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Lam TH, Yen NTB, Hung ND, Trang NT, Minh TD, Duyen NT. Biventricular noncompaction induced heart failure in premature newborn. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:2448-2451. [PMID: 38585401 PMCID: PMC10998051 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep intertrabecular recesses and overly pronounced trabeculations in one ventricle are the hallmarks of noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM), a rare congenital cardiomyopathy but very rarely right ventricle (RV), or both ventricles may be involved. We reported a 5-day-old preterm newborn with signs of congestive heart failure that the transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed deep intertrabecular recesses perfused from the left ventricle (LV) and RV cavity, as well as significantly increased wall thickness of the right ventricles and hypertrabeculations in the apical and midventricular segments.
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Giang LM, Trang NT, Thuy DT, Nguyen HH, Diep NB, Van HTH, Truc TT, Reback CJ, Li M, Van Dung D, Shoptaw S. Using ADAPT-ITT framework to tailor evidence-based interventions for addressing methamphetamine use among methadone patients in Vietnam. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:1667-1679. [PMID: 37614129 PMCID: PMC10848814 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine use threatens positive treatment outcomes in substance use and HIV, for people with opioid use disorders (POUD) in many countries. This paper describes the adaptation of four evidence-based interventions (EBI) (motivational interviewing, contingency management, Matrix group model and SMS text messaging) for treating methamphetamine use among POUD receiving methadone maintenance therapy in Vietnam. METHODS Following the ADAPT-ITT (Assessment-Decision-Administration-Production-Topical experts-Training-Testing) framework, we conducted 16 focus group discussions with POUD (n = 25) and providers (n = 22) at four methadone clinics in two largest cities (Hanoi in the North, Ho Chi Minh City in the South) to assess patterns of methamphetamine use and to get feedback on proposed EBIs. The proposed EBIs were properly adapted and used to train providers in two of the four methadone clinics. The revised EBIs were tested over 12 weeks among 42 POUD on methadone who use methamphetamine. Post-intervention feedback served to fine-tune the revised EBIs. RESULTS Insights about patterns of methamphetamine use suggested that EBIs should focus on different triggers to methamphetamine use among POUD receiving methadone treatment in the two cities. All EBIs should emphasise family-related topics to build a strong motivation for treatment. Participants suggested when, where and how each EBI should be delivered. Most participants were satisfied with the adapted EBIs. Limited human resources at methadone clinics might hinder implementation of the adapted EBIs. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We successfully completed the adaptation of EBIs for POUD who use methamphetamine on methadone in Vietnam. The pilot testing of the adapted EBIs demonstrated feasibility and acceptability. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04706624. Registered 13 January 2021. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04706624.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Giang
- Centre for Training and Research on Substance use and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu Trang
- Centre for Training and Research on Substance use and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Thanh Thuy
- Centre for Training and Research on Substance use and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoa H. Nguyen
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Bich Diep
- Centre for Training and Research on Substance use and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Thai Thanh Truc
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cathy J. Reback
- Friends Research Institute, Friends Community Center, Center for HIV Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Li
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Do Van Dung
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Steve Shoptaw
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Le TT, Trang NT, Pham VTT, Quang DN, Phuong Hoa LT. Bioactivities of β-mangostin and its new glycoside derivatives synthesized by enzymatic reactions. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:230676. [PMID: 37593716 PMCID: PMC10427817 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Beta-mangostin is a xanthone commonly found in the genus Garcinia. Unlike α-mangostin, to date, there have only been a few studies on the biological activity and derivatization of β-mangostin. In this study, two novel glycosylated derivatives of β-mangostin were successfully synthesized via a one-pot enzymatic reaction. These derivatives were characterized as β-mangostin 6-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and β-mangostin 6-O-β-d-2-deoxyglucopyranoside by TOF ESI/MS and 1H and 13C NMR analyses. Beta-mangostin showed cytotoxicity against KB, MCF7, A549 and HepG2 cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 15.42 to 21.13 µM. The acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of β-mangostin were determined with IC50 values of 2.17 and 27.61 µM, respectively. A strong anti-microbial activity of β-mangostin against Gram-positive strains (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus fermentum and Staphylococcus aureus) was observed, with IC50 values of 0.16, 0.18 and 1.24 µg ml-1, respectively. Beta-mangostin showed weaker activity against Gram-negative strains (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as well as Candida albicans fungus, with IC50 and MIC values greater than the tested concentration (greater than 32 µg ml-1). The new derivatives of β-mangostin showed weaker activities than those of β-mangostin, demonstrating the important role of the hydroxyl group at C-6 of β-mangostin in its bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoi Thi Le
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu Trang
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van Thuy Thi Pham
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vietnam National University, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Ngoc Quang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Phuong Hoa
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Tam NT, Anh NT, Tung TS, Thach PN, Dung NT, Trang VD, Hung LM, Dien TC, Ngoc NM, Van Duyet L, Cuong PM, Phuong HVM, Thai PQ, Tung NLN, Man DNH, Phong NT, Quang VM, Thoa PTN, Truong NT, Thao TNP, Linh DP, Tai NT, Bao HT, Vuong VT, Nhung HTK, Hong PND, Hanh LTP, Chung LT, Nhan NTT, Thanh TT, Hung DT, Mai HK, Long TH, Trang NT, Thuong NTH, Hong NTT, Nhu LNT, Ny NTH, Thuy CT, Thanh LK, Nguyet LA, Mai LTQ, Thuong TC, Nga LH, Thanh TT, Thwaites G, Rogier van Doorn H, Chau NVV, Kesteman T, Van Tan L. Spatiotemporal Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta Variants during Large Nationwide Outbreak of COVID-19, Vietnam, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1002-1006. [PMID: 37015283 PMCID: PMC10124647 DOI: 10.3201/eid2905.221787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed 1,303 SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences from Vietnam, and found the Alpha and Delta variants were responsible for a large nationwide outbreak of COVID-19 in 2021. The Delta variant was confined to the AY.57 lineage and caused >1.7 million infections and >32,000 deaths. Viral transmission was strongly affected by nonpharmaceutical interventions.
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Nong T, Hodgkin D, Trang NT, Shoptaw SJ, Li MJ, Hai Van HT, Le G. A review of factors associated with methadone maintenance treatment adherence and retention in Vietnam. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 243:109699. [PMID: 36603363 PMCID: PMC9851667 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starting in 2008, Vietnam's national MMT program expanded quickly, but it is struggling with increasing attrition rates and poor adherence among patients. Several studies have reported on MMT retention and adherence, but no overview has yet been published. The objective of this study is to fill that gap and to review factors associated with retention and adherence in MMT in Vietnam. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using databases of literature - Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, Academic search premiere, and SoINDEX. Peer-reviewed empirical studies with full text in English discussing retention attrition and adherence regarding MMT in Vietnam were selected. The results were synthesized using qualitative methods. RESULTS Adherence and retention rates varied among the 11 included studies. In general, patients in mountainous provinces had lower adherence and retention rates than those in big cities. Retention rates decreased with the studies' follow-up period and had a downward trend over time. Factors associated with adherence and retention can be classified into three groups: individual, community, and institutional factors. Important individual factors areage, education, awareness of MMT and HIV, and co-occurring disorders and comorbidities. Stigma is the major community risk factor, and methadone daily dose, the distance between home and clinic, and clinic's service hours are the three most important institutional factors. CONCLUSIONS The literature reviewed identifies important factors associated with MMT adherence and retention in Vietnam. The findings suggest further research exploring both subjective and objective factors and more policies to remove social and structural barriers to enhance treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuong Nong
- The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA 02453, the United States of America.
| | - Dominic Hodgkin
- The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA 02453, the United States of America
| | - Nguyen Thu Trang
- Center for Training and Research on Substance Abuse and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Steven J Shoptaw
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, the United States of America
| | - Michael J Li
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, the United States of America
| | | | - Giang Le
- Center for Training and Research on Substance Abuse and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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Giang HT, Duc NQ, Molès JP, Vinh VH, Nagot N, Thanh NTT, Huong DT, Oanh KTH, Khue PM, Mai LS, Trang NT, Ngoc PT, Quillet C, Feelemyer J, Vallo R, Michel L, Jarlais DD, Laureillard D, Rapoud D. "Maintaining HIV and HCV prevention and care for people who inject drugs despite COVID-19 in Hai Phong, Vietnam". Int J Drug Policy 2022; 110:103870. [PMID: 36244242 PMCID: PMC9489978 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the emergence of COVID-19, a one-month strict lockdown was imposed in April 2020 in Vietnam, followed by lighter social distancing restrictions over the year. We investigated whether those measures affected people who inject drugs (PWID) in terms of risk behaviors for HIV and HCV and access to prevention and care in the city of Haiphong, a historic hotspot for HIV and drug use. METHODOLOGY We carried out a 'before-after' study from 2019 to 2020 using respondent-driven sampling method to enroll PWID. They were interviewed on their socioeconomic situation, drug use and sexual behaviors, relations to care services and tested for drugs and methadone in the urine, for HIV, HCV, and HIV plasma viral load when HIV-positive. Changes following the restrictions were assessed by comparing 'before' to 'after' data. RESULTS 780 PWID were enrolled. Mean age was 44 years; 94% were male. All were actively injecting heroin 'before', versus 56% 'after'. Among those, frequency of consumption decreased from 24 to 17 days per month. No changes were observed in the frequency and practices of methamphetamine smoking. The proportion of PWID on MMT increased from 68.7% to 75.3%, and that of PWID engaging in risky behaviors related to drug injection decreased from 6.0% to 1.5%. No HIV seroconversions were observed; HCV incidence was 2.6/100 person-years (95% CI [0.7-6.7]). 9% of PWID reported a monthly income of less than 130USD 'before' versus 53% 'after'. CONCLUSION The case of Hai Phong shows that it is possible, during times of COVID-19 pandemic, to maintain access to harm reduction and care and to prevent HIV and HCV transmission among PWID in a resource-limited setting where severe social distancing restrictions are implemented. Further research is needed to assess the consequences of long-term economic difficulties and the impact of actual spread of SARS-Cov2 that has since emerged in Haiphong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Thi Giang
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam,Corresponding author
| | - Nguyen Quang Duc
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Jean-Pierre Molès
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic & Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles-Guyane, Montpellier, France
| | - Vu Hai Vinh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Viet Tiep Hospital, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic & Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles-Guyane, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Duong Thi Huong
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | | | - Pham Minh Khue
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Le Sao Mai
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | | | - Pham Thi Ngoc
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Catherine Quillet
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic & Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles-Guyane, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Roselyne Vallo
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic & Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles-Guyane, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Michel
- CESP Inserm UMRS 1018, Paris Saclay University, Pierre Nicole Center, French Red Cross, Paris, France
| | - Don Des Jarlais
- New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Didier Laureillard
- Infectious Diseases Department, Caremeau University Hospital, Nimes, France
| | - Delphine Rapoud
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic & Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang, University of Antilles-Guyane, Montpellier, France
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Hung NT, Trang NT, Thang NT. Quantile relationship between globalization, financial development, economic growth, and carbon emissions: evidence from Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:60098-60116. [PMID: 35411523 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental quality and economic activity have a strong relationship. Carbon emissions remain one of the world's most dangerous environmental issues. Both international and local governments are developing initiatives to address this problem. Capitalizing on the limitations of the existing literature, this article investigates the dynamic nexus of financial development, economic growth, and globalization on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam for 1990-2020 using the quantile-on-quantile regression. The findings unveil a positive feedback link between globalization and carbon dioxide emissions at the middle and high quantiles. In addition, there is a negative nexus between financial development and carbon emissions at most quantiles, while CO2 emissions and economic growth have a positive association at all quantiles. More importantly, our empirical results also provide the bidirectional causality between financial development, economic growth, globalization, and carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam at different quantile levels. The consistency of the outcomes uncovers that the findings are trustworthy and appropriate for guiding policy to reduce CO2 emissions in Vietnam. Therefore, they can help policymakers understand how financial development and globalization can achieve sustainable economic growth and tackle environmental issues in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo Thai Hung
- Faculty of Economics and Law, University of Finance-Marketing, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Thu Trang
- International School of Finance-Marketing, University of Finance-Marketing, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Thang
- International School of Finance-Marketing, University of Finance-Marketing, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
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Giang LM, Trang NT, Diep NB, Thuy DTD, Thuy DT, Hoe HD, Van HTH, Truc TT, Nguyen HH, Lai NL, Linh PTD, Vi VTT, Reback CJ, Leibowitz A, Li L, Lin C, Li M, Do Van Dung, Shoptaw S. An adaptive design to screen, treat, and retain people with opioid use disorders who use methamphetamine in methadone clinics (STAR-OM): study protocol of a clinical trial. Trials 2022; 23:342. [PMID: 35461300 PMCID: PMC9034071 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06278-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use could jeopardize the current efforts to address opioid use disorder and HIV infection. Evidence-based behavioral interventions (EBI) are effective in reducing methamphetamine use. However, evidence on optimal combinations of EBI is limited. This protocol presents a type-1 effectiveness-implementation hybrid design to evaluate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness of adaptive methamphetamine use interventions, and their implementation barriers in Vietnam. METHOD Design: Participants will be first randomized into two frontline interventions for 12 weeks. They will then be placed or randomized to three adaptive strategies for another 12 weeks. An economic evaluation and an ethnographic evaluation will be conducted alongside the interventions. PARTICIPANTS We will recruit 600 participants in 20 methadone clinics. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA (1) age 16+; (2) Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) scores ≥ 10 for methamphetamine use or confirmed methamphetamine use with urine drug screening; (3) willing to provide three pieces of contact information; and (4) having a cell phone. OUTCOMES Outcomes are measured at 13, 26, and 49 weeks and throughout the interventions. Primary outcomes include the (1) increase in HIV viral suppression, (2) reduction in HIV risk behaviors, and (3) reduction in methamphetamine use. COVID-19 response: We developed a response plan for interruptions caused by COVID-19 lockdowns to ensure data quality and intervention fidelity. DISCUSSION This study will provide important evidence for scale-up of EBIs for methamphetamine use among methadone patients in limited-resource settings. As the EBIs will be delivered by methadone providers, they can be readily implemented if the trial demonstrates effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04706624. Registered on 13 January 2021. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04706624.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Giang
- Centre for Training and Research on Substance use and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu Trang
- Centre for Training and Research on Substance use and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Bich Diep
- Centre for Training and Research on Substance use and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dao Thi Dieu Thuy
- Centre for Training and Research on Substance use and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Thanh Thuy
- Centre for Training and Research on Substance use and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Han Dinh Hoe
- Centre for Training and Research on Substance use and HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Thai Thanh Truc
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa H Nguyen
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ly Lai
- South Vietnam HIV and Addiction Technology Transfer Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Dan Linh
- South Vietnam HIV and Addiction Technology Transfer Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Tuong Vi
- South Vietnam HIV and Addiction Technology Transfer Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cathy J Reback
- Friends Research Institute, Friends Community Center, Center for HIV Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Arleen Leibowitz
- Department of Public Policy, Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Chunqing Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael Li
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Do Van Dung
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Steve Shoptaw
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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Trang NT, Jauffret-Roustide M, Giang LM, Visier L. "I'm not like others": stigma navigation by people who inject drugs in Vietnam. Drugs (Abingdon Engl) 2022; 29:85-94. [PMID: 35399201 PMCID: PMC8993137 DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2021.1874875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background People who inject drugs are subjected to great stigmatization in many parts of the world. How they deal with stigma is closely linked to how stigma means to them. Understanding the strategies individuals employ to cope with these negative attitudes and what resources they mobilize in this process gives useful insights for clinical work and policy development. Methods We conducted 12 months of field observation in 2017 and 2018 and 54 in-depth interviews with people who inject drugs in Haiphong, Vietnam. Grounded theory underpinned our sampling and data analysis. Results The strategies participants used to manage stigma were both information and tension management. Many participants not only concealed their drug use but actively cultivated a pro-social image based on Vietnamese cultural virtues such as selflessness, hard work or harmonious living with others. Participants withdrew from social relationships to distance themselves from the stereotype of a money-begging drug user. They used techniques of neutralization to emphasize their good character and reframe their drug-related issues in a different light in order to negotiate their social status with their interlocutors. Conclusion People who inject drugs endorse the same social values and aspirations as nonusers. A good support structure and resources could help them to cope more effectively with stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thu Trang
- Centre for Research and Training on Substance Abuse – HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam; Doctoral School of Law and Political Sciences, Montpellier University, France
| | - Marie Jauffret-Roustide
- Centre of Medicine, Sciences, Health, Mental Health and Health Policy (CERMES 3) (Inserm U988/CNRS UMR 8211/EHESS/Université Paris Descartes), Paris, France
| | - Le Minh Giang
- Centre for Research and Training on Substance Abuse – HIV, Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam
| | - Laurent Visier
- Doctoral School of Law and Political Sciences, Montpellier University, France
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Edsall A, Hoffman KA, Thuy DT, Mai PP, Hang NT, Khuyen TT, Trang NT, Kunkel LE, Giang LM, Korthuis PT. Use of methamphetamine and alcohol among people with opioid use disorder and HIV in Vietnam: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1718. [PMID: 34548042 PMCID: PMC8456677 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heroin use continues to drive HIV transmission in Vietnam, but methamphetamine and alcohol use are growing rapidly and, as in other countries, polysubstance use is widespread. The objective of this study was to understand the interplay between heroin, methamphetamine, and alcohol use among people with opioid use disorder (OUD) and HIV in Vietnam. METHODS We conducted 44 in-depth, face-to-face qualitative interviews with people with OUD and HIV who participated in the BRAVO trial of buprenorphine versus methadone in five Vietnam HIV clinics. Interviews probed participants' experiences of heroin, methamphetamine, and alcohol use and their interplay with HIV/OUD treatment. Interviews were professionally transcribed and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS Of 44 participants interviewed 42 were male, on average 38.8 years of age, with 30 reporting a history of methamphetamine use and 33 reporting a history of alcohol use. Several themes emerged: 1) Methamphetamine and alcohol were perceived to have lower addiction potential than heroin 2) Social settings were key facilitators of alcohol and methamphetamine use 3) Some participants, but not all, used methamphetamine to help quit heroin 4) Consuming alcohol blunted the effects of heroin, while paradoxically serving as a catalyst for heroin use 5) Use of methamphetamine was perceived by many participants to be incompatible with treatment for HIV. CONCLUSIONS Participant experiences reflected a significant impact of polysubstance use on treatment of HIV and OUD. Patterns of polysubstance use are subject to common preconceptions of alcohol and methamphetamine as having a low addictive potential, and these substances are deeply enmeshed in the social life of many people with OUD in Vietnam. Interventions to address complex social norms and potential harms of polysubstance use are urgently needed as the population of people receiving medication for OUD (MOUD) increases in Vietnam and globally. TRIAL REGISTRATION BRAVO - NCT01936857 , September 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Edsall
- Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Kim A Hoffman
- Oregon Health & Science University - Portland State University School of Public Health, 840 SW Gaines St, Room 230, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Dinh Thanh Thuy
- Hanoi Medical University, 1 Tôn Thất Tùng, Kim Liên, Đống Đa, Hà Nội, 116001, Vietnam
| | - Pham Phuong Mai
- Hanoi Medical University, 1 Tôn Thất Tùng, Kim Liên, Đống Đa, Hà Nội, 116001, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu Hang
- Oregon Health & Science University - Portland State University School of Public Health, 840 SW Gaines St, Room 230, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tong Thi Khuyen
- Hanoi Medical University, 1 Tôn Thất Tùng, Kim Liên, Đống Đa, Hà Nội, 116001, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu Trang
- Hanoi Medical University, 1 Tôn Thất Tùng, Kim Liên, Đống Đa, Hà Nội, 116001, Vietnam
| | - Lynn E Kunkel
- Oregon Health & Science University - Portland State University School of Public Health, 840 SW Gaines St, Room 230, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Le Minh Giang
- Hanoi Medical University, 1 Tôn Thất Tùng, Kim Liên, Đống Đa, Hà Nội, 116001, Vietnam
| | - P Todd Korthuis
- Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University - Portland State University School of Public Health, 840 SW Gaines St, Room 230, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Addiction Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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11
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Edsall A, Dinh TTT, Mai PP, Hoffman K, Nguyen HT, Khuyen TT, Trang NT, Bart G, Giang LM, Korthuis PT. Provider Perspectives on Integration of Substance Use Disorder and HIV Care in Vietnam: A Qualitative Study. J Behav Health Serv Res 2021; 48:274-286. [PMID: 32940824 PMCID: PMC7965786 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-020-09730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNAIDS recommends integration of medications for substance use disorders (SUD) with HIV care to improve HIV outcomes. Yet, integration of HIV and SUD services remains limited in many countries. The objective of this study was to assess provider perceptions of care integration in Vietnam. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 43 providers (nurses, physicians, counselors, pharmacists, and clinic managers) in 8 HIV clinics in northern Vietnam, 2013-2015. Providers identified five themes informing HIV and SUD treatment integration: (1) treatment for alcohol use disorder is often neglected compared to other SUD treatment; (2) structural challenges must be addressed to increase integration feasibility; (3) workforce limitations; (4) societal and healthcare stigmatization of SUD; and (5) providers' conflicting views regarding integration challenges. The experience of providers in Vietnam may be useful to other countries attempting to integrate HIV and SUD services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Edsall
- Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Kim Hoffman
- Portland State University-Oregon Health & Science University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Hang T Nguyen
- Portland State University-Oregon Health & Science University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Gavin Bart
- Hennepin Healthcare and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - P Todd Korthuis
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Thien LV, Chau NTT, Hong LTT, Trang NT, Futamata H. Properties of Fly Ashes from Thermal Power Stations in Relation to Use as Soil Amendments. SAINS MALAYS 2019. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2019-4804-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Lan VTT, Son HV, Trang VL, Trang NT, Phuong NT, Toan NL, Duong PAT. Methylation profiles of miR34 gene family in Vietnamese patients suffering from breast and lung cancers. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2476-2484. [PMID: 29916548 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The three genes encoding small non‑coding microRNA (miR)34a, MIR34b and MIR34c act as tumor‑suppressor genes. Their aberrant expressions regulated by DNA methylation have been frequently found in various types of cancer. In the present study, the DNA promoter methylation profiles of the MIR34 gene family were analyzed using the methylation specific polymerase chain reaction in order to clarify their association with breast and lung cancer, non‑cancerous or normal adjacent tissues. The methylation frequency of MIR34a was significantly higher in breast cancer (49.37%) compared with normal adjacent tissues (30.38%). The methylation frequency of MIR34b/c was 59.49 and 62.03% in breast cancer and normal adjacent tissues, respectively. MIR34a methylation showed a significant concordance with that of MIR34b/c only in breast cancer tissue. MIR34a methylation was significantly associated with cancer and the invasive ductal carcinoma type of breast cancer (P=0.015 and P=0.02, respectively). Methylation frequency of MIR34a and MIR34b/c was 48.42 and 56.84% in lung cancer, and 47.22 and 51.39% in pulmonary diseases, respectively. No significant association was observed between the methylation status of MIR34a and MIR34b/c, and the clinicopathological features of lung cancer or with those of non‑cancerous pulmonary diseases. Promoter methylation of MIR34a and MIR34b/c occurs frequently and concomitantly in breast and lung cancer, as well as in pulmonary diseases tissues, but not in breast normal tissues adjacent to tumor. These results of the present study emphasize the involvement of MIR34 methylation in human diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, MIR34a methylation may be a promising marker for a subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ho Van Son
- Department of Pathophysiology, 175 Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Vu Lan Trang
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie University Paris 06, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, Ha Dong, Vietnam
| | - Pham Anh Thuy Duong
- Department of Gene Technology, Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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14
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Rades D, Segedin B, Nagy V, Schild SE, Trang NT, Khoa MT. Predicting the presence of extracranial metastases in patients with brain metastases upon first diagnosis of cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2014; 190:405-7. [PMID: 24429480 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-013-0516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study aimed to determine factors allowing the prediction of extracranial metastases in patients presenting with brain metastases at the first diagnosis of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 659 patients with brain metastases upon first diagnosis of cancer were retrospectively analyzed. The parameters age, gender, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), primary tumor type and number of brain metastases were compared between 359 patients with extracranial metastases and 300 patients without extracranial metastases. Additional analyses were performed for patients with the most unfavorable and those with the most favorable characteristics. RESULTS The comparison of patients with versus without extracranial metastases revealed significant differences between the groups in terms of KPS (p < 0.001) and number of brain metastases (p < 0.001). Of the study patients, 113 had both most unfavorable characteristics, i.e. KPS ≤ 50 and ≥ 4 brain metastases. The sensitivity for identifying patients with extracranial metastases was 82 %; specificity was 51 %. A total of 50 patients had KPS ≥ 90 and only one brain metastasis. The sensitivity for identifying patients without extracranial metastases was 86 %; specificity was 58 %. CONCLUSION The combination of KPS and the number of brain metastases can help to predict the presence or absence of extracranial metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rades
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany,
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Rades D, Gerdan L, Segedin B, Nagy V, Khoa MT, Trang NT, Schild SE. Brain metastasis. Prognostic value of the number of involved extracranial organs. Strahlenther Onkol 2013; 189:996-1000. [PMID: 24104872 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-013-0442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study was performed to evaluate the prognostic role for survival of the number and the type of involved extracranial organs in patients with brain metastasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The data of 1146 patients who received whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) alone for brain metastasis have been retrospectively analyzed. In addition to the number of involved extra cranial organs, seven potential prognostic factors were investigated including WBRT regimen, age, gender, Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS), primary tumor type, number of brain metastases, and the interval from cancer diagnosis to WBRT. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed for patients with involvement of one (lung vs. bone vs. liver vs. other metastasis) and two (lung + lymph nodes vs. lung + bone vs. lung + liver vs. liver + bone vs. other combinations) extracranial organs. RESULTS The 6-month survival rates for the involvement of 0, 1, 2, 3, and ≥4 extracranial organs were 51, 30, 16, 13, and 10%, respectively (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, the number of involved extracranial organs maintained significance (risk ratio 1.26; 95% confidence interval 1.18-1.34; p<0.001). According to the multivariate analysis, age (p<0.001), gender (p=0.002), and KPS (p<0.001) were also independent prognostic factors for survival. In the subgroup analyses of patients with involvement of one and two extracranial organs, survival was not significantly different based on the extracranial organ involved. CONCLUSION The number of involved extracranial organs proved to be an independent prognostic factor in patients with brain metastasis, regardless of the organs involved. The number of involved extracranial organs should be considered in future trials designed for patients with brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rades
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany,
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Gerdan L, Segedin B, Nagy V, Khoa MT, Trang NT, Schild SE, Rades D. Brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): prognostic importance of the number of involved extracranial organs. Strahlenther Onkol 2013; 190:64-7. [PMID: 24104871 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-013-0439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study investigated the potential prognostic value of the number of involved extracranial organs in patients with brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 472 patients who received whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) alone with 5 × 4 Gy or 10 × 3 Gy for brain metastasis from NSCLC were included in this retrospective study. In addition to the number of involved extracranial organs, 6 further potential prognostic factors were investigated including WBRT regimen, age, gender, Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS), number of brain metastases, and the interval from cancer diagnosis to WBRT. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients with metastatic involvement of one (lung vs. bone vs. other metastasis) and two (lung + bone vs. lung+lymph nodes vs. other combinations) extracranial organs. RESULTS The survival rates at 6 months of the patients with involvement of 0, 1, 2, 3, and ≥ 4 extracranial organs were 52, 27, 17, 4, and 14%, respectively (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, the number of involved extracranial organs remained significant (risk ratio 1.32; 95% confidence interval 1.19-1.46; p<0.001). Age <65 years (p=0.004), KPS ≥ 70 (p<0.001), and only 1-3 brain metastases (p=0.022) were also significantly associated with survival in the multivariate analysis. In the separate analyses of patients with involvement of one and two extracranial organs, survival was not significantly different based on the pattern of extracranial organ involvement. CONCLUSION The number of involved extracranial organs is an independent prognostic factor of survival in patients with brain metastasis from NSCLC, irrespective of the pattern of extracranial organ involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gerdan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
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17
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Rades D, Dziggel L, Segedin B, Oblak I, Nagy V, Marita A, Schild SE, Trang NT, Khoa MT. A simple survival score for patients with brain metastases from breast cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2013; 189:664-7. [PMID: 23740157 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-013-0367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Personalized cancer treatment considers the patient's survival prognosis. Therefore, it is important to be able to estimate the patient's survival time, particularly in a palliative situation such as brain metastasis. This study aimed to create and validate a survival score for patients with brain metastasis from breast cancer, which is the second most common primary tumor in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data of 230 patients treated with whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) alone for brain metastasis from breast cancer were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were assigned to a test (n = 115) or a validation group (n = 115). According to the results of the multivariate analysis of the test group, Karnofsky Performance Score and extracranial metastases were included in the scoring system. The score for each factor was obtained from the 6-month survival rate (in %) divided by 10. Total scores represented the sum of these scores and were 4, 7, 9, or 12 points. Three prognostic groups were formed. RESULTS The 6-month survival rates in the test group were 10 % for 4-7 points, 55 % for 9 points, and 78 % for 15 points (p < 0.001). In the validation group the corresponding 6-month survival rates were 11, 54, and 75 %, respectively (p < 0.001). The comparisons between the prognostic groups of the test and the validation group did not show significant differences. CONCLUSION This simple survival score appears valid and reproducible. It can be used to estimate the survival time of patients with brain metastasis from breast cancer receiving WBRT alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rades
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany.
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Lee EM, Kim NH, Trang NT, Hong JH, Cha EJ, Lee TS. Respiratory rate detection algorithms by photoplethysmography signal processing. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2008; 2008:1140-1143. [PMID: 19162865 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4649362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoplethysmography (PPG) offers the clinically meaningful parameters, such as, heart rate, and respiratory rate. In this study, we presented three respiratory signal detection algorithms using photoplethysmography raw data generated from commercial PPG sensor: (1)Min-Max (2)Peak-to-Peak (3)Pulse Shape. As reference signal, nasal sensor signal was acquired simultaneously and compared and analyzed. We used two types of moving average filtering technique to process three PPG parameters. In laboratory experiment, 6 subjects' PPG signals were measured when they respire ten and fifteen, and arbitrary times per minute. From the results, following conclusions were drawn. Min-Max and Peak-to-Peak algorithms perform better than Pulse shape algorithm. They can be used to detect respiratory rate. But, Pulse Shape algorithm was accurate for subject 4 only. More experimental data is necessary to improve the accuracy and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
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Abstract
AIMS To determine the incidence and severity of infection by ochratoxin A (OA)-producing fungi in Vietnamese green coffee beans. METHODS AND RESULTS Aspergillus carbonarius, A. niger and yellow Aspergilli (A. ochraceus and related species in section Circumdati) were isolated by direct plating of surface-disinfected Robusta (65 samples) and Arabica (11 samples) coffee beans from southern and central Vietnam. Significantly, more Robusta than Arabica beans were infected by fungi. Aspergillus niger infected 89% of Robusta beans, whereas A. carbonarius and yellow Aspergilli each infected 12-14% of beans. OA was not produced by A. niger (98 isolates) or A. ochraceus (77 isolates), but was detected in 110 of 113 isolates of A. carbonarius, 10 isolates of A. westerdijkiae and one isolate of A. steynii. The maximum OA observed in samples severely infected with toxigenic species was 1.8 microg kg(-1); however, no relationship between extent of infection and OA contamination was observed. CONCLUSIONS Aspergillus niger is the dominant species infecting Vietnamese coffee beans, yet A. carbonarius is the likely source of OA contamination. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Vietnamese green coffee beans were more severely infected with fungi than the levels reported for beans from other parts of the world, yet OA contamination appears to be infrequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Leong
- CSIRO Food Science Australia, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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Trang NT, Takezawa N, Takezawa N. REAL OPTIONS AND THE EVALUATION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPEMENT PROJECTS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY : A CASE STUDY(Special Issue on Theory, Methodology and Applications in Financial Engneering). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.15807/jorsj.45.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Trang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Hanoi, 19 Le thanh Tong street, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Trang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
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