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Zhang Z, Chen Z, Zhang J, Liu Y, Chen L, Yang M, Osman AI, Farghali M, Liu E, Hassan D, Ihara I, Lu K, Rooney DW, Yap PS. Municipal solid waste management challenges in developing regions: A comprehensive review and future perspectives for Asia and Africa. Sci Total Environ 2024; 930:172794. [PMID: 38677421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The rapid urbanization witnessed in developing countries in Asia and Africa has led to a substantial increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. However, the corresponding disposal strategies, along with constraints in land resources and finances, compounded by unorganized public behaviour, have resulted in ineffective policy implementation and monitoring. This lack of systematic and targeted orientation, combined with blind mapping, has led to inefficient development in many areas. This review examines the key challenges of MSW management in developing countries in Asia and Africa from 2013 to 2023, drawing insights from 170 academic papers. Rather than solely focusing on recycling, the study proposes waste sorting at the source, optimization of landfill practices, thermal treatment measures, and strategies to capitalize on the value of waste as more pertinent solutions aligned with local realities. Barriers to optimizing management systems arise from socio-economic factors, infrastructural limitations, and cultural considerations. The review emphasizes the importance of integrating the study area into the circular economy framework, with a focus on enhancing citizen participation in solid waste reduction and promoting recycling initiatives, along with seeking economic assistance from international organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhechen Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhonghao Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- School of Materials Science Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ahmed I Osman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Mohamed Farghali
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Socio-Economics, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Engui Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dalia Hassan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ikko Ihara
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Socio-Economics, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kun Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xuezheng Road #18, Qiantang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - David W Rooney
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Pow-Seng Yap
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Fang B, Yu J, Chen Z, Osman AI, Farghali M, Ihara I, Hamza EH, Rooney DW, Yap PS. Artificial intelligence for waste management in smart cities: a review. Environ Chem Lett 2023; 21:1-31. [PMID: 37362015 PMCID: PMC10169138 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-023-01604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The rising amount of waste generated worldwide is inducing issues of pollution, waste management, and recycling, calling for new strategies to improve the waste ecosystem, such as the use of artificial intelligence. Here, we review the application of artificial intelligence in waste-to-energy, smart bins, waste-sorting robots, waste generation models, waste monitoring and tracking, plastic pyrolysis, distinguishing fossil and modern materials, logistics, disposal, illegal dumping, resource recovery, smart cities, process efficiency, cost savings, and improving public health. Using artificial intelligence in waste logistics can reduce transportation distance by up to 36.8%, cost savings by up to 13.35%, and time savings by up to 28.22%. Artificial intelligence allows for identifying and sorting waste with an accuracy ranging from 72.8 to 99.95%. Artificial intelligence combined with chemical analysis improves waste pyrolysis, carbon emission estimation, and energy conversion. We also explain how efficiency can be increased and costs can be reduced by artificial intelligence in waste management systems for smart cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Fang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Jiacheng Yu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Zhonghao Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Ahmed I. Osman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - Mohamed Farghali
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Socio-Economics, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
| | - Ikko Ihara
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Socio-Economics, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Essam H. Hamza
- Electric and Computer Engineering Department, Aircraft Armament (A/CA), Military Technical College, Cairo, Egypt
| | - David W. Rooney
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - Pow-Seng Yap
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 China
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Osman AI, Hosny M, Eltaweil AS, Omar S, Elgarahy AM, Farghali M, Yap PS, Wu YS, Nagandran S, Batumalaie K, Gopinath SCB, John OD, Sekar M, Saikia T, Karunanithi P, Hatta MHM, Akinyede KA. Microplastic sources, formation, toxicity and remediation: a review. Environ Chem Lett 2023; 21:1-41. [PMID: 37362012 PMCID: PMC10072287 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-023-01593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is becoming a major issue for human health due to the recent discovery of microplastics in most ecosystems. Here, we review the sources, formation, occurrence, toxicity and remediation methods of microplastics. We distinguish ocean-based and land-based sources of microplastics. Microplastics have been found in biological samples such as faeces, sputum, saliva, blood and placenta. Cancer, intestinal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, infectious and inflammatory diseases are induced or mediated by microplastics. Microplastic exposure during pregnancy and maternal period is also discussed. Remediation methods include coagulation, membrane bioreactors, sand filtration, adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, electrocoagulation and magnetic separation. Control strategies comprise reducing plastic usage, behavioural change, and using biodegradable plastics. Global plastic production has risen dramatically over the past 70 years to reach 359 million tonnes. China is the world's top producer, contributing 17.5% to global production, while Turkey generates the most plastic waste in the Mediterranean region, at 144 tonnes per day. Microplastics comprise 75% of marine waste, with land-based sources responsible for 80-90% of pollution, while ocean-based sources account for only 10-20%. Microplastics induce toxic effects on humans and animals, such as cytotoxicity, immune response, oxidative stress, barrier attributes, and genotoxicity, even at minimal dosages of 10 μg/mL. Ingestion of microplastics by marine animals results in alterations in gastrointestinal tract physiology, immune system depression, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, differential gene expression, and growth inhibition. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of microplastics in the tissues of aquatic organisms can have adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem, with potential transmission of microplastics to humans and birds. Changing individual behaviours and governmental actions, such as implementing bans, taxes, or pricing on plastic carrier bags, has significantly reduced plastic consumption to 8-85% in various countries worldwide. The microplastic minimisation approach follows an upside-down pyramid, starting with prevention, followed by reducing, reusing, recycling, recovering, and ending with disposal as the least preferable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Osman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, David Keir Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mohamed Hosny
- Green Technology Group, Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
| | | | - Sara Omar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Elgarahy
- Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
- Egyptian Propylene and Polypropylene Company (EPPC), Port-Said, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Farghali
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Socio-Economics, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
| | - Pow-Seng Yap
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Yuan-Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Saraswathi Nagandran
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Kalaivani Batumalaie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Asia Metropolitan University, 81750 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Oliver Dean John
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 30450 Ipoh, Perak Malaysia
| | - Trideep Saikia
- Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati Assam, India
| | - Puvanan Karunanithi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM), Melaka, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hayrie Mohd Hatta
- Centre for Research and Development, Asia Metropolitan University, 81750 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
| | - Kolajo Adedamola Akinyede
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7530 South Africa
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Science Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B.5351, Ado Ekiti, 360231 Ekiti State Nigeria
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Farghali M, Osman AI, Mohamed IMA, Chen Z, Chen L, Ihara I, Yap PS, Rooney DW. Strategies to save energy in the context of the energy crisis: a review. Environ Chem Lett 2023; 21:1-37. [PMID: 37362011 PMCID: PMC10035500 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-023-01591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
New technologies, systems, societal organization and policies for energy saving are urgently needed in the context of accelerated climate change, the Ukraine conflict and the past coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. For instance, concerns about market and policy responses that could lead to new lock-ins, such as investing in liquefied natural gas infrastructure and using all available fossil fuels to compensate for Russian gas supply cuts, may hinder decarbonization efforts. Here we review energy-saving solutions with a focus on the actual energy crisis, green alternatives to fossil fuel heating, energy saving in buildings and transportation, artificial intelligence for sustainable energy, and implications for the environment and society. Green alternatives include biomass boilers and stoves, hybrid heat pumps, geothermal heating, solar thermal systems, solar photovoltaics systems into electric boilers, compressed natural gas and hydrogen. We also detail case studies in Germany which is planning a 100% renewable energy switch by 2050 and developing the storage of compressed air in China, with emphasis on technical and economic aspects. The global energy consumption in 2020 was 30.01% for the industry, 26.18% for transport, and 22.08% for residential sectors. 10-40% of energy consumption can be reduced using renewable energy sources, passive design strategies, smart grid analytics, energy-efficient building systems, and intelligent energy monitoring. Electric vehicles offer the highest cost-per-kilometer reduction of 75% and the lowest energy loss of 33%, yet battery-related issues, cost, and weight are challenging. 5-30% of energy can be saved using automated and networked vehicles. Artificial intelligence shows a huge potential in energy saving by improving weather forecasting and machine maintenance and enabling connectivity across homes, workplaces, and transportation. For instance, 18.97-42.60% of energy consumption can be reduced in buildings through deep neural networking. In the electricity sector, artificial intelligence can automate power generation, distribution, and transmission operations, balance the grid without human intervention, enable lightning-speed trading and arbitrage decisions at scale, and eliminate the need for manual adjustments by end-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farghali
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Socio-Economics, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
| | - Ahmed I. Osman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - Israa M. A. Mohamed
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
| | - Zhonghao Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045 China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045 China
| | - Ikko Ihara
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Socio-Economics, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Pow-Seng Yap
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - David W. Rooney
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
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Farghali M, Mohamed IMA, Osman AI, Rooney DW. Seaweed for climate mitigation, wastewater treatment, bioenergy, bioplastic, biochar, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review. Environ Chem Lett 2023; 21:97-152. [PMID: 36245550 PMCID: PMC9547092 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farghali
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
| | - Israa M. A. Mohamed
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
- Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Ahmed I. Osman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, David Keir Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5AG UK
| | - David W. Rooney
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, David Keir Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5AG UK
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Farghali M, Shimahata A, Mohamed IM, Iwasaki M, Lu J, Ihara I, Umetsu K. Integrating anaerobic digestion with hydrothermal pretreatment for bioenergy production: Waste valorization of plastic containing food waste and rice husk. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Osman AI, Fawzy S, Farghali M, El-Azazy M, Elgarahy AM, Fahim RA, Maksoud MIAA, Ajlan AA, Yousry M, Saleem Y, Rooney DW. Biochar for agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, water treatment, soil remediation, construction, energy storage, and carbon sequestration: a review. Environ Chem Lett 2022; 20:2385-2485. [PMID: 35571983 PMCID: PMC9077033 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the context of climate change and the circular economy, biochar has recently found many applications in various sectors as a versatile and recycled material. Here, we review application of biochar-based for carbon sink, covering agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, environmental remediation, construction, and energy storage. The ultimate storage reservoirs for biochar are soils, civil infrastructure, and landfills. Biochar-based fertilisers, which combine traditional fertilisers with biochar as a nutrient carrier, are promising in agronomy. The use of biochar as a feed additive for animals shows benefits in terms of animal growth, gut microbiota, reduced enteric methane production, egg yield, and endo-toxicant mitigation. Biochar enhances anaerobic digestion operations, primarily for biogas generation and upgrading, performance and sustainability, and the mitigation of inhibitory impurities. In composts, biochar controls the release of greenhouse gases and enhances microbial activity. Co-composted biochar improves soil properties and enhances crop productivity. Pristine and engineered biochar can also be employed for water and soil remediation to remove pollutants. In construction, biochar can be added to cement or asphalt, thus conferring structural and functional advantages. Incorporating biochar in biocomposites improves insulation, electromagnetic radiation protection and moisture control. Finally, synthesising biochar-based materials for energy storage applications requires additional functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Osman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - Samer Fawzy
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - Mohamed Farghali
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
| | - Marwa El-Azazy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed M. Elgarahy
- Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
- Egyptian Propylene and Polypropylene Company (EPPC), Port-Said, Egypt
| | - Ramy Amer Fahim
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - M. I. A. Abdel Maksoud
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abbas Abdullah Ajlan
- Department of Chemistry -Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, P.O.Box 6803, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Mahmoud Yousry
- Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651 Egypt
- Cemart for Building Materials and Insulation, postcode 11765, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmeen Saleem
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Soil and Water Science, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - David W. Rooney
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
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Farghali M, Mayumi M, Syo K, Satoshi A, Seiichi Y, Takashima S, Ono H, Ap Y, Yamashiro T, Ahmed MM, Kotb S, Iwasaki M, Ihara I, Umetsu K. Potential of biogas production from manure of dairy cattle fed on natural soil supplement rich in iron under batch and semi-continuous anaerobic digestion. Bioresour Technol 2020; 309:123298. [PMID: 32289655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a novel method for improving the anaerobic digestion (AD) of Holstein dairy manure (HDM) by the direct addition of Mineraso (MnS), a natural soil-derived supplement, to the feed of Holstein dairy cattle (HDC). MnS is chiefly composed of approximately 69.08% Fe3O4 and was supplemented at rates of 0 (F1), 25 (F2), and 50 (F3) g/head of HDC/d for two months. The HDM was then examined for non-absorbed iron prior to the batch and semi-continuous bench AD experiments. The results revealed that MnS enhanced CH4 generation in F2 and F3 by 25% and 42%, respectively, in the batch experiments compared to that of F1. Additionally, the gas yield improved in F2 and F3 by 45% and 66%, respectively, over the control after 7 d in the bench experiments. Therefore, supplementing animals with MnS represents a sustainable and economic approach to enhancing CH4 yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farghali
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan; Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | - Sayoko Takashima
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - Hijiri Ono
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuhendra Ap
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - Moustafa M Ahmed
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Saber Kotb
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Masahiro Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - Ikko Ihara
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Umetsu
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan.
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Farghali M, Andriamanohiarisoamanana FJ, Ahmed MM, Kotb S, Yamamoto Y, Iwasaki M, Yamashiro T, Umetsu K. Prospects for biogas production and H 2S control from the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure: The influence of microscale waste iron powder and iron oxide nanoparticles. Waste Manag 2020; 101:141-149. [PMID: 31610475 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Improving the quality and quantity of biogas usually requires pre-treatment to maximize methane yields and/or post-treatment to remove H2S, which involves considerable energy consumption and higher costs. Therefore, this study proposes a cost-effective method for the enhanced anaerobic digestion (AD) of dairy manure (DM) without pre/post-treatment by directly adding waste iron powder (WIP) and iron oxide nanoparticles (INPs) to batch digesters. The results showed that the addition of iron in the form of microscale WIP (generated from the laser cutting of iron and steel) at concentrations of 100 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L improved methane yields by 36.99%, 39.36%, and 56.89%, respectively. In comparison, the equivalent dosages of INPs improved yields by 19.74%, 18.14%, and 21.11%, respectively. Additionally, the highest WIP dose (1000 mg/L) achieved the maximum improvement in the rate of hydrolysis (k), which was 1.25 times higher than in control reactions, and a maximum biomethane production rate (Rmax) of 0.045 L/gVS/d according to kinetic analysis models (i.e., first-order and the Gompertz kinetic models). The rate of H2S production was also significantly reduced (by 45.20%, 58.16%, and 77.24%) using the three WIP concentrations in comparison with INPs (which achieved reductions of 33.59%, 46.30%, and 53.52%, respectively). Therefore, the direct mixing of WIP with cattle manure is proposed as a practical and economical means of addressing complex and high-cost pre- and post-treatments that are otherwise required in the digestion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farghali
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | | | - Moustafa M Ahmed
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Saber Kotb
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Umetsu
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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10
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Hassan D, Farghali M, Eldeek H, Gaber M, Elossily N, Ismail T. Antiprotozoal activity of silver nanoparticles against Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: New insights on their feasibility as a water disinfectant. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 165:105698. [PMID: 31446036 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan of extremely medical and veterinary impact; whose oocysts donate a considerable resistant to the water treatment processes. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impacts of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on count and viability of the Cryptosporidium parvum (CP) isolated from different tap water samples. The oocysts were exposed to AgNPs at different dosages of 0.05, 0.1 and 1 ppm for several contact times (30 min to 4 h). The results showed a significant decrease in oocyst count and viability in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, AgNPs at a conc. of 1 ppm for 30 min and 0.1 ppm for 1 h reduced the oocysts by 97.2 and 94.4%, respectively. Comparatively, there was a noticeable increase in the oocyst's viability at 2 and 4 h, which emphasized that the time of contact between AgNPs and CP was not a major influencing factor for successful application of AgNPs in the nano-water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Hassan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Farghali
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene & Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Hanan Eldeek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mona Gaber
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Nahed Elossily
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Taghreed Ismail
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
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11
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Farghali M, Andriamanohiarisoamanana FJ, Ahmed MM, Kotb S, Yamashiro T, Iwasaki M, Umetsu K. Impacts of iron oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on biogas production: Hydrogen sulfide mitigation, process stability, and prospective challenges. J Environ Manage 2019; 240:160-167. [PMID: 30933820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion for biogas production is one of the most used technology for bioenergy. However, the adoption of nanoparticles still needs further studies. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effect of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) at four different concentrations in two different combinations, 20 (R1) and 100 (R2) mg/L for Fe2O3, 100 (R3) and 500 (R4) mg/L for TiO2, and a mixture of Fe2O3 and TiO2 at rates of 20, 500 (R5) and 100, and 500 (R6), on hydrogen sulfide (H2S) mitigation, biogas, and methane (CH4) yield during the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure (CM) using an anaerobic batch system. The results showed that H2S production was 2.13, 2.38, 2.37, 2.51, 2.64, and 2.17 times lower than that of the control (R0), respectively, when the CM was treated by the aforementioned MONPs. Additionally, biogas and CH4 production were 1.09 and 1.105, 1.15 and 1.191, 1.07 and 1.097, 1.17 and 1.213, 1.10 and 1.133, and 1.13 and 1.15 times higher than those of R0 when R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 were supplemented with MONPs, respectively. The highest specific production of biogas and CH4 was 336.25 and 192.31 mL/gVS, respectively, which was achieved by R4 supplemented with 500 mg/L TiO2 NPs, while the corresponding values in the case of R0 were 286.38 and 158.55 mL/gVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farghali
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Fetra J Andriamanohiarisoamanana
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Moustafa M Ahmed
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Saber Kotb
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt
| | - Takaki Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Umetsu
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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12
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Abdelazim I, Alanwar A, Shikanova S, Kanshaiym S, Farghali M, Mohamed M, Zhurabekova G, Karimova B. Complications associated with higher order compared to lower order cesarean sections. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:2395-2402. [PMID: 30463461 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1551352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: The rate of multiple cesarean sections is persistently on the rise because of cultural demands for large families, and multiple cesarean sections are an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality.Objectives: This study was designed to detect the complications associated with higher order compared to lower order cesarean sections.Materials and methods: The hospitals record of women who had a cesarean section performed after three or more previous cesarean sections, and those who had a cesarean section for the second time over 2 years reviewed. Women with ≥3 cesarean sections admitted for elective cesarean section after 38 weeks' gestation, and those with ≥3 cesarean sections admitted in labor for emergency cesarean section were included in group 1. Women with history of previous one lower segment cesarean section (LSCS), who refused trial of labor and women with one LSCS who had an emergency cesarean section after failed trial of labor (TOL) were included in group 2. Antenatal, intraoperative, and postoperative data were reviewed. Statistical analysis done using SPSS version 20 (Chicago, Illinois, USA), to detect the complications associated with higher order compared to lower order cesarean sections. Primary outcome measures; complications associated with higher order compared to lower order cesarean sections. Secondary outcome measures; intraoperative, and postoperative complications.Results: Four hundred and fifty (450) women undergoing repeat cesarean section studied; 32.2% (145/450) had ≥3 previous cesarean sections (group 1), and 67.8% (305/450) had previous one cesarean section (group 2). In group 1, 77.2% (112/145) had previous three cesarean sections, 12.4% (18/145) had previous four cesarean sections, 9% (13/145) had previous five cesarean sections, and 1.4% (2/145) had previous six cesarean sections. The proportion of unbooked admission, and emergency cesarean sections were significantly high in group 2 compared to group 1 (11.1% (34/305) and 73.1% (223/305) versus 4.83% (7/145) and 40.7% (59/145); respectively) (p<.05, 95% CI; 0.1-0.2) and p<.01, 95% CI; 0.4-11.4; respectively. The risk of dense omental adhesions, and bladder injuries were significantly high in group 1 compared to group 2 (4.14% (6/145) and 1.38% (2/145) versus 0.66% (2/305) and 0% (0/305); respectively), (p=.01 (95% CI; 0.6-1.6) and p=.01 (95% CI; 0.5-5.5); respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that the bladder injury was 5 times more (odds ratio 5.0 (95% CI; 0.035-711.8)) and the blood transfusion was 4.7 times more (odds ratio 4.7 (95% CI; 0.147-151.5)) in women with >3 repeat cesarean sections compared to women with previous one cesarean section (insignificant difference p=.52 and .38; respectively).Conclusion: The risk of dense omental adhesions and bladder injury was significantly high in women with previous ≥3 cesarean sections compared to women with previous one cesarean section. Logistic regression analysis showed that the bladder injury was five times more and the blood transfusion was 4.7 times more in women with >3 repeat cesarean sections compared to women with previous one cesarean section (insignificant difference).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Abdelazim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Alanwar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed Farghali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Menofia Univeristy, Shibin El Kom, Egypt
| | | | - Bakyt Karimova
- West Kazakhstan State Medical University (WKSMU), Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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13
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Sakiyeva KZ, Abdelazim IA, Farghali M, Zhumagulova SS, Dossimbetova MB, Sarsenbaev MS, Zhurabekova G, Shikanova S. Outcome of the vaginal birth after cesarean section during the second birth order in West Kazakhstan. J Family Med Prim Care 2018; 7:1542-1547. [PMID: 30613556 PMCID: PMC6293889 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_293_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC) increases the chance of subsequent vaginal deliveries and reduces the repeat cesarean section (CS) rate with subsequent postoperative morbidity. Objectives To detect the outcome of VBAC during the second birth order in Aktobe region of West Kazakhstan. Patients and Methods A total of 832 women eligible for trial of VBAC were included in this study. Women who signed the consent of VBAC were evaluated thoroughly and data such as maternal age, body mass index, height, gestational age at admission, indication of the previous CS, estimated fetal weight, engagement of the fetal head, condition of the membranes, and cervical dilatation were collected. Data collected after delivery include duration from active phase of labor, mode of delivery, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. The collected data analyzed to detect the outcome of trial of VBAC during the second birth order in Aktobe region of West Kazakhstan. Results Logistic analysis and odds ratio (OR) showed that body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg/m2 (OR 1.7; P = 0.0004), height ≥150 cm (OR 1.7; P = 0.002), gestational age ≤40 weeks (OR 2.3; P = 0.0001), and inter-delivery interval ≥2 years (OR 1.6; P = 0.008) were significantly associated with successful VBAC. In addition, <2/5 of the fetal head palpable abdominally, station <-2 (OR 1.7; P = 0.0009), cervical dilatation ≥4 cm (OR 1.7; P = 0.003), and duration of active phase of labor ≤7 h (OR 1.6; P = 0.01) were significantly associated with successful VBAC. Conclusion VBAC is safe in properly selected cases. BMI ≤25 kg/m2, gestational age ≤40 weeks, inter-delivery interval ≥2 years, and fetal head <-2 station increase the success of VBAC. Prolonged active phase of labor >7 h and the need for labor augmentation decrease the chance of VBAC success.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zh Sakiyeva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marat Ospanov, West Kazakhstan State Medical University (WKSMU), Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Ibrahim A Abdelazim
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, Ahmadi Hospital, Kuwait Oil Company, Kuwait
| | - M Farghali
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S S Zhumagulova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marat Ospanov, West Kazakhstan State Medical University (WKSMU), Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - M B Dossimbetova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marat Ospanov, West Kazakhstan State Medical University (WKSMU), Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - M S Sarsenbaev
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marat Ospanov, West Kazakhstan State Medical University (WKSMU), Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - G Zhurabekova
- Department of Normal and Topographical Anatomy, Marat Ospanov, West Kazakhstan State Medical University (WKSMU), Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - S Shikanova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marat Ospanov, West Kazakhstan State Medical University (WKSMU), Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of reports describe the delayed second twin delivery for days, or weeks with good results in the majority of the cases, and different survival rate between centers, without reported randomized controlled trials (RCTs). OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate the suggested management of the delayed second twin delivery in the Sabah Maternity Hospital regarding its outcome, possible risks, and benefits. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-seven twin pregnancies with preterm labor (PTL) of the first fetus between 20-30 weeks, and delayed delivery of the second twin were included in this study. Studied women signed informed consent about the possible risks of keeping the live fetus in the hostile intrauterine environment, and benefits of the prolonged gestation for the second twin. Throughout the conservative treatment of the second twin, the studied women were hospitalized with regular follow up for infections, consumptive coagulopathy parameters, and wellbeing of the second twin. RESULTS There was significant difference in the gestational age at delivery between the first and second twin (22.6 ± 3.4 versus 34.3 ± 2.5 weeks; respectively, p = .01). There was significant difference in the birth weight between the first and second twin (435 ± 91.2 versus 1472 ± 61.5 g; respectively, p = .004). The rate of the cesarean delivery was significantly high during delivery of the second twin compared with the first twin (23.4% (11/47) versus 0% (0/47); respectively, p = .0001) with high survival rate for the second twin (85.1% (40/47)) after the delayed second twin delivery. CONCLUSIONS The birth weight, the gestational age, and the survival rate of the studied second twin significantly increased after the suggested management of the delayed second twin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farghali
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Abdelazim
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Khaled Abdelrazek
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
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15
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Dosoky R, Kotb S, Farghali M. Efficiency of silver nanoparticles against bacterial contaminants isolated from surface and ground water in Egypt. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2015. [DOI: 10.5455/javar.2015.b79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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16
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Elgazzar AH, Loutfi I, Baqer M, Farghali M, Khadada M, Heiba S, Uza O, Mahussein S, Al-Tailji S. Post-test probability for pulmonary embolism after ventilation-perfusion scan assessed by nuclear medicine physicians. Med Princ Pract 2005; 14:217-20. [PMID: 15961929 DOI: 10.1159/000085738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this prospective study was to compare assessments of pre- and post-ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan probabilities for pulmonary embolism (PE) by the nuclear medicine physician and the referring physician. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-nine patients (41 females, 38 males, mean age 49 years) referred for V/Q scans over a period of 6 months and suspected of PE were included in the study. The pre-test likelihood was determined independently by a consultant nuclear physician and a referring physician prior to the V/Q scan. The scan was performed according to a standard protocol using 8 view technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid aerosol ventilation study followed by a technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin perfusion study. The scan was interpreted according to prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis criteria. The post-scan probability was calculated. The probability of PE was quoted as low, intermediate and high. Agreement or disagreement in assessing the pre- and post-scan probability was classified according to the degree of difference (no difference: 0; minor difference: 1, and major difference: 2 grades). RESULTS The agreement between the nuclear medicine and referring physicians on clinical probability of PE was moderate (63%) before the scan and good (90%) after the scan. The disagreement in assessing the clinical probability between the referring physician and the nuclear medicine physician was predominantly minor. Only 5 and 1% of the disagreement was major in pre-scan and post-scan probabilities, respectively. CONCLUSION The data show that nuclear medicine physicians can use the assessment of pre-scan clinical likelihood to determine the post-scan probability of PE.
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Abstract
A nationwide survey was carried-out aiming at determination of immunization coverage level against the six killer diseases of childhood (tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, and measles). Variations between geographical zones, urban-rural settings, age, education and mother's employment, father's education, and child's birth order were studied. The standard WHO cluster technique was used. The sample (1102 children) was restricted to Saudi children 1-2 years old. Interviewers were exposed to training and methods of calibration, and involved in a pilot survey. Nationally, the survey showed very high coverage levels, BCG was the highest (99 per cent), measles was the lowest (90 per cent), whereas the three doses of DPT (diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) and TOPV (trivalent oral polio vaccine) were in between (98, 96 and 94 per cent, respectively). There was no marked differences between urban-rural settings. The western zone showed the lowest coverage by all vaccines. The national coverage by the six vaccines reached 86 per cent correctly immunized (according to WHO standards), 14 per cent partially immunized and 1 per cent non-immunized. Immunization coverage was higher for children to younger mothers. The non-immunized group belonged exclusively to illiterate mothers (1 per cent). Children to mothers with basic education showed the highest coverage (88 per cent). Birth order had negative effect on coverage. Nationally, 88 per cent of children had immunization certificate while 12 per cent had not. The eastern and central zones had the highest percentages of children with certificates (92 and 91 per cent, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Farag
- Directorate of Health Centres, MOH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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