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Nakashima F, Suzuki T, Gordon ON, Golding D, Okuno T, Giménez-Bastida JA, Yokomizo T, Schneider C. Biosynthetic Crossover of 5-Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Yields 5-Hydroxy-PGE 2 and 5-Hydroxy-PGD 2. JACS Au 2021; 1:1380-1388. [PMID: 34604848 PMCID: PMC8479768 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic crossover of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymatic activities is a productive pathway to convert arachidonic acid into unique eicosanoids. Here, we show that COX-2 catalysis with 5-LOX derived 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid yields the endoperoxide 5-hydroxy-PGH2 that spontaneously rearranges to 5-OH-PGE2 and 5-OH-PGD2, the 5-hydroxy analogs of arachidonic acid derived PGE2 and PGD2. The endoperoxide was identified via its predicted degradation product, 5,12-dihydroxy-heptadecatri-6E,8E,10E-enoic acid, and by SnCl2-mediated reduction to 5-OH-PGF2α. Both 5-OH-PGE2 and 5-OH-PGD2 were unstable and degraded rapidly upon treatment with weak base. This instability hampered detection in biologic samples which was overcome by in situ reduction using NaBH4 to yield the corresponding stable 5-OH-PGF2 diastereomers and enabled detection of 5-OH-PGF2α in activated primary human leukocytes. 5-OH-PGE2 and 5-OH-PGD2 were unable to activate EP and DP prostanoid receptors, suggesting their bioactivity is distinct from PGE2 and PGD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Nakashima
- Division
of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, and Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Division
of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, and Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Odaine N. Gordon
- Division
of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, and Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Dominic Golding
- Division
of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, and Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department
of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate
School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Juan A. Giménez-Bastida
- Division
of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, and Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department
of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate
School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Claus Schneider
- Division
of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, and Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Luis PB, Gordon ON, Nakashima F, Joseph AI, Shibata T, Uchida K, Schneider C. Oxidative metabolism of curcumin-glucuronide by peroxidases and isolated human leukocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 132:143-149. [PMID: 28274615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation with glucuronic acid is a prevalent metabolic pathway of orally administrated curcumin, the bioactive diphenol of the spice turmeric. The major in vitro degradation reaction of curcumin is autoxidative transformation resulting in oxygenation and cyclization of the heptadienedione chain to form cyclopentadione derivatives. Here we show that curcumin-glucuronide is much more stable than curcumin, degrading about two orders of magnitude slower. Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of curcumin-glucuronide occurred at about 80% of the rate with curcumin, achieving efficient transformation. Using LC-MS and NMR analyses the major products of oxidative transformation were identified as glucuronidated bicyclopentadione diastereomers. Cleavage into vanillin-glucuronide accounted for about 10% of the products. Myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase oxidized curcumin-glucuronide whereas tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase were not active. Phorbol ester-activated primary human leukocytes showed increased oxidative transformation of curcumin-glucuronide which was inhibited by the peroxidase inhibitor sodium azide. These studies provide evidence that the glucuronide of curcumin is not an inert product and may undergo further enzymatic and non-enzymatic metabolism. Oxidative transformation by leukocyte myeloperoxidase may represent a novel metabolic pathway of curcumin and its glucuronide conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula B Luis
- Department of Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Odaine N Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Fumie Nakashima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Division of Biofunctional Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akil I Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Takahiro Shibata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Division of Biofunctional Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Koji Uchida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Division of Biofunctional Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Abstract
Curcumin is the main bioactive ingredient in turmeric extract and widely consumed as part of the spice mix curry or as a dietary supplement. Turmeric has a long history of therapeutic application in traditional Asian medicine. Biomedical studies conducted in the past two decades have identified a large number of cellular targets and effects of curcumin. In vitro curcumin rapidly degrades in an autoxidative transformation to diverse chemical species, the formation of which has only recently been appreciated. This paper discusses how the degradation and metabolism of curcumin, through products and their mechanism of formation, provide a basis for the interpretation of preclinical data and clinical studies. It is suggested that the previously unrecognized diversity of its degradation products could be an important factor in explaining the polypharmacology of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Schneider
- Correspondence to: Claus Schneider, PhD; Department of Pharmacology, RRB514, 23 Ave S. at Pierce, Nashville, TN 37232;
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Gordon ON, Luis PB, Ashley RE, Osheroff N, Schneider C. Oxidative Transformation of Demethoxy- and Bisdemethoxycurcumin: Products, Mechanism of Formation, and Poisoning of Human Topoisomerase IIα. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:989-96. [PMID: 25806475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extracts from the rhizome of the turmeric plant are widely consumed as anti-inflammatory dietary supplements. Turmeric extract contains the three curcuminoids, curcumin (≈80% relative abundance), demethoxycurcumin (DMC; ≈15%), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC; ≈5%). A distinct feature of pure curcumin is its instability at physiological pH, resulting in rapid autoxidation to a bicyclopentadione within 10-15 min. Here, we describe oxidative transformation of turmeric extract, DMC, and BDMC and the identification of their oxidation products using LC-MS and NMR analyses. DMC autoxidized over the course of 24 h to the expected bicyclopentadione diastereomers. BDMC was resistant to autoxidation, and oxidative transformation required catalysis by horseradish peroxidase and H2O2 or potassium ferricyanide. The product of BDMC oxidation was a stable spiroepoxide that was equivalent to a reaction intermediate in the autoxidation of curcumin. The ability of DMC and BDMC to poison recombinant human topoisomerase IIα was significantly increased in the presence of potassium ferricyanide, indicating that oxidative transformation was required to achieve full DNA cleavage activity. DMC and BDMC are less prone to autoxidation than curcumin and contribute to the enhanced stability of turmeric extract at physiological pH. Their oxidative metabolites may contribute to the biological effects of turmeric extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odaine N Gordon
- Departments of †Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology), ‡Biochemistry, and §Medicine (Hematology/Oncology),
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Paula B Luis
- Departments of †Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology), ‡Biochemistry, and §Medicine (Hematology/Oncology),
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rachel E Ashley
- Departments of †Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology), ‡Biochemistry, and §Medicine (Hematology/Oncology),
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Neil Osheroff
- Departments of †Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology), ‡Biochemistry, and §Medicine (Hematology/Oncology),
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Claus Schneider
- Departments of †Pharmacology (Clinical Pharmacology), ‡Biochemistry, and §Medicine (Hematology/Oncology),
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Gordon ON, Luis PB, Sintim HO, Schneider C. Unraveling curcumin degradation: autoxidation proceeds through spiroepoxide and vinylether intermediates en route to the main bicyclopentadione. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4817-4828. [PMID: 25564617 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a dietary anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive agent consisting of two methoxyphenol rings connected by a conjugated heptadienedione chain. Curcumin is unstable at physiological pH and rapidly degrades in an autoxidation reaction to a major bicyclopentadione product in which the 7-carbon chain has undergone oxygenation and double cyclization. Early degradation products (but not the final bicyclopentadione) mediate topoisomerase poisoning and possibly many other activities of curcumin, but it is not known how many and what autoxidation products are formed, nor their mechanism of formation. Here, using [(14)C2]curcumin as a tracer, seven novel autoxidation products, including two reaction intermediates, were isolated and identified using one- and two-dimensional NMR and mass spectrometry. The unusual spiroepoxide and vinylether reaction intermediates are precursors to the final bicyclopentadione product. A mechanism for the autoxidation of curcumin is proposed that accounts for the addition and exchange of oxygen that have been determined using (18)O2 and H2(18)O. Several of the by-products are formed from an endoperoxide intermediate via reactions that are well precedented in lipid peroxidation. The electrophilic spiroepoxide intermediate formed a stable adduct with N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that oxidative transformation is required for biological effects mediated by covalent adduction to protein thiols. The spontaneous autoxidation distinguishes curcumin among natural polyphenolic compounds of therapeutic interest; the formation of chemically diverse reactive and electrophilic products provides a novel paradigm for understanding the polypharmacological effects of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odaine N Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | - Paula B Luis
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and.
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Gordon ON, Graham LA, Schneider C. Facile synthesis of deuterated and [(14) C]labeled analogs of vanillin and curcumin for use as mechanistic and analytical tools. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:696-9. [PMID: 24339007 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a dietary diphenol with antioxidant, antinflammatory, and antitumor activity. We describe facile procedures for the synthesis of [(14) C2 ]curcumin (4 mCi/mmol), [d6 ]curcumin, [d3 ]curcumin, [(13) C5 ]curcumin, and [d6 ]bicyclopentadione, the major oxidative metabolite of curcumin. We also describe synthesis of the labeled building blocks [(14) C]vanillin, [d3 ]vanillin, and [(13) C5 ]acetylacetone. The overall molar yields of the labeled products were 52 ([(14) C]) and 47% ([d3 ]) for vanillin and 25 ([(14) C2 ]) and 27% ([d6 ]) for curcumin. The compounds can be used as radiotracers in biotransformation studies and as isotopic standards for mass spectrometry-based quantification in pharmacokinetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odaine N Gordon
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Abstract
The polyphenol curcumin is the principal flavor and color component of the spice turmeric. Beyond its culinary uses, curcumin is believed to positively impact human health and displays antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and chemopreventive properties. It also is in clinical trials as an anticancer agent. In aqueous solution at physiological pH, curcumin undergoes spontaneous autoxidation that is enhanced by oxidizing agents. The reaction proceeds through a series of quinone methide and other reactive intermediates to form a final dioxygenated bicyclopentadione product. Several naturally occurring polyphenols that can form quinones have been shown to act as topoisomerase II poisons (i.e., they increase levels of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage). Because several of these compounds have chemopreventive properties, we determined the effects of curcumin, its oxidative metabolites, and structurally related degradation products (vanillin, ferulic acid, and feruloylmethane) on the DNA cleavage activities of human topoisomerase IIα and IIβ. Intermediates in the curcumin oxidation pathway increased the level of DNA scission mediated by both enzymes ~4-5-fold. In contrast, curcumin and the bicyclopentadione, as well as vanillin, ferulic acid, and feruloylmethane, had no effect on DNA cleavage. As found for other quinone-based compounds, curcumin oxidation intermediates acted as redox-dependent (as opposed to interfacial) topoisomerase II poisons. Finally, under conditions that promote oxidation, the dietary spice turmeric enhanced topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage. Thus, even within the more complex spice formulation, oxidized curcumin intermediates appear to function as topoisomerase II poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Ketron
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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