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Palich R, Arias-Rodríguez A, Duracinsky M, Le Talec JY, Rousset Torrente O, Lascoux-Combe C, Lacombe K, Ghosn J, Viard JP, Pialoux G, Ohayon M, Duvivier C, Velter A, Ben Mechlia M, Beniguel L, Grabar S, Melchior M, Assoumou L, Supervie V. High proportion of post-migration HIV acquisition in migrant men who have sex with men receiving HIV care in the Paris region, and associations with social disadvantage and sexual behaviours: results of the ANRS-MIE GANYMEDE study, France, 2021 to 2022. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2300445. [PMID: 38487889 PMCID: PMC10941311 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.11.2300445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSome migrant men who have sex with men (MSM) acquire HIV in France.AimsWe investigated, in migrant MSM receiving HIV care in France, the (i) rate of post-migration-HIV acquisition in France, (ii) delay between arrival and HIV acquisition and (iii) factors affecting HIV acquisition within 1 year after migration.MethodsThis cross-sectional study focused on ≥ 18-year-old MSM born outside France, receiving HIV care in the Paris region. Information on migration history, socioeconomic condition, sexual activity, and health was collected in May 2021-June 2022 through self-administered questionnaires and medical records. Post-migration-HIV-acquisition rate and delay between arrival in France and HIV acquisition were estimated from biographical data and CD4+ T-cell counts. Predictors of HIV acquisition within 1 year after migration were determined using logistic regression.ResultsOverall post-migration HIV-acquisition rate was 61.7% (715/1,159; 95%CI: 61.2-62.2), ranging from 40.5% (95%CI: 39.6-41.6) to 85.4% (95%CI: 83.9-86.0) in participants from Latin America and North Africa. Among post-migration-HIV acquisitions, those within 1 year after migration represented 13.1% overall (95%CI: 11.6-14.6), being highest in participants from sub-Saharan Africa (25%; 95%CI: 21.5-28.3). Participants ≥ 15-years old at migration, with post-migration-acquired HIV, had a 7.5-year median interval from arrival in France to HIV acquisition (interquartile range (IQR): 3.50-14.75). Older age at arrival, region of origin (sub-Saharan Africa and Asia), degree of social disadvantage and numbers of sexual partners were independently associated with acquiring HIV within 1 year in France.ConclusionOur findings may guide HIV prevention policies for most vulnerable migrants to Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Palich
- Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Arias-Rodríguez
- Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France
| | - Martin Duracinsky
- Paris Cité University, Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), INSERM 1123, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Le Talec
- Toulouse Jean Jaurès University, CERTOP, CNRS UMR 5044, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Karine Lacombe
- Sorbonne University, Saint Antoine hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jade Ghosn
- Paris Cité University, Bichat hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Viard
- Paris Cité University, Hôtel-Dieu hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Pialoux
- Sorbonne University, Tenon hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Claudine Duvivier
- Paris Cité University, Necker hospital, AP-HP; INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin; IHU Imagine; Institut Pasteur Medical Center, Paris, France
| | | | - Mohamed Ben Mechlia
- French National Agency for Research on AIDS, Viral Hepatitis and Emerging Infectious Diseases (ANRS-MIE), Paris, France
| | - Lydie Beniguel
- Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Grabar
- Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France
| | - Lambert Assoumou
- Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Supervie
- Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Paris, France
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El Chami C, Cousin L, Rousset Torrente O, Roucoux G, Brown C, Thonon F, Petit AS, Ducarroz S, Duracinsky M. [Smoking and smoking cessation among migrants in France: A qualitative study]. Bull Cancer 2023; 110:991-1001. [PMID: 37468339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to identify factors related to smoking and smoking cessation as well as preferences for cessation methods reported by migrants in France. METHODS Qualitative study using semi-directive interviews with migrants in the Parisian area thematically analyzed using an inductive approach. RESULTS Sixteen interviews conducted. The stress and isolation induced by migration favor the increase of tobacco consumption. These two factors, as well as the lack of information on the resources available for quitting smoking, were identified as obstacles to cessation. The main motivations for quitting are the identified or experienced effects of smoking on their health and pressure from family members, especially children. Quitting is essentially a personal strategy centered on the true will to quit. The most popular method identified by the participants as the most effective in helping them to quit, is follow-up or therapy by a health professional combining listening and psychological support. DISCUSSION For migrants, smoking is a resource to combat stress that increases during the migration process and upon arrival in the host country and presents a psychosocial dimension for the most isolated individuals. Smoking cessation must be accompanied and must take into account the specificities of this population as well as the expressed need for psychosocial support, as suggested by our results, to be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole El Chami
- AP-HP, hôpital Hôtel-Dieu galerie B1 3(e) étage, unité de recherche clinique en économie de la santé (URC-ECO), 75004 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, ECEVE, UMR 1123, Inserm, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Lorraine Cousin
- AP-HP, hôpital Hôtel-Dieu galerie B1 3(e) étage, unité de recherche clinique en économie de la santé (URC-ECO), 75004 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, ECEVE, UMR 1123, Inserm, 75010 Paris, France; Aix Marseille université, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, sciences économiques & sociales de la santé & traitement de l'information médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France.
| | - Olivia Rousset Torrente
- AP-HP, hôpital Hôtel-Dieu galerie B1 3(e) étage, unité de recherche clinique en économie de la santé (URC-ECO), 75004 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, ECEVE, UMR 1123, Inserm, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Roucoux
- AP-HP, hôpital Hôtel-Dieu galerie B1 3(e) étage, unité de recherche clinique en économie de la santé (URC-ECO), 75004 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, ECEVE, UMR 1123, Inserm, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Carter Brown
- AP-HP, hôpital Hôtel-Dieu galerie B1 3(e) étage, unité de recherche clinique en économie de la santé (URC-ECO), 75004 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, ECEVE, UMR 1123, Inserm, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Thonon
- AP-HP, hôpital Hôtel-Dieu galerie B1 3(e) étage, unité de recherche clinique en économie de la santé (URC-ECO), 75004 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, ECEVE, UMR 1123, Inserm, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Anne Sophie Petit
- AP-HP, hôpital Hôtel-Dieu galerie B1 3(e) étage, unité de recherche clinique en économie de la santé (URC-ECO), 75004 Paris, France; Université Lyon 2, groupe de recherche en psychologie sociale (UR GRePS), Bron, France
| | - Simon Ducarroz
- Sorbonne université, Inserm, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, IPLESP, équipe de recherche en épidémiologie sociale, 75012 Paris,, France; CNRS, institut convergences migration, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Martin Duracinsky
- AP-HP, hôpital Hôtel-Dieu galerie B1 3(e) étage, unité de recherche clinique en économie de la santé (URC-ECO), 75004 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, ECEVE, UMR 1123, Inserm, 75010 Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpital Bicêtre, département de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, 94275 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Cousin Cabrolier L, Di Beo V, Marcellin F, Rousset Torrente O, Mahe V, Valderas JM, Chassany O, Carrieri PM, Duracinsky M. Negative representations of night-shift work and mental health of public hospital healthcare workers in the COVID-19 era (Aladdin survey). BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:187. [PMID: 36814276 PMCID: PMC9946706 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many risk factors impact the health of hospital night workers, which can lead to physical and mental health disorders. During the recent period, night hospital workers have been particularly stressed. This study therefore aims to: (i) To document the prevalence of depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, and symptoms suggestive of post-traumatic stress disorder in night shift workers (NSHW) working in Parisian public hospitals after France's first COVID-19 wave ended; (ii) To estimate the effect of negative representations and perceptions of night shift work on these mental health outcomes. METHODS An observational cross-sectional online survey of NSHW (June to September 2020) in 39 public hospitals in Paris, France. Standard scales were used to measure mental health outcomes. Weighted multinomial logistic regression models supported the identification of predictors of depression (score > 10 on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS, for depression), anxiety (score > 10 on the HADS for anxiety), severe insomnia (score > 21 on the Insomnia Severity Index, ISI) and symptoms suggestive of post-traumatic stress disorder (score > 36 on the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, IES-R). RESULTS The weighted prevalence rates [95% confidence interval] of depression, anxiety, severe insomnia, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder were, respectively, 18.9% [16.5-21.2], 7.6% [6.0-9.1], 8.6% [6.9-10.2] and 11.7% [9.7-13.6]. After multiple adjustment, organizational changes in NSHW professional lives due to the COVID-19 pandemic (such as moving to another hospital department and modified schedules) and NSHW-perceived negative representations of night work were significantly associated with all studied mental health outcomes. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm the importance of monitoring mental health and sleep quality among NSHW in Parisian public hospitals, even more during health crises. Multilevel interventions aiming at reducing negative representations and improving work organization are urgently needed to improve overall health of this frontline healthcare providers group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Cousin Cabrolier
- grid.411394.a0000 0001 2191 1995Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, 75004 Paris, France ,Université Paris Cité, ECEVE UMR 1123, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, 75010 France ,grid.464064.40000 0004 0467 0503Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de La Santé & Traitement de L’Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Di Beo
- grid.464064.40000 0004 0467 0503Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de La Santé & Traitement de L’Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Marcellin
- grid.464064.40000 0004 0467 0503Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de La Santé & Traitement de L’Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Olivia Rousset Torrente
- grid.411394.a0000 0001 2191 1995Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, 75004 Paris, France ,Université Paris Cité, ECEVE UMR 1123, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, 75010 France
| | - Véronique Mahe
- Service de Santé Au Travail, Hôpitaux Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP Nord, Paris, France
| | - José Maria Valderas
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Medicine, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olivier Chassany
- grid.411394.a0000 0001 2191 1995Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, 75004 Paris, France ,Université Paris Cité, ECEVE UMR 1123, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, 75010 France
| | - Patrizia Maria Carrieri
- grid.464064.40000 0004 0467 0503Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de La Santé & Traitement de L’Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Martin Duracinsky
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, 75004, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Cité, ECEVE UMR 1123, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France, Paris, 75010, France. .,Département de Médecine Interne Et d'immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, 94275, Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
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Cousin L, Roucoux G, Petit AS, Baumann-Coblentz L, Torrente OR, Cannafarina A, Chassany O, Duracinsky M, Carrieri P. Perceived stigma, substance use and self-medication in night-shift healthcare workers: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:698. [PMID: 35610623 PMCID: PMC9128768 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many risk factors related to altered circadian rhythms impact the health of night-shift hospital workers (NSHW), resulting in mental and somatic disorders. Easy access to psychoactive substances (PS) may facilitate addictive behaviors in NSHW. They are also exposed to a stressful work environment, which may further affect sleep quality. This study aimed to explore the link between sleep deprivation, work-related psychosocial stress and psychoactive substance use as a self-medication response in NSHW. Methods Qualitative study to verify the plausibility of the self-medication theory applied to addictive behaviors. Semi-structured interviews (N = 18 NSHW) and thematic analysis, following consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research recommendations. Results Stigma against NSHW was a primary element of a stressful work environment. The stressful and stigmatizing environment, together with night-shift work, further affected NSHW sleep and their mental and physical health. The use of PS appeared to be for self-medication, encouraged by social and professional environments, source(s) of stress, discrimination, and isolation. The work environment, through aggravated sleep disorders, led NSHW to use non-prescribed sleeping pills. Alcohol after work and smoking were used as a social break but also as a means to reduce stress. Conclusion Anti-stigma interventions in the healthcare setting and screening of mental/somatic disorders in NSHW can help reduce harmful self-medication behaviors and improve hospital care in the COVID-19 era. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08018-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Cousin
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, F-75004, Paris, France. .,Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), UMRS 1123, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, F-75004, Paris, France. .,Groupe de Recherche en Psychologie Sociale (UR GRePS), Université Lyon 2, Bron, France.
| | - Guillaume Roucoux
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, F-75004, Paris, France.,Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), UMRS 1123, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, F-75004, Paris, France
| | - Anne Sophie Petit
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, F-75004, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche en Psychologie Sociale (UR GRePS), Université Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | | | - Olivia Rousset Torrente
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, F-75004, Paris, France.,Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), UMRS 1123, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, F-75004, Paris, France
| | - Adriano Cannafarina
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, F-75004, Paris, France.,Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), UMRS 1123, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, F-75004, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Chassany
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, F-75004, Paris, France.,Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), UMRS 1123, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, F-75004, Paris, France
| | - Martin Duracinsky
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de La Santé (URC-ECO), AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, F-75004, Paris, France.,Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), UMRS 1123, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, F-75004, Paris, France.,Département de Médecine Interne Et d'immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, 94275, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrizia Carrieri
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
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Cousin L, Di Beo V, Marcellin F, Coscas S, Mahé V, Chavignaud I, Rousset Torrente O, Chassany O, Duracinsky M, Carrieri MP. Use of psychoactive substances by night-shift hospital healthcare workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study based in Parisian public hospitals (ALADDIN). BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055699. [PMID: 35246420 PMCID: PMC8918090 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive substance (PAS) use in night-shift healthcare workers (NSHW) during France's first COVID-19 wave (March-May 2020). DESIGN Observational cross-sectional online survey. SETTING 39 public hospitals in the Assitance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) network in the Parisian area. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1238 nurses, assistant nurses, X-ray technicians, managers, lab technicians, midwives and childcare assistants working at night or alternating between days and nights answered the questionnaire. INTERVENTION Online survey. OUTCOME MEASURES PAS use prevalence after weighting data for sex, age and profession using calibration on margins, in order to be representative of all AP-HP NSHW. We used the Fagerström scale and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Concise to assess PAS use. RESULTS The weighted estimated prevalences of daily smoking, alcohol drinking and tranquilliser use in participating NSHW were 21.4, 1.3 and 2.4%, respectively. Twelve per cent (11.7%) of our study sample used opioids. During the first COVID-19 wave, PAS use remained stable except for tobacco use, with 8.6% of participants reporting an increase. Previous 3-month prevalences of tranquilliser and opioid use were significantly higher than in the general population. CONCLUSION Daily smoking (especially in younger men) and tranquilliser and opioid use were highly prevalent in NSHW in the AP-HP network during France's first COVID-19 wave. Specific interventions for quitting smoking and addressing determinants of tranquilliser and opioid use in NSHW need to be developed and evaluated to improve quality of life in these essential, underdiagnosed and undertreated health personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Cousin
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de la Santé (URC-ECO), F-75004, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), UMR 1123, INSERM, F-75004, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Di Beo
- Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Marcellin
- Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Coscas
- Mission FIDES, AP-HP, hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- UR psychiatrie-comorbidités-addictions (PSYCOMadd), Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Villejuif, France
| | - Véronique Mahé
- Service de santé au travail, hôpitaux Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Chavignaud
- Mission FIDES, AP-HP, hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Rousset Torrente
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de la Santé (URC-ECO), F-75004, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), UMR 1123, INSERM, F-75004, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Chassany
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de la Santé (URC-ECO), F-75004, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), UMR 1123, INSERM, F-75004, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martin Duracinsky
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Economie de la Santé (URC-ECO), F-75004, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Patient-Reported Outcomes Unit (PROQOL), UMR 1123, INSERM, F-75004, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Département de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Maria Patrizia Carrieri
- Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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