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Silva NHCS, Garrido-Pascual P, Moreirinha C, Almeida A, Palomares T, Alonso-Varona A, Vilela C, Freire CSR. Multifunctional nanofibrous patches composed of nanocellulose and lysozyme nanofibers for cutaneous wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1198-1210. [PMID: 33031849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds frequently require the use of patches to promote healing, nevertheless, most commercial products are fabricated with non-biodegradable synthetic substrates that pose environmental problems upon disposal. Herein, the partnership between two biobased nanofibrous polymers, namely a polysaccharide (nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)) and a protein (lysozyme nanofibers (LNFs)), is explored to design sustainable fibrous patches with good mechanical performance and biological functionalities for wound healing applications. Two patches with different morphologies were prepared by vacuum filtration of a water-based suspension of both nanofibers and by sequential filtration of the separated suspensions (layered patch). The resultant freestanding patches exhibited high thermal stability (up to 250 °C), mechanical performance (Young's modulus ≥3.7 GPa), and UV-barrier properties. The combination of the bioactive LNFs with the mechanically robust NFC conveyed antioxidant activity (76-79% DPPH scavenging) and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (3.5-log CFU mL-1 reduction), which is a major benefit to prevent microbial wound infections. Moreover, these patches are biocompatible towards L929 fibroblast cells, and the in vitro wound healing assay evidenced a good migration capacity leading to an almost complete wound occlusion. Therefore, the partnership between the two naturally derived nanofibrous polymers represents a potential blueprint to engineer sustainable multifunctional patches for cutaneous wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno H C S Silva
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Garrido-Pascual
- Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco, B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Catarina Moreirinha
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teodoro Palomares
- Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco, B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso-Varona
- Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco, B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Carla Vilela
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carmen S R Freire
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Silva NHCS, Figueira P, Fabre E, Pinto RJB, Pereira ME, Silvestre AJD, Marrucho IM, Vilela C, Freire CSR. Dual nanofibrillar-based bio-sorbent films composed of nanocellulose and lysozyme nanofibrils for mercury removal from spring waters. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 238:116210. [PMID: 32299563 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the preparation of dual nanofibrillar-based bio-sorbent films composed of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and lysozyme nanofibrils (LNFs) for application in the removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. The free-standing films were fabricated via simple vacuum filtration of water suspensions of CNFs and LNFs and disclose good mechanical and thermal properties. The Hg(II) removal efficiency was evaluated by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy in ultra-pure and natural spring waters contaminated with environmental realistic levels of mercury (50 μg L-1). The removal efficiency is pH-dependent reaching a maximum of 99 % after 24 h at a pH value close to the isoelectric point of the protein. Under the experimental conditions, the sorption kinetics are well described by the pseudo-second-order and Elovich models, suggesting a chemisorption mechanism. These results demonstrate the ability of the dual nanofibrillar-based films to remove Hg(II) from water samples reaching a residual concentration lower than the guideline value for water intended for human consumption (1 μg L-1). Therefore, the CNFs/LNFs bio-sorbents might be a solution to treat low-concentrated mercury-contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno H C S Silva
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Figueira
- CESAM and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Elaine Fabre
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J B Pinto
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Eduarda Pereira
- CESAM and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando J D Silvestre
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel M Marrucho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Vilela
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carmen S R Freire
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Silva NHCS, Mota JP, Santos de Almeida T, Carvalho JPF, Silvestre AJD, Vilela C, Rosado C, Freire CSR. Topical Drug Delivery Systems Based on Bacterial Nanocellulose: Accelerated Stability Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1262. [PMID: 32070054 PMCID: PMC7072910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membranes have enormous potential as systems for topical drug delivery due to their intrinsic biocompatibility and three-dimensional nanoporous structure, which can house all kinds of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Thus, the present study investigated the long-term storage stability of BNC membranes loaded with both hydrophilic and lipophilic APIs, namely, caffeine, lidocaine, ibuprofen and diclofenac. The storage stability was evaluated under accelerated testing conditions at different temperatures and relative humidity (RH), i.e., 75% RH/40 °C, 60% RH/25 °C and 0% RH/40 °C. All systems were quite stable under these storage conditions with no significant structural and morphological changes or variations in the drug release profile. The only difference observed was in the moisture-uptake, which increased with RH due to the hydrophilic nature of BNC. Furthermore, the caffeine-loaded BNC membrane was selected for in vivo cutaneous compatibility studies, where patches were applied in the volar forearm of twenty volunteers for 24 h. The cutaneous responses were assessed by non-invasive measurements and the tests revealed good compatibility for caffeine-loaded BNC membranes. These results highlight the good storage stability of the API-loaded BNC membranes and their cutaneous compatibility, which confirms the real potential of these dermal delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno H. C. S. Silva
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (N.H.C.S.S.); (J.P.F.C.); (A.J.D.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Joana P. Mota
- CBIOS–Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.P.M.); (T.S.d.A.)
| | - Tânia Santos de Almeida
- CBIOS–Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.P.M.); (T.S.d.A.)
| | - João P. F. Carvalho
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (N.H.C.S.S.); (J.P.F.C.); (A.J.D.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Armando J. D. Silvestre
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (N.H.C.S.S.); (J.P.F.C.); (A.J.D.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Carla Vilela
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (N.H.C.S.S.); (J.P.F.C.); (A.J.D.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Catarina Rosado
- CBIOS–Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.P.M.); (T.S.d.A.)
| | - Carmen S. R. Freire
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (N.H.C.S.S.); (J.P.F.C.); (A.J.D.S.); (C.V.)
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Silva NHCS, Morais ES, Freire CSR, Freire MG, Silvestre AJD. Extraction of High Value Triterpenic Acids from Eucalyptus globulus Biomass Using Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2020; 25:E210. [PMID: 31947898 PMCID: PMC6983165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenic acids (TTAs), known for their promising biological properties, can be found in different biomass sources and related by-products, such as Eucalyptus globulus bark, and have been extracted using organic volatile solvents such as dichloromethane. Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been identified as promising alternatives for the extraction of value-added compounds from biomass. In the present work, several hydrophobic DES were tested for the extraction of TTAs from E. globulus bark. Initial solubility studies revealed that DES based on menthol and thymol as the most promising solvents for these compounds given the highest solubilities obtained for ursolic acid (UA) at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 90 °C. Accordingly, an eutectic mixture of menthol:thymol (1:2) was confirmed as the best candidate for the TTAs extraction from E. globulus outer bark, leading to extraction yields (weight of TTA per weight of biomass) at room temperature of 1.8 wt% for ursolic acid, 0.84 wt% for oleanolic acid and 0.30 wt% for betulinic acid. These values are significantly higher than those obtained with conventional organic solvents under similar conditions. The results obtained using these DES are promising for the recovery of TTAs for nutraceutical and pharmacological applications, while reinforcing the potential of DES as promising solvents to be applied in biorefinery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Armando J. D. Silvestre
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (N.H.C.S.S.); (E.S.M.); (C.S.R.F.); (M.G.F.)
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Morais ES, Silva NHCS, Sintra TE, Santos SAO, Neves BM, Almeida IF, Costa PC, Correia-Sá I, Ventura SPM, Silvestre AJD, Freire MG, Freire CSR. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nanostructured cellulose membranes loaded with phenolic-based ionic liquids for cutaneous application. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 206:187-197. [PMID: 30553312 PMCID: PMC6441335 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of natural compounds, such as phenolic acids and biopolymers, in the healthcare domain is gaining increasing attention. In this study, bacterial nanocellulose (BC) membranes were loaded with ionic liquids (ILs) based on phenolic acids. These ionic compounds, with improved solubility and bioavailability, were prepared by combining the cholinium cation with anions derived from caffeic, ellagic and gallic acids. The obtained BC-ILs membranes were homogeneous, conformable and their swelling ability agreed with the solubility of each IL. These membranes revealed a controlled ILs dissolution rate in the wet state and high antioxidant activity. In vitro assays performed with Raw 264.7 macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes revealed that these novel BC-ILs membranes are non-cytotoxic and present relevant anti-inflammatory properties. Diffusion studies with Hanson vertical diffusion cells showed a prolonged release profile of the ILs from the BC membranes. Thus, this work, successfully demonstrates the potential of BC-ILs membranes for skin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda S Morais
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno H C S Silva
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia E Sintra
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia A O Santos
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel F Almeida
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo C Costa
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Correia-Sá
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia P M Ventura
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Mara G Freire
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carmen S R Freire
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Matos M, F Sousa A, H C S Silva N, S R Freire C, Andrade M, Mendes A, J D Silvestre A. Furanoate-Based Nanocomposites: A Case Study Using Poly(Butylene 2,5-Furanoate) and Poly(Butylene 2,5-Furanoate)- co-(Butylene Diglycolate) and Bacterial Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10080810. [PMID: 30960735 PMCID: PMC6403708 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyesters made from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) have been in the spotlight due to their renewable origins, together with the promising thermal, mechanical, and/or barrier properties. Following the same trend, (nano)composite materials based on FDCA could also generate similar interest, especially because novel materials with enhanced or refined properties could be obtained. This paper presents a case study on the use of furanoate-based polyesters and bacterial cellulose to prepare nanocomposites, namely acetylated bacterial cellulose/poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) and acetylated bacterial cellulose/poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)-co-(butylene diglycolate)s. The balance between flexibility, prompted by the furanoate-diglycolate polymeric matrix; and the high strength prompted by the bacterial cellulose fibres, enabled the preparation of a wide range of new nanocomposite materials. The new nanocomposites had a glass transition between −25–46 °C and a melting temperature of 61–174 °C; and they were thermally stable up to 239–324 °C. Furthermore, these materials were highly reinforced materials with an enhanced Young’s modulus (up to 1239 MPa) compared to their neat copolyester counterparts. This was associated with both the reinforcing action of the cellulose fibres and the degree of crystallinity of the nanocomposites. In terms of elongation at break, the nanocomposites prepared from copolyesters with higher amounts of diglycolate moieties displayed higher elongations due to the soft nature of these segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Matos
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Departmento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Andreia F Sousa
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Departmento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Nuno H C S Silva
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Departmento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carmen S R Freire
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Departmento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Márcia Andrade
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Adélio Mendes
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Armando J D Silvestre
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Departmento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Silva NHCS, Vilela C, Marrucho IM, Freire CSR, Pascoal Neto C, Silvestre AJD. Protein-based materials: from sources to innovative sustainable materials for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3715-3740. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00168k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Almeida IF, Pereira T, Silva NHCS, Gomes FP, Silvestre AJD, Freire CSR, Sousa Lobo JM, Costa PC. Bacterial cellulose membranes as drug delivery systems: an in vivo skin compatibility study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:332-6. [PMID: 23973717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure form of cellulose, produced in the form of a swollen membrane by several bacteria that demonstrated to be able to modulate the skin release of model drugs. In the present study, the skin irritation potential of BC was evaluated in human subjects. BC membranes with and without glycerin (acting as plasticizer) were tested. No significant differences were observed for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements in comparison with negative control, 2 and 24 h after patch removal, which is an indicator of an absence of barrier disruption. Similar results were found for erythema. Clinical scores were zero at both times for all volunteers, with the exception of five volunteers that exhibited weak reactions. BC with glycerin provided a skin moisturizing effect statistically higher than the negative control (p=0.044), which was not observed for BC alone. The good skin tolerance found after a single application under occlusion reinforces the putative interest of BC membranes as supports for drug topical delivery. Besides modifying the mechanical properties, the inclusion of glycerin results in a skin moisturizing effect which could be clinically relevant for the treatment for skin diseases characterized by dryness, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Almeida
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - T Pereira
- Centro de Dermatologia Epidermis, Instituto CUF, Porto, Portugal
| | - N H C S Silva
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F P Gomes
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A J D Silvestre
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C S R Freire
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J M Sousa Lobo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - P C Costa
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
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Trovatti E, Silva NHCS, Duarte IF, Rosado CF, Almeida IF, Costa P, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Neto CP. Biocellulose Membranes as Supports for Dermal Release of Lidocaine. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:4162-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201303r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Trovatti
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno H. C. S. Silva
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Iola F. Duarte
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Catarina F. Rosado
- CBIOS - Experimental Dermatology
Unit, Faculty of Sciences and Health Technologies, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical
Technology/Centre of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences (LTF/CICF),
Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Costa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical
Technology/Centre of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences (LTF/CICF),
Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen S. R. Freire
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos Pascoal Neto
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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