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Reyes CT, Cao W, Astorini AG, Drohan MM, Schulz CT, Shuster CL, Robbins ML, Yang M, Stamates AL. Using the theory of planned behavior to assess willingness and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination among a predominantly white U.S. college sample. Health Psychol Behav Med 2023; 11:2248236. [PMID: 37601893 PMCID: PMC10438853 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2023.2248236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Through the lens of behavioral models such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Health Belief Model, the present study (1) investigated U.S. university students' willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and (2) examined predictors (e.g. demographics, past vaccine experience, TPB constructs) of vaccine willingness. Method University students (n = 170) completed a survey assessing demographics, health behaviors, attitudes, perceived severity/susceptibility, norms, and vaccine intentions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from April 2020 through July 2020. Results Overall, 56.5% of participants indicated that they would be willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine once it is available, 39.4% were unsure of whether they would receive the vaccine, and 4.1% indicated they would not receive the vaccine. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that greater adherence to CDC guidelines (p = .030) and greater perceived pro-vaccine norms (p < .001) predicted greater vaccine willingness. Conclusions Results from this study are consistent with previous literature on vaccine hesitancy, whereby normative beliefs and adherence to CDC guidelines were found to be determinants of vaccine willingness. To reduce transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic, interventions aimed at promoting positive attitudes towards vaccination should aim to incorporate these observed determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne T. Reyes
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Wenqiu Cao
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | | | - Megan M. Drohan
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | | | - Coral L. Shuster
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Mark L. Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Manshu Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Amy L. Stamates
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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2
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Drohan MM, Stevens AK, Gunn RL, Sokolovsky AW, White HR, Jackson KM. Acute Consequences Associated With Co-use of Alcohol and Cannabis: A Daily Survey Analysis. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2023; 84:208-213. [PMID: 36971729 PMCID: PMC10171256 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.22-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Co-use of alcohol and cannabis has been associated with more total negative consequences than single-substance use, but results have been mixed depending on whether the single substance was alcohol or cannabis. The present study used within-person analyses to examine whether co-use increased the risk for experiencing specific acute negative consequences. METHOD College students who were co-users of alcohol and cannabis (N = 341; M age = 19.8 years; 51.3% female; 74.8% White) completed 56 days of five daily surveys across two bursts. We used generalized linear mixed effects models to examine the effects of type of substance use day on specific negative consequences, controlling for consumption and covariates. RESULTS Relative to both alcohol-only and co-use days, cannabis-only days were associated with decreased likelihood of experiencing hangover, blackout, nausea/vomiting, injury, rude/aggressive behavior, and unwanted sex. Relative to alcohol-only days, cannabis-only and co-use days were associated with an increased likelihood of driving high/drunk. Finally, there was an increased likelihood of hangovers on alcohol-only days compared with co-use days. CONCLUSIONS Days with different types of substance use differed in specific consequences. Most of the negative co-use consequences investigated here appear to be driven by alcohol consumption rather than cannabis use. The results also indicated that these young adults were more likely to endorse driving under the influence of cannabis than alcohol. Interventions for co-use should target alcohol consumption to reduce negative consequences such as blackout, injury, rude/aggressive behavior, and unwanted sex and highlight the dangers of driving under the influence of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Drohan
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Angela K. Stevens
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alexander W. Sokolovsky
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Helene R. White
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
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3
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Sutherland Charvis J, Schulz CT, Drohan MM, Rafiee P, Stamates AL, Yang M. A daily examination of perceived stress and coping strategies used among college students during COVID-19. J Am Coll Health 2023:1-5. [PMID: 36701543 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2168126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study examined inter- and intra-person level associations between stress and overwhelm and adaptive coping strategies used by college students during COVID-19. Participants were 55 college students (Mage = 23.31, SD = 4.49; 87% White, 85% Female), who completed a 21-day daily diary study. The common coping strategies endorsed were media use, relaxation techniques, and exercise. Variability among feelings of stress (ICC = .520) and overwhelm (ICC = .530) were similarly explained by between and within-person differences. Daily stress and overwhelm were positively associated with relaxation techniques, media, and total coping strategies. Further, daily stress was positively associated with connection with others to cope. At the between-person level, average stress was associated with avoidance strategies such as taking a break from news to cope. These findings may prove useful in the development of interventions to increase the practice of adaptive coping strategies to reduce stress and overwhelm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina T Schulz
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Megan M Drohan
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Parisa Rafiee
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Amy L Stamates
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Manshu Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Gunn RL, Sokolovsky AW, Drohan MM, Boyle HK, Stevens AK, White HR, Jackson K. The role of alcohol and cannabis co-use in drinking rate and its impact on consequences. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:2110-2120. [PMID: 36124876 PMCID: PMC9968512 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of alcohol and cannabis co-use on college student drinking and related outcomes is complex. Specific characteristics or patterns of co-use events beyond drinking quantity may be important to the experience of consequences. The present study used repeated daily surveys to examine the association between co-use (versus use of alcohol only) and drinking rate on negative consequences. METHODS The sample included 318 college students (Mage = 19.8, 47% female, 76% non-Hispanic White) who were co-users of alcohol and cannabis, recruited from three U.S. college campuses. Participants completed 56 days of data collection (number of drinking days ranged from 1 to 38). Two measures of drinking rate were examined: (1) daily rate (number of drinks divided by number of hours spent drinking per day); and (2) peak hour rate (maximum number of drinks consumed in a single hour) to account for anomalous drinking days of long duration. Generalized linear mixed models examined: (1) associations of co-use with peak hour rate (model 1a) and daily rate (model 1b); (2) associations of peak hour rate (model 2a) and daily rate (model 2b) with experiencing any negative consequence; and (3) interactions of co-use with peak hour rate (model 3a) and daily rate (model 3b) on experiencing a consequence. RESULTS Co-use was positively associated with peak hour rate but not daily rate. Both peak hour and daily rate positively predicted likelihood of experiencing a negative consequence. The interaction of both peak hour and daily rate by co-use was significant such that the association of rate with experiencing a consequence was stronger on alcohol-only days compared to co-use days. CONCLUSIONS Daily drinking rate and peak hour drinking rate are unique and should be considered when discussing drinking patterns. Both predict negative consequences and may be important aspects of interventions for negative drinking-related outcomes among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alexander W. Sokolovsky
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Megan M. Drohan
- University of Rhode Island, South Kingstown, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Holly K. Boyle
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Angela K. Stevens
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Helene R. White
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Studies, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kristina Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Stevens AK, Drohan MM, Boyle HK, White HR, Jackson KM. More Reasons, More Use and Problems? Examining the Influence of Number of Motives on Consumption and Consequences Across Alcohol-Only, Cannabis-Only, and Simultaneous-Use Days. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:782-791. [PMID: 34762038 PMCID: PMC8819619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol and cannabis use as well as their simultaneous use are common among U.S. college students. Reasons for use are proximal predictors of consumption and consequences. Little research has examined possible adverse effects of endorsing multiple motives on a given use day. We examined the effects of the number of motives on consumption and negative consequences for alcohol-only, cannabis-only, and simultaneous-use days. METHOD College students (N = 341; 53% women; mean age = 19.79 years) who reported past-month simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use completed 54 days of data collection. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models to examine the effects of endorsing multiple motives on consumption and consequences. RESULTS Across models, endorsing more motives than typical on a given use day (within person) and more motives in general (between person) was related to greater alcohol and cannabis consumption. Endorsing more alcohol-only motives and cannabis-only motives than typical resulted in greater odds of experiencing a negative consequence when accounting for consumption. This within-person effect was not statistically significant for simultaneous-use motives/consequences. Endorsing a greater number of motives across the study (i.e., between person) was not significantly related to consequences beyond consumption. CONCLUSIONS Research has documented the robust effects of specific motives on substance use outcomes. Our novel findings extend this work by demonstrating the risks associated with endorsing multiple motives on a given use day. In addition to motive type, we recommend that the number of motives endorsed on a given day be considered as a potential risk factor to be targeted to reduce harms associated with substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Stevens
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Megan M. Drohan
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Holly K. Boyle
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Helene R. White
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
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Stevens AK, Drohan MM, Boyle HK, White HR, Jackson KM. More Reasons, More Use and Problems? Examining the Influence of Number of Motives on Consumption and Consequences Across Alcohol-Only, Cannabis-Only, and Simultaneous-Use Days. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021. [DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Stevens
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Megan M. Drohan
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Holly K. Boyle
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Helene R. White
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
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7
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Greaney ML, Kunicki ZJ, Drohan MM, Ward-Ritacco CL, Riebe D, Cohen SA. Self-reported changes in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and screen time among informal caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1292. [PMID: 34215246 PMCID: PMC8252978 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informal caregivers providing unpaid assistance may be vulnerable to changes in health behaviors due to modifications in caregiving during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this cross-sectional study explored self-reported changes in physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and screen time among informal caregivers providing care for older adults aged 50+ during the pandemic. METHODS Study participants were recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk and reported their perceived changes (increased a lot, increased a little, remained the same, decreased a little, decreased a lot) in moderate-intensity PA (MPA), vigorous-intensity PA (VPA), sedentary behavior, and screen time (weekday and weekend) during the pandemic. For analytic purposes, response categories were categorized into three-level ordinal variables-increased (increased a lot, increased a little), no change (remained the same), decreased (decreased a little, decreased a lot). Multinomial logistic regression models assessed the likelihood of changes (vs. no change) in MPA, VPA, sedentary behavior, and screen time (weekday, weekend) based on caregiving and demographic characteristics. RESULTS In total, 2574 individuals accessed the study link, 464 of whom did not meet eligibility requirements. In addition, people who completed 80% or less of the survey (n = 1171) and/or duplicate IP addresse (n = 104) were excluded, resulting in an analytic sample of n = 835. The sample was 69% male, had a mean age of 34 (SD = 9.7), and 48% reported increased VPA, while 55% reported increased MPA. The majority also reported increased sedentary behavior, as well as increased screen time. Respondents living with their care recipient were more likely to report increased weekday screen time (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.55, 95% CI 1.11-2.16) and sedentary behavior (OR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.28-2.53) than respondents not living with the care recipient. Those living with their care recipient were also more likely to reported increased MPA (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.16-2.32), and VPA (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.09-2.15), but also more likely to report a decrease in VPA (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.14-2.70). CONCLUSION The majority of respondents reported that their MPA, VPA PA, sedentary behavior, and screen time had changed during the pandemic. Living with the care recipient was associated with both positive and negative changes in behavior. Future research can explore factors associated with these reported changes in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Greaney
- Department of Health Studies, University of Rhode Island, 25 West Independent Way, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA.
| | - Zachary J Kunicki
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Megan M Drohan
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Deborah Riebe
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Steven A Cohen
- Department of Health Studies, University of Rhode Island, 25 West Independent Way, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
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Cohen SA, Kunicki ZJ, Drohan MM, Greaney ML. Exploring Changes in Caregiver Burden and Caregiving Intensity due to COVID-19. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2021; 7:2333721421999279. [PMID: 33718523 PMCID: PMC7919204 DOI: 10.1177/2333721421999279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored self-reported changes in caregiving intensity (CI) and
caregiver burden (CB) among informal caregivers due to the COVID-19 pandemic
overall and by gender. Informal caregivers for someone age 50+ completed a
survey via Amazon’s MTurk in June 2020. Participants reported changes in CI and
CB due to COVID-19 and provided demographic information. Multinomial logistic
regression models assessed changes in CI and CB attributed to the COVID-19
pandemic overall and by gender. The sample (n = 835) was 68.5%
male and had an average age of 34 years (SD 9.8); 55.7% had
increased CI, and 53.1% had increased CB attributed to the pandemic. Increased
CB due to COVID-19 was associated with increased CI (OR 5.67, 95% CI 3.92–8.00).
Male caregivers with decreased CI due to COVID-19 were nearly seven times as
likely as those with no change in CI to have reduced CB due to COVID-19 (OR
6.91, 95% CI 3.29–14.52). Women with decreased CI due to COVID-19 were over
eight times as likely to have reduced CB due to COVID (OR 8.30, 95% CI
2.66–25.91). Results indicate that many caregivers experienced increases in CI
and CB since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and that these changes are
complex and vary by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary J Kunicki
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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9
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Cohen SA, Kunicki ZJ, Nash CC, Drohan MM, Greaney ML. Rural-Urban Differences in Caregiver Burden Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic among a National Sample of Informal Caregivers. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2021; 7:23337214211025124. [PMID: 34212069 PMCID: PMC8216387 DOI: 10.1177/23337214211025124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this exploratory study was to explore potential associations between changes to caregiver burden (CB) due to the COVID-19 pandemic and rural-urban status using a nationally representative sample of 761 informal caregivers. Tertiles of two measures of rural-urban status were used: Rural-Urban Commuting Areas (RUCAs) and population density. Bivariate and multivariable binary and ordinal logistic regression were used to asses study objectives. Using RUCAs, rural informal caregivers were more than twice as likely as urban informal caregivers to report a substantial increase in CB due to COVID-19 (OR 2.27, 95% CI [1.28-4.02]). Similar results were observed for population density tertiles (OR 2.20, 95% CI [1.22-3.96]). Having a COVID-19 diagnosis was also significantly associated with increased CB. Understanding and addressing the root causes of rural-urban disparities in CB among informal caregivers is critical to improving caregiver health and maintaining this critical component of the healthcare system.
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Arnold T, Kunicki ZJ, Rogers BG, Haubrick KK, Klasko-Foster L, Norris AL, Drohan MM, Greaney ML, Cohen SA. Validating the Psychosocial Functioning during COVID-19 Questionnaire among a Sample of Informal Caregivers. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2021; 7:2333721421997200. [PMID: 33748339 PMCID: PMC7903817 DOI: 10.1177/2333721421997200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a dramatic impact on global economies and societies. Although social distancing policies are needed to contain the spread and impact of COVID-19, they also impose a psychological and economic burden on people who are already experiencing increased distress such as caregivers. Yet, few measures have been developed and validated to measure the psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Utilizing item response theory (IRT), the purpose of this study was to develop and psychometrically validate a measure of psychosocial functioning-the Psychosocial Functioning during COVID-19 (PFC-19) Questionnaire-to assess changes in social interaction, mental health, health behavior, and global functioning among a sample of informal caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analytic sample (n = 733) was recruited from Amazon Mechanic Turk (MTurk) (69% male, 55% white). Results suggest a two-factor measure, assessing global functioning (14 items) and affective response (8 items), with strong evidence for reliability, validity, and dimensionality. Future research should replicate this factor structure in other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Arnold
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA
| | | | - Brooke G. Rogers
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Alyssa L. Norris
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA
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