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Westberg SM, Arellano R, Cieri-Hutcherson NE, Heinrich NT, Herman AM, Lodise NM, McBane S, Ofili TU, O'Grady N, Sankey KH. Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Neuropsychiatric Conditions During Pregnancy. Nurs Womens Health 2024:S1751-4851(24)00082-5. [PMID: 38702041 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Many pregnant persons will experience neuropsychiatric conditions during pregnancy, including migraine, attention deficit disorder, depression, and anxiety. Treatment of each of these conditions requires shared decision-making among the individual, family, and health care team. Although medications may include risk, the benefits often outweigh the potential fetal risks. In this article, we review pharmacologic treatment options for each of these conditions and appropriate use in pregnancy to maintain the stability of conditions and to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.
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2
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Vernon VP, Cieri-Hutcherson NE, Arellano R, Collins O, Lodise NM. Contraception for transgender and gender diverse individuals in pharmacy education: A cross-sectional survey and select resources. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2023; 15:715-721. [PMID: 37487786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacists must be knowledgeable to care for all patients, including transgender and gender diverse individuals. Some institutions may have gaps in their pharmacy school curriculum specific to transgender contraceptive care. The current study evaluated and offered recommendations regarding the current state of transgender contraceptive care education within pharmacy curricula. METHODS An 18-question anonymous survey was developed and sent to members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy - Pharmacy Practice section contact list. The survey collected baseline demographic characteristics and curricular information, including whether contraception for transgender individuals was taught and the modalities utilized. The institutional review board at Butler University reviewed and approved this survey project. RESULTS A response rate of 68% was obtained (99 of 144 institutions). Of those institutions responding, 39% reported that contraception for transgender individuals is taught as part of the curriculum at their respective institutions. In addition, a diverse set of teaching modalities were reported, such as didactic and team-based learning. Only six (4.3%) of the 138 individual faculty respondents indicated they obtained training focused on transgender care. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 40% of the responding institutions reported teaching about contraception care for transgender individuals. Based on this survey, the authors encourage institutions to assess their current curriculum and incorporate this topic accordingly. In addition, the authors recommend offering development opportunities for faculty and student pharmacists so that current and future health care professionals are best equipped to provide care for all patients in any practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica P Vernon
- Pharmacy Practice, Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 4600 Sunset Ave, Pharmacy and Health Sciences Building, Indianapolis, IN 46208, United States.
| | - Nicole E Cieri-Hutcherson
- University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
| | - Regina Arellano
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy Downers Grove Campus, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States.
| | | | - Nicole M Lodise
- Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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3
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Vernon V, Patel J, Cieri-Hutcherson NE, Arellano R, Elmore H, Griffin BL, Mitzel K, Moyeno WM, O'Connell MB, Pelaccio K, Lodise NM. The impact of COVID-19 on select considerations in patients of reproductive age: Brief talking points for pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:720-724. [PMID: 36775738 PMCID: PMC9831663 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has elicited many health concerns, including the impact of the infection and vaccine on reproductive health. Although robust evidence demonstrates the safety of all available COVID-19 vaccines, misinformation and disinformation related to the vaccine continue to circulate. As accessible and essential health care workers, it is crucial that pharmacists are informed of the evidence related to effects of the COVID-19 infection and vaccinations on reproductive health care. Menstrual cycle changes have been noted owing to COVID-19 infection, pandemic stress, and COVID-19 vaccination. COVID-19 infection and vaccination have not been shown to influence female fertility, pregnancy rates, and lactation. The use of exogenous estrogen may further contribute to an increased risk of thromboembolism with COVID-19 infection, and differences in the risk of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis appear to exist between the types of vaccines. The benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh any risks. Shared decision-making is necessary when discussing vaccination with patients. Pharmacists play a vital role in dispelling misinformation and disinformation related to the impact of COVID-19 illness and vaccination on reproductive health care.
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4
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Smrekar K, Lodise NM. Combined Oral Contraceptive Use and Breast Cancer Risk: Select Considerations for Clinicians. Nurs Womens Health 2022; 26:242-249. [PMID: 35134383 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are commonly used by individuals for contraceptive and noncontraceptive purposes, such as the management of dysmenorrhea or to reduce risk for ovarian and endometrial cancer. However, a common consideration that continues to arise is whether COC use increases breast cancer risk. Many researchers have investigated this, but study results are varied and may be affected by variables such as hormone type, an individual's age, and the duration of COC use. In this article, we summarize select breast cancer risk considerations regarding COC use to assist clinicians when counseling individuals considering using oral contraceptives.
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Stone RH, Cieri-Hutcherson NE, Vernon V, Arellano R, Mospan C, Harris JB, Barnes KN, Griffin BL, Lodise NM, Patel J, Rafie S, Vest K. Curricular Considerations for Preparing Student Pharmacists to Prescribe Hormonal Contraception. Am J Pharm Educ 2022; 86:8667. [PMID: 34385172 PMCID: PMC10159422 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2014, the pharmacist's role in the United States expanded to include prescribing hormonal contraception, and this practice is currently addressed by policy in 14 states and the District of Columbia. Training and education requirements for this expanded scope of practice vary between states and are changing rapidly. The objective of this review is to examine how student pharmacists are taught to provide contraceptive care, specifically for prescribing ongoing hormonal contraception and emergency contraception, and to identify potential gaps in the United States pharmacy curricula related to contraception. Despite steady adoption into community pharmacy practice, there is sparse literature assessing educational methods used to teach contraceptive care. This review offers recommendations to promote consistent and comprehensive student pharmacist education in providing contraceptive care across institutions, regardless of state policy status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronica Vernon
- Butler University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Regina Arellano
- Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy - Downers Grove, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Cortney Mospan
- Wingate University, School of Pharmacy, Wingate, North Carolina
| | | | - Kylie N Barnes
- University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Brooke L Griffin
- Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy - Downers Grove, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Nicole M Lodise
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Jaini Patel
- Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy - Downers Grove, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Sally Rafie
- University of California San Diego Health, San Diego, California
| | - Kathleen Vest
- Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy - Downers Grove, Downers Grove, Illinois
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6
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Kennedy DR, Harrell TK, Lodise NM, Mattingly TJ, Norenberg JP, Ragucci K, Ranelli P, Stewart AS. Current Status and Best Practices of Shared Governance in US Pharmacy Programs. Am J Pharm Educ 2020; 84:ajpe7281. [PMID: 32773821 PMCID: PMC7405305 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To characterize shared governance in US schools and colleges of pharmacy and recommend best practices to promote faculty engagement and satisfaction. Findings. The literature review revealed only one study on governance in a pharmacy school and some data from an AACP Faculty Survey. Of the 926 faculty members who responded to the survey, the majority were satisfied or very satisfied with faculty governance (64%) and the level of input into faculty governance (63%) at their school. Faculty members in administrative positions and those at public institutions were more satisfied with governance. The forum resulted in the development of five themes: establish a clear vision of governance in all areas; ensure that faculty members are aware of their roles and responsibilities within the governance structure; ensure faculty members are able to join committees of interest; recognize and reward faculty contributions to governance; and involve all full-time faculty members in governance, regardless of their tenure status. Summary. Establishing shared governance within a school or college of pharmacy impacts overall faculty satisfaction and potentially faculty retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Kennedy
- Western New England University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Springfield, Massachusetts
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
| | | | - Nicole M. Lodise
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - T. Joseph Mattingly
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kelly Ragucci
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Paul Ranelli
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Angela S. Stewart
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yakama, Washington
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7
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Hutcherson NEC, Harris JB, Karaoui LR, Lakdawala L, Lodise NM, Stone RH, Vernon V. Infertility Management and Pharmacotherapy: What Every Pharmacist Should Know. J Pharm Pract 2020; 34:635-647. [PMID: 32588713 DOI: 10.1177/0897190020930969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infertility is a significant public health concern in the United States. As such, utilization of infertility services, including pharmacotherapeutic treatments, is prevalent, and the role of the pharmacist as part of the health care team is essential. Pharmacists can assist patients by providing education on infertility causes, risk factor mitigation, referrals, nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic management options, navigation of the prescription process, and resource availability for the significant financial burden accompanying infertility treatment. In-depth pharmacotherapeutic information may not be readily available to pharmacists dispensing and counseling on these medications, and infertility management regimens are often varied and complicated requiring more in-depth counseling on use and administration. Given the complexity of infertility management, pharmacists are a valuable patient support and education resource. This article provides an in-depth review of infertility management strategies, both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Cieri- Hutcherson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 15497University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Lamis R Karaoui
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, 114792Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Lauren Lakdawala
- 1466Johns Hopkins Outpatient Pharmacy, Specialty Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicole M Lodise
- 1091Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca H Stone
- 1355University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Veronica Vernon
- Pharamcy Practice, 15461Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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8
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Murphy JE, Liles AM, Bingham AL, Chamberlin KW, Dang DK, Hill LG, Lee M, Leonard A, Lodise NM, Rogers E. Interprofessional education: Principles and application. An update from the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Murphy
- The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy; Phoenix Arizona
| | | | | | | | - Devra K. Dang
- The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Lucas G. Hill
- The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Mary Lee
- The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Alyson Leonard
- The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy; Phoenix Arizona
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9
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Abstract
Flibanserin is the first US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved option for sexual dysfunction, specifically low sexual desire. Until recently, there were no FDA-approved medication options to assist the ~40% of women affected by female sexual dysfunction (FSD). Often, patients report feeling uncomfortable discussing sexual health, identifying a strong need for health care professionals (HCPs) to proactively reach out to patients to identify concerns and initiate a discussion about sexual health and the available treatment options. Within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DMS-5), the criteria of female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD) are outlined, encompassing one of the most common sexual concerns, formerly in its own category defined as hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) or low sexual desire. HSDD is the absence or deficiency of sexual interest and/or desire leading to significant distress and interpersonal difficulties. HCPs offer an important service in assessing their patients and providing information about treatment considerations while ensuring patient comfort with this topic. This article provides an overview of the types and potential causes associated with FSD and the role of flibanserin in practice as a treatment option. Despite a need for additional study in diverse populations, flibanserin has demonstrated efficacy with increased female sexual function index (FSFI) total and desire domain scores in clinical studies indicating benefit in sexual desire. Common patient or provider-administered assessment tools to assist in identifying affected patients and patient counseling strategies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Lodise
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
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10
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Stone R, Rafie S, El-Ibiary SY, Vernon V, Lodise NM. Emergency Contraception Algorithm and Guide for Clinicians. Nurs Womens Health 2017; 21:297-305. [PMID: 28784210 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are currently three forms of emergency contraception: oral levonorgestrel, oral ulipristal acetate, and the copper intrauterine device. The copper intrauterine device is the most effective, followed by ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel, respectively. Although levonorgestrel is the least effective method, studies show that more prescribers are familiar with it and that is the most frequently used method. Clinicians should consider several factors when helping women make informed medical decisions regarding emergency contraception, including access to the products, a woman's individual preference, timing since unprotected intercourse, body mass index or weight, and initiation or resumption of routine contraception. This article explains and summarizes these considerations and provides an algorithm to guide clinicians.
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11
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Rafie S, McIntosh J, Shealy KM, Borgelt LM, Forinash A, Shrader SP, Koepf ER, McClendon KS, Griffin BL, Horlen C, Karaoui LR, Rowe EL, Lodise NM, Wigle PR. Roles of the pharmacist in the use of safe and highly effective long-acting reversible contraception: an opinion of the women's health practice and research network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy 2014; 34:991-9. [PMID: 24989020 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. population continues to experience an alarmingly high rate of unintended pregnancies that have an impact on individual families and society alike. Lack of effective contraception accounts for most unintended pregnancies, along with incorrect use of contraceptives. The most common reversible contraceptive method used in the United States is the oral contraceptive pill, which has significant failure and discontinuation rates. Use of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods has been increasing in recent years after efforts to educate providers and patients. Women are more likely to use LARC methods when barriers such as access and cost are removed. An uptake in the use of LARC methods would allow for markedly reduced contraception failure rates and higher user satisfaction and thus higher continuation rates than those seen with current contraception use. Promoting the use of LARC methods is an important strategy in improving both individual and public health outcomes by reducing unintended pregnancies. The pharmacist's role in family planning is expanding and can contribute to these efforts. Although knowledge regarding LARC has not been studied among pharmacists, a knowledge deficit exists among health care professionals in general. Thus pharmacist education and training should include LARC methods along with other contraceptives. The American College of Clinical Pharmacy Women's Health Practice and Research Network advocates for the pharmacist's role in the use of safe and highly effective LARC methods. These roles include educating patients, informing providers, facilitating access by providing referrals, and modifying institutional procedures to encourage provision of LARC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Rafie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California
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12
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Stone RH, Lodise NM, Morin AK, Rafie S. What is the restriction on over-the-counter emergency contraception access today? J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:148. [PMID: 24952912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Stone
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicole M Lodise
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Anna K Morin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, MCPHS University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sally Rafie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California
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13
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Lodise NM. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: treatment options beyond testosterone and approaches to communicating with patients on sexual health. Pharmacotherapy 2014; 33:411-21. [PMID: 23553810 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) affects nearly 1 in 10 women. Thus, it is essential for pharmacists and other health care providers to be comfortable when discussing a patient's sexual health to ensure appropriate triage so that the specific causes of HSDD can be identified and potential recommendations provided. HSDD is defined as the absence or deficiency of sexual interest and/or desire, leading to significant distress and interpersonal difficulties. As health care providers, pharmacists have a critical role in assessing the presence of HSDD and providing education on available treatment options. This article will review the potential causes of HSDD and low sexual desire, the screening tools available, and the significant role of health care professionals in communicating with patients about their sexual health. An overview of the importance of behavioral modifications, the current pharmacologic options being investigated, and the use of complementary and alternative therapies will also be explored. Currently, buproprion is the primary pharmacologic agent that has shown positive results in treating patients with HSDD. The use of testosterone therapy will not be addressed in this article, as this therapy is described in greater detail elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Lodise
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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14
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McBane SE, Borgelt LM, Barnes KN, Westberg SM, Lodise NM, Stassinos M. Use of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy in menopausal women: an opinion statement of the Women's Health Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy 2014; 34:410-23. [PMID: 24390902 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Menopausal symptoms affect a significant portion of women. Traditional treatment with manufactured hormone therapy can alleviate these symptoms, but many women and their health care providers are concerned about the risks, such as venous thromboembolism and certain types of cancer, demonstrated with manufactured hormone therapy. Compounded bioidentical hormone therapy has been proposed and is often used as a solution for these concerns. Despite this use, no data are currently available to support the claims that compounded bioidentical hormone therapy is a safer or more efficacious option compared with manufactured hormone therapy. A common misperception is that all manufactured products consist of synthetic hormones and all compounded medications consist of natural hormones; however, in fact, significant overlap exists. Several key stakeholder organizations have issued statements expressing concern about the lack of evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy, in addition to concerns regarding prescribing patterns. The Women's Health Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy recommends against the consistent use of compounded bioidentical hormones as a safer option compared with manufactured therapy and supports the statements of other key organizations, acknowledging the need for more robust clinical studies to evaluate the potential advantages and disadvantages of compounded bioidentical products compared with manufactured products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E McBane
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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15
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Metzger AH, Hardy YM, Jarvis C, Stoner SC, Pitlick M, Hilaire ML, Hanes S, Burke J, Lodise NM. Essential elements for a pharmacy practice mentoring program. Am J Pharm Educ 2013; 77:23. [PMID: 23519448 PMCID: PMC3602847 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe77223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Formal guidelines for mentoring faculty members in pharmacy practice divisions of colleges and schools of pharmacy do not exist in the literature. This paper addresses the background literature on mentoring programs, explores the current state of mentoring programs used in pharmacy practice departments, and provides guidelines for colleges and schools instituting formal mentoring programs. As the number of pharmacy colleges and schools has grown, the demand for quality pharmacy faculty members has dramatically increased. While some faculty members gain teaching experience during postgraduate residency training, new pharmacy practice faculty members often need professional development to meet the demands of their academic responsibilities. A mentoring program can be 1 means of improving faculty success and retention. Many US colleges and schools of pharmacy have developed formal mentoring programs, whereas several others have informal processes in place. This paper discusses those programs and the literature available, and makes recommendations on the structure of mentoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Metzger
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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16
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McIntosh J, Rafie S, Wasik M, McBane S, Lodise NM, El-Ibiary SY, Forinash A, Kachlic MD, Rowe E, Besinque K. Changing oral contraceptives from prescription to over-the-counter status: an opinion statement of the Women's Health Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy 2011; 31:424-37. [PMID: 21449630 DOI: 10.1592/phco.31.4.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Addressing the issue of unintended pregnancy is a national priority. One proposed strategy to reduce unintended pregnancy is to improve access to oral contraceptives by changing them to over-the-counter (OTC) status. Existing data indicate that oral contraceptives meet safety criteria required of OTC products. Available literature demonstrates that women can self-screen for contraindications to oral contraceptives and can do this as well as clinicians, and experience with OTC emergency contraception suggests that OTC oral contraceptives would not increase sexual risk-taking behavior. Women support OTC access to oral contraceptives, but express an interest in accessing pharmacist counseling. On the basis of these data, the Women's Health Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy supports changing oral contraceptives to OTC status under two conditions: that they are sold where a pharmacist is on duty and that there are mechanisms in place to cover OTC contraceptives through Medicaid. Future research should address the issues of out-of-pocket costs to individuals, label-comprehension studies, and models for pharmacist reimbursement for time spent counseling on contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McIntosh
- School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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