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Zeitlin PL, Leong M, Cole J, Mallory RM, Shih VH, Olsson RF, Goldman M. Benralizumab does not impair antibody response to seasonal influenza vaccination in adolescent and young adult patients with moderate to severe asthma: results from the Phase IIIb ALIZE trial. J Asthma Allergy 2018; 11:181-192. [PMID: 30510434 PMCID: PMC6248228 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s172338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Benralizumab is a humanized, afucosylated monoclonal antibody against the IL-5Rα. Initial monthly followed by every-other-month injections result in rapid and nearly complete eosinophil depletion. We evaluated whether three doses of benralizumab modifies antibody response to seasonal influenza vaccination for adolescent/young adult patients with moderate to severe asthma. Methods ALIZE (NCT02814643) was a Phase IIIb randomized controlled trial of patients aged 12–21 years receiving medium- to high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting β2-agonists. Patients received benralizumab 30 mg or placebo at Weeks 0, 4, and 8, plus tetravalent influenza vaccination at Week 8. At Week 12, strain-specific antibody responses following vaccination were assessed for four influenza antigens by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. Results A total of 103 patients were randomized and received benralizumab (n=51) or placebo (n=52). There were no consistent differences in HAI or MN antibody responses at Week 12 between patients receiving benralizumab or placebo. HAI geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) for all influenza strains tested were 3.3–4.2 for benralizumab vs 3.4–3.9 for placebo; MN GMFRs were 2.8–5.1 for benralizumab vs 3.2–4.4 for placebo. A ≥4-fold rise in HAI from Weeks 8 to 12 occurred in 44.0%–56.0% and 30.6%–49.0% of patients receiving benralizumab and placebo, respectively. At Week 12, 78.0%–100% vs 79.6%–100% of patients receiving benralizumab and placebo, respectively, achieved a ≥40 HAI antibody titer. There were no significant safety findings. Conclusion Benralizumab did not impair the antibody response to seasonal virus vaccination in adolescents and young adult patients with moderate to severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Zeitlin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA,
| | - Mila Leong
- Pediatric Pulmonary and Asthma Associates, Northfield, NJ, USA
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Decker E, Williams S, Leong M, Hare S, Grimes C. Use of patient focus groups to improve patient information in enhanced recovery in colorectal surgery. Int J Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.05.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Leong M. Reducing occupational exposure to volatile anaesthetics. Anaesthesia 2018; 73:788-789. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Leong
- Institute of Naval Medicine; Alverstoke UK
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Zeitlin PL, Leong M, Cole J, Mallory RM, Shih VH, Olsson RF, Goldman M. No Effect of Benralizumab Treatment on Antibody Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Adolescent and Young Adult Patients With Moderate to Severe Asthma: Results From the Phase IIIb ALIZE Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Quek R, Lim S, Chay W, Soh L, Tan S, Goh W, Leong M, Khoo R, Selvarajan S, Sittampalam K, Tao M, Tang T, Lim S, Farid M. Phase 2 clinical study of metronomic oral cyclophosphamide (MOC) in advanced sarcomas. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx675.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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McLatchy JE, Leong M, Greco H, Nimaroff M. Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: An Underrecognized, Treatable Disease. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Patrizio P, Levi Setti P, Menduni F, Leong M, Arav A. Successful open system vitrification of bovine and human oocytes using clean liquid air instead of commercial liquid nitrogen. Fertil Steril 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Ding
- Gastroenterology Unit, Geelong Hospital, Geelong, Australia.
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Leong M, Mackie S. The management of renal colic. J R Nav Med Serv 2014; 100:179-185. [PMID: 25335314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Renal colic can be a challenging cause of abdominal pain in the military population. This review highlights the management of renal colic in the Royal Navy's operational setting. It provides an overview of the diagnosis, treatment options and occupational health issues in the deployed (Role 1) and hospital environments (Role 2 and 3).
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Chandran M, Tan MZW, Cheen M, Tan SB, Leong M, Lau TC. Secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures--an "OPTIMAL" model of care from Singapore. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:2809-17. [PMID: 23615816 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A significant care gap exists in the management of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis Patient Targeted and Integrated Management for Active Living (OPTIMAL) is a secondary fracture prevention program instituted in the public hospitals of Singapore. We aim to describe the operational characteristics of OPTIMAL and initial audit data of patients who were recruited into the program at Singapore General Hospital. INTRODUCTION Fractures often represent the first opportunity for care of osteoporosis. However, a significant care gap still exists in the management of these sentinel events and underdiagnosis and undertreatment of osteoporotic fractures are prevalent worldwide. Fracture liaison services run by care coordinators have been shown to reduce the fracture care gap. OPTIMAL is a clinician champion-driven, case manager-run secondary fracture prevention program set up in the public hospitals of Singapore in 2008. METHODS We present the operational characteristics and initial audit data of OPTIMAL from the largest tertiary teaching hospital in Singapore. RESULTS One thousand and fourteen patients have been recruited into OPTIMAL at our hospital since 2008, and 476 patients are currently in active follow-up. Two hundred and eighty-seven patients had completed a 2-year follow-up at the hospital as of August 2012 and were evaluated; 97.5% of these patients had DXA evaluation upon enrollment into the program, and 62% of the patients reported compliance with an exercise program over the 2-year follow-up. Compliance to osteoporosis medications as estimated by the medication possession ratio (MPR) was 72.8 ± 34.5% at 2 years with patients maintaining good compliance (MPR ≥ 80%) for an average of 20.2 months (95% CI 19.3-21.1). CONCLUSION Our report provides the first compelling evidence of the potential success of a secondary fracture prevention program from an Asian country. The ultimate success of the program will be determined by fracture outcomes and cost effectiveness, but in the interim, clear evidence of enhanced assessment and treatment rates has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chandran
- Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore,
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Barreto SG, Bazargan M, Zotti M, Hussey DJ, Sukocheva OA, Peiris H, Leong M, Keating DJ, Schloithe AC, Carati CJ, Smith C, Toouli J, Saccone GTP. Galanin receptor 3--a potential target for acute pancreatitis therapy. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:e141-51. [PMID: 21303427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galanin participates in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP). The galanin receptor (GALR) sub-types involved, however, are unclear. We aimed to determine GALRs messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in mouse pancreas, describe their localization, and ascertain if GALR2 and GALR3 are involved in AP. METHODS Galanin receptor expression in murine whole pancreas, acinar, and islet cells was quantified by polymerase chain reaction amplification of reverse-transcribed RNA for mRNA, Western blot analysis for protein and in situ hybridization for GALR localization. Isolated acinar cells were used to determine galanin's effect on amylase secretion. Acute pancreatitis was induced in mice by caerulein injections. Mice, with and without AP, were treated with the highly selective GALR2 antagonist M871, or the specific GALR3 antagonist SNAP-37889. Indices of AP were measured at 12 h. KEY RESULTS Murine pancreas expresses mRNA for GALRs. In islets the expression of all GALR are comparable, whereas in acinar cells GALR3 is predominantly expressed. Western blot analysis confirmed that the GALR proteins are expressed by acinar cells. In situ hybridization analysis confirmed that GALR3 mRNA is present in islet and acinar cells, while mRNA for GALR1 and 2 is confined to islets. Galanin did not influence basal and caerulein-stimulated amylase release from acinar cells. M871 treatment reduced some, whereas SNAP-37889 treatment reduced all indices of AP (by 40-80%). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Galanin receptor mRNA and protein are expressed in mouse pancreas, with GALR3 mRNA predominating. GALR3 antagonism reduced the severity of AP whereas GALR2 antagonism was less effective. GALR3 is a potential target for treatment of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Barreto
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid prescribing is controversial with evidence of both significant under-utilization and over-utilization. There is some evidence to support efficacy for chronic non-malignant pain, but community and individual harms are increasingly reported. AIMS To review availability of opioid preparations and prescription patterns of opioids through the subsidized Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in Australia from 1992 to 2007. METHODS Interrogation of the Health Insurance Commission database from 1992 to 2007. Item numbers for all available opioid preparations were identified, and frequency of dispensing was collected and collated. RESULTS The number of opioids on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) increased from 11 preparations of four medications to 70 preparations of eight medications during this period. The total number of PBS opioid prescriptions increased from 2 397 006 in 1992 to 6 998 556 in 2007. We identified a dramatic and continuing increase in prescription of oxycodone in all dose ranges. Fentanyl prescribing is increasing to a lesser degree. Morphine and tramadol prescribing appears to have plateaued. CONCLUSION Opioid use is increasing. There is a pressing need for co-ordinated assessment of efficacy and harms to facilitate quality usage of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leong
- Drug Health Service, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Oh J, Anantharaman V, Ponampalam R, Leong M, Chiong A. 43: Singapore General Hospital’s Semi-Automated Hospital Decontamination Station. Ann Emerg Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fang C, Rocha K, Miao B, Doo A, Leung C, Leong M. Compare ICSI results of immature oocytes from IVM cycles with IVF-ICSI cycles. Fertil Steril 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Krane E, Zempsky W, Leong M. 113: Efficacy of Needlefree Powder Lidocaine Delivery System In Pediatric Patients Undergoing Venipuncture or Peripheral Venous Cannulation: The COMFORT-003 and −004 Trials. Ann Emerg Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leong M. Serial Ultrasonographic Examination for Stable Blunt Abdominal Injury--A Potential for Use during Mass Casualty Incidents. Acad Emerg Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Brockstedt DG, Bahjat KS, Giedlin MA, Liu W, Leong M, Luckett W, Gao Y, Schnupf P, Kapadia D, Castro G, Lim JYH, Sampson-Johannes A, Herskovits AA, Stassinopoulos A, Bouwer HGA, Hearst JE, Portnoy DA, Cook DN, Dubensky TW. Killed but metabolically active microbes: a new vaccine paradigm for eliciting effector T-cell responses and protective immunity. Nat Med 2005; 11:853-60. [PMID: 16041382 DOI: 10.1038/nm1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new class of vaccines, based on killed but metabolically active (KBMA) bacteria, that simultaneously takes advantage of the potency of live vaccines and the safety of killed vaccines. We removed genes required for nucleotide excision repair (uvrAB), rendering microbial-based vaccines exquisitely sensitive to photochemical inactivation with psoralen and long-wavelength ultraviolet light. Colony formation of the nucleotide excision repair mutants was blocked by infrequent, randomly distributed psoralen crosslinks, but the bacterial population was able to express its genes, synthesize and secrete proteins. Using the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes as a model platform, recombinant psoralen-inactivated Lm DeltauvrAB vaccines induced potent CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses and protected mice against virus challenge in an infectious disease model and provided therapeutic benefit in a mouse cancer model. Microbial KBMA vaccines used either as a recombinant vaccine platform or as a modified form of the pathogen itself may have broad use for the treatment of infectious disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Brockstedt
- Cerus Corporation, 2411 Stanwell Drive, Concord, California 94520, USA
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Leong M, Zhao J, Gould L. 034 Light?Emitting Diode Therapy Increases VEGF and no Production in Raw 264.7 Cells. Wound Repair Regen 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.0abstractag.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gould L, Leong M, Mushkudiani I. Hyperbaric oxygen delays healing in an ischemic wound model. J Surg Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2003.08.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang J, Barbry P, Maiyar AC, Rozansky DJ, Bhargava A, Leong M, Firestone GL, Pearce D. SGK integrates insulin and mineralocorticoid regulation of epithelial sodium transport. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 280:F303-13. [PMID: 11208606 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.2.f303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) constitutes the rate-limiting step for Na+ transport across tight epithelia and is the principal target of hormonal regulation, particularly by insulin and mineralocorticoids. Recently, the serine-threonine kinase (SGK) was identified as a rapidly mineralocorticoid-responsive gene, the product of which stimulates ENaC-mediated Na+ transport. Like its close relative, protein kinase B (also called Akt), SGK's kinase activity is dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a key mediator of insulin signaling. In our study we show that PI3K is required for SGK-dependent stimulation of ENaC-mediated Na+ transport as well as for the production of the phosphorylated form of SGK. In A6 kidney cells, mineralocorticoid induction of the phosphorylated form of SGK preceded the increase in Na+ transport, and specific inhibition of PI3K inhibited both phosphorylation of SGK and mineralocorticoid-induced Na+ transport. Insulin both augmented SGK phosphorylation and synergized with mineralocorticoids in stimulating Na+ transport. In a Xenopus laevis oocyte coexpression assay, SGK-stimulated ENaC activity was also markedly reduced by PI3K inhibition. Finally, in vitro-translated SGK specifically interacted with the ENaC subunits expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. These data suggest that SGK is a PI3K-dependent integrator of insulin and mineralocorticoid actions that interacts with ENaC subunits to control Na+ entry into kidney collecting duct cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
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Leong M, Leung C, Mao K, Ng J, Tang F, Tang W. 223 Cases of Microinjection and Fallopian Transfer (MIFT) for Treatment of Severe Male Infertility in a Private IVF Center. Fertil Steril 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Pregnancy is a relative contraindication for elective surgery. The primary concerns are for the safety of the fetus and the mother. However, there are particular problems involving microvascular surgery due to the pregnancy-associated hypercoagulable state. The authors were presented with a 35-year woman, 20 weeks pregnant, with a degloved foot and ankle associated with an open distal tibia/fibula fracture (Gustilo IIIB). Salvage of her leg required a microvascular tissue transfer. Accordingly, a combined latissimus dorsi-serratus anterior free flap was performed with a saphenous vein graft to the popliteal vessels. The patient was hypercoagulable and there were extensive platelet clots. Her consumption of heparin was enormous. Postoperatively, she was treated with intravenous dextran for 5 days and for 17 days with intravenous heparin. After discharge, she was placed on subcutaneous heparin until she delivered a healthy baby. The flap survived and her leg was salvaged. The hypercoagulable state of pregnancy, as well as thromboprophylaxis, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leong
- Department of Surgery, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, MCP--Hahnemann School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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Woodard AS, García-Cardeña G, Leong M, Madri JA, Sessa WC, Languino LR. The synergistic activity of alphavbeta3 integrin and PDGF receptor increases cell migration. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 4):469-78. [PMID: 9443896 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.4.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins and growth factor receptors act synergistically to modulate cellular functions. The alphavbeta3 integrin and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor have both been shown to play a positive role in cell migration. We show here that a platelet derived growth factor-BB gradient stimulated migration of rat microvascular endothelial cells on vitronectin (9.2-fold increase compared to resting cells) in a alphavbeta3 and RGD-dependent manner. In contrast, this response was not observed on a beta1 integrin ligand, laminin; background levels of migration, in response to a platelet derived growth factor-BB gradient, were observed on this substrate or on bovine serum albumin (2.4- or 2.0-fold, respectively). Comparable results were obtained using NIH-3T3 cells. Platelet derived growth factor-BB did not change the cells' ability to adhere to vitronectin, nor did it stimulate a further increase in proliferation on vitronectin versus laminin. In addition, platelet derived growth factor-BB stimulation of NIH-3T3 cells did not alter the ability of alphavbeta3 to bind RGD immobilized on Sepharose. The alphavbeta3 integrin and the platelet derived growth factor receptor-beta associate in both microvascular endothelial cells and NIH-3T3 cells, since they coprecipitated using two different antibodies to either alphavbeta3 or to the platelet derived growth factor receptor-beta. In contrast, beta1 integrins did not coprecipitate with the platelet derived growth factor receptor-beta. These results point to a novel pathway, mediated by the synergistic activity of alphavbeta3 and the platelet derived growth factor receptor-beta, that regulates cell migration and, therefore, might play a role during neovessel formation and tissue infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Woodard
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Rosenberg ZS, Cheung YY, Beltran J, Sheskier S, Leong M, Jahss M. Posterior intermalleolar ligament of the ankle: normal anatomy and MR imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165:387-90. [PMID: 7618563 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.165.2.7618563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to delineate the normal anatomy and MR imaging features of the posterior intermalleolar ligament--a normal ligamentous variant of the posterior portion of the ankle--and to identify normal anatomic characteristics that may account for the role of the ligament in the development of posterior impingement syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prevalence, size, and shape of the posterior intermalleolar ligament were documented in 36 cadaveric ankles and in 97 MR studies of the ankle in patients with and without symptoms. RESULTS The posterior intermalleolar ligament was identified in 20 (56%) of the 36 cadaveric feet. It was 1-8 mm wide, and its diameter (anterior to posterior) was 5-8 mm. The ligament often resembled a meniscus, and in one case its anterior lip herniated into the ankle joint. The posterior intermalleolar ligament was detected in 18 (19%) of the 97 MR studies of the ankle. It was visualized on coronal T1- or T2-weighted images as a distinct, hypointense band traversing between the posterior talofibular ligament and the inferior transverse ligament. CONCLUSION The posterior intermalleolar ligament is a normal variant of the posterior ligaments of the ankle and is present in a significant number of persons. It is best seen on coronal T1- and T2-weighted MR images. Its meniscuslike shape and occasional extension into the ankle joint may account for the development of posterior impingement syndrome in susceptible persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Rosenberg
- Radiology Department, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Abstract
Glucose polymer is a carbohydrate source with variable chain lengths of glucose units which may result in variable osmolality. The osmolality of two commercial glucose polymers was measured in reconstituted powder infant formulas, and the change in osmolality of infant milk formulas at the same increases in energy density (67 kcal/dL to 81 and 97 kcal/dL) from the use of additional milk powder or glucose polymers was compared. All samples were prepared from powders (to nearest 0.1 mg), and osmolality was measured by freezing point depression. For both glucose polymers the within-batch variability of the measured osmolality was less than 3.5%, and between-batch variability of the measured osmolality was less than 9.6%. The measured osmolality varies linearly with energy density (p less than 0.001) and was highest in infant formula reconstituted from milk powder alone. However, there exist significant differences in the measured osmolality between different glucose polymer preparations. At high energy densities (greater than or equal to 97 kcal/dL), infant milk formulas prepared with milk powder alone or with the addition of certain glucose polymer preparation may have high osmolality (greater than or equal to 450 mosm/kg) and theoretically predispose the infant to complications of hyperosmotic feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Koo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Leong M, Vera J, Smith BW, Omenetto N, Winefordner JD. Laser-induced double resonance fluorescence of lead with graphite tube atomization. Anal Chem 1988; 60:1605-10. [PMID: 3223575 DOI: 10.1021/ac00166a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Meyer JH, Leong M, Keller CH. Hormone-induced and maturational changes in electric organ discharges and electroreceptor tuning in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1987; 160:385-94. [PMID: 3572854 DOI: 10.1007/bf00613028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasticity in the frequency of the electric organ discharge (EOD) and electroreceptor tuning of weakly electric fish was studied in the genus Apteronotus. Both hormone-induced and maturational changes in EOD frequency and electroreceptor tuning were examined. Apteronotus is different from all other steroid-responsive weakly electric fish in that estradiol-17 beta, rather than androgens, induces discharge frequency decreases. This result can account for the 'reversed' discharge frequency dimorphism found in Apteronotus in which, counter to all other known sexually dimorphic electric fish, females have lower discharge frequencies than males. Studies of electroreceptor tuning in Apteronotus indicate that electroreceptors are closely tuned to the frequency of the EOD. This finding was noted not only in adult animals, but also in juvenile animals shortly after the onset of their EODs. Tuning plasticity in Apteronotus, as in other species studied, is associated with altered EOD frequencies and was noted in both maturational EOD changes and in estrogen-induced changes. Thus, tuning plasticity appears to be a general phenomenon which occurs concurrent with a variety of EOD changes.
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Leong M, Duby S, Kinch RA. Fetal-maternal transfusion following early abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 54:424-6. [PMID: 114903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic abortion has been a major potential source of Rh isoimmunization. Popularization of early termination necessitates reconfirmation of established policies. This study involved 75 patients, selected at random, in whom pre- and post-abortion blood smears were studied for fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Results showed that this may occur even in early suction termination. The significance of these findings was discussed in relation to the cost-effectiveness and the dosage of anti-Rho (D) globulin administered to patients.
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Whittow GC, Scammell CA, Manuel JK, Rand D, Leong M. Temperature regulation in a hypometabolic primate, the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1977; 85:139-51. [PMID: 68719 DOI: 10.3109/13813457709069860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Six slow loris were exposed to air temperatures between 10 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Rectal temperature was stable (mean, 34.8 degrees C) at air temperatures between 17 degrees C and 31 degrees C; at higher air temperatures, the animals became hyperthermic. Oxygen consumption was minimal at air temperatures of 31.4-36.6 degrees C; the mean value (0.250 ml O2 g-1 h-1) was only 36% of the expected level for a eutherian Mammal. The slow loris increased its heat production at lower air temperatures. Thermal polypnea occurred in response to heat, and some of the animals were able to dissipate their entire metabolic heat production at lower air temperatures. Thermal polypnea occurred in response to heat, and some of the animals were able the combined thermal conductance of the tissues and haircoat was 73% of the predicted values. It was concluded that, in spite of its low metabolic rate, the slow loris had effective responses to moderate cold, and that, in addition, it was well adapted to a hot climate.
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Whittow GC, Scammell CA, Leong M, Rand D. Temperature regulation in the smallest ungulate, the Lesser Mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 1977; 56:23-6. [PMID: 11060 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(77)90436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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