20-40 year old blood donors from different parts of Switzerland were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Application of a rhodium/magnesium matrix-modifier resulted in improved performance in comparison with a palladium modifier. The method was validated by hydride ICP-MS and quality-controlled by independent analysis using GFAAS with palladium as matrix-modifier; no bias was detected. The serum Se concentrations for male (n = 387) and female (n = 243) subjects fell into a normal distribution with mean values and standard deviations of 96.0 +/- 13.3 micrograms/L (1.22 +/- 0.17 mumol/L) and 87.9 +/- 14.4 micrograms/L (1.11 +/- 0.18 mumol/L), respectively. These values corresponded well to the formerly estimated mean daily intakes. Small but significant differences in mean serum Se concentrations were found between genders, ethnic groups as well as geographic regions, whereas age had no influence. The overall Se status of the Swiss population is assessed as adequate, somewhat higher than in the countries adjacent to Switzerland, but lower than in the U.S.A. or Finland. There is no evidence that the Se status of the population has changed over the past 10 years. However, it appears that some Swiss population groups may have a borderline Se status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haldimann
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Bern, Switzerland
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Haldimann M, Zimmerli B. Evaluation of ashing procedures for the gas chromatographic determination of flouride in biological material. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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