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Bhattacharjee R, Prabhakar N, Kumar L, Bhattacharjee A, Kar S, Malik S, Kumar D, Ruokolainen J, Negi A, Jha NK, Kesari KK. Crosstalk between long noncoding RNA and microRNA in Cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00806-9. [PMID: 37245177 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs and lncRNAs play a central role in cancer-associated gene regulations. The dysregulated expression of lncRNAs has been reported as a hallmark of cancer progression, acting as an independent prediction marker for an individual cancer patient. The interplay of miRNA and lncRNA decides the variation of tumorigenesis that could be mediated by acting as sponges for endogenous RNAs, regulating miRNA decay, mediating intra-chromosomal interactions, and modulating epigenetic components. This paper focuses on the influence of crosstalk between lncRNA and miRNA on cancer hallmarks such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, hijacking cell death, metastasis, and invasion. Other cellular roles of crosstalks, such as neovascularization, vascular mimicry, and angiogenesis were also discussed. Additionally, we reviewed crosstalk mechanism with specific host immune responses and targeting interplay (between lncRNA and miRNA) in cancer diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhattacharjee
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Centre for Structural System Biology, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY, Building 15, Notkestr. 852267, Hamburg, Germany
- Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, Finland
| | - Lamha Kumar
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Arkadyuti Bhattacharjee
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sulagna Kar
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 834001, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076, Finland
| | - Arvind Negi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076, Finland.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, UP, India.
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076, Finland.
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Biocentre 3, Helsinki, Finland.
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Küçüktürkmen B, Inam W, Howaili F, Gouda M, Prabhakar N, Zhang H, Rosenholm JM. Microfluidic-Assisted Fabrication of Dual-Coated pH-Sensitive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Protein Delivery. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12030181. [PMID: 35323451 PMCID: PMC8946851 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has become a popular method for constructing nanosystems in recent years, but it can also be used to coat other materials with polymeric layers. The polymeric coating may serve as a diffusion barrier against hydrophilic compounds, a responsive layer for controlled release, or a functional layer introduced to a nanocomposite for achieving the desired surface chemistry. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with enlarged pores were synthesized to achieve high protein loading combined with high protein retention within the MSN system with the aid of a microfluidic coating. Thus, MSNs were first coated with a cationic polyelectrolyte, poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDMA), and to potentially further control the protein release, a second coating of a pH-sensitive polymer (spermine-modified acetylated dextran, SpAcDEX) was deposited by a designed microfluidic device. The protective PDDMA layer was first formed under aqueous conditions, whereby the bioactivity of the protein could be maintained. The second coating polymer, SpAcDEX, was preferred to provide pH-sensitive protein release in the intracellular environment. The optimized formulation was effectively taken up by the cells along with the loaded protein cargo. This proof-of-concept study thus demonstrated that the use of microfluidic technologies for the design of protein delivery systems has great potential in terms of creating multicomponent systems and preserving protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Küçüktürkmen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; (W.I.); (F.H.); (M.G.); (N.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (H.Z.)
| | - Wali Inam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; (W.I.); (F.H.); (M.G.); (N.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Fadak Howaili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; (W.I.); (F.H.); (M.G.); (N.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Mariam Gouda
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; (W.I.); (F.H.); (M.G.); (N.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; (W.I.); (F.H.); (M.G.); (N.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; (W.I.); (F.H.); (M.G.); (N.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Turku Bioscience Center, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; (W.I.); (F.H.); (M.G.); (N.P.); (J.M.R.)
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3
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Prabhakar N, Belevich I, Peurla M, Heiligenstein X, Chang HC, Sahlgren C, Jokitalo E, Rosenholm JM. Cell Volume (3D) Correlative Microscopy Facilitated by Intracellular Fluorescent Nanodiamonds as Multi-Modal Probes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 11:nano11010014. [PMID: 33374705 PMCID: PMC7822478 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy (3D CLEM) is attaining popularity as a potential technique to explore the functional aspects of a cell together with high-resolution ultrastructural details across the cell volume. To perform such a 3D CLEM experiment, there is an imperative requirement for multi-modal probes that are both fluorescent and electron-dense. These multi-modal probes will serve as landmarks in matching up the large full cell volume datasets acquired by different imaging modalities. Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are a unique nanosized, fluorescent, and electron-dense material from the nanocarbon family. We hereby propose a novel and straightforward method for executing 3D CLEM using FNDs as multi-modal landmarks. We demonstrate that FND is biocompatible and is easily identified both in living cell fluorescence imaging and in serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SB-EM). We illustrate the method by registering multi-modal datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science—Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (I.B.); (E.J.)
| | - Markus Peurla
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Cancer Research Laboratory FICAN West, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science—Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (I.B.); (E.J.)
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
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4
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Prabhakar N, Peurla M, Shenderova O, Rosenholm JM. Fluorescent and Electron-Dense Green Color Emitting Nanodiamonds for Single-Cell Correlative Microscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:E5897. [PMID: 33322105 PMCID: PMC7764487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is revolutionizing how cell samples are studied. CLEM provides a combination of the molecular and ultrastructural information about a cell. For the execution of CLEM experiments, multimodal fiducial landmarks are applied to precisely overlay light and electron microscopy images. Currently applied fiducials such as quantum dots and organic dye-labeled nanoparticles can be irreversibly quenched by electron beam exposure during electron microscopy. Generally, the sample is therefore investigated with a light microscope first and later with an electron microscope. A versatile fiducial landmark should offer to switch back from electron microscopy to light microscopy while preserving its fluorescent properties. Here, we evaluated green fluorescent and electron dense nanodiamonds for the execution of CLEM experiments and precisely correlated light microscopy and electron microscopy images. We demonstrated that green color emitting fluorescent nanodiamonds withstand electron beam exposure, harsh chemical treatments, heavy metal straining, and, importantly, their fluorescent properties remained intact for light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Markus Peurla
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Cancer Research Laboratory FICAN West, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Olga Shenderova
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, Inc., 8100 Brownleigh Drive, Suite 120, Raleigh, NC 27617, USA;
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
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5
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Kesari KK, Dhasmana A, Shandilya S, Prabhakar N, Shaukat A, Dou J, Rosenholm JM, Vuorinen T, Ruokolainen J. Plant-Derived Natural Biomolecule Picein Attenuates Menadione Induced Oxidative Stress on Neuroblastoma Cell Mitochondria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060552. [PMID: 32630418 PMCID: PMC7346164 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several bioactive compounds are in use for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Historically, willow (salix sp.) bark has been an important source of salisylic acid and other natural compounds with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties. Among these, picein isolated from hot water extract of willow bark, has been found to act as a natural secondary metabolite antioxidant. The aim of this study was to investigate the unrevealed pharmacological action of picein. In silico studies were utilized to direct the investigation towards the neuroprotection abilities of picein. Our in vitro studies demonstrate the neuroprotective properties of picein by blocking the oxidative stress effects, induced by free radical generator 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione, MQ), in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Several oxidative stress-related parameters were evaluated to measure the protection for mitochondrial integrity, such as mitochondrial superoxide production, mitochondrial activity (MTT), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and live-cell imaging. A significant increase in the ROS level and mitochondrial superoxide production were measured after MQ treatment, however, a subsequent treatment with picein was able to mitigate this effect by decreasing their levels. Additionally, the mitochondrial activity was significantly decreased by MQ exposure, but a follow-up treatment with picein recovered the normal metabolic activity. In conclusion, the presented results demonstrate that picein can significantly reduce the level of MQ-induced oxidative stress on mitochondria, and thereby plays a role as a potent neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland;
- Correspondence: (K.K.K.); (T.V.); (J.R.)
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78539, USA;
- Department of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun 248016, India
| | - Shruti Shandilya
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; (N.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Ahmed Shaukat
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland; (A.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Jinze Dou
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland; (A.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; (N.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Tapani Vuorinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland; (A.S.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.K.); (T.V.); (J.R.)
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland;
- Correspondence: (K.K.K.); (T.V.); (J.R.)
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6
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Nunn N, Prabhakar N, Reineck P, Magidson V, Kamiya E, Heinz WF, Torelli MD, Rosenholm J, Zaitsev A, Shenderova O. Brilliant blue, green, yellow, and red fluorescent diamond particles: synthesis, characterization, and multiplex imaging demonstrations. Nanoscale 2019; 11:11584-11595. [PMID: 31169858 PMCID: PMC6642439 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02593f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the number of emission colors available from fluorescent diamond particles was primarily limited to red to near-infrared fluorescence from the nitrogen-vacancy color center in type Ib synthetic diamond and green fluorescence associated with the nitrogen-vacancy-nitrogen center in type Ia natural diamond. Using our recently reported rapid thermal annealing technique, we demonstrate the capability of producing fluorescent diamond particles that exhibit distinctive blue, green, yellow, and red fluorescence from the same synthetic diamond starting material. Utilizing these multiple colored diamonds, we analyze their fluorescence characteristics both in-solution as well as on-substrate and additionally evaluate their viability in simple multiplex imaging and cellular bioimaging experiments. While there are still challenges associated with their immediate use in traditional multiplex imaging, this novel approach opens new opportunities to enhance the capability and flexibility of fluorescent diamond particles at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Nunn
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, Inc. 8100 Brownleigh Drive, Suite 120 Raleigh, NC 27617, USA
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistokatu 6A, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Phillip Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Valentin Magidson
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Erina Kamiya
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Office of Science and Technology Resources, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William F. Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marco D. Torelli
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, Inc. 8100 Brownleigh Drive, Suite 120 Raleigh, NC 27617, USA
| | - Jessica Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistokatu 6A, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Alexander Zaitsev
- College of Staten Island (CUNY), 2800 Victory Blvd., Staten Island, NY 10312, USA
| | - Olga Shenderova
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, Inc. 8100 Brownleigh Drive, Suite 120 Raleigh, NC 27617, USA
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Verma A, Gautam SP, Bansal KK, Prabhakar N, Rosenholm JM. Green Nanotechnology: Advancement in Phytoformulation Research. Medicines (Basel) 2019; 6:E39. [PMID: 30875823 PMCID: PMC6473607 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of any scientific development is to increase well-being and human health. Novel strategies are required for the achievement of safe and effective therapeutic treatments beyond the conventional ones, and society needs new requirements for new technologies, moving towards clean and green technology development. Green nanotechnology is a branch of green technology that utilizes the concepts of green chemistry and green engineering. It reduces the use of energy and fuel by using less material and renewable inputs wherever possible. Green nanotechnology, in phytoformulations, significantly contributes to environmental sustainability through the production of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, without causing harm to human health or the environment. The rationale behind the utilization of plants in nanoparticle formulations is that they are easily available and possess a broad variability of metabolites, such as vitamins, antioxidants, and nucleotides. For instance, gold (Au) nanoparticles have attracted substantial attention for their controllable size, shape, and surface properties. A variety of copper (Cu) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles have also been synthesized from plant extracts. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles are also important metal oxide nanomaterials that have been synthesized from a number of plant extracts. International and domestic laws, government and private-party programs, regulations and policies are being carefully reviewed and revised to increase their utility and nurture these nanoscale materials for commercialization. Inspiring debates and government initiatives are required to promote the sustainable use of nanoscale products. In this review, we will discuss the potential of the utilization of plant extracts in the advancement of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Verma
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Surya P Gautam
- CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jalandhar 144020, India.
| | - Kuldeep K Bansal
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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9
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Desai D, Åkerfelt M, Prabhakar N, Toriseva M, Näreoja T, Zhang J, Nees M, Rosenholm JM. Factors Affecting Intracellular Delivery and Release of Hydrophilic Versus Hydrophobic Cargo from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles on 2D and 3D Cell Cultures. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E237. [PMID: 30453596 PMCID: PMC6320991 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular drug delivery by mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) carrying hydrophilic and hydrophobic fluorophores as model drug cargo is demonstrated on 2D cellular and 3D tumor organoid level. Two different MSN designs, chosen on the basis of the characteristics of the loaded cargo, were used: MSNs with a surface-grown poly(ethylene imine), PEI, coating only for hydrophobic cargo and MSNs with lipid bilayers covalently coupled to the PEI layer as a diffusion barrier for hydrophilic cargo. First, the effect of hydrophobicity corresponding to loading degree (hydrophobic cargo) as well as surface charge (hydrophilic cargo) on intracellular drug release was studied on the cellular level. All incorporated agents were able to release to varying degrees from the endosomes into the cytoplasm in a loading degree (hydrophobic) or surface charge (hydrophilic) dependent manner as detected by live cell imaging. When administered to organotypic 3D tumor models, the hydrophilic versus hydrophobic cargo-carrying MSNs showed remarkable differences in labeling efficiency, which in this case also corresponds to drug delivery efficacy in 3D. The obtained results could thus indicate design aspects to be taken into account for the development of efficacious intracellular drug delivery systems, especially in the translation from standard 2D culture to more biologically relevant organotypic 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diti Desai
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Malin Åkerfelt
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20521 Turku, Finland.
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Mervi Toriseva
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jixi Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Matthias Nees
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20521 Turku, Finland.
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Lingeshwar Reddy K, Prabhakar N, Rosenholm JM, Krishnan V. Core-Shell Structures of Upconversion Nanocrystals Coated with Silica for Near Infrared Light Enabled Optical Imaging of Cancer Cells. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:E400. [PMID: 30424333 PMCID: PMC6187455 DOI: 10.3390/mi9080400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging of cancer cells using near infrared (NIR) light is currently an active area of research, as this spectral region directly corresponds to the therapeutic window of biological tissues. Upconversion nanocrystals are photostable alternatives to conventional fluorophores. In our work, we have prepared upconversion nanocrystals of NaYF₄:Yb/Er and encapsulated them in silica to form core-shell structures. The as-prepared core-shell nanostructures have been characterized for their structure, morphology, and optical properties using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy coupled with elemental mapping, and upconversion luminescence spectroscopy, respectively. The cytotoxicity examined using cell viability assay indicated a low level of toxicity of these core-shell nanostructures. Finally, these core-shell nanostructures have been utilized as photostable probes for NIR light enabled optical imaging of human breast cancer cells. This work paves the way for the development of advanced photostable, biocompatible, low-toxic core-shell nanostructures for potential optical imaging of biological cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumbam Lingeshwar Reddy
- School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Venkata Krishnan
- School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Nunn N, d’Amora M, Prabhakar N, Panich AM, Froumin N, Torelli MD, Vlasov I, Reineck P, Gibson B, Rosenholm JM, Giordani S, Shenderova O. Fluorescent single-digit detonation nanodiamond for biomedical applications. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:035010. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aac0c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Prabhakar N, Peurla M, Koho S, Deguchi T, Näreoja T, Chang HC, Rosenholm JM, Hänninen PE. STED-TEM Correlative Microscopy Leveraging Nanodiamonds as Intracellular Dual-Contrast Markers. Small 2018; 14:1701807. [PMID: 29251417 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Development of fluorescent and electron dense markers is essential for the implementation of correlative light and electron microscopy, as dual-contrast landmarks are required to match the details in the multimodal images. Here, a novel method for correlative microscopy that utilizes fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) as dual-contrast probes is reported. It is demonstrated how the FNDs can be used as dual-contrast labels-and together with automatic image registration tool SuperTomo, for precise image correlation-in high-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED)/confocal and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) correlative microscopy experiments. It is shown how FNDs can be employed in experiments with both live and fixed cells as well as simple test samples. The fluorescence imaging can be performed either before TEM imaging or after, as the robust FNDs survive the TEM sample preparation and can be imaged with STED and other fluorescence microscopes directly on the TEM grids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Markus Peurla
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Sami Koho
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genoa, 16163, Italy
| | - Takahiro Deguchi
- Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genoa, 16163, Italy
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Division of Pathology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Pekka E Hänninen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
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13
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Prabhakar N, Määttänen A, Peltonen J, Hänninen P, Peurla M, Rosenholm JM. Gold nanoparticle printed coverslips to facilitate fluorescence-TEM correlative microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 67:51-54. [PMID: 29186480 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfx118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) allows combining the advantages of fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy for cell imaging. Rare phenomenon expressing cells can be studied by specifically tagged fluorophores with fluorescence microscopy. Subsequently, cells can be fixed and ultra-structural details can be studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at a higher resolution. However, precise landmarks are necessary to track the same cell throughout the CLEM process. In this technical report, we present a high contrast inkjet-printed gold nanoparticle patterns over commercial glass coverslip to facilitate cell tracking with correlative microscopy. High contrast and strong reflection from nano gold pattern can be used as a fixed landmark for cell identification with fluorescence microscopy. Nano gold printed letters over coverslips are visible in resin blocks, which can be further used to identify the cell of interest for performing sectioning of embedded cell blocks for TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Laboratory for Biophysics, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anni Määttänen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jouko Peltonen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Hänninen
- Laboratory for Biophysics, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Peurla
- Laboratory for Biophysics, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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14
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Prabhakar N, Khan MH, Peurla M, Chang HC, Hänninen PE, Rosenholm JM. Intracellular Trafficking of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds and Regulation of Their Cellular Toxicity. ACS Omega 2017; 2:2689-2693. [PMID: 30023673 PMCID: PMC6044821 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, cellular management of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) has been studied for better understanding in the design for potential applications of FNDs in biomedicine. The FNDs have shown to be photostable probes for bioimaging and thus are well-suited, for example, long-term tracking purposes. The FNDs also exhibit good biocompatibility and, in general, low toxicity for cell labeling. To demonstrate the underlying mechanism of cells coping the low but potentially toxic effects by nondegradable FNDs, we have studied their temporal intracellular trafficking. The FNDs were observed to be localized as distinct populations inside cells in early endosomes, lysosomes, and in proximity to the plasma membrane. The localization of FNDs in early endosomes suggests the internalization of FNDs, and lysosomal localization, in turn, can be interpreted as a prestate for exocytosis via lysosomal degradation pathway. The endocytosis and exocytosis appear to be occurring simultaneously in our observations. The mechanism of continuous endocytosis and exocytosis of FNDs could be necessary for cells to maintain normal proliferation. Furthermore, 120 h cell growth assay was performed to verify the long-term biocompatibility of FNDs for cellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, Biocity, FI 20520 Turku, Finland
- Laboratory
for Biophysics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Biocity, FI
20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Meraj H. Khan
- Turku
Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi and University
of Turku, Tykistökatu
6A, Biocity, FI 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Peurla
- Laboratory
for Biophysics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Biocity, FI
20520 Turku, Finland
- Electron
Microscopy Unit, University of Turku, Medisiina A, 4th floor Kiinamyllynkatu
8, FI 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pekka E. Hänninen
- Laboratory
for Biophysics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Biocity, FI
20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, Biocity, FI 20520 Turku, Finland
- E-mail: (J.M.R.)
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15
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Näreoja T, Deguchi T, Christ S, Peltomaa R, Prabhakar N, Fazeli E, Perälä N, Rosenholm JM, Arppe R, Soukka T, Schäferling M. Ratiometric Sensing and Imaging of Intracellular pH Using Polyethylenimine-Coated Photon Upconversion Nanoprobes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1501-1508. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Näreoja
- Laboratory
of Biophysics, Institute of Biomedicine and Medical Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department
of Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takahiro Deguchi
- Laboratory
of Biophysics, Institute of Biomedicine and Medical Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Simon Christ
- Department
of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu
6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Peltomaa
- Department
of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu
6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Elnaz Fazeli
- Laboratory
of Biophysics, Institute of Biomedicine and Medical Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Niina Perälä
- Department
of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu
6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Arppe
- Department
of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu
6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department
of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu
6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Michael Schäferling
- BAM − Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.10 Biophotonics, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Prabhakar N, Zhang J, Desai D, Casals E, Gulin-Sarfraz T, Näreoja T, Westermarck J, Rosenholm JM. Stimuli-responsive hybrid nanocarriers developed by controllable integration of hyperbranched PEI with mesoporous silica nanoparticles for sustained intracellular siRNA delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:6591-6608. [PMID: 27994460 PMCID: PMC5154729 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s120611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a highly potent drug in gene-based therapy with the challenge being to deliver it in a sustained manner. The combination of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and polycations in the confined pore space allows for incorporation and controlled release of therapeutic siRNA payloads. We hereby constructed MSNs with expanded mesopores and pore-surface-hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) tethered with redox-cleavable linkers that could carry a high payload of siRNA (120 mg·g−1). The developed nanocarriers were efficiently taken up by cancer cells and were subsequently able to escape to the cytoplasm from the endosomes, most likely owing to the integrated PEI. Triggered by the intracellular redox conditions, the siRNA was sustainably released inside the cells over a period of several days. Functionality of siRNAs was demonstrated by using cell-killing siRNA as cargo. Despite not being the aim of the developed system, in vitro experiments using cell-killing siRNAs showed that the efficacy of siRNA transfection was comparable to the commercial in vitro transfection agent Lipofectamine. Consequently, the developed MSN-based delivery system offers a potential approach to hybrid nanocarriers for more efficient and long-term siRNA delivery and, in a longer perspective, in vivo gene silencing for RNA interference (RNAi) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University; Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jixi Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Diti Desai
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Eudald Casals
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Tina Gulin-Sarfraz
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi; Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
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17
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von Haartman E, Lindberg D, Prabhakar N, Rosenholm JM. On the intracellular release mechanism of hydrophobic cargo and its relation to the biodegradation behavior of mesoporous silica nanocarriers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 95:17-27. [PMID: 27267567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular release mechanism of hydrophobic molecules from surface-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles was studied in relation to the biodegradation behavior of the nanocarrier, with the purpose of determining the dominant release mechanism for the studied drug delivery system. To be able to follow the real-time intracellular release, a hydrophobic fluorescent dye was used as model drug molecule. The in vitro release of the dye was investigated under varying conditions in terms of pH, polarity, protein and lipid content, presence of hydrophobic structures and ultimately, in live cancer cells. Results of investigating the drug delivery system show that the degradation and drug release mechanisms display a clear interdependency in simple aqueous solvents. In pure aqueous media, the cargo release was primarily dependent on the degradation of the nanocarrier, while in complex media, mimicking intracellular conditions, the physicochemical properties of the cargo molecule itself and its interaction with the carrier and/or surrounding media were found to be the main release-governing factors. Since the material degradation was retarded upon loading with hydrophobic guest molecules, the cargo could be efficiently delivered into live cancer cells and released intracellularly without pronounced premature release under extracellular conditions. From a rational design point of view, pinpointing the interdependency between these two processes can be of paramount importance considering future applications and fundamental understanding of the drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva von Haartman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, FI 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Desiré Lindberg
- Center for Functional Materials, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3-5, FI 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, FI 20520 Turku, Finland; Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FI 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, FI 20520 Turku, Finland.
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18
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Rosenholm JM, Gulin-Sarfraz T, Mamaeva V, Niemi R, Özliseli E, Desai D, Antfolk D, von Haartman E, Lindberg D, Prabhakar N, Näreoja T, Sahlgren C. Prolonged Dye Release from Mesoporous Silica-Based Imaging Probes Facilitates Long-Term Optical Tracking of Cell Populations In Vivo. Small 2016; 12:1578-1592. [PMID: 26807551 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is gaining ground worldwide in therapy and diagnostics. Novel nanoscopic imaging probes serve as imaging tools for studying dynamic biological processes in vitro and in vivo. To allow detectability in the physiological environment, the nanostructure-based probes need to be either inherently detectable by biomedical imaging techniques, or serve as carriers for existing imaging agents. In this study, the potential of mesoporous silica nanoparticles carrying commercially available fluorochromes as self-regenerating cell labels for long-term cellular tracking is investigated. The particle surface is organically modified for enhanced cellular uptake, the fluorescence intensity of labeled cells is followed over time both in vitro and in vivo. The particles are not exocytosed and particles which escaped cells due to cell injury or death are degraded and no labeling of nontargeted cell populations are observed. The labeling efficiency is significantly improved as compared to that of quantum dots of similar emission wavelength. Labeled human breast cancer cells are xenotransplanted in nude mice, and the fluorescent cells can be detected in vivo for a period of 1 month. Moreover, ex vivo analysis reveals fluorescently labeled metastatic colonies in lymph node and rib, highlighting the capability of the developed probes for tracking of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tina Gulin-Sarfraz
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Veronika Mamaeva
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, P.O. Box 123, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Rasmus Niemi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, P.O. Box 123, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ezgi Özliseli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Diti Desai
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Daniel Antfolk
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, P.O. Box 123, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva von Haartman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Desiré Lindberg
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, P.O. Box 123, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technical University of Eindhoven, 2612, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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19
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Desai D, Prabhakar N, Mamaeva V, Karaman DŞ, Lähdeniemi IAK, Sahlgren C, Rosenholm JM, Toivola DM. Targeted modulation of cell differentiation in distinct regions of the gastrointestinal tract via oral administration of differently PEG-PEI functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:299-313. [PMID: 26855569 PMCID: PMC4725644 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s94013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of drugs is required to efficiently treat intestinal diseases such as colon cancer and inflammation. Nanoparticles could overcome challenges in oral administration caused by drug degradation at low pH and poor permeability through mucus layers, and offer targeted delivery to diseased cells in order to avoid adverse effects. Here, we demonstrate that functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) by polymeric surface grafts facilitates transport through the mucosal barrier and enhances cellular internalization. MSNs functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(ethylene imine) (PEI), and the targeting ligand folic acid in different combinations are internalized by epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo after oral gavage. Functionalized MSNs loaded with γ-secretase inhibitors of the Notch pathway, a key regulator of intestinal progenitor cells, colon cancer, and inflammation, demonstrated enhanced intestinal goblet cell differentiation as compared to free drug. Drug-loaded MSNs thus remained intact in vivo, further confirmed by exposure to simulated gastric and intestinal fluids in vitro. Drug targeting and efficacy in different parts of the intestine could be tuned by MSN surface modifications, with PEI coating exhibiting higher affinity for the small intestine and PEI–PEG coating for the colon. The data highlight the potential of nanomedicines for targeted delivery to distinct regions of the tissue for strict therapeutic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diti Desai
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Veronika Mamaeva
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Didem Şen Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Iris A K Lähdeniemi
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Diana M Toivola
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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20
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Reddy KL, Rai M, Prabhakar N, Arppe R, Rai SB, Singh SK, Rosenholm JM, Krishnan V. Controlled synthesis, bioimaging and toxicity assessments in strong red emitting Mn2+ doped NaYF4:Yb3+/Ho3+ nanophosphors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare earth, Yb3+/Ho3+ doped NaYF4 nanophosphors co-doped with Mn2+ showed enhanced red emission under NIR irradiation and were successfully used for cancer cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Reddy
- School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
- Mandi
- India
| | - M. Rai
- Department of Physics
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
- India
| | - N. Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering
- Åbo Akademi University
- Turku
- Finland
| | - R. Arppe
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of Turku
- Turku
- Finland
| | - S. B. Rai
- Department of Physics
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi
- India
| | - S. K. Singh
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)
- Varanasi
- India
| | - J. M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering
- Åbo Akademi University
- Turku
- Finland
| | - V. Krishnan
- School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
- Mandi
- India
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21
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Prabhakar N, Näreoja T, von Haartman E, Şen Karaman D, Burikov SA, Dolenko TA, Deguchi T, Mamaeva V, Hänninen PE, Vlasov II, Shenderova OA, Rosenholm JM. Functionalization of graphene oxide nanostructures improves photoluminescence and facilitates their use as optical probes in preclinical imaging. Nanoscale 2015; 7:10410-10420. [PMID: 25998585 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01403d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently reported photoluminescent nanographene oxides (nGOs), i.e. nanographene oxidised with a sulfuric/nitric acid mixture (SNOx method), have tuneable photoluminescence and are scalable, simple and fast to produce optical probes. This material belongs to the vast class of photoluminescent carbon nanostructures, including carbon dots, nanodiamonds (NDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), all of which demonstrate a variety of properties that are attractive for biomedical imaging such as low toxicity and stable photoluminescence. In this study, the nGOs were organically surface-modified with poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ethylene imine) (PEG-PEI) copolymers tagged with folic acid as the affinity ligand for cancer cells expressing folate receptors. The functionalization enhanced both the cellular uptake and quantum efficiency of the photoluminescence as compared to non-modified nGOs. The nGOs exhibited an excitation dependent photoluminescence that facilitated their detection with a wide range of microscope configurations. The functionalized nGOs were non-toxic, they were retained in the stained cell population over a period of 8 days and they were distributed equally between daughter cells. We have evaluated their applicability in in vitro and in vivo (chicken embryo CAM) models to visualize and track migratory cancer cells. The good biocompatibility and easy detection of the functionalized nGOs suggest that they could address the limitations faced with quantum dots and organic fluorophores in long-term in vivo biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Peng Y, Makarenko V, Nanduri J, Vasavda C, Raghuraman G, Yuan G, Gadalla M, Kumar G, Snyder S, Prabhakar N. Strain‐Dependent Variations in Carotid Body O
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Sensing: Role of CO‐H
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S Signaling. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.682.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.‐J. Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology University of ChicagoChicagoILUnited States
| | - V. Makarenko
- Institute for Integrative Physiology University of ChicagoChicagoILUnited States
| | - J. Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology University of ChicagoChicagoILUnited States
| | - C Vasavda
- Institute for Integrative Physiology University of ChicagoChicagoILUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience Johns Hopkins UniversityStillwaterOKUnited States
| | - G. Raghuraman
- Institute for Integrative Physiology University of ChicagoChicagoILUnited States
| | - G. Yuan
- Institute for Integrative Physiology University of ChicagoChicagoILUnited States
| | - M. Gadalla
- Department of Neuroscience Johns Hopkins UniversityStillwaterOKUnited States
| | - G. Kumar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology University of ChicagoChicagoILUnited States
| | - S. Snyder
- Department of Neuroscience Johns Hopkins UniversityStillwaterOKUnited States
| | - N. Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology University of ChicagoChicagoILUnited States
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23
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Mouslmani M, Rosenholm JM, Prabhakar N, Peurla M, Baydoun E, Patra D. Curcumin associated poly(allylamine hydrochloride)-phosphate self-assembled hierarchically ordered nanocapsules: size dependent investigation on release and DPPH scavenging activity of curcumin. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin associated poly(allylamine hydrochloride) crosslinks with dipotassium phosphate and silica nanoparticles to form nanocapsule that shows DPPH scavenging activity and releases curcumin triggered by pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Mouslmani
- Department of Chemistry
- American University of Beirut
- Beirut
- Lebanon
| | | | - Neeraj Prabhakar
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
- Åbo Akademi University
- Turku
- Finland
| | - Markus Peurla
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy
- University of Turku
- Turku
- Finland
| | - Elias Baydoun
- Department of Biology
- American University of Beirut
- Beirut
- Lebanon
| | - Digambara Patra
- Department of Chemistry
- American University of Beirut
- Beirut
- Lebanon
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24
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Zhang J, Prabhakar N, Näreoja T, Rosenholm JM. Semiconducting polymer encapsulated mesoporous silica particles with conjugated Europium complexes: toward enhanced luminescence under aqueous conditions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:19064-19074. [PMID: 25289897 DOI: 10.1021/am5050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of lanthanide organic complexes in meso-organized hybrid materials for luminescence applications have attracted immense interest due to the possibility of controlled segregation at the nanoscopic level for novel optical properties. Aimed at enhancing the luminescence intensity and stability of the hybrid materials in aqueous media, we developed polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilized, semiconducting polymer (poly(9-vinylcarbazole), PVK) encapsulated mesoporous silica hybrid particles grafted with Europium(III) complexes. Monosilylated β-diketonate ligands (1-(2-naphthoyl)-3,3,3-trifluoroacetonate, NTA) were first co-condensed in the mesoporous silica particles as pendent groups for bridging and anchoring the lanthanide complexes, resulting in particles with an mean diameter of ∼ 450 nm and a bimodal pore size distribution centered at 3.5 and 5.3 nm. PVK was encapsulated on the resulted particles by a solvent-induced surface precipitation process, in order to seal the mesopores and protect Europium ions from luminescence quenching by producing a hydrophobic environment. The obtained polymer encapsulated MSN-EuLC@PVK-PVP particles exhibit significantly higher intrinsic quantum yield (Φ(Ln) = 39%) and longer lifetime (τ(obs) = 0.51 ms), as compared with those without polymer encapsulation. Most importantly, a high luminescence stability was realized when MSN-EuLC@PVK-PVP particles were dispersed in various aqueous media, showing no noticeable quenching effect. The beneficial features and positive attributes of both mesoporous silica and semiconducting polymers as lanthanide-complex host were merged in a single hybrid carrier, opening up the possibility of using these hybrid luminescent materials under complex aqueous conditions such as biological/physiological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044, China
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25
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Prabhakar N, Näreoja T, von Haartman E, Karaman DŞ, Jiang H, Koho S, Dolenko TA, Hänninen PE, Vlasov DI, Ralchenko VG, Hosomi S, Vlasov II, Sahlgren C, Rosenholm JM. Core-shell designs of photoluminescent nanodiamonds with porous silica coatings for bioimaging and drug delivery II: application. Nanoscale 2013; 5:3713-22. [PMID: 23493921 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33926b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances within materials science and its interdisciplinary applications in biomedicine have emphasized the potential of using a single multifunctional composite material for concurrent drug delivery and biomedical imaging. Here we present a novel composite material consisting of a photoluminescent nanodiamond (ND) core with a porous silica (SiO2) shell. This novel multifunctional probe serves as an alternative nanomaterial to address the existing problems with delivery and subsequent tracing of the particles. Whereas the unique optical properties of ND allows for long-term live cell imaging and tracking of cellular processes, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have proven to be efficient drug carriers. The advantages of both ND and MSNs were hereby integrated in the new composite material, ND@MSN. The optical properties provided by the ND core rendered the nanocomposite suitable for microscopy imaging in fluorescence and reflectance mode, as well as super-resolution microscopy as a STED label; whereas the porous silica coating provided efficient intracellular delivery capacity, especially in surface-functionalized form. This study serves as a demonstration how this novel nanomaterial can be exploited for both bioimaging and drug delivery for future theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Prabhakar
- Centre for Functional Materials, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Department of Natural Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
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27
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Gidwani G, Pallan P, Saker M, Prabhakar N. Abstract No. 328: Age factors and indications for congential portosystemic shunt embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2011.12.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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28
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29
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Marek W, Prabhakar N, Mückenhoff K. Atemarbeit bei externen Stenosen und Bronchialmuskelkontraktion. Pneumologie 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1074394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Marek W, Prabhakar N, Mückenhoff K. Atemarbeit und Atemmuskelaktivität während Stimulation chemosensibler Afferenzen mit und ohne vagale Rückkopplung. Pneumologie 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1076130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Kakarla R, Vaghani A, Prabhakar N, Saker M. Abstract No. 246 EE: Persistent Sciatic Artery: Radiologic Features and Role of Angiography in Patient Management. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2007.12.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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32
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Marek W, Prabhakar N, Mückenhoff K. Zur Interaktion von Lungendehnungsrezeptoren und Chemoafferenzen während extrathorakaler Stenosen. Pneumologie 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-973297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Marek W, Prabhakar N, Mückenhoff K. Zur Interaktion vagaler und chemosensibler Afferenzen auf die Atmung während extrathorakaler Stenosen und Lungenblähungen. Pneumologie 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-967209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- G Longobardo
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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36
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Dick T, Coles S, Hsieh Y, Morrison S, Prabhakar N. Respir Res 2001; 2:5.1. [DOI: 10.1186/rr114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Cherniack
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4915, USA
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lagercrantz
- Department of Pediatrics, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Abstract
Somatostatin has been found to induce apnoea when applied into the brain ventricular system (Fuxe et al. 1982, Härfstrand et al. 1985). The site of action of somatostatin was suggested to be in the dorsal respiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata of the rat (Fuxe et al. 1982) where high somatostatin-like immunoreactivity has been detected (Kalia et al. 1984a). In the present study we wanted to further localize the site(s) of action of somatostatin on respiration by microinjection of somatostatin into the medulla oblongata of the cats. We could not detect any inhibitory effect of somatostatin on respiration after microinjection into the nuclear complex of the solitary tract. On the other hand microinjection of somatostatin into the region of nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis consistently caused apnoea. This finding further supports the idea that this structure functions as an integrative area of respiratory drive inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamamoto
- Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Shamasundar C, Murthy SK, Prakash OM, Prabhakar N, Krishna DK. Psychiatric morbidity in a general practice in an Indian city. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292:1713-5. [PMID: 3089368 PMCID: PMC1340639 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.292.6537.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric morbidity in an Indian general practice was studied using the 12 item version of the General Health Questionnaire to screen 882 patients who represented 9000 consecutive adult patients attending the practice. The questionnaire was valid with a cutting score of 1/2 when compared with section 1 of the standardised Indian Psychiatric Survey Schedule. The probable prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was 35.9%. The general practitioner identified only about 25% of patients. Five of the 12 questions on the General Health Questionnaire had a higher discriminatory capacity, and the performance of the patients on these five questions was valid when compared to section 1 of the Indian Psychiatric Survey Schedule.
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41
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Haxhiu MA, Mitra J, van Lunteren E, Prabhakar N, Bruce EN, Cherniack NS. Responses of hypoglossal and phrenic nerves to decreased respiratory drive in cats. Respiration 1986; 50:130-8. [PMID: 3749614 DOI: 10.1159/000194919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agents which depress respiration, such as alcohol, seem to increase the occurrence of obstructive apneas during sleep. It has been proposed that upper airway obstruction can result from an imbalance in the activity (or forces) produced by the upper airway muscles versus the chest wall muscles so that upper airway passages might be blocked when a disproportionate decrease in upper airway muscle activity occurs. This study examines the hypothesis that depression of respiration affects the activity of the hypoglossal nerve (the motor nerve to the tongue) more than the activity of the phrenic nerve (the motor nerve to the diaphragm). In addition, we examined the role of the putative central chemoreceptor area on the ventrolateral medullary surface (VMS) in maintaining phrenic and hypoglossal discharge. In chloralose-anesthetized, artificially ventilated, paralyzed cats, three methods of reducing respiratory drive were studied: hyperoxic hypocapnia (produced by mechanical hyperventilation), the application to the intermediate area of the ventral medullary surface of the respiratory depressant GABA and its agonist muscimol, and cooling the same area of the VMS (using a water-cooled thermode). All these interventions decreased hypoglossal nerve activity more than phrenic nerve activity (range of p values: p less than 0.001 to p less than 0.01). Moreover, the reduction in hypoglossal activity was greater with GABA and muscimol than with the other two maneuvers; this was statistically significant for both GABA versus VMS cooling (p less than 0.02) and muscimol versus VMS cooling (p less than 0.01). These results show that respiratory depression can differentially affect hypoglossal and phrenic nerve activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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42
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Murthy SK, Shamasundar C, Prakash O, Prabhakar N. Psychiatric morbidity in general practice-a preliminary report. Indian J Psychiatry 1981; 23:40-3. [PMID: 22058513 PMCID: PMC3013183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
No study of psychiatric morbidity in general practices is reported in India. A three phase study of psychiatric morbidity in General practice is nearing completion in a group general practice in Bangalore. This preliminary report covering the available data from the first phase indicates a psychiatric morbidity of about 36% in general practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Murthy
- & General practitioners, City Dispensary, K. G. Circle, Bangalore
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