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Huntley ES, Huntley BJ, Bonilla Moreno M, Crowe E, Pedroza C, Mendez-Figueroa H, Sibai BM, Chauhan S. Implementing a Bundle for Evidence-based Cesarean Delivery May Not Be As Beneficial as Expected: A Multi-center, Pre- and Post- Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024:S0002-9378(24)00510-6. [PMID: 38599476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardization of procedures improves outcomes. Though systematic reviews have summarized the evidence-based steps (EBS) of cesarean delivery (CD), their bundled implementation has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE In this pre- and post-implementation trial, we sought to ascertain if bundled EBS of CD, compared to surgeon's preference, improves outcomes. STUDY DESIGN A StaRI (Standards for Reporting Implementation Studies) compliant, multi-center pre- and post-implementation trial at 4 teaching hospitals was conducted. The pre-implementation period consisted of CD done based on the physicians' preferences for 3 months; educational intervention (e.g., didactics, badge cards, posters, video) occurred at the 4th month. CDs in post-implementation period employed the bundled EBS. A pre-planned 10% randomized audit of both groups assessed adherence and uptake of EBS. The primary outcome was a composite maternal morbidity (CMM), which included estimated blood loss > 1,000 mL, blood transfusion, endometritis, post-partum fever, wound complications, sepsis, thrombosis, ICU admission, hysterectomy, or death. The secondary outcome was a composite neonatal morbidity (CNM) and some of its components were 5-min Apgar score < 7, positive pressure oxygen use, hypoglycemia, or sepsis. A priori Bayesian sample size calculation indicated 700 CD in each group was needed to demonstrate 20% relative reduction (from 15% to 12%) of CMM with 75% certainty. Bayesian logistic regression with neutral priors was used to calculate likelihood of net-improvement in adjusted relative risk (aRR) with 95% credible intervals (CrI). RESULTS A total of 1,425 consecutive CD (721 in pre- and 704 in post-implementation group) were examined. Audited data indicated that the baseline EBS utilization rate during the pre-implementation period was 79%; after the implementation bundled EBS of CD the audited adherence was 89%-an uptake of 10.0% of the EBS. In four aspects, the maternal characteristics differed significantly in the pre- and post-implementation periods: race/ethnicity, hypertensive disorder, and the relative contribution of the 4 centers to the cohorts and the gestational age at delivery, but the indications for CD and whether its duration was < versus > 60 min did not. The rates of CMM in the pre- and post-implementation groups were 26% and 22%, respectively (aRR, 0.88; 95% CrI, 0.73-1.04), with a 94 % Bayesian probability of a reduction in CMM. The CNM occurred in 37% of the pre- and in 41% of the post-implementation group (aRR, 1.12; 95% CrI 0.98-1.39), with a 95% Bayesian probability of worsening in CNM. When CMM were segregated by preterm (<37 wks) and term (> 37 weeks) CD, the improvement in maternal outcomes persisted; when CNM were segregated by gestational age subgroupsthe potential for worsening neonatal outcomes persisted as well. CONCLUSIONS Standardization of the evidence-based bundled steps of cesarean delivery resulted in a modest reduction of the composite maternal outcome; however, a paradoxical increase in neonatal composite morbidity was noted. Although individual evidence-based steps may be of value, while awaiting additional intervention trials a formal bundling of such steps is currently not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Huntley
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth).
| | - Benjamin Jf Huntley
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)
| | - Miguel Bonilla Moreno
- McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)
| | - Ellen Crowe
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)
| | - Claudia Pedroza
- Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Hector Mendez-Figueroa
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)
| | - Baha M Sibai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)
| | - Suneet Chauhan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)
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Desai S, Moreno MB, Kwak MJ, Dhoble A, Arain SA. THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY RECOGNITION OF DELIRIUM IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC AND MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(23)01443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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3
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Ghose I, Moreno MB, Dalal L, Lambert K, Tripathy S, Ahmadian-Tehrani M, Acevedo M, Martinez J, Cagino K, Chen HY, Sibai BM, Stafford IA. The association between active human papillomavirus infection and cytologic abnormalities during pregnancy with preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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Buskmiller C, Moreno MB, Nguyen RT, Sibai BM, Hernandez E. First trimester anatomy ultrasound for obese patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kazzi N, Lee LO, Chen HY, Brown K, Moreno MB, Narayan M, Watson O, Roath C, Murphy L, Sibai BM, Chauhan SP. Spinal-induced hypotension and time from spinal-to-delivery in scheduled cesarean deliveries: the association with neonatal acidosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Ortega-Recalde O, Moreno MB, Vergara JI, Fonseca DJ, Rojas RF, Mosquera H, Medina CL, Restrepo CM, Laissue P. A novel TGM1 mutation, leading to multiple splicing rearrangements, is associated with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 40:757-60. [PMID: 25754682 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a group of rare, clinically heterogeneous skin disorders that affect cornification. ARCI includes lamellar ichthyosis, congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and harlequin ichthyosis. TGM1 mutations cause > 50% of ARCI cases in the USA. We report two siblings with ARCI. They were found to carry a novel aetiological TGM1 mutation, which leads to the synthesis of multiple abnormal transcripts. These molecules resulted from three independent mechanisms: intron retention, exon skipping and activation of expand cryptic splice sites. Taken together, our findings expand the known TGM1 mutation repertoire, and provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms leading to ARCI phenotypes. These results could be useful for genetic counselling and future potential genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ortega-Recalde
- Genetics Unit, GENIUROS Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M B Moreno
- Genetics Unit, GENIUROS Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J I Vergara
- Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Dermatology Unit, Clínica Carlos Ardila Lulle, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - D J Fonseca
- Genetics Unit, GENIUROS Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Genética Molecular de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - R F Rojas
- Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Dermatology Unit, Clínica Carlos Ardila Lulle, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - H Mosquera
- Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Dermatology Unit, Clínica Carlos Ardila Lulle, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - C L Medina
- Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Dermatology Unit, Clínica Carlos Ardila Lulle, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - C M Restrepo
- Genetics Unit, GENIUROS Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Genética Molecular de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - P Laissue
- Genetics Unit, GENIUROS Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Genética Molecular de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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7
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Abstract
A series of thiamine-repressible shuttle vectors has been constructed to allow a more efficient DNA manipulation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. These high-copy-number vectors with regulatable expression (pJR) are based on the backbone of the pREP-3X, pREP-41X and pREP-81X plasmids. The pJR vectors are all uniform in structure, containing: (a) sequences for replication (ori) and selection (AmpR) in Escherichia coli; (b) the f1 ori sequence of the phage f1 for packaging of ssDNA, making them suitable for site-directed mutagenesis; and (c) the ars1 sequence for replication in S. pombe. The pJR vectors differ among them in: (a) the selectable marker (Saccharomyces cerevisiae LEU 2 gene, which complements S. pombe leu1- gene and S. pombe ura4+ and his3+ genes); (b) the thiamine-repressible nmt1 promoter (3X, 41X and 81X with extremely high, moderate or low transcription efficiency, respectively); and (c) the multiple cloning site (two multiple cloning sites, with 12 restriction sites each). The expression level of the pJR vectors has been analysed using the beta-galactosidase gene as reporter. Three levels of expression for each nmt1 promoter version, with any selectable marker and for either repressed or induced conditions, have been found. The expression is dependent on the distance to the initiation codon, varying from 0.001 to 15 times the activity characterized for the pREP plasmids. Also, the gene expression has been found to be extremely sensitive to the nucleotide sequence prior to the initiation codon, being up to 50-fold higher with an A/T sequence than with a G/C sequence. Finally, the beta-galactosidase mRNA levels were found to be similar in each nmt1 series, suggesting a translational effect on gene expression. As a result, any of these 18 new vectors allow performing gene expression in fission yeast, as well as a more versatile cloning, sequencing and mutagenesis, directly in the plasmid without the need for subcloning into intermediary vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Moreno
- Instituto de Microbiología Bioquímica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Edificio Departamental, Room 222, 370
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8
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Gobbi A, Stoddart CA, Malnati MS, Locatelli G, Santoro F, Abbey NW, Bare C, Linquist-Stepps V, Moreno MB, Herndier BG, Lusso P, McCune JM. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) causes severe thymocyte depletion in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1953-60. [PMID: 10377191 PMCID: PMC2192958 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.12.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a potentially immunosuppressive agent that may act as a cofactor in the progression of AIDS. Here, we describe the first small animal model of HHV-6 infection. HHV-6 subgroup A, strain GS, efficiently infected the human thymic tissue implanted in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, leading to the destruction of the graft. Viral DNA was detected in Thy/Liv implants by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as early as 4 d after inoculation and peaked at day 14. The productive nature of the infection was confirmed by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining. Atypical thymocytes with prominent nuclear inclusions were detected by histopathology. HHV-6 replication was associated with severe, progressive thymocyte depletion involving all major cellular subsets. However, intrathymic T progenitor cells (ITTPs) appeared to be more severely depleted than the other subpopulations, and a preferred tropism of HHV-6 for ITTPs was demonstrated by quantitative PCR on purified thymocyte subsets. These findings suggest that thymocyte depletion by HHV-6 may be due to infection and destruction of these immature T cell precursors. Similar results were obtained with strain PL-1, a primary isolate belonging to subgroup B. The severity of the lesions observed in this animal model underscores the possibility that HHV-6 may indeed be immunosuppressive in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gobbi
- Unit of Human Virology, Department of Biological and Technological Research (DIBIT), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
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9
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Adamo AM, Pasquini LA, Moreno MB, Oteiza PI, Soto EF, Pasquini JM. Effect of oxidant systems on the ubiquitylation of proteins in the central nervous system. J Neurosci Res 1999. [PMID: 10723062 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19990215)55:4<523::aid-jnr12<3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) modification of different proteins plays an important role in many cellular processes. However, the best studied function of Ub is the labeling of proteins committed to rapid degradation, by an ATP-dependent pathway. We previously found that this pathway is operative in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult rats (Adamo et al. [1994] J. Neurosci. Res. 38:358-364). In the present study, we examined the changes in the capacity to form high-molecular-weight Ub protein conjugates (UbPC) and the changes in the production of 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), in the content of protein-associated carbonyl groups (PAC), and in the activity of glutamine synthetase produced by in vitro peroxidation of the cell cytosolic proteins and of the mitochondrial fraction isolated from rat brain. Under these experimental conditions, there was an increase in PAC and TBARS in the cytosol, indicating that damage to certain cellular components had occurred. Simultaneously there was a marked increase in UbPC in comparison with the nonoxidized controls. These conjugates showed an active turnover and accumulated when Ub-mediated proteolysis was inhibited. In vitro peroxidation of the mitochondrial fractions resulted in an increase in the production of PAC and in an enhancement in the formation of UbPC. These results demonstrate that the oxidized proteins can be recognized by the ubiquitylating system and that in the CNS the Ub-dependent proteolytic pathway is one of the possible mechanisms involved in the removal of cytosolic and mitochondrial fraction damaged proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Adamo
- Institute of Biological and Physical Biochemistry (IQUIFIB), UBA-CONICET, and Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) modification of different proteins plays an important role in many cellular processes. However, the best studied function of Ub is the labeling of proteins committed to rapid degradation, by an ATP-dependent pathway. We previously found that this pathway is operative in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult rats (Adamo et al. [1994] J. Neurosci. Res. 38:358-364). In the present study, we examined the changes in the capacity to form high-molecular-weight Ub protein conjugates (UbPC) and the changes in the production of 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), in the content of protein-associated carbonyl groups (PAC), and in the activity of glutamine synthetase produced by in vitro peroxidation of the cell cytosolic proteins and of the mitochondrial fraction isolated from rat brain. Under these experimental conditions, there was an increase in PAC and TBARS in the cytosol, indicating that damage to certain cellular components had occurred. Simultaneously there was a marked increase in UbPC in comparison with the nonoxidized controls. These conjugates showed an active turnover and accumulated when Ub-mediated proteolysis was inhibited. In vitro peroxidation of the mitochondrial fractions resulted in an increase in the production of PAC and in an enhancement in the formation of UbPC. These results demonstrate that the oxidized proteins can be recognized by the ubiquitylating system and that in the CNS the Ub-dependent proteolytic pathway is one of the possible mechanisms involved in the removal of cytosolic and mitochondrial fraction damaged proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Adamo
- Institute of Biological and Physical Biochemistry (IQUIFIB), UBA-CONICET, and Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Jenkins M, Hanley MB, Moreno MB, Wieder E, McCune JM. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection interrupts thymopoiesis and multilineage hematopoiesis in vivo. Blood 1998; 91:2672-8. [PMID: 9531575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is still uncertain whether multilineage hematopoietic progenitor cells are affected by human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in vivo. The SCID-hu Thy/Liv model is permissive of long-term multilineage human hematopoiesis, including T lymphopoiesis. This model was used to investigate the effects of HIV-1 infection on early hematopoietic progenitor function. We found that both lineage-restricted and multilineage hematopoietic progenitors were depleted from grafts infected with either a molecular clone or a primary isolate of HIV-1. Depletion of hematopoietic progenitors (including CD34(+) cells, colony-forming units in methylcellulose, and long-term culture-initiating cells) occurred several days before the onset of thymocyte depletion, indicating that the subsequent rapid decline in thymocyte numbers was due at least in part to loss of thymocyte progenitors. HIV-1 proviral genomes were not detected at high frequency in hematopoietic cells earlier than the intrathymic T-progenitor cell stage, despite the depletion of such cells in infected grafts. Proviral genomes were also not detected in colonies derived from progenitor cells from infected grafts. These data demonstrate that HIV-1 infection interrupts both lineage-restricted and multilineage hematopoiesis in vivo and suggest that depletion of early hematopoietic progenitor cells occurs in the absence of direct viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jenkins
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94141-9100, USA
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12
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Memon SA, Hou J, Moreno MB, Zacharchuk CM. Apoptosis induced by a chimeric Fas/FLICE receptor: lack of requirement for Fas- or FADD-binding proteins. J Immunol 1998; 160:2046-9. [PMID: 9498739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current models for Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis suggest that FLICE/caspase-8 is recruited and activated, which results in cell death. However, the role of additional molecules in Fas signaling and FLICE activation is not clear. A chimeric Fas/FLICE (F/F) receptor, containing the extracellular/transmembrane portion of Fas and the caspase region of FLICE, mediated anti-Fas apoptosis. FLICE protease subunits were generated from the F/F precursor. Killing induced by Fas, but not F/F, was blocked by a dominant negative FADD. Apoptosis triggered through Fas and F/F was inhibited by coexpression of CrmA and p35, but not Bcl-xL. F/F bypassed Fas resistance in COS-7 cells and blocking by the death effector domain (DED)-containing viral protein MC159. These results show that: 1) F/F induces cell death, indicating that FLICE activation is sufficient for apoptosis and does not require additional Fas- or FADD-binding proteins; and 2) F/F bypasses proximal defects in Fas signaling that prevent FLICE recruitment or activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Memon
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Moreno MB, Memon SA, Zacharchuk CM. Apoptosis signaling pathways in normal T cells: differential activity of Bcl-2 and IL-1beta-converting enzyme family protease inhibitors on glucocorticoid- and Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. J Immunol 1996; 157:3845-9. [PMID: 8892614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fas-mediated apoptosis plays an important role in regulating the immune response in peripheral T cells. Restimulation of T cell blasts up-regulates Fas and Fas ligand expression, with subsequent interaction leading to cell death. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in tumor cells blocks apoptosis induced by many stimuli, but inhibition of Fas-mediated killing has not been consistently observed. To examine the behavior of Bcl-2 in normal cells, T cell blasts were transiently transfected with Bcl-2 and related gene products to determine the effect on apoptotic signaling. Transient overexpression of Bcl-2 in mouse and human T cell blasts did not block Fas-mediated apoptosis, whereas etoposide- and glucocorticoid-induced cytotoxicity was potently inhibited. Expression of Bcl-xL and adenovirus E1B 19K did not interfere with anti-Fas killing. In contrast, interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme family protease inhibitors Ac-DEVD-CHO and CrmA blocked Fas-mediated apoptosis. These results suggest that peripheral T cells use distinct apoptosis signaling pathways with differential sensitivity to Bcl-2 and interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme family protease inhibitors. Since T cells normally express Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL following activation, their inability to block Fas-mediated apoptosis may allow for the elimination of self-reactive cells and the appropriate regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Moreno
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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Moreno MB, Memon SA, Zacharchuk CM. Apoptosis signaling pathways in normal T cells: differential activity of Bcl-2 and IL-1beta-converting enzyme family protease inhibitors on glucocorticoid- and Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.9.3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Fas-mediated apoptosis plays an important role in regulating the immune response in peripheral T cells. Restimulation of T cell blasts up-regulates Fas and Fas ligand expression, with subsequent interaction leading to cell death. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in tumor cells blocks apoptosis induced by many stimuli, but inhibition of Fas-mediated killing has not been consistently observed. To examine the behavior of Bcl-2 in normal cells, T cell blasts were transiently transfected with Bcl-2 and related gene products to determine the effect on apoptotic signaling. Transient overexpression of Bcl-2 in mouse and human T cell blasts did not block Fas-mediated apoptosis, whereas etoposide- and glucocorticoid-induced cytotoxicity was potently inhibited. Expression of Bcl-xL and adenovirus E1B 19K did not interfere with anti-Fas killing. In contrast, interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme family protease inhibitors Ac-DEVD-CHO and CrmA blocked Fas-mediated apoptosis. These results suggest that peripheral T cells use distinct apoptosis signaling pathways with differential sensitivity to Bcl-2 and interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme family protease inhibitors. Since T cells normally express Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL following activation, their inability to block Fas-mediated apoptosis may allow for the elimination of self-reactive cells and the appropriate regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Moreno
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S A Memon
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - C M Zacharchuk
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Rabin L, Hincenbergs M, Moreno MB, Warren S, Linquist V, Datema R, Charpiot B, Seifert J, Kaneshima H, McCune JM. Use of standardized SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse model for preclinical efficacy testing of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:755-62. [PMID: 8851606 PMCID: PMC163193 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.3.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed standardized procedures and practices for infection of SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 for the prophylactic administration of antiviral compounds and for evaluation of the antiviral effect in vivo. Endpoint analyses included quantitation of viral load by intracellular p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, DNA PCR for the presence of proviral genomes, flow cytometry to measure the representation of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and cocultivation for the isolation of virus. Efficacy tests in this model are demonstrated with the nucleoside analogs zidovudine and dideoxyinosine and with the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine. This small-animal model should be particularly useful in the preclinical prioritization of lead compounds within a common chemical class, in the evaluation of alternative in vivo dosing regimens, and in the determination of appropriate combination therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rabin
- Preclinical Testing Group, SyStemix, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
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Datema R, Rabin L, Hincenbergs M, Moreno MB, Warren S, Linquist V, Rosenwirth B, Seifert J, McCune JM. Antiviral efficacy in vivo of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus bicyclam SDZ SID 791 (JM 3100), an inhibitor of infectious cell entry. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:750-4. [PMID: 8851605 PMCID: PMC163192 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.3.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SID 791, a bicyclam inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in vitro by blocking virus entry into cells, is an effective inhibitor of virus production and of depletion of human CD4+ T cells in HIV type 1-infected SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. Steady levels of 100 ng of SID 791 or higher per ml in plasma resulted in statistically significant inhibition of p24 antigen formation. Daily injections of SID 791 caused a dose-dependent decrease in viremia, and this inhibition could be potentiated by coadministration of zidovudine or didanose. The present study suggests that SID 791 alone or in combination with licensed antiviral agents may decrease the virus load in HIV-infected patients and, by extension, that the infectious cell entry step is a valid target for antiviral chemotherapy of HIV disease. The SCID-hu Thy/Liv model in effect provides a rapid means of assessing the potential of compounds with novel modes of antiviral action, as well as the potential of antiviral drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Datema
- Sandoz Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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Memon SA, Moreno MB, Petrak D, Zacharchuk CM. Bcl-2 blocks glucocorticoid- but not Fas- or activation-induced apoptosis in a T cell hybridoma. J Immunol 1995; 155:4644-52. [PMID: 7594463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of Bcl-2 can prevent or markedly delay cell death induced by a variety of apoptotic stimuli. Although Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) interactions play a major role in the elimination of self-reactive T cells in the periphery, inhibition of Fas-mediated killing by Bcl-2 has not been consistently observed. The mouse T hybridoma 2B4.11 (2B4) has been a useful model to study glucocorticoid- and activation-induced apoptosis, which is mediated through Fas and FasL. Using both stable transfectants and transient transfections, overexpression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL readily blocked glucocorticoid-induced but not activation-induced apoptosis of 2B4 cells. Bcl-2 expression did not inhibit Fas-mediated cytotoxicity triggered by cells expressing FasL or by the transient transfection of human Fas. Similarly, overexpression of Bcl-2 in the mouse T hybridoma A1.1 did not block activation-induced/Fas-mediated apoptosis. In Jurkat cells, however, expression of Bcl-2 partially inhibited anti-Fas-induced cell death. A Bcl-2-related protein that can interfere with anti-Fas killing, the adenoviral E1B 19K, also did not block activation-induced/Fas-mediated apoptosis in 2B4 cells. In contrast, expression of CrmA, a cowpox virus protein that inhibits ICE-like protease activity, blocked activation-induced apoptosis in 2B4 cells but had little effect on Dex-mediated cytotoxicity. These results show that: 1) Bcl-2 can have strikingly different anti-cell death activity in the same cell depending upon the apoptotic stimulus, 2) distinct apoptosis signaling pathways may exist with differential sensitivity to Bcl-2 and ICE-like protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Memon
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Memon SA, Moreno MB, Petrak D, Zacharchuk CM. Bcl-2 blocks glucocorticoid- but not Fas- or activation-induced apoptosis in a T cell hybridoma. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.10.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Overexpression of Bcl-2 can prevent or markedly delay cell death induced by a variety of apoptotic stimuli. Although Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) interactions play a major role in the elimination of self-reactive T cells in the periphery, inhibition of Fas-mediated killing by Bcl-2 has not been consistently observed. The mouse T hybridoma 2B4.11 (2B4) has been a useful model to study glucocorticoid- and activation-induced apoptosis, which is mediated through Fas and FasL. Using both stable transfectants and transient transfections, overexpression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL readily blocked glucocorticoid-induced but not activation-induced apoptosis of 2B4 cells. Bcl-2 expression did not inhibit Fas-mediated cytotoxicity triggered by cells expressing FasL or by the transient transfection of human Fas. Similarly, overexpression of Bcl-2 in the mouse T hybridoma A1.1 did not block activation-induced/Fas-mediated apoptosis. In Jurkat cells, however, expression of Bcl-2 partially inhibited anti-Fas-induced cell death. A Bcl-2-related protein that can interfere with anti-Fas killing, the adenoviral E1B 19K, also did not block activation-induced/Fas-mediated apoptosis in 2B4 cells. In contrast, expression of CrmA, a cowpox virus protein that inhibits ICE-like protease activity, blocked activation-induced apoptosis in 2B4 cells but had little effect on Dex-mediated cytotoxicity. These results show that: 1) Bcl-2 can have strikingly different anti-cell death activity in the same cell depending upon the apoptotic stimulus, 2) distinct apoptosis signaling pathways may exist with differential sensitivity to Bcl-2 and ICE-like protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Memon
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M B Moreno
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - D Petrak
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - C M Zacharchuk
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bakács T, Lee J, Moreno MB, Zacharchuk CM, Cole MS, Tso JY, Paik CH, Ward JM, Segal DM. A bispecific antibody prolongs survival in mice bearing lung metastases of syngeneic mammary adenocarcinoma. Int Immunol 1995; 7:947-55. [PMID: 7577803 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/7.6.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we tested whether T cells retargeted with a bispecific antibody (bsAb) could block the growth of lung metastases of syngeneic mammary adenocarcinoma in immunocompetent mice. BALB/c mice were injected i.v. with tumor and i.p. with a genetically engineered bispecific F(ab')2 [bs(Fab')2] having specificity for murine CD3 epsilon chain and for the gp52 mouse mammary tumor viral glycoprotein, which is expressed on the tumor cells. The bs(Fab')2 was physically stable in blood and serum, was removed from the body with a half-time of 12-15 h, and accumulated in lymphoid tissue where it bound to T cells. We show that treatment of tumor bearing mice with the bs(Fab')2 significantly prolonged their survival relative to untreated controls. Two other genetically engineered bs(Fab')2s having specificity for murine CD3 epsilon chain and irrelevant antigens did not inhibit tumor growth. In addition, survival was not affected by bsAb therapy using a variant tumor cell line that expressed low levels of the gp52 target antigen. Inhibition of tumor growth was even more evident by histologic analysis. Treatment with the relevant bs(Fab')2 resulted in a marked reduction of tumor burden in lung sections taken on days 7, 9 and 11. This is the first report demonstrating that a bsAb can inhibit the growth of syngeneic solid tumor metastases in mice without addition of T cell activators.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/therapeutic use
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/mortality
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bakács
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) has been observed in a wide variety of cell types in response to physiologic signals or types of stress. How these stimuli trigger PCD, and whether there is a common PCD signal transduction pathway, is not clear. As more genes are described that may participate in or regulate PCD, an assay system in which gene products can easily be introduced and/or modulated would be of great value. To avoid the generation and screening of multiple individual stable cell transfectants, a simple transient transfection death assay has been developed. 2B4.11, a murine T cell hybridoma, was transfected by electroporation with a constitutively active beta-galactosidase reporter gene and the cells were incubated in culture medium or with a PCD-inducing stimulus. The amount of beta-galactosidase activity remaining in the intact cells at the end of the culture period represented only viable transfected cells. Bcl-2 was chosen to examine whether this system would be useful to study the effect of transiently transfected genes since it blocks PCD in a number of experimental systems. Consistent with data obtained using stable transfectants, transient expression of Bcl-2 in 2B4.11 completely protected cells from glucocorticoid- and cytotoxic agent-induced PCD. This protection from death was confirmed at the individual cell level by the transient co-expression of a class I Ld surface antigen and flow cytometric analysis. Some of the advantages of the transient transfection death assay described here are; (1) the simple and sensitive beta-galactosidase assay, (2) the rapidity of the assay, (3) the ability to perform conventional viability assays to monitor treatment-induced cytotoxicity, (4) multiple gene products can be tested alone, and in combination, (5) antisense or dominant negative approaches can be used, and (6) the adaptability of this assay system to other cell types, transfection techniques, or reporter and expression vectors. The transient transfection death assay should make it easier to identify and order important steps in the PCD signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Memon
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1152
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21
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Moreno MB, Titus JA, Cole MS, Tso JY, Le N, Paik CH, Bakács T, Zacharchuk CM, Segal DM, Wunderlich JR. Bispecific antibodies retarget murine T cell cytotoxicity against syngeneic breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995; 40:182-90. [PMID: 7728777 PMCID: PMC11037834 DOI: 10.1007/bf01517350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/1994] [Accepted: 11/22/1994] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies with specificity for CD3 and a tumor antigen can redirect cytolytic T cells to kill tumor targets, regardless of their natural specificity. To assess the clinical potential of bispecific antibodies for treatment of human cancers we have, in the present study, adapted a totally synergeic mouse model to the targeting of mouse T cells against mouse tumors in immunocompetent mice. We show that gp52 of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV) can serve as a tumor-specific antigen for redirected cellular cytotoxicity. Chemically crosslinked and genetically engineered bispecific antibodies with specificities for gp52 and murine CD3 epsilon-chain induced activated mouse T cells to specifically lyse mouse mammary tumor cells from cultured lines and primary tumors from C3H-MTV+ mice. Retargeted T cells also blocked the growth of mammary tumors in vitro as well as their growth in syngeneic mice. These findings identify murine MTV-induced mammary adenocarcinomas as a solid-tumor, animal model for retargeting T cells with bispecific antibodies against syngeneic breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/analysis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Moreno
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Abstract
The capacity to form ubiquitin (Ub)-protein conjugates was investigated in the cytosol of different structures of the rat central nervous system (CNS) in order to confirm the presence of this extralysosomal, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent, protein degradation system as well as its structural localization. Using 125I-Ub, we found that in the presence of ATP, the cytosol obtained from whole brains was able to form high molecular weight Ub-protein conjugates. These conjugates could be detected after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and radioautography. The formation of these conjugates was much higher in the cerebral cortex than in the brain stem, which is mainly constituted by white matter, being intermediate in the cytosol isolated from whole brain total homogenates. These results suggested to us that under normal conditions the capacity to form Ub-protein conjugates was mainly located in structures containing neuronal cell bodies. Strong support for this contention was obtained when the cytosol isolated from rat optic nerves or from oligodendroglial cells isolated from whole brain was found to be totally unable to form Ub-protein conjugates. The inability of certain CNS structures to form conjugates with Ub could be attributed, among other reasons, to the lack of enzymes catalyzing the various steps of the Ub degradation system, to the absence of short half-life (target) proteins in those structures, or to the lack of activity of the enzymes catalyzing the reaction due to regulatory control mechanisms operating under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Adamo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Wilson SM, McNerney R, Moreno MB, Frame I, Miles MA. Adaptation of a radioactive L. donovani complex DNA probe to a chemiluminescent detection system gives enhanced sensitivity for diagnostic and epidemiological applications. Parasitology 1992; 104 ( Pt 3):421-6. [PMID: 1641241 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000063678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA probe, Lmet2, was labelled with digoxigenin and used in a chemiluminescent system to detect fewer than 100 membrane-immobilized Leishmania parasites. The probe was found to hybridize primarily with members of the L. donovani complex but a slight cross-reaction was also observed with greater than 5 x 10(4) L. major. This cross-reaction was reduced by hybridizations in 50% formamide at 37 degrees C. Formamide also significantly reduced non-specific binding of the digoxigenin-labelled probe to the membrane support which, in hybridizations without formamide, masked the specific hybridization signal. This background was not observed with the corresponding radio-isotope labelled probe. With hybridizations in formamide the sensitivity achieved by the chemiluminescent system after exposure to film for 3 h was greater than that achieved by the isotopic system even after autoradiography for 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wilson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
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