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Kliszczewicz B, Markert CD, Bechke E, Williamson C, Clemons KN, Snarr RL, McKenzie MJ. Acute Effect of Popular High-Intensity Functional Training Exercise on Physiologic Markers of Growth. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1677-1684. [PMID: 30399116 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kliszczewicz, B, Markert, CD, Bechke, E, Williamson, C, Clemons, KN, Snarr, RL, and McKenzie, MJ. Acute effect of popular high-intensity functional training exercise on physiologic markers of growth. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1677-1684, 2021-Constantly evolving, high-intensity functional training (HIFT) exercise consists of various modalities, orders, weights, and repetition schemes. High-intensity functional training has gained popularity among the general population, but lacks empirical evidence regarding acute adaptive responses. The purpose of this study was to describe the acute effects of 2 representative bouts of HIFT on physiologic markers of growth. For convenience, the bouts are designated "short" (<5 minutes) and "long" (∼15 minutes), although duration was not the only difference between bouts. Ten apparently healthy men (28.1 ± 5 years) performed 2 HIFT bouts in a randomized crossover design. Blood was collected at 5 time points (Pre, Post, 1, 3, and 6 hours) to examine growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 and 2 (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Blood lactate concentration ([La]) was analyzed at the Pre and Post time points. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no trial differences among the markers (IGF-1, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and VEGF) except GH at Post, where the long bout produced a greater effect (p = 0.005). Mean GH levels (pg·ml-1) in the short bout increased from 68.4 to 106.5, and in the long bout, mean GH levels increased from 38.5 to 286.4. The repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a main time effect in GH (p = 0.037), while a post hoc t-test demonstrated elevated GH at 1 hour (p = 0.018) when compared with Pre. No time-dependent change (p > 0.05) was observed in IGF-1, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, or VEGF. Mean blood [lactate] increased more than tenfold in both bouts. The findings of this descriptive study suggest that, other than GH, there are no acute differences in markers of skeletal muscle or vascular growth between these 2 specific HIFT bouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kliszczewicz
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University WellStar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw, Georgia
| | - Chad D Markert
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Anderson Conference Center, School of Health Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Emily Bechke
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University WellStar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw, Georgia
| | - Cassie Williamson
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University WellStar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw, Georgia
| | - Khala N Clemons
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Anderson Conference Center, School of Health Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ronald L Snarr
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, School of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia; and
| | - Michael J McKenzie
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Beaver College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone North Carolina
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Hornbuckle LM, McKenzie MJ, Whitt-Glover MC. Effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese African-American women: a pilot study. Ethn Health 2018; 23:752-766. [PMID: 28277015 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1294661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in African-American (AA) women. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of HIIT and steady-state (SS) exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in young AA women. DESIGN A 16-week exercise intervention was conducted 3x/week. Twenty-seven AA women were randomized to SS (n = 11; 32 continuous minutes of treadmill walking at 60-70% of maximum heart rate (HRmax)), or HIIT (n = 16; 32 min of treadmill HIIT alternating 3 min at 60-70% of HRmax with 1 min at 80-90% of HRmax). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA with intention-to-treat analysis was used to identify changes between groups. Significance was accepted at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Of the 27 women who entered the study (age: 30.5 ± 6.8 years; BMI: 35.1 ± 5.1 kg/m2; 5274 ± 1646 baseline steps/day), 14 completed the intervention. HIIT significantly decreased waist circumference (107.0 ± 11.3 to 105.1 ± 11.9 cm) compared to SS, which showed no change. There was a significant time effect for steps where HIIT increased steps/day (5334 ± 1586 to 7604 ± 1817 steps/day), and SS had no change. There were no significant changes in either group for any other measurements. CONCLUSION HIIT was more effective at reducing waist circumference and increasing daily steps/day than SS treadmill exercise over 16 weeks. Further research in a larger sample is indicated to evaluate the effects of each protocol on cardiometabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey M Hornbuckle
- a Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, & Sport Studies , University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN , USA
| | - Michael J McKenzie
- b Department of Exercise Physiology , Winston-Salem State University , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
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Markert CD, Clemons KN, Bechke EE, Williamson CM, McKenzie MJ, Kliszczewicz BM. Biomarkers of Inflammation and Angiogenesis Following Short Vs. Long Bouts of High-Intensity Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000538525.14197.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Johansson P, Kaspersson K, Gurrell IK, Bäck E, Eketjäll S, Scott CW, Cebers G, Thorne P, McKenzie MJ, Beaton H, Davey P, Kolmodin K, Holenz J, Duggan ME, Budd Haeberlein S, Bürli RW. Toward β-Secretase-1 Inhibitors with Improved Isoform Selectivity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3491-3502. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Johansson
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, S-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Karin Kaspersson
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, S-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ian K. Gurrell
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Elisabeth Bäck
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, S-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Susanna Eketjäll
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Clay W. Scott
- Discovery Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Gvido Cebers
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Paul Davey
- Oncology Chemistry, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Jörg Holenz
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Mark E. Duggan
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | | | - Roland W. Bürli
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
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Morton AL, Strohacker K, McKenzie MJ, Whitt-Glover MC, Mount DL, Hornbuckle LM. Relationship Between Affective Responses And Adherence To High Intensity Interval Training In Obese African-American Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517475.15672.f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Price AA, Whitt-Glover MC, Kraus CL, McKenzie MJ. Body Composition, Fitness Status, and Health Behaviors Upon Entering College: An Examination of Female College Students From Diverse Populations. Clin Med Insights Womens Health 2016; 9:23-9. [PMID: 27279760 PMCID: PMC4892202 DOI: 10.4137/cmwh.s34697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although poor health-related behaviors that impact development of chronic diseases begin much earlier than when actual disease is evident, few studies have examined health behaviors in college students, who may be at an important transitional period where early intervention could prevent development of chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine health-related factors in female college students (N = 61) by race/ethnicity and weight status. We found significant differences in health profiles between non-Hispanic White (White) and African American students, including greater physical fitness and healthier diets among White students. Overweight/obese students had worse health profiles than healthy BMI students. Furthermore, weight status was significantly associated with cardiovascular fitness. This supports a focus on PA promotion for interventions in the period of emerging adulthood, alongside the other healthy behaviors, to elicit improvements in weight status and potential reduction of chronic disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A. Price
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Gramercy Research Group, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J. McKenzie
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Bulman Page PC, Bartlett CJ, Chan Y, Allin SM, McKenzie MJ, Lacour J, Jones GA. New biphenyl iminium salt catalysts for highly enantioselective asymmetric epoxidation: role of additional substitution and dihedral angle. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4220-32. [PMID: 27006303 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00542j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New biaryl iminium salt catalysts for enantioselective alkene epoxidation containing additional substitution in the heterocyclic ring are reported. The effects upon conformation and enantioselectivity of this additional substitution, and the influence of dihedral angle in these systems, has been investigated using a synthetic approach supported by density functional theory. Enantioselectivities of up to 97% ee were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Bulman Page
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Christopher J Bartlett
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Yohan Chan
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Steven M Allin
- Department of Chemistry, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottinghamshire NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Michael J McKenzie
- Charnwood Molecular Ltd, 7 Beaumont Court, Prince William Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5GA, UK
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Département de Chimie Organique, Université de Genève, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1121 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Garth A Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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McKenzie MJ, Lau RP. Effects Of One Month Of Corssfit On Markers Of Aerobic Fitness, Anaerobic Fitness, And Traditional Crossfit Lifts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000493947.28167.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Page PCB, Appleby LF, Chan Y, Day DP, Buckley BR, Slawin AMZ, Allin SM, McKenzie MJ. Kinetic resolution in asymmetric epoxidation using iminium salt catalysis. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8074-82. [PMID: 23862687 PMCID: PMC3817536 DOI: 10.1021/jo401345m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first reported examples of kinetic resolution in epoxidation reactions using iminium salt catalysis are described, providing up to 99% ee in the epoxidation of racemic cis-chromenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Bulman Page
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Bartlett CJ, Day DP, Chan Y, Allin SM, McKenzie MJ, Slawin AMZ, Page PCB. Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-scuteflorin A using organocatalytic asymmetric epoxidation. J Org Chem 2011; 77:772-4. [PMID: 22136178 DOI: 10.1021/jo2021407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the first enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-scuteflorin A in 14% overall yield, employing a chiral iminium salt to effect an organocatalytic asymmetric epoxidation of xanthyletin in >99% ee as the key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bartlett
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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McKenzie MJ, Goldfarb AH, Kump DS. Gene response of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to an acute aerobic run in rats. J Sports Sci Med 2011; 10:385-392. [PMID: 24149887 PMCID: PMC3761848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genes can be activated or inhibited by signals within the tissues in response to an acute bout of exercise. It is unclear how a particular aerobic exercise bout may influence two muscles with similar actions to the activity. Therefore, the purposes of this investigation was to determine the gene response of selected genes involved in the "stress" response of the gastrocnemius (fast-twitch) and soleus (slow-twitch) muscles to a single two hour aerobic exercise bout in female Sprague-Dawley Rats at the 1 hour time point after the exercise. Exercised rats were run (n=8) for 2 hours at 20 m.min(-1) and one hour after the completion of the bout had their soleus (S) and gastrocnemius (G) muscles removed. Age and timed matched sedentary control rats had both S and G muscles removed also. RNA was isolated from all muscles. Real-time PCR analysis was performed on the following genes: NFκB, TNFα, and Atf3. GAPDH was used as the housekeeping gene for both muscles. S muscle showed more genes altered (n = 52) vs G (n = 26). NFκB gene expression was 0.83 ± 0.14 in the exercised S but was + 1.36 ± 0.58 in the exercised G and was not significantly different between the muscles. TNFα was altered 1.30 ± 0. 34 in the exercised S and 1.36 ± 0.71 in the exercised G and was not significantly different between the muscles. The gene Atf3 was significantly altered at 4.97 ± 1.01 in the exercised S, while it was not significantly altered in the exercised G (0.70 ± 0.55). This study demonstrates that an acute bout of aerobic exercise can alter gene expression to a different extent in both the S and G muscles. It is highly likely that muscle recruitment was a factor which influenced the gene expression in theses muscles. It is interesting to note that some genes were similarly activated in these two muscles but other genes may demonstrate a varied response to the same exercise bout depending on the type of muscle. Key pointsThe soleus (primarily slow twitch) and the gastrocnemius (primarily fast type) do not respond the same to a given exercise bout.There are gene transcription differences in stress genes between the 2 muscles.The results of exercise studies should be carefully viewed as the muscle used in measurements may not provide an adequate representation of all skeletal muscles.
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McKenzie MJ, Goldfarb AH, Garten RS, Gomashe C. Ethnicity Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Untrained Females: Oxidative Stress Markers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000401195.99347.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Goldfarb AH, McKenzie MJ, Garten RS, Gomashe C. Xanthine Oxidase And Il-6 Response To Aerobic Exercise: Comparison Of African-American To Caucasian Woman. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000401196.99347.3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McKenzie MJ, Ritsche KJ, Valentine WR, Alexander RC, Mellick PF. Relationship Between The Ymca, Astrand Rhyming, And Maximal Cylcle Ergometer Exercise Test In African-american Females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000384562.74107.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McKenzie MJ, Yu S, Prior SJ, Macko RF, Hafer-Macko CE. Hemiparetic stroke alters vastus lateralis myosin heavy chain profiles between the paretic and nonparetic muscles. Res Sports Med 2009; 17:17-27. [PMID: 19266390 DOI: 10.1080/15438620802678388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle phenotype alterations following hemiparetic stroke contribute to disabilities associated with stroke. The phenotypic response following stroke is undefined. This investigation examined the myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of the vastus lateralis (VL) of stroke survivors in paretic (P) and nonparetic (NP) muscle. Protein obtained from VL of 10 stroke survivors was isolated and purified, and MHC gel electrophoresis was performed. The MHC bands were quantified, and a paired sample two-tailed T test with significance set at p < or = 0.05 was performed. MHC I expression was significantly less in P versus NP VL (.93 vs. 1.00 arbitrary units [AU]). Significantly more IIx MHC was found in the P versus NP VL (1.33 vs. 1.0). No significant differences in type IIa MHC (1.07 P vs. 1.00 NP) were found. These changes in MHC composition suggest an alteration in muscle function due to stroke or the altered activity patterns of muscle following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McKenzie
- Department of Human Performance and Sport Sciences, Winston Salem State University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Page PCB, Appleby LF, Day D, Chan Y, Buckley BR, Allin SM, McKenzie MJ. Highly Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-(3′S)-Lomatin and (+)-(3′S,4′R)-trans-Khellactone. Org Lett 2009; 11:1991-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900444h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Bulman Page
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K., School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K., and Charnwood Molecular Ltd, The Heritage Building, 7 Beaumont Court, Prince William Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5GA, U.K
| | - Louise F. Appleby
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K., School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K., and Charnwood Molecular Ltd, The Heritage Building, 7 Beaumont Court, Prince William Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5GA, U.K
| | - David Day
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K., School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K., and Charnwood Molecular Ltd, The Heritage Building, 7 Beaumont Court, Prince William Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5GA, U.K
| | - Yohan Chan
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K., School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K., and Charnwood Molecular Ltd, The Heritage Building, 7 Beaumont Court, Prince William Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5GA, U.K
| | - Benjamin R. Buckley
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K., School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K., and Charnwood Molecular Ltd, The Heritage Building, 7 Beaumont Court, Prince William Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5GA, U.K
| | - Steven M. Allin
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K., School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K., and Charnwood Molecular Ltd, The Heritage Building, 7 Beaumont Court, Prince William Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5GA, U.K
| | - Michael J. McKenzie
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K., School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K., and Charnwood Molecular Ltd, The Heritage Building, 7 Beaumont Court, Prince William Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5GA, U.K
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Prior SJ, McKenzie MJ, Joseph LJ, Ivey FM, Macko RF, Hafer-Macko CE, Ryan AS. Reduced skeletal muscle capillarization and glucose intolerance. Microcirculation 2009; 16:203-12. [PMID: 19225985 DOI: 10.1080/10739680802502423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reduced capillarization in hemiparetic skeletal muscle of chronic stroke patients can limit insulin, glucose, and oxygen supply to muscle, thereby contributing to impaired glucose metabolism and cardiovascular deconditioning. We hypothesized that compared to sedentary controls, stroke subjects have reduced skeletal muscle capillarization that is associated with glucose intolerance and reduced peak oxygen consumption (Vo(2peak)). METHODS Twelve chronic stroke subjects (ages, 62.1+/-2.8 years), and matched sedentary controls with impaired (n=12) or normal (n=12) glucose tolerance underwent oral glucose tolerance tests, exercise tests, and vastus lateralis biopsies. RESULTS Stroke subjects had lower capillarization in hemiparetic muscle than in nonparetic muscle and normal glucose tolerant controls ( approximately 22 and approximately 28%, respectively; P<0.05) and had similar bilateral capillarization, compared to controls with impaired glucose tolerance. Capillary density in hemiparetic muscle inversely correlated with 120-minute glucose (r=-0.70, P<0.01) and glucose area under the curve (r=-0.78, P<0.01). Vo(2peak) was approximately 40% lower in stroke subjects, compared to controls (P<0.001), but did not correlate with capillarization (P=n.s.). CONCLUSIONS Hemiparetic muscle capillarization is reduced after stroke, and reduced capillarization is associated with glucose intolerance in stroke and control subjects. Interventions to increase skeletal muscle capillarization may prove beneficial for improving glucose metabolism in chronic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Prior
- Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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McKenzie MJ. Human genome comparison of paretic and nonparetic vastus lateralis muscle in patients with hemiparetic stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 45:273-81. [DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2007.02.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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McKenzie MJ, Yu S, Prior SJ, Macko RF, Hafer-Macko CE. Hemi-Paretic Stroke Alters Vastus Lateralis Myosin Heavy Chain Profiles Between the Paretic and Non-Paretic Muscles. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000322151.42359.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Goldfarb AH, McKenzie MJ, Bloomer RJ. Gender comparisons of exercise-induced oxidative stress: influence of antioxidant supplementation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 32:1124-31. [PMID: 18059586 DOI: 10.1139/h07-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of gender and antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress. Twenty-five men and 23 women ran for 30 min at 80% VO2 max, once before and once after 2 weeks of supplementation, and again after a 1-week wash-out period. Subjects were randomly assigned to either placebo (P), antioxidant (A: 400 IU vitamin E+1 g vitamin C), or a fruit and vegetable powder (FV) treatment. Blood was obtained at rest and immediately after exercise. Before supplementation, women had higher resting reduced glutathione, total glutathione, and plasma vitamin E compared with men. With both A and FV supplementations, plasma vitamin E gender differences disappeared. Protein carbonyls, oxidized glutathione, and malondialdehyde all increased similarly for both genders in response to exercise. Both A and FV attenuated the reduced glutathione decrease and the oxidized glutathione and protein carbonyls increase compared with P, with no gender differences. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was lower with treatment A compared with FV and P only for men. Plasma vitamin C increased 39% (A) and 21% (FV) compared with P. These data indicate that women have higher resting antioxidant levels than men. Markers of oxidative stress increased similarly in both genders in response to exercise of similar intensity and duration. Two weeks of antioxidant supplementation can attenuate exercise-induced oxidative stress equally in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan H Goldfarb
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Room 250 HHP Building, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to identify changes in gene transcription that occur in the soleus muscle of untrained, 10-wk-old rats after a single aerobic exercise bout, and to identify which families of genes are most likely affected. METHODS Rats were either run for 2 h and killed 1 h after exercise, or they remained sedentary and were killed at a matched time. Soleus muscles from each animal were examined using DNA microarrays, four genes related to RONS were analyzed by PCR, and two proteins were checked by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The microarray identified 52 genes significantly altered by the exercise. The major gene families altered were metabolism, apoptosis, muscle contraction, transcription/cell signaling, tissue generation, and inflammation. Real-time PCR was performed on four genes (NFkappaB, TNFalpha, Atf3, and Mgst1), and the results from PCR analysis agreed with the microarray results. NFkappaB and TNFalpha were unaltered, whereas Atf3 was upregulated and Mgst1 was downregulated in the exercised soleus muscles. NFkappaB protein level was not different between the two groups, whereas Atf3 protein level was elevated in the exercise group according to Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that 1 h after a 2-h run at approximately 65% of VO2max, the soleus muscle undergoes significant gene-transcript changes. Also, the genes examined with the real-time PCR matched the microarray results and the measured protein concentration concentrations agreed with gene-transcript data at the 1-h postexercise time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McKenzie
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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Allin SM, Gaskell SN, Towler JMR, Page PCB, Saha B, McKenzie MJ, Martin WP. A new asymmetric synthesis of the anti-tumor alkaloid (R)-(+)-crispine A. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8972-5. [PMID: 17924694 DOI: 10.1021/jo071235x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel, facile, and asymmetric approach for the synthesis of the anti-tumor alkaloid (+)-crispine A via a highly diastereoselective N-acyliminium cyclization reaction as a key synthetic step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Allin
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
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25
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McKenzie MJ, Yu S, Joseph LJ, Macko RF, Ryan AS, Hafer-Macko CE. Altered PGC-1α Gene Transcript Levels in the Skeletal Muscles of Stroke Survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000274863.94082.b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Bulman Page PC, McKenzie MJ, Gallagher JA. SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF OXIRANYLIDENE-2,2-BIS(PHOSPHONIC ACID): TETRABENZYL GEMINAL BISPHOSPHONATE ESTERS AS USEFUL INTERMEDIATES. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Allin SM, Duffy LJ, Bulman Page PC, McKee V, Edgar M, McKenzie MJ, Amat M, Bassas O, Santos MM, Bosch J. Complementary routes for the stereoselective synthesis of functionalized benzoquinolizidine targets. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of two antioxidant formulas on biomarkers of oxidative stress before and after aerobic exercise. METHODS Aerobically trained men (N=25) and women (N=23) were assigned to one of three treatments: 400 IU of vitamin E+1 g of vitamin C (V; N=15), a fruit and vegetable juice powder concentrate (FV; N=16), or a placebo (P; N=17). Subjects ran for 30 min at 80% VO(2 max) before, after 2 wk of supplementation, and after a 1-wk washout period. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise and analyzed for protein carbonyls (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and vitamins C and E. RESULTS The V treatment increased plasma vitamin C and E after 2 wk (P <or= 0.05), with no change in the FV or P. Postexercise PC values were elevated for all treatments after all exercise bouts (P< 0.0001). Both V and FV attenuated the exercise-induced increase in PC after 2 wk of supplementation (V=21%, FV=17%), and after the 1-wk washout (V=13%, FV=6%) compared with P (P<0.05), with no differences between V and FV. MDA was unaffected by exercise and treatment. A treatment main effect for 8-OHdG was noted, with values for V lower than for FV and P (4.5+/-2.5, 5.5+/-2.7, and 6.0+/-2.5 ng.mL, respectively; P=0.0002). No exercise session or time main effect was noted for 8-OHdG, suggesting that the lower mean value for the V treatment group was not a result of the supplementation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that V and FV supplementation for 2 wk can attenuate the rise in PC after 30 min of aerobic exercise, even after a 1-wk washout, without an impact on plasma MDA or 8-OHdG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38512, USA.
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Goldfarb AH, McKenzie MJ, Johnson TA, Cascio WE, Aycock D, Starobin J. Production of Protein Carbonyls, IL-6 and Creatine Kinase in Paced Hearts During Regional Cardiac Flow Reduction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200605001-02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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You T, Goldfarb AH, Bloomer RJ, Nguyen L, Sha X, McKenzie MJ. Oxidative stress response in normal and antioxidant supplemented rats to a downhill run: changes in blood and skeletal muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 30:677-89. [PMID: 16485519 DOI: 10.1139/h05-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in blood and skeletal muscles are similar in normal and antioxidant supplemented rats after a downhill run. Sixty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with a normal rat diet or diet + antioxidants (2,000 mg vitamin C + 1,000 IU vitamin E/kg diet) for 2 weeks. Exercised rats ran 90 min on a rodent treadmill at a speed of 16 m/min at -16 degrees grade. Rats were sacrificed either at rest, immediately, 2 hrs, or 48 hrs postexercise. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) concentrations and glutathione status in blood, vastus lateralis (white fast-twitch), vastus intermedius (red fast-twitch), and soleus (slow-twitch) muscles were determined. A significant increase from rest in PC occurred in plasma, vastus intermedius and soleus muscle 2 hrs after the downhill run (p < 0.05), with no changes observed at any other times postexercise. Antioxidant supplementation significantly decreased PC concentrations in both vastus intermedius and soleus muscles at all times combined (p < 0.05). MDA and glutathione status in blood and muscles were unaffected by either the downhill run or antioxidant treatment. For PC and MDA, the concentrations were lower in blood as compared to skeletal muscle, with the opposite finding for oxidized glutathione; however, the pattern of response postexercise was similar. These data indicate that (a) PC, but not MDA or oxidized glutathione, is elevated transiently following downhill running in male rats; (b) the elevation in PC postexercise occurs in plasma, vastus intermedius, and soleus muscles; (c) antioxidant therapy can attenuate PC in vastus intermedius, and soleus muscles; and (d) while the concentrations of oxidative stress biomarkers differ between blood and the various skeletal muscles, the pattern of response postexercise is similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjian You
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest U School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Bloomer RJ, Goldfarb AH, Wideman L, McKenzie MJ, Consitt LA. Effects of acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise on blood markers of oxidative stress. J Strength Cond Res 2005; 19:276-85. [PMID: 15903362 DOI: 10.1519/14823.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare oxidative modification of blood proteins, lipids, DNA, and glutathione in the 24 hours following aerobic and anaerobic exercise using similar muscle groups. Ten cross-trained men (24.3 +/- 3.8 years, [mean +/- SEM]) performed in random order 30 minutes of continuous cycling at 70% of Vo(2)max and intermittent dumbbell squatting at 70% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), separated by 1-2 weeks, in a crossover design. Blood samples taken before, and immediately, 1, 6, and 24 hours postexercise were analyzed for plasma protein carbonyls (PC), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and whole-blood total (TGSH), oxidized (GSSG), and reduced (GSH) glutathione. Blood samples taken before and 24 hours postexercise were analyzed for serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). PC values were greater at 6 and 24 hours postexercise compared with pre-exercise for squatting, with greater PC values at 24 hours postexercise for squatting compared with cycling (0.634 +/- 0.053 vs. 0.359 +/- 0.018 nM.mg protein(-1)). There was no significant interaction or main effects for MDA or 8-OHdG. GSSG experienced a short-lived increase and GSH a transient decrease immediately following both exercise modes. These data suggest that 30 minutes of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performed by young, cross-trained men (a) can increase certain biomarkers of oxidative stress in blood, (b) differentially affect oxidative stress biomarkers, and (c) result in a different magnitude of oxidation based on the macromolecule studied. Practical applications: While protein and glutathione oxidation was increased following acute exercise as performed in this study, future research may investigate methods of reducing macromolecule oxidation, possibly through the use of antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
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McKenzie MJ, Goldfarb AH, Bloomer RJ, Kumar M. Gender Comparison Of Oxidative Stress Markers With Antioxidant And Phytonutrient Supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200505001-00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Goldfarb A, McKenzie MJ, Bloomer RJ. Oxidative Stress Response To Aerobic Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200505001-01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Goldfarb AH, Bloomer R, McKenzie MJ. Effect of microhydrin on blood lactate, protein carbonyls, and glutathione status in rats before and after aerobic exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2005; 14:550-9. [PMID: 15673101 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.14.5.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effects of an antioxidant treatment on blood lactate, protein carbonyls (PC), and glutathione status, 42 male rats were assigned to either a control treatment (water, C) or one of two Microhydrin treatments (added to water, MH I or MH II). Rats from each treatment were assigned to either exercise (60 min of running) or rest. A treatment-by-time interaction was noted for blood lactate, with elevations only in the C and MH I treatments post-exercise (approximately 2.54 and 2.5 mM, respectively). Both treatment and time main effects were noted for PC. Exercise resulted in an increase in PC for both Microhydrin treatments with significantly greater PC compared to C. Total blood glutathione was unaffected by treatment or exercise. Exercise increased the ratio of oxidized to total glutathione and the MH II treatment resulted in a greater ratio compared to the other treatments. In conclusion, MH II results in lower blood lactate, while resulting in an increase in the concentration of oxidized protein and glutathione, suggesting heightened oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan H Goldfarb
- Dept of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6169, USA
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to ascertain the effects of a combination antioxidant therapy on plasma protein carbonyls (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and whole blood total (TGSH), oxidized (GSSG), and reduced (GSH) glutathione in non-resistance trained females after eccentric resistance exercise. METHODS Eighteen women (aged 19-31 yr) were randomized in a double-blind manner to either an antioxidant supplement (N = 9; 400 IU vitamin E, 1 g vitamin C, and 90 mug selenium per day) or a lactose placebo (N = 9) for 14 d before and for 2 d after eccentric elbow flexor exercise. Blood samples taken before and immediately, 2, 6, 24, and 48 h postexercise were analyzed for PC, MDA, TGSH, and GSSG. RESULTS No treatment by time interaction was noted for any variable, with all blood markers experiencing a change after the exercise in both conditions. Time main effects were observed for PC, MDA, and GSSG, with values elevated above preexercise after the eccentric exercise, whereas GSH concentration decreased after the eccentric exercise. Antioxidant supplementation resulted in a condition main effect for PC and MDA, with lower values compared with placebo. The antioxidant treatment attenuated the rise in both PC (75%) and MDA (100%). CONCLUSION These data suggest that eccentric resistance exercise can increase blood biomarkers of oxidative stress in non-resistance trained females, and this vitamin E, C, and selenium supplementation can attenuate the rise in PC and MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan H Goldfarb
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, 250 HHP Building, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
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Shanely RA, Van Gammeren D, Deruisseau KC, Zergeroglu AM, McKenzie MJ, Yarasheski KE, Powers SK. Mechanical ventilation depresses protein synthesis in the rat diaphragm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:994-9. [PMID: 15297271 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200304-575oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged mechanical ventilation results in diaphragmatic atrophy and contractile dysfunction in animals. We hypothesized that mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragmatic atrophy is associated with decreased synthesis of both mixed muscle protein and myosin heavy chain protein in the diaphragm. To test this postulate, adult rats were mechanically ventilated for 6, 12, or 18 hours and diaphragmatic protein synthesis was measured in vivo. Six hours of mechanical ventilation resulted in a 30% decrease (p < 0.05) in the rate of mixed muscle protein synthesis and a 65% decrease (p < 0.05) in the rate of myosin heavy chain protein synthesis; this depression in diaphragmatic protein synthesis persisted throughout 18 hours of mechanical ventilation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that mechanical ventilation, in comparison with time-matched controls, did not alter diaphragmatic levels of Type I and IIx myosin heavy chain messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the diaphragm. These data support the hypothesis that mechanical ventilation results in a decrease in both mixed muscle protein and myosin heavy chain protein synthesis in the diaphragm. Further, the decline in myosin heavy chain protein synthesis does not appear to be associated with a decrease in myosin heavy chain messenger ribonucleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew Shanely
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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37
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of antioxidant therapy on indirect markers of muscle damage following eccentric exercise (EE). Eighteen women were randomized to an antioxidant supplement or a placebo before a bout of EE. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, muscle soreness (MS), maximal isometric force (MIF), and range of motion (ROM) were assessed before and through 14 d postexercise. Eccentric exercise resulted in an increase in CK activity and MS, and a drop in MIF and ROM during the days following EE, which returned to baseline values 14 d after EE in both groups. Antioxidants attenuated the CK activity and MS response to the EE, while little difference was noted between groups in MIF or ROM. These fndings suggest that antioxidant supplementation was helpful in reducing the elevations in plasma CK activity and MS, with little impact on MIF and ROM loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, the University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3480, USA
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Criswell DS, Shanely RA, Betters JJ, McKenzie MJ, Sellman JE, Van Gammeren DL, Powers SK. Cumulative Effects of Aging and Mechanical Ventilation on In Vitro Diaphragm Function. Chest 2003; 124:2302-8. [PMID: 14665514 DOI: 10.1378/chest.124.6.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Unloading the diaphragm, via mechanical ventilation (MV), results in significant diaphragmatic atrophy, contractile dysfunction, and oxidative stress in young adult animals. Since aging increases skeletal muscle susceptibility to atrophy and injury, we tested the hypothesis that MV-induced diaphragmatic contractile dysfunction would be exacerbated in aging rats. METHODS Fisher 344/Brown Norway hybrid rats (4 months old [young] and 30 months old [old]) were assigned to either control or MV groups. MV rats were anesthetized, tracheostomized, and ventilated with 21% O(2) for 12 h. Arterial BP, pH, and blood gas homeostasis were maintained in the MV animals throughout the experimental period. Animals in the control group were acutely anesthetized, and the diaphragms were immediately removed. Muscle strips from the mid-costal diaphragm were removed from each experimental animal, and contractile properties were studied in vitro. RESULTS Compared to young control animals, aging (old control animals) was associated with a 13% decrease in maximal isometric tension (24.5 N/cm(2) vs 21.3 N/cm(2)). Although, MV induced similar relative losses (24%) in diaphragmatic isometric tension in both young and old animals receiving MV, the combined effects of aging and MV resulted in a 34% decrement in diaphragmatic isometric tension compared to young control animals (24.5 N/cm(2) vs 16.1 N/cm(2)). CONCLUSIONS These data do not support the hypothesis that aging exacerbates the relative MV-induced impairment in diaphragmatic isometric tension. Nonetheless, the additive effects of aging and MV have dramatic effects on diaphragmatic force reserve. This could exacerbate weaning difficulties in older individuals receiving MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Criswell
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Zergeroglu MA, McKenzie MJ, Shanely RA, Van Gammeren D, DeRuisseau KC, Powers SK. Mechanical ventilation-induced oxidative stress in the diaphragm. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95:1116-24. [PMID: 12777408 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00824.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) results in oxidative damage in the diaphragm; however, it is unclear whether this MV-induced oxidative injury occurs rapidly or develops slowly over time. Furthermore, it is unknown whether both soluble (cytosolic) and insoluble (myofibrillar) proteins are equally susceptible to oxidation during MV. These experiments tested two hypotheses: 1). MV-induced oxidative injury in the diaphragm occurs within the first 6 h after the initiation of MV; and 2). MV is associated with oxidative modification of both soluble and insoluble proteins. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into one of seven experimental groups: 1) control (n = 8); 2) 3-h MV (n = 8); 3). 6-h MV (n = 6); 4). 18-h MV (n = 8); 5). 3-h anesthesia-spontaneous breathing (n = 8); 6). 6-h anesthesia-spontaneous breathing (n = 6); and 7). 18-h anesthesia-spontaneous breathing (n = 8). Markers of oxidative injury in the diaphragm included the measurement of reactive (protein) carbonyl derivatives (RCD) and total lipid hydroperoxides. Three hours of MV did not result in oxidative injury in the diaphragm. In contrast, both 6 and 18 h of MV promoted oxidative injury in the diaphragm, as indicated by increases in both protein RCD and lipid hydroperoxides. Electrophoretic separation of soluble and insoluble proteins indicated that the MV-induced accumulation of RCD was limited to insoluble proteins with molecular masses of approximately 200, 120, 80, and 40 kDa. We conclude that MV results in a rapid onset of oxidative injury in the diaphragm and that insoluble proteins are primary targets of MV-induced protein oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat A Zergeroglu
- Department of Execise and Sport Sciences, Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
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Abstract
An efficient synthesis has been realized for several members of a new class of potential bone resorption inhibitors consisting of steroidal oestrogenic units linked at the 3 and 17 positions to a geminal bisphosphonate moiety through an ester linkage of variable length. The convergent synthesis utilizes benzyl bisphosphonates, transesterification, and Meldrum's acid chemistry and has the potential to allow many oestrogenic derivatives as well as other biologically active compounds to be coupled to the geminal bisphosphonate moeity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Page
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, England
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Bulman Page PC, Moore JP, Mansfield I, McKenzie MJ, Bowler WB, Gallagher JA. Synthesis of bone-targeted oestrogenic compounds for the inhibition of bone resorption. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate symptom patterns in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) who were ill for 10 or more years. METHODS This cross-sectional self-report study compared patient groups with long-duration (median = 18 years; n = 258) and short-duration (median = 3 years; n = 28) CFS to a group of healthy significant others (n = 79) on symptomatic, neurocognitive, and psychological variables. Data were gathered from a 574-item postal questionnaire. RESULTS A principal-components analysis of CFS symptom data yielded a three-factor solution: cognitive problems; flu-like symptoms; and neurologic symptoms. Compared with the short-duration CFS group, the long-duration group had significantly higher CFS symptom severity scores (p < 0.04), largely attributable to increased cognitive difficulties. A subgroup comparison of subjects ill for < 3 years versus those ill 4-7 years suggested that denial coping strategies were more likely in those participants with the shorter illness duration. Significant differences between both CFS groups and healthy controls were found in a number of comorbid disorders. Participants with CFS most often endorsed immune/viral abnormalities and persistent stress as important perceived causes of their illness. CONCLUSION Participants with long-duration CFS reported a large number of specific cognitive difficulties that were greater in severity than those reported by participants with short-duration CFS. The pattern of comorbid disorders in the CFS groups was consistent with hypersensitivity and viral reactivation hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Friedberg
- Department of Mathematics, Fitchburg State College, MA, USA
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McKenzie MJ, Mett V, Jameson PE. Modified ELISA for the detection of neomycin phosphotransferase II in transformed plant species. Plant Cell Rep 2000; 19:286-289. [PMID: 30754910 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Identifying transformed plant lines carrying the antibiotic resistance marker gene, neomycin phosphotransferase II, requires a more definitive test than the ability of the plant to grow on kanamycin. Although a number of alternative assays have been described, most are cumbersome, time consuming and/or require the use of radioisotopes. This report describes an ELISA for the detection of the neomycin phosphotransferase II enzyme in transformed plant tissue. The ELISA utilises commercially available antibodies and provides a number of advantages, including an extremely low background, a reduction in the amount of tissue required for testing, and semi-quantitative data on neomycin phosphotransferase II gene expression. This method has been applied successfully to a number of independently transformed lines in nine plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McKenzie
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand e-mail: Fax: +64-6-3517050, , , , , , NZ
| | - V Mett
- The Horticulture and Food Institute of New Zealand, Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand, , , , , , NZ
| | - P E Jameson
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand e-mail: Fax: +64-6-3517050, , , , , , NZ
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Clarke SF, McKenzie MJ, Burritt DJ, Guy PL, Jameson PE. Influence of white clover mosaic potexvirus infection on the endogenous cytokinin content of bean. Plant Physiol 1999; 120:547-52. [PMID: 10364406 PMCID: PMC59293 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.2.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/1998] [Accepted: 03/12/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinin content in the primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was monitored for 10 d after inoculation with white clover mosaic potexvirus. The cytokinins were isolated, purified, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and quantified by radioimmunoassay. The cytokinins detected at the time of inoculation (d 0) were: (a) the free bases, zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), and isopentenyladenine; (b) the riboside, DZ riboside (DZR); (c) the O-glucosides of DZ, DZR, and Z riboside; (d) the nucleotides, Z riboside-5'-monophosphate and isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate; and (e) trace amounts of Z-9-glucoside and DZ-9-glucoside. During the 10 d after inoculation with white clover mosaic potexvirus, marked quantitative changes in this cytokinin profile were observed. The concentration of the free bases and DZR decreased, accompanied by an increase in the 9-glucosides and the nucleotides. Virus titer increased rapidly 3 d after inoculation, attaining a maximum level at d 5. This increase coincided with the increases in the 9-glucosides and the nucleotides. We propose that the decline in the cytokinin free bases and riboside may allow the increase of virus titer in bean and lead to the senescence of infected leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- SF Clarke
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand (S.F.C., D.J.B., P.L.G.)
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McKenzie MJ, Mett V, Jameson PE. Controlled cytokinin production in transgenic tobacco using a copper-inducible promoter. Plant Physiol 1998; 116:969-77. [PMID: 9501129 PMCID: PMC35098 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.3.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/1997] [Accepted: 11/26/1997] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinin group of plant hormones regulates aspects of plant growth and development, including the release of lateral buds from apical dominance and the delay of senescence. In this work the native promoter of a cytokinin synthase gene (ipt) was removed and replaced with a Cu-controllable promoter. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv tabacum) transformed with this Cu-inducible ipt gene (Cu-ipt) was morphologically identical to controls under noninductive conditions in almost all lines produced. However, three lines grew in an altered state, which is indicative of cytokinin overproduction and was confirmed by a full cytokinin analysis of one of these lines. The in vitro treatment of morphologically normal Cu-ipt transformants with Cu2+ resulted in delayed leaf senescence and an increase in cytokinin concentration in the one line analyzed. In vivo, inductive conditions resulted in a significant release of lateral buds from apical dominance. The morphological changes seen during these experiments may reflect the spatial aspect of control exerted by this gene expression system, namely expression from the root tissue only. These results confirmed that endogenous cytokinin concentrations in tobacco transformants can be temporally and spatially controlled by the induction of ipt gene expression through the Cu-controllable gene-expression system.
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Page PCB, Shuttleworth SJ, McKenzie MJ, Schilling MB, Tapolczay DJ. Pummerer and Related Rearrangements in 2-Acyl-1,3-Dithiane 1-Oxides. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 1995. [DOI: 10.1055/s-1995-3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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