1
|
Alempic JM, Bisio H, Villalta A, Santini S, Lartigue A, Schmitt A, Bugnot C, Notaro A, Belmudes L, Adrait A, Poirot O, Ptchelkine D, De Castro C, Couté Y, Abergel C. Functional redundancy revealed by the deletion of the mimivirus GMC-oxidoreductase genes. Microlife 2024; 5:uqae006. [PMID: 38659623 PMCID: PMC11042495 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The mimivirus 1.2 Mb genome was shown to be organized into a nucleocapsid-like genomic fiber encased in the nucleoid compartment inside the icosahedral capsid. The genomic fiber protein shell is composed of a mixture of two GMC-oxidoreductase paralogs, one of them being the main component of the glycosylated layer of fibrils at the surface of the virion. In this study, we determined the effect of the deletion of each of the corresponding genes on the genomic fiber and the layer of surface fibrils. First, we deleted the GMC-oxidoreductase, the most abundant in the genomic fiber, and determined its structure and composition in the mutant. As expected, it was composed of the second GMC-oxidoreductase and contained 5- and 6-start helices similar to the wild-type fiber. This result led us to propose a model explaining their coexistence. Then we deleted the GMC-oxidoreductase, the most abundant in the layer of fibrils, to analyze its protein composition in the mutant. Second, we showed that the fitness of single mutants and the double mutant were not decreased compared with the wild-type viruses under laboratory conditions. Third, we determined that deleting the GMC-oxidoreductase genes did not impact the glycosylation or the glycan composition of the layer of surface fibrils, despite modifying their protein composition. Because the glycosylation machinery and glycan composition of members of different clades are different, we expanded the analysis of the protein composition of the layer of fibrils to members of the B and C clades and showed that it was different among the three clades and even among isolates within the same clade. Taken together, the results obtained on two distinct central processes (genome packaging and virion coating) illustrate an unexpected functional redundancy in members of the family Mimiviridae, suggesting this may be the major evolutionary force behind their giant genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Alempic
- Aix–Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale (IGS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479, IM2B, IOM), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Hugo Bisio
- Aix–Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale (IGS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479, IM2B, IOM), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Alejandro Villalta
- Aix–Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale (IGS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479, IM2B, IOM), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Santini
- Aix–Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale (IGS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479, IM2B, IOM), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Audrey Lartigue
- Aix–Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale (IGS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479, IM2B, IOM), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- Aix–Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale (IGS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479, IM2B, IOM), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Claire Bugnot
- Aix–Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale (IGS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479, IM2B, IOM), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Anna Notaro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Adrait
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Poirot
- Aix–Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale (IGS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479, IM2B, IOM), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Denis Ptchelkine
- Aix–Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257 (IM2B), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Yohann Couté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Chantal Abergel
- Aix–Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale (IGS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479, IM2B, IOM), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alempic JM, Lartigue A, Goncharov AE, Grosse G, Strauss J, Tikhonov AN, Fedorov AN, Poirot O, Legendre M, Santini S, Abergel C, Claverie JM. An Update on Eukaryotic Viruses Revived from Ancient Permafrost. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020564. [PMID: 36851778 PMCID: PMC9958942 DOI: 10.3390/v15020564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One quarter of the Northern hemisphere is underlain by permanently frozen ground, referred to as permafrost. Due to climate warming, irreversibly thawing permafrost is releasing organic matter frozen for up to a million years, most of which decomposes into carbon dioxide and methane, further enhancing the greenhouse effect. Part of this organic matter also consists of revived cellular microbes (prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes) as well as viruses that have remained dormant since prehistorical times. While the literature abounds on descriptions of the rich and diverse prokaryotic microbiomes found in permafrost, no additional report about "live" viruses have been published since the two original studies describing pithovirus (in 2014) and mollivirus (in 2015). This wrongly suggests that such occurrences are rare and that "zombie viruses" are not a public health threat. To restore an appreciation closer to reality, we report the preliminary characterizations of 13 new viruses isolated from seven different ancient Siberian permafrost samples, one from the Lena river and one from Kamchatka cryosol. As expected from the host specificity imposed by our protocol, these viruses belong to five different clades infecting Acanthamoeba spp. but not previously revived from permafrost: Pandoravirus, Cedratvirus, Megavirus, and Pacmanvirus, in addition to a new Pithovirus strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Alempic
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Lartigue
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Artemiy E. Goncharov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology, Northwestern State Medical Mechnikov University, Saint Petersburg 195067, Russia
| | - Guido Grosse
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, 14478 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Strauss
- Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexey N. Tikhonov
- Laboratory of Theriology, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | | | - Olivier Poirot
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Legendre
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Santini
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Abergel
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Claverie
- IGS, Information Génomique & Structurale (UMR7256), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (FR 3489), Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, and Institut Origines, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-413-946-777
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Notaro A, Poirot O, Garcin ED, Nin S, Molinaro A, Tonetti M, De Castro C, Abergel C. Giant viruses of the Megavirinae subfamily possess biosynthetic pathways to produce rare bacterial-like sugars in a clade-specific manner. Microlife 2022; 3:uqac002. [PMID: 37223350 PMCID: PMC10117803 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery that giant viruses encode proteins related to sugar synthesis and processing paved the way for the study of their glycosylation machinery. We focused on the proposed Megavirinae subfamily, for which glycan-related genes were proposed to code for proteins involved in glycosylation of the layer of fibrils surrounding their icosahedral capsids. We compared sugar compositions and corresponding biosynthetic pathways among clade members using a combination of chemical and bioinformatics approaches. We first demonstrated that Megavirinae glycosylation differs in many aspects from what was previously reported for viruses, as they have complex glycosylation gene clusters made of six and up to 33 genes to synthetize their fibril glycans (biosynthetic pathways for nucleotide-sugars and glycosyltransferases). Second, they synthesize rare amino-sugars, usually restricted to bacteria and absent from their eukaryotic host. Finally, we showed that Megavirinae glycosylation is clade-specific and that Moumouvirus australiensis, a B-clade outsider, shares key features with Cotonvirus japonicus (clade E) and Tupanviruses (clade D). The existence of a glycosylation toolbox in this family could represent an advantageous strategy to survive in an environment where members of the same family are competing for the same amoeba host. This study expands the field of viral glycobiology and raises questions on how Megavirinae evolved such versatile glycosylation machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Notaro
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Via Università100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Aix-Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Institut de Microbiology de la Méditerranée; IGS Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256, FR3479, IM2B, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Poirot
- Aix-Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Institut de Microbiology de la Méditerranée; IGS Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256, FR3479, IM2B, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Elsa D Garcin
- Aix-Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Institut de Microbiology de la Méditerranée; IGS Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256, FR3479, IM2B, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Sebastien Nin
- Aix-Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Institut de Microbiology de la Méditerranée; IGS Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256, FR3479, IM2B, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Tonetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Corresponding author: University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy. E-mail:
| | - Chantal Abergel
- Corresponding author: IGS UMR7256, IM2B, IMM FR3479, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France. Tel: +33 (0)4 13 94 67 71; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karim A, Poirot O, Khatoon A, Aurongzeb M. Draft genome sequence of a novel Bacillus glycinifermentans strain having antifungal and antibacterial properties. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 19:308-310. [PMID: 31639546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bacillus spp. have been used as biocontrol agents against soilborne pathogens because they produce secondary metabolites that exhibit a wide range of antibacterial or antifungal properties. In this study, a novel strain of Bacillus glycinifermentans sp. (JRCGR-1) was identified and its genome was sequenced and annotated. The genome was explored for putative genes involved in antimicrobial activity. METHODS Whole-genome sequencing was performed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. Read quality was checked by FastQC, paired-end reads were trimmed using Sickle, and de novo assembly was performed using SPAdes v.3.11.11. QUAST 5.02 was used to assess the quality of contigs and scaffolds. Finally, the assembled scaffolds were annotated by Prokka v.1.13. Genes involved in antimicrobial metabolite biosynthesis were predicted using antiSMASH. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were predicted using BacWGSTdb and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD), respectively. RESULTS The genome of B. glycinifermentans JRCGR-1 was 4 700 692 bp in size with a G + C content of 45.52%. Final assembly of the genome resulted into 84 contigs and 83 scaffolds (>500 bp length). Overall, the genome comprises 5174 genes, 32 tRNAs, 4 rRNAs, 1 tmRNA and 92 misc_RNAs. Eleven putative gene clusters responsible for antimicrobial metabolite biosynthesis were identified, including genes for biosynthesis of non-ribosomal lipopeptides and polyketides. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were also identified in the genome. CONCLUSION The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in the genome of B. glycinifermentans JRCGR-1 makes it a potential biocontrol agent against soilborne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Karim
- Jamil-Ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - O Poirot
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, UMR 7256 (IMM FR 3479), 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 934, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - A Khatoon
- Jamil-Ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Aurongzeb
- Jamil-Ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sandström J, Kratschmar DV, Broyer A, Poirot O, Marbet P, Chantong B, Zufferey F, Dos Santos T, Boccard J, Chrast R, Odermatt A, Monnet-Tschudi F. In vitro models to study insulin and glucocorticoids modulation of trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and in vivo validation in db/db mice. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1649-1664. [PMID: 30993381 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain susceptibility to a neurotoxic insult may be increased in a compromised health status, such as metabolic syndrome. Both metabolic syndrome and exposure to trimethyltin (TMT) are known to promote neurodegeneration. In combination the two factors may elicit additive or compensatory/regulatory mechanisms. Combined effects of TMT exposure (0.5-1 μM) and mimicked metabolic syndrome-through modulation of insulin and glucocorticoid (GC) levels-were investigated in three models: tridimensional rat brain cell cultures for neuron-glia effects; murine microglial cell line BV-2 for a mechanistic analysis of microglial reactivity; and db/db mice as an in vivo model of metabolic syndrome. In 3D cultures, low insulin condition significantly exacerbated TMT's effect on GABAergic neurons and promoted TMT-induced neuroinflammation, with increased expression of cytokines and of the regulator of intracellular GC activity, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-Hsd1). Microglial reactivity increased upon TMT exposure in medium combining low insulin and high GC. These results were corroborated in BV-2 microglial cells where lack of insulin exacerbated the TMT-induced increase in 11β-Hsd1 expression. Furthermore, TMT-induced microglial reactivity seems to depend on mineralocorticoid receptor activation. In diabetic BKS db mice, a discrete exacerbation of TMT neurotoxic effects on GABAergic neurons was observed, together with an increase of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and of basal 11β-Hsd1 expression as compared to controls. These results suggest only minor additive effects of the two brain insults, neurotoxicant TMT exposure and metabolic syndrome conditions, where 11β-Hsd1 appears to play a key role in the regulation of neuroinflammation and of its protective or neurodegenerative consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sandström
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Broyer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Poirot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Marbet
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Boonrat Chantong
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Zufferey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tania Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroscience and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florianne Monnet-Tschudi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Legendre M, Alempic JM, Philippe N, Lartigue A, Jeudy S, Poirot O, Ta NT, Nin S, Couté Y, Abergel C, Claverie JM. Pandoravirus Celtis Illustrates the Microevolution Processes at Work in the Giant Pandoraviridae Genomes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:430. [PMID: 30906288 PMCID: PMC6418002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With genomes of up to 2.7 Mb propagated in μm-long oblong particles and initially predicted to encode more than 2000 proteins, members of the Pandoraviridae family display the most extreme features of the known viral world. The mere existence of such giant viruses raises fundamental questions about their origin and the processes governing their evolution. A previous analysis of six newly available isolates, independently confirmed by a study including three others, established that the Pandoraviridae pan-genome is open, meaning that each new strain exhibits protein-coding genes not previously identified in other family members. With an average increment of about 60 proteins, the gene repertoire shows no sign of reaching a limit and remains largely coding for proteins without recognizable homologs in other viruses or cells (ORFans). To explain these results, we proposed that most new protein-coding genes were created de novo, from pre-existing non-coding regions of the G+C rich pandoravirus genomes. The comparison of the gene content of a new isolate, pandoravirus celtis, closely related (96% identical genome) to the previously described p. quercus is now used to test this hypothesis by studying genomic changes in a microevolution range. Our results confirm that the differences between these two similar gene contents mostly consist of protein-coding genes without known homologs, with statistical signatures close to that of intergenic regions. These newborn proteins are under slight negative selection, perhaps to maintain stable folds and prevent protein aggregation pending the eventual emergence of fitness-increasing functions. Our study also unraveled several insertion events mediated by a transposase of the hAT family, 3 copies of which are found in p. celtis and are presumably active. Members of the Pandoraviridae are presently the first viruses known to encode this type of transposase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Legendre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Alempic
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), Marseille, France
| | - Nadège Philippe
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Lartigue
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), Marseille, France
| | - Sandra Jeudy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Poirot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), Marseille, France
| | - Ngan Thi Ta
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Nin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), Marseille, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Inserm, BIG-BGE, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Chantal Abergel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Claverie
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Béna F, Danière M, Terzetti F, Poirot O, Elias Z. Study of Cell Division Aberrations Induced by Some Silica Dusts in Mammalian Cells in Vitro. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 12 Suppl 3:189-98. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2000.11463213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
8
|
Quintana P, Soto D, Poirot O, Zonouzi M, Kellenberger S, Muller D, Chrast R, Cull-Candy SG. Acid-sensing ion channel 1a drives AMPA receptor plasticity following ischaemia and acidosis in hippocampal CA1 neurons. J Physiol 2015; 593:4373-86. [PMID: 26174503 PMCID: PMC4594240 DOI: 10.1113/jp270701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The hippocampal CA1 region is highly vulnerable to ischaemic stroke. Two forms of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) plasticity - an anoxic form of long-term potentiation and a delayed increase in Ca(2+) -permeable (CP) AMPARs - contribute to this susceptibility by increasing excitotoxicity. In CA1, the acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) is known to facilitate LTP and contribute to ischaemic acidotoxicity. We have examined the role of ASIC1a in AMPAR ischaemic plasticity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (a model of ischaemic stroke), and in hippocampal pyramidal neuron cultures exposed to acidosis. We find that ASIC1a activation promotes both forms of AMPAR plasticity and that neuroprotection, by inhibiting ASIC1a, circumvents any further benefit of blocking CP-AMPARs. Our observations establish a new interaction between acidotoxicity and excitotoxicity, and provide insight into the role of ASIC1a and CP-AMPARs in neurodegeneration. Specifically, we propose that ASIC1a activation drives certain post-ischaemic forms of CP-AMPAR plasticity. ABSTRACT The CA1 region of the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to ischaemic damage. While NMDA receptors play a major role in excitotoxicity, it is thought to be exacerbated in this region by two forms of post-ischaemic AMPA receptor (AMPAR) plasticity - namely, anoxic long-term potentiation (a-LTP), and a delayed increase in the prevalence of Ca(2+) -permeable GluA2-lacking AMPARs (CP-AMPARs). The acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), which is expressed in CA1 pyramidal neurons, is also known to contribute to post-ischaemic neuronal death and to physiologically induced LTP. This raises the question does ASIC1a activation drive the post-ischaemic forms of AMPAR plasticity in CA1 pyramidal neurons? We have tested this by examining organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), and dissociated cultures of hippocampal pyramidal neurons (HPNs) exposed to low pH (acidosis). We find that both a-LTP and the delayed increase in the prevalence of CP-AMPARs are dependent on ASIC1a activation during ischaemia. Indeed, acidosis alone is sufficient to induce the increase in CP-AMPARs. We also find that inhibition of ASIC1a channels circumvents any potential neuroprotective benefit arising from block of CP-AMPARs. By demonstrating that ASIC1a activation contributes to post-ischaemic AMPAR plasticity, our results identify a functional interaction between acidotoxicity and excitotoxicity in hippocampal CA1 cells, and provide insight into the role of ASIC1a and CP-AMPARs as potential drug targets for neuroprotection. We thus propose that ASIC1a activation can drive certain forms of CP-AMPAR plasticity, and that inhibiting ASIC1a affords neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Quintana
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Soto
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Olivier Poirot
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marzieh Zonouzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephan Kellenberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Muller
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stuart G Cull-Candy
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Samara C, Poirot O, Domènech-Estévez E, Chrast R. Neuronal activity in the hub of extrasynaptic Schwann cell-axon interactions. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:228. [PMID: 24324401 PMCID: PMC3839048 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity and function of neurons depend on their continuous interactions with glial cells. In the peripheral nervous system glial functions are exerted by Schwann cells (SCs). SCs sense synaptic and extrasynaptic manifestations of action potential propagation and adapt their physiology to support neuronal activity. We review here existing literature data on extrasynaptic bidirectional axon-SC communication, focusing particularly on neuronal activity implications. To shed light on underlying mechanisms, we conduct a thorough analysis of microarray data from SC-rich mouse sciatic nerve at different developmental stages and in neuropathic models. We identify molecules that are potentially involved in SC detection of neuronal activity signals inducing subsequent glial responses. We further suggest that alterations in the activity-dependent axon-SC crosstalk impact on peripheral neuropathies. Together with previously reported data, these observations open new perspectives for deciphering glial mechanisms of neuronal function support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Samara
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Philippe N, Legendre M, Doutre G, Couté Y, Poirot O, Lescot M, Arslan D, Seltzer V, Bertaux L, Bruley C, Garin J, Claverie JM, Abergel C. Pandoraviruses: amoeba viruses with genomes up to 2.5 Mb reaching that of parasitic eukaryotes. Science 2013; 341:281-6. [PMID: 23869018 DOI: 10.1126/science.1239181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ten years ago, the discovery of Mimivirus, a virus infecting Acanthamoeba, initiated a reappraisal of the upper limits of the viral world, both in terms of particle size (>0.7 micrometers) and genome complexity (>1000 genes), dimensions typical of parasitic bacteria. The diversity of these giant viruses (the Megaviridae) was assessed by sampling a variety of aquatic environments and their associated sediments worldwide. We report the isolation of two giant viruses, one off the coast of central Chile, the other from a freshwater pond near Melbourne (Australia), without morphological or genomic resemblance to any previously defined virus families. Their micrometer-sized ovoid particles contain DNA genomes of at least 2.5 and 1.9 megabases, respectively. These viruses are the first members of the proposed "Pandoravirus" genus, a term reflecting their lack of similarity with previously described microorganisms and the surprises expected from their future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Philippe
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, UMR 7256 CNRS Aix-Marseille Université, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 934, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Azzedine H, Zavadakova P, Planté-Bordeneuve V, Vaz Pato M, Pinto N, Bartesaghi L, Zenker J, Poirot O, Bernard-Marissal N, Arnaud Gouttenoire E, Cartoni R, Title A, Venturini G, Médard JJ, Makowski E, Schöls L, Claeys KG, Stendel C, Roos A, Weis J, Dubourg O, Leal Loureiro J, Stevanin G, Said G, Amato A, Baraban J, LeGuern E, Senderek J, Rivolta C, Chrast R. PLEKHG5 deficiency leads to an intermediate form of autosomal-recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4224-32. [PMID: 23777631 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) comprises a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of peripheral neuropathies characterized by progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy, foot deformities and distal sensory loss. Following the analysis of two consanguineous families affected by a medium to late-onset recessive form of intermediate CMT, we identified overlapping regions of homozygosity on chromosome 1p36 with a combined maximum LOD score of 5.4. Molecular investigation of the genes from this region allowed identification of two homozygous mutations in PLEKHG5 that produce premature stop codons and are predicted to result in functional null alleles. Analysis of Plekhg5 in the mouse revealed that this gene is expressed in neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, and that knockout mice display reduced nerve conduction velocities that are comparable with those of affected individuals from both families. Interestingly, a homozygous PLEKHG5 missense mutation was previously reported in a recessive form of severe childhood onset lower motor neuron disease (LMND) leading to loss of the ability to walk and need for respiratory assistance. Together, these observations indicate that different mutations in PLEKHG5 lead to clinically diverse outcomes (intermediate CMT or LMND) affecting the function of neurons and glial cells.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zenker J, Poirot O, de Preux Charles AS, Arnaud E, Medard JJ, Lacroix C, Kuntzer T, Chrast R. Reduced Kv1-Channel Localization in Juxtaparanodal Regions Mediate Peripheral Nerve Hyperexcitability in Diabetic Neuropathy (P03.197). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p03.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
13
|
Zenker J, Poirot O, de Preux Charles AS, Arnaud E, Medard JJ, Lacroix C, Kuntzer T, Chrast R. Reduced Kv1-Channel Localization in Juxtaparanodal Regions Mediate Peripheral Nerve Hyperexcitability in Diabetic Neuropathy (IN1-2.005). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.in1-2.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
14
|
Cartoni R, Arnaud E, Médard JJ, Poirot O, Courvoisier DS, Chrast R, Martinou JC. Expression of mitofusin 2R94Q in a transgenic mouse leads to Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy type 2A. Brain 2010; 133:1460-9. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
15
|
Legendre M, Audic S, Poirot O, Hingamp P, Seltzer V, Byrne D, Lartigue A, Lescot M, Bernadac A, Poulain J, Abergel C, Claverie JM. mRNA deep sequencing reveals 75 new genes and a complex transcriptional landscape in Mimivirus. Genome Res 2010; 20:664-74. [PMID: 20360389 DOI: 10.1101/gr.102582.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mimivirus, a virus infecting Acanthamoeba, is the prototype of the Mimiviridae, the latest addition to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. The Mimivirus genome encodes close to 1000 proteins, many of them never before encountered in a virus, such as four amino-acyl tRNA synthetases. To explore the physiology of this exceptional virus and identify the genes involved in the building of its characteristic intracytoplasmic "virion factory," we coupled electron microscopy observations with the massively parallel pyrosequencing of the polyadenylated RNA fractions of Acanthamoeba castellanii cells at various time post-infection. We generated 633,346 reads, of which 322,904 correspond to Mimivirus transcripts. This first application of deep mRNA sequencing (454 Life Sciences [Roche] FLX) to a large DNA virus allowed the precise delineation of the 5' and 3' extremities of Mimivirus mRNAs and revealed 75 new transcripts including several noncoding RNAs. Mimivirus genes are expressed across a wide dynamic range, in a finely regulated manner broadly described by three main temporal classes: early, intermediate, and late. This RNA-seq study confirmed the AAAATTGA sequence as an early promoter element, as well as the presence of palindromes at most of the polyadenylation sites. It also revealed a new promoter element correlating with late gene expression, which is also prominent in Sputnik, the recently described Mimivirus "virophage." These results-validated genome-wide by the hybridization of total RNA extracted from infected Acanthamoeba cells on a tiling array (Agilent)--will constitute the foundation on which to build subsequent functional studies of the Mimivirus/Acanthamoeba system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Legendre
- Structural & Genomic Information Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR2589, Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology IFR88, Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, FR-13288 Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Boulkroun S, Ruffieux-Daidié D, Vitagliano JJ, Poirot O, Charles RP, Lagnaz D, Firsov D, Kellenberger S, Staub O. Vasopressin-inducible ubiquitin-specific protease 10 increases ENaC cell surface expression by deubiquitylating and stabilizing sorting nexin 3. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F889-900. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00001.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjustment of Na+balance in extracellular fluids is achieved by regulated Na+transport involving the amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+channel (ENaC) in the distal nephron. In this context, ENaC is controlled by a number of hormones, including vasopressin, which promotes rapid translocation of water and Na+channels to the plasma membrane and long-term effects on transcription of vasopressin-induced and -reduced transcripts. We have identified a mRNA encoding the deubiquitylating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 10 (Usp10), whose expression is increased by vasopressin at both the mRNA and the protein level. Coexpression of Usp10 in ENaC-transfected HEK-293 cells causes a more than fivefold increase in amiloride-sensitive Na+currents, as measured by whole cell patch clamping. This is accompanied by a three- to fourfold increase in surface expression of α- and γ-ENaC, as shown by cell surface biotinylation experiments. Although ENaC is well known to be regulated by its direct ubiquitylation, Usp10 does not affect the ubiquitylation level of ENaC, suggesting an indirect effect. A two-hybrid screen identified sorting nexin 3 (SNX3) as a novel substrate of Usp10. We show that it is a ubiquitylated protein that is degraded by the proteasome; interaction with Usp10 leads to its deubiquitylation and stabilization. When coexpressed with ENaC, SNX3 increases the channel's cell surface expression, similarly to Usp10. In mCCDcl1cells, vasopressin increases SNX3 protein but not mRNA, supporting the idea that the vasopressin-induced Usp10 deubiquitylates and stabilizes endogenous SNX3 and consequently promotes cell surface expression of ENaC.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ruffieux-Daidié D, Poirot O, Boulkroun S, Verrey F, Kellenberger S, Staub O. Deubiquitylation regulates activation and proteolytic cleavage of ENaC. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:2170-80. [PMID: 18701608 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is critical for sodium and BP homeostasis. ENaC is regulated by Nedd4-2-mediated ubiquitylation, which leads to its internalization; this process can be reversed by deubiquitylation, which is regulated by the aldosterone-induced enzyme Usp2-45. In a second regulatory pathway, ENaC can be activated by luminal serine protease-mediated cleavage of its extracellular loops. Whether these two regulatory processes interact, however, is unknown. Here, in HEK293 cells stably transfected with ENaC, Usp2-45 interacted with ENaC, leading to deubiquitylation of the channel and stimulation of ENaC activity >20-fold. This was accompanied by a modest increase in cell surface expression of ENaC and by proteolytic cleavage of alphaENaC and gammaENaC at their extracellular loops. When endocytosis was inhibited with dominant negative dynamin (DynK44R), channel density and gammaENaC cleavage were increased, but alphaENaC cleavage and ENaC activity were not augmented. When Usp2-45 was coexpressed with DynK44R, both alphaENaC cleavage and activity were recovered. In summary, these data suggest that Usp2-45 deubiquitylation of ENaC enhances the proteolytic activation of both alphaENaC and gammaENaC, possibly by inducing a conformational change and by interfering with endocytosis, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Ruffieux-Daidié
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cardozo AK, Buchillier V, Mathieu M, Chen J, Ortis F, Ladrière L, Allaman-Pillet N, Poirot O, Kellenberger S, Beckmann JS, Eizirik DL, Bonny C, Maurer F. Cell-permeable peptides induce dose- and length-dependent cytotoxic effects. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1768:2222-34. [PMID: 17626783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have explored the threshold of tolerance of three unrelated cell types to treatments with potential cytoprotective peptides bound to Tat(48-57) and Antp(43-58) cell-permeable peptide carriers. Both Tat(48-57) and Antp(43-58) are well known for their good efficacy at crossing membranes of different cell types, their overall low toxicity, and their absence of leakage once internalised. Here, we show that concentrations of up to 100 microM of Tat(48-57) were essentially harmless in all cells tested, whereas Antp(43-58) was significantly more toxic. Moreover, all peptides bound to Tat(48-57) and Antp(43-58) triggered significant and length-dependent cytotoxicity when used at concentrations above 10 microM in all but one cell types (208F rat fibroblasts), irrespective of the sequence of the cargo. Absence of cytotoxicity in 208F fibroblasts correlated with poor intracellular peptide uptake, as monitored by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Our data further suggest that the onset of cytotoxicity correlates with the activation of two intracellular stress signalling pathways, namely those involving JNK, and to a lesser extent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. These responses are of particular concern for cells that are especially sensitive to the activation of stress kinases. Collectively, these results indicate that in order to avoid unwanted and unspecific cytotoxicity, effector molecules bound to Tat(48-57) should be designed with the shortest possible sequence and the highest possible affinity for their binding partners or targets, so that concentrations below 10 microM can be successfully applied to cells without harm. Considering that cytotoxicity associated to Tat(48-57)- and Antp(43-58) bound peptide conjugates was not restricted to a particular type of cells, our data provide a general framework for the design of cell-penetrating peptides that may apply to broader uses of intracellular peptide and drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra K Cardozo
- The Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Armougom F, Poirot O, Moretti S, Higgins DG, Bucher P, Keduas V, Notredame C. APDB: a web server to evaluate the accuracy of sequence alignments using structural information. Bioinformatics 2006; 22:2439-40. [PMID: 17032685 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The APDB webserver uses structural information to evaluate the alignment of sequences with known structures. It returns a score correlated to the overall alignment accuracy as well as a local evaluation. Any sequence alignment can be analyzed with APDB provided it includes at least two proteins with known structures. Sequences without a known structure are simply ignored and do not contribute to the scoring procedure. AVAILABILITY APDB is part of the T-Coffee suite of tools for alignment analysis, it is available on www.tcoffee.org. A stand-alone version of the package is also available as a freeware open source from the same address.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Armougom
- CNRS UPR2589, Institute for Structural Biology and Microbiology (IBSM), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, FR-13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Poirot O, Berta T, Decosterd I, Kellenberger S. Distinct ASIC currents are expressed in rat putative nociceptors and are modulated by nerve injury. J Physiol 2006; 576:215-34. [PMID: 16840516 PMCID: PMC1995627 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.113035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The H(+)-gated acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones. Studies with ASIC knockout mice indicated either a pro-nociceptive or a modulatory role of ASICs in pain sensation. We have investigated in freshly isolated rat DRG neurones whether neurones with different ASIC current properties exist, which may explain distinct cellular roles, and we have investigated ASIC regulation in an experimental model of neuropathic pain. Small-diameter DRG neurones expressed three different ASIC current types which were all preferentially expressed in putative nociceptors. Type 1 currents were mediated by ASIC1a homomultimers and characterized by steep pH dependence of current activation in the pH range 6.8-6.0. Type 3 currents were activated in a similar pH range as type 1, while type 2 currents were activated at pH < 6. When activated by acidification to pH 6.8 or 6.5, the probability of inducing action potentials correlated with the ASIC current density. Nerve injury induced differential regulation of ASIC subunit expression and selective changes in ASIC function in DRG neurones, suggesting a complex reorganization of ASICs during the development of neuropathic pain. In summary, we describe a basis for distinct cellular functions of different ASIC types in small-diameter DRG neurones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Poirot
- Département de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Université de Lausanne Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Moretti S, Reinier F, Poirot O, Armougom F, Audic S, Keduas V, Notredame C. PROTOGENE: turning amino acid alignments into bona fide CDS nucleotide alignments. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:W600-3. [PMID: 16845080 PMCID: PMC1538918 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe Protogene, a server that can turn a protein multiple sequence alignment into the equivalent alignment of the original gene coding DNA. Protogene relies on a pipeline where every initial protein sequence is BLASTed against RefSeq or NR. The annotation associated with potential matches is used to identify the gene sequence. This gene sequence is then aligned with the query protein using Exonerate in order to extract a coding nucleotide sequence matching the original protein. Protogene can handle protein fragments and will return every CDS coding for a given protein, even if they occur in different genomes. Protogene is available from .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cédric Notredame
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +33 491 825 427; Fax: +33 491 825 420;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Armougom F, Moretti S, Poirot O, Audic S, Dumas P, Schaeli B, Keduas V, Notredame C. Expresso: automatic incorporation of structural information in multiple sequence alignments using 3D-Coffee. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:W604-8. [PMID: 16845081 PMCID: PMC1538866 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expresso is a multiple sequence alignment server that aligns sequences using structural information. The user only needs to provide sequences. The server runs BLAST to identify close homologues of the sequences within the PDB database. These PDB structures are used as templates to guide the alignment of the original sequences using structure-based sequence alignment methods like SAP or Fugue. The final result is a multiple sequence alignment of the original sequences based on the structural information of the templates. An advanced mode makes it possible to either upload private structures or specify which PDB templates should be used to model each sequence. Providing the suitable structural information is available, Expresso delivers sequence alignments with accuracy comparable with structure-based alignments. The server is available on http://www.tcoffee.org/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Dumas
- Laboratoire de systèmes périphériques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Basile Schaeli
- Laboratoire de systèmes périphériques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Cedric Notredame
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +33 491 825 427; Fax: +33 491 825 420;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bourinet E, Alloui A, Monteil A, Barrère C, Couette B, Poirot O, Pages A, McRory J, Snutch TP, Eschalier A, Nargeot J. Silencing of the Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel gene in sensory neurons demonstrates its major role in nociception. EMBO J 2004; 24:315-24. [PMID: 15616581 PMCID: PMC545807 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Analgesic therapies are still limited and sometimes poorly effective, therefore finding new targets for the development of innovative drugs is urgently needed. In order to validate the potential utility of blocking T-type calcium channels to reduce nociception, we explored the effects of intrathecally administered oligodeoxynucleotide antisenses, specific to the recently identified T-type calcium channel family (CaV3.1, CaV3.2, and CaV3.3), on reactions to noxious stimuli in healthy and mononeuropathic rats. Our results demonstrate that the antisense targeting CaV3.2 induced a knockdown of the CaV3.2 mRNA and protein expression as well as a large reduction of 'CaV3.2-like' T-type currents in nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons. Concomitantly, the antisense treatment resulted in major antinociceptive, anti-hyperalgesic, and anti-allodynic effects, suggesting that CaV3.2 plays a major pronociceptive role in acute and chronic pain states. Taken together, the results provide direct evidence linking CaV3.2 T-type channels to pain perception and suggest that CaV3.2 may offer a specific molecular target for the treatment of pain.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
MOTIVATION Phylogenomic profiling is a large-scale comparative genomic method used to infer protein function from evolutionary information first described in a binary form by Pellegrini et al. (1999). Here, we propose improvements of this approach including the use of normalized Blastp bit scores, a normalization of the matrix of profiles to take into account the evolutionary distances between bacteria, the definition of a phylogenomic neighborhood based on continuous pairwise distances between genes and an original annotation procedure including the computation of a p-value for each functional assignment. RESULTS The method presented here increases the number of Ecocyc enzymes identified as being evolutionarily related by about 25% with respect to the original binary form (absent/present) method. The fraction of 'false' positives is shown to be smaller than 20%. Based on their phylogenomic relationships, genes of unknown function can then be automatically related to annotated genes. Each gene annotation predicted is associated with a p-value, i.e. its probability to be obtained by chance. The validity of this method was extensively tested on a large set of genes of known function using the MultiFun database. We find that 50% of 3122 function attributions that can be made at a p-value level of 10(-11) correspond to the actual gene annotation. The method can be readily applied to any newly sequenced microbial genome. In contrast to earlier work on the same topic, our approach avoids the use of arbitrary cut-off values, and provides a reliability estimate of the functional predictions in form of p-values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Enault
- Structural and Genomic Information, CNRS-UPR 2589, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Poirot O, Suhre K, Abergel C, O'Toole E, Notredame C. 3DCoffee@igs: a web server for combining sequences and structures into a multiple sequence alignment. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:W37-40. [PMID: 15215345 PMCID: PMC441520 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents 3DCoffee@igs, a web-based tool dedicated to the computation of high-quality multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). 3D-Coffee makes it possible to mix protein sequences and structures in order to increase the accuracy of the alignments. Structures can be either provided as PDB identifiers or directly uploaded into the server. Given a set of sequences and structures, pairs of structures are aligned with SAP while sequence-structure pairs are aligned with Fugue. The resulting collection of pairwise alignments is then combined into an MSA with the T-Coffee algorithm. The server and its documentation are available from http://igs-server.cnrs-mrs.fr/Tcoffee/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Poirot
- Information Génomique et Structurale UPR2589-CNRS, CNRS, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13 402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Enault F, Suhre K, Poirot O, Abergel C, Claverie JM. Phydbac2: improved inference of gene function using interactive phylogenomic profiling and chromosomal location analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:W336-9. [PMID: 15215406 PMCID: PMC441503 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phydbac (phylogenomic display of bacterial genes) implemented a method of phylogenomic profiling using a distance measure based on normalized BLAST scores. This method was able to increase the predictive power of phylogenomic profiling by about 25% when compared to the classical approach based on Hamming distances. Here we present a major extension of Phydbac (named here Phydbac2), that extends both the concept and the functionality of the original web-service. While phylogenomic profiles remain the central focus of Phydbac2, it now integrates chromosomal proximity and gene fusion analyses as two additional non-similarity-based indicators for inferring pairwise gene functional relationships. Moreover, all presently available (January 2004) fully sequenced bacterial genomes and those of three lower eukaryotes are now included in the profiling process, thus increasing the initial number of reference genomes (71 in Phydbac) to 150 in Phydbac2. Using the KEGG metabolic pathway database as a benchmark, we show that the predictive power of Phydbac2 is improved by 27% over the previous version. This gain is accounted for on one hand, by the increased number of reference genomes (11%) and on the other hand, as a result of including chromosomal proximity into the distance measure (16%). The expanded functionality of Phydbac2 now allows the user to query more than 50 different genomes, including at least one member of each major bacterial group, most major pathogens and potential bio-terrorism agents. The search for co-evolving genes based on consensus profiles from multiple organisms, the display of Phydbac2 profiles side by side with COG information, the inclusion of KEGG metabolic pathway maps the production of chromosomal proximity maps, and the possibility of collecting and processing results from different Phydbac queries in a common shopping cart are the main new features of Phydbac2. The Phydbac2 web server is available at http://igs-server.cnrs-mrs.fr/phydbac/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Enault
- Information Génomique & Structurale (UPR CNRS 2589), Institut de Biologie Structurale et Microbiologie, 31, chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abergel C, Coutard B, Byrne D, Chenivesse S, Claude JB, Deregnaucourt C, Fricaux T, Gianesini-Boutreux C, Jeudy S, Lebrun R, Maza C, Notredame C, Poirot O, Suhre K, Varagnol M, Claverie JM. Structural genomics of highly conserved microbial genes of unknown function in search of new antibacterial targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 4:141-57. [PMID: 14649299 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026177202925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
With more than 100 antibacterial drugs at our disposal in the 1980's, the problem of bacterial infection was considered solved. Today, however, most hospital infections are insensitive to several classes of antibacterial drugs, and deadly strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin--the last resort antibiotic--have recently begin to appear. Other life-threatening microbes, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are already able to resist every available antibiotic. There is thus an urgent, and continuous need for new, preferably large-spectrum, antibacterial molecules, ideally targeting new biochemical pathways. Here we report on the progress of our structural genomics program aiming at the discovery of new antibacterial gene targets among evolutionary conserved genes of uncharacterized function. A series of bioinformatic and comparative genomics analyses were used to identify a set of 221 candidate genes common to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These genes were split between two laboratories. They are now submitted to a systematic 3-D structure determination protocol including cloning, protein expression and purification, crystallization, X-ray diffraction, structure interpretation, and function prediction. We describe here our strategies for the 111 genes processed in our laboratory. Bioinformatics is used at most stages of the production process and out of 111 genes processed--and 17 months into the project--108 have been successfully cloned, 103 have exhibited detectable expression, 84 have led to the production of soluble protein, 46 have been purified, 12 have led to usable crystals, and 7 structures have been determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Abergel
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, UMR 1889 CNRS-AVENTIS, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are neuronal Na(+) channels that belong to the epithelial Na(+) channel/degenerin family. ASICs are transiently activated by a rapid drop in extracellular pH. Conditions of low extracellular pH, such as ischemia and inflammation in which ASICs are thought to be active, are accompanied by increased protease activity. We show here that serine proteases modulate the function of ASIC1a and ASIC1b but not of ASIC2a and ASIC3. We show that protease exposure shifts the pH dependence of ASIC1a activation and steady-state inactivation to more acidic pH. As a consequence, protease exposure leads to a decrease in current response if ASIC1a is activated by a pH drop from pH 7.4. If, however, acidification occurs from a basal pH of approximately 7, protease-exposed ASIC1a shows higher activity than untreated ASIC1a. We provide evidence that this bi-directional regulation of ASIC1a function also occurs in neurons. Thus, we have identified a mechanism that modulates ASIC function and may allow ASIC1a to adapt its gating to situations of persistent extracellular acidification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Poirot
- Département de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Beedle AM, McRory JE, Poirot O, Doering CJ, Altier C, Barrere C, Hamid J, Nargeot J, Bourinet E, Zamponi GW. Agonist-independent modulation of N-type calcium channels by ORL1 receptors. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7:118-25. [PMID: 14730309 DOI: 10.1038/nn1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels by nociceptin (ORL1) receptors. In rat DRG neurons and in tsA-201 cells, nociceptin mediated a pronounced inhibition of N-type calcium channels, whereas other calcium channel subtypes were unaffected. In tsA-201 cells, expression of N-type channels with human ORL1 resulted in a voltage-dependent G-protein inhibition of the channel that occurred in the absence of nociceptin, the ORL1 receptor agonist. Consistent with this observation, native N-type channels of small nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons also had tonic inhibition by G proteins. Biochemical characterization showed the existence of an N-type calcium channel-ORL1 receptor signaling complex, which efficiently exposes N-type channels to constitutive ORL1 receptor activity. Calcium channel activity is thus regulated by changes in ORL1 receptor expression, which provides a possible molecular mechanism for the development of tolerance to opioid receptor agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Beedle
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Enault F, Suhre K, Poirot O, Abergel C, Claverie JM. Phydbac (phylogenomic display of bacterial genes): An interactive resource for the annotation of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:3720-2. [PMID: 12824402 PMCID: PMC169009 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2003] [Revised: 03/31/2003] [Accepted: 03/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phydbac is a web interactive resource based on phylogenomic profiling, designed to help microbiologists to annotate bacterial proteins. Phylogenomic annotation is based on the assumption that functionally linked protein-coding genes must evolve in a coordinated manner. The detection of subsets of co-evolving genes within a given genome involves the computation of protein sequence conservation profiles across a spectrum of microbial species, followed by the identification of significant pairwise correlations between them. Many ongoing studies are devoted to the problem of computing the most biologically significant phylogenomic profiles and how best identifying clusters of 'functionally interacting' genes. Here we introduce a web tool, Phydbac, allowing the dynamic construction of phylogenomic profiles of protein sequences of interest and their interactive display. In addition, Phydbac can identify Escherichia coli proteins exhibiting the evolution pattern most similar to arbitrary query protein sequences, hence providing functional hints for open reading frames (ORFs) of hypothetical or unknown function. The phylogenomic profiles of all E.coli K-12 protein-coding genes are pre-computed, allowing queries about E.coli genes to be answered instantaneously. The profiles and phylogenomic neighborhoods are computed using an original method shown to perform better than previous ones. An extension of Phydbac, including precomputed profiles for all available bacterial genomes (including major pathogens) will soon be available. Phydbac can be accessed at: http://igs-server.cnrs-mrs.fr/phydbac/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Enault
- Structural and Genomic Information (CNRS UPR2589), Institut de Biologie Structurale et Microbiologie, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, cedex 20, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
This paper presents Tcoffee@igs, a new server provided to the community by Hewlet Packard computers and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. This server is a web-based tool dedicated to the computation, the evaluation and the combination of multiple sequence alignments. It uses the latest version of the T-Coffee package. Given a set of unaligned sequences, the server returns an evaluated multiple sequence alignment and the associated phylogenetic tree. This server also makes it possible to evaluate the local reliability of an existing alignment and to combine several alternative multiple alignments into a single new one. Tcoffee@igs can be used for aligning protein, RNA or DNA sequences. Datasets of up to 100 sequences (2000 residues long) can be processed. The server and its documentation are available from: http://igs-server.cnrs-mrs.fr/Tcoffee/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Poirot
- Information Genomique et Structurale, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13 402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Claverie JM, Monchois V, Audic S, Poirot O, Abergel C. In Ssarch of new anti-bacterial target genes: a comparative/structural genomics approach. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2002; 5:511-22. [PMID: 12470264 DOI: 10.2174/1386207023330002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We outline a joint academic/industrial (CNRS/AVENTIS) functional genomics project aiming at the discovery of new anti-bacterial gene targets. Starting from all publicly available bacterial genomes, a subset of the most evolutionary conserved protein-coding genes has been identified. We retained genes with clear homolog in E. coli and at least one gram-positive bacterium among B.subtilis, M. tuberculosis, L. lactis or S. pyogenes. This subset was further reduced to genes encoding non-membrane proteins of unknown or hypothetical functions. The 221 E. coli Open Reading Frames (ORFs) identified through this comprehensive bioinformatic analysis are now submitted to a systematic 3-D structure determination protocol including cloning, protein expression and purification, crystallisation and X-ray diffraction. Our strategy was designed to focus on promising wide-spectrum targets as well as original biochemical pathways. Bioinformatics is used throughout all phases of project, including the initial large-scale comparative genomics analyses, the purification/expression and crystallisation stages for the detection of helpful sequence-specific features (e.g. cofactor binding motifs, non-structured N- or C- term extremities, etc ), and finally for the interpretation of the structures in conjunction with multiple sequence alignments for the identification of key residues, interaction areas on molecular surfaces, and overall function predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Claverie
- Structural and Genetic Information Laboratory, UMR 1889 CNRS-AVENTIS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, cedex 20, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fubini B, Fenoglio I, Elias Z, Poirot O. Variability of biological responses to silicas: effect of origin, crystallinity, and state of surface on generation of reactive oxygen species and morphological transformation of mammalian cells. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2001; 20 Suppl 1:95-108. [PMID: 11570678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Variously modified quartz dusts and one amorphous diatomaceous earth have been compared in their potential to release HO* radicals and in their activity in the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell transformation assay. Both original dusts, made up by well-crystallized quartz particles, or by mostly amorphous, variously shaped, silica particles, were active in HO* release, were cytotoxic, and induced morphological transformation in SHE cells. The cristobalite dust, obtained by heating quartz above the phase transition temperature, lost any activity in free radical release, cytotoxicity, and transforming potency. Surface-modified quartz dusts were obtained by a mild etching with HF, by depriving the surface of trace iron with deferoxamine, or by enriching it with iron. The chemical and biological activity decreased in all cases. Both iron-deprived and iron-enriched quartz were nearly inactive. A linear correlation was found between the amount of HO* released by the particles and the transformation frequency. When the SHE cell assay was performed in the presence of mannitol or antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD] or catalase), the number of transformed cells markedly decreased. This effect was more pronounced for catalase and mannitol than for SOD. HO* release was reduced, but not suppressed, by deferoxamine. All the above results are consistent with the presence of two kinds of surface sites active in HO* release and cell transformation: (1) silicon-based radicals, abundant on freshly ground dusts, which generate the HO* radicals without the superoxide ion as intermediate; and (2) isolated iron centers where the Haber-Weiss cycle takes place, with the superoxide ion as intermediate. The activities of both sites are inhibited by mannitol or catalase, whereas only the last one is inhibited by SOD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Fubini
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and the Interdepartmental Center G. Scansetti for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ewing R, Poirot O, Claverie JM. Comparative analysis of the Arabidopsis and rice expressed sequence tag (EST) sets. In Silico Biol 2001; 1:197-213. [PMID: 11479934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Large numbers of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have now been generated from a variety of model organisms. In plants, substantial collections of ESTs are available for Arabidopsis and rice, in each case representing significant proportions of the estimated total numbers of genes. Large-scale comparisons of Arabidopsis and rice sequences are especially interesting due to the fact that these two species are representatives of the two subclasses of the flowering plants (Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae, respectively). Here we present the results of systematic analysis of the Arabidopsis and rice EST sets. Non-redundant sets of sequences from Arabidopsis and rice were first separately derived and then combined so that gene families in common between the two species could be identified. Our results show that 58% of non-singleton ESTs are derived from genes in gene families common to the two species. These gene families constitute the basis of a core set of higher plant genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ewing
- Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Elias Z, Poirot O, Danière MC, Terzetti F, Marande AM, Dzwigaj S, Pezerat H, Fenoglio I, Fubini B. Cytotoxic and transforming effects of silica particles with different surface properties in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2000; 14:409-22. [PMID: 10963957 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(00)00039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several crystalline and amorphous silica dusts (two quartz of natural origin, one cristobalite of natural and two of biogenic origin, three amorphous diatomite earths and one pyrogenic amorphous silica) were studied in the SHE cell transformation assay, in order to compare their cytotoxic and transforming potencies and examine the role of the structure and of the state of the surface on these effects. Some samples were modified by grinding, etching and heating with the aim of establishing relationships between single surface properties and biological responses. The results showed that some quartz and cristobalite dusts (crystalline) as well as the diatomaceous earths (amorphous), but not the pyrogenic amorphous silica, were cytotoxic and induced morphological transformation of SHE cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The ranking in cytotoxicity was different from that in transforming potency, suggesting two separate molecular mechanisms for the two effects. The cytotoxic and transforming potencies were different from one dust to another, even among the same structural silicas. The type of crystalline structure (quartz vs cristobalite) and the crystalline vs biogenic amorphous form did not correlate with cytotoxic or transforming potency of silica dusts. Comparison of cellular effects induced by original and surface modified samples revealed that several surface functionalities modulate cytotoxic and transforming potencies. The cytotoxic effects appeared to be related to the distribution and abundance of silanol groups and to the presence of trace amounts of iron on the silica surface. Silica particles with fractured surfaces and/or iron-active sites, able to generate reactive oxygen species, induced SHE cell transformation. The results show that the activity of silica at the cellular level is sensitive to the composition and structure of surface functionalities and confirm that the biological response to silica is a surface originated phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Elias
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54501 Cedex, Vandoeuvre, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Alimi JP, Poirot O, Lopez F, Claverie JM. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction validation of 25 "orphan" genes from Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655. Genome Res 2000; 10:959-66. [PMID: 10899145 PMCID: PMC310931 DOI: 10.1101/gr.10.7.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the accumulation of sequence information sampling from a broad spectrum of phyla, newly sequenced genomes continue to reveal a high proportion (50%-30%) of "uncharacterized" genes, including a significant number of strictly "orphan" genes, i.e., putative open reading frames (ORFs) without any resemblance to previously determined protein-coding sequences. Most genes found in databases have only been predicted by computer methods and have never been experimentally validated. Although theoretical evolutionary arguments support the reality of genes when homologs are found in a variety of distant species, this is not the case for orphan genes. Here, we report the direct reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay of 25 strictly orphan ORFs of Escherichia coli. Two growth conditions, exponential and stationary phases, were tested. Transcripts were identified for a total of 19 orphan genes, with 2 genes found to be expressed in only one of the two growth conditions. Our results suggest that a vast majority of E. coli ORFs presently annotated as "hypothetical" correspond to bona fide genes. By extension, this implies that randomly occurring "junk" ORFs have been actively counter selected during the evolution of the dense E. coli genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Alimi
- Structural and Genetic Information Laboratory, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ewing RM, Ben Kahla A, Poirot O, Lopez F, Audic S, Claverie JM. Large-scale statistical analyses of rice ESTs reveal correlated patterns of gene expression. Genome Res 1999; 9:950-9. [PMID: 10523523 PMCID: PMC310820 DOI: 10.1101/gr.9.10.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/1999] [Accepted: 08/04/1999] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Large, publicly available collections of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been generated from Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). A potential, but relatively unexplored application of this data is in the study of plant gene expression. Other EST data, mainly from human and mouse, have been successfully used to point out genes exhibiting tissue- or disease-specific expression, as well as for identification of alternative transcripts. In this report, we go a step further in showing that computer analyses of plant EST data can be used to generate evidence of correlated expression patterns of genes across various tissues. Furthermore, tissue types and organs can be classified with respect to one another on the basis of their global gene expression patterns. As in previous studies, expression profiles are first estimated from EST counts. By clustering gene expression profiles or whole cDNA library profiles, we show that genes with similar functions, or cDNA libraries expected to share patterns of gene expression, are grouped together. Promising uses of this technique include functional genomics, in which evidence of correlated expression might complement (or substitute for) those of sequence similarity in the annotation of anonymous genes and identification of surrogate markers. The analysis presented here combines the application of a correlation-based clustering method with a graphical color map allowing intuitive visualization of patterns within a large table of expression measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Ewing
- Structural and Genetic Information (SGI) Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité mixte de Recherche 1889, Marseille 13402 cedex 20, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dhalluin S, Elias Z, Poirot O, Gate L, Pages N, Tapiero H, Vasseur P, Nguyen-Ba G. Apoptosis inhibition and ornithine decarboxylase superinduction as early epigenetic events in morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells exposed to 2-methoxyacetaldehyde, a metabolite of 2-methoxyethanol. Toxicol Lett 1999; 105:163-75. [PMID: 10221278 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have conducted a study to determine the carcinogenic potential of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME), a member of the glycol ether family, as compared to its reactive metabolite 2-methoxy-acetaldehyde (MALD). Since disruption of equilibrium between cell proliferation and cell death is thought to play a key role in multistage carcinogenesis, we investigated, in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells exposed to various doses of EGME and MALD, impairment in apoptosis rate and in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) metabolism. The activity of this rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis is closely related to cell proliferation and cell transformation. At the end-point, comparative action of the two products on SHE cell morphological transformation frequency was evaluated. One-stage exposure of SHE cells to 2 mM EGME and 200 microM MALD for 5 h did not change basal apoptotic level, whereas 0.16 microM phorbol ester (TPA) decreased it. Using two-stage exposure protocol (1 h xenobiotic followed by 5 h TPA), MALD strongly inhibited apoptosis more than did TPA alone; the parent compound EGME did not have any effect on TPA inhibiting action. Western blotting analysis showed that sequential treatment (MALD/TPA) increased Bcl-2 oncoprotein expression, whereas Bcl-XL and Bax proteins were not changed. The same staged exposure of SHE cells to MALD/TPA strongly induced ODC activity, and the rate was higher than that obtained with TPA alone: this was accompanied by an increase of ODC protein level. This ODC superinduction was not observed with EGME/TPA treatment. In long-term SHE-cell morphological transformation assay, staged exposure to MALD (800 microM or 1 mM for 24 h) followed by TPA applications increased the number of transformed colonies at the seventh day. Such early cooperative events as apoptosis inhibition and ODC superinduction, followed by the increase of SHE-cell transformation frequency, are highly indicative of a carcinogenic potential for the metabolite, MALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Dhalluin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, CNRS-URA 1218, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Elias Z, Poirot O, Danière M, Terzetti F. Transforming potencies of phenolic compounds in Syrian Hamster Embryo (SHE) cell assay. Toxicol Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(98)80725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
40
|
Abstract
Alternate polyadenylation is an important post-transcriptional regulatory process now open to large-scale analysis by use of cDNA databases. We clustered 164,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) into approximately 15,000 groups and aligned each group to a putative mRNA 3' end. By use of stringent criteria to discard artifactual mRNA extremities, clear evidence for alternate polyadenylation was obtained in 189 of the 1000 EST clusters studied. A number of previously unreported polyadenylation sites were identified, together with possible instances of tissue-specific differential polyadenylation. This study demonstrates that, besides quantitative aspects of gene expression, the distribution of alternate mRNA forms can be analyzed through EST sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Gautheret
- Structural and Genetic Information, Center National de la Recherche Scientifique-E.P. 91, 13 402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dhalluin S, Elias Z, Cruciani V, Bessi H, Poirot O, Rast C, Gate L, Pages N, Tapiero H, Vasseur P, Nguyen-Ba G. Two-stage exposure of Syrian-hamster-embryo cells to environmental carcinogens: superinduction of ornithine decarboxylase correlates with increase of morphological-transformation frequency. Int J Cancer 1998; 75:744-9. [PMID: 9495243 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980302)75:5<744::aid-ijc13>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As part of environmental toxicology, it is important to assess both the carcinogenic potential of xenobiotics and their mode of action on target cells. Since dysregulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, is considered as an early and essential component in the process of multistage carcinogenesis, we have studied the mode of ODC induction in Syrian-hamster-embryo(SHE) cells stage-exposed to carcinogens and to non-carcinogens. One-stage (5 hr) treatment of SHE cells with 50 microM clofibrate (CLF), a non-genotoxic carcinogen, or with 0.4 microM benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a genotoxic carcinogen, slightly decreased basal ODC activity. Using the 2-stage exposure, 1 hr to carcinogen, then replacement by TPA for 5 hr, the ODC activity was higher than that obtained with TPA alone. This ODC superinduction was not observed when SHE cells were similarly pre-treated with non-carcinogenic compounds. Several environmental chemicals, pesticides, solvents, oxidizers and drugs were investigated with this SHE cell model. With one-stage exposure, some xenobiotics decreased basal ODC activity, while for others ODC changes were not noticeable. With 2-stage exposure (chemical followed by TPA), all carcinogens amplified the TPA-inducing effect, resulting in ODC superinduction. Comparative studies of the action of carcinogens and of non-carcinogens, using 2-stage exposure protocols, clearly show a close relationship between ODC induction rate and morphological transformation frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Dhalluin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, CNRS-URA 1218, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The identification of genes in newly determined vertebrate genomic sequences can range from a trivial to an impossible task. In a statistical preamble, we show how "insignificant" are the individual features on which gene identification can be rigorously based: promoter signals, splice sites, open reading frames, etc. The practical identification of genes is thus ultimately a tributary of their resemblance to those already present in sequence databases, or incorporated into training sets. The inherent conservatism of the currently popular methods (database similarity search, GRAIL) will greatly limit our capacity for making unexpected biological discoveries from increasingly abundant genomic data. Beyond a very limited subset of trivial cases, the automated interpretation (i.e. without experimental validation) of genomic data, is still a myth. On the other hand, characterizing the 60,000 to 100,000 genes thought to be hidden in the human genome by the mean of individual experiments is not feasible. Thus, it appears that our only hope of turning genome data into genome information must rely on drastic progresses in the way we identify and analyse genes in silico.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Claverie
- Structural and Genetic Information Laboratory, C.N.R.S.-E.P. 91, Institute of Structural Biology and Microbiology, Marseille, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
SAmBA is a new software for the design of minimal experimental protocols using the notion of orthogonal arrays of strength 2. The main application of SAmBA is the search of protein crystallization conditions. Given a user input defining the relevant effectors/variables (e.g., pH, temperature, salts) and states (e.g., pH: 5, 6, 7 and 8), this software proposes an optimal set of experiments in which all tested variables and the pairwise interactions between them are symmetrically sampled. No a priori restrictions on the number and range of experimental variables is imposed. SAmBA consists of two complementary programs, SAm and BA, using a simulated annealing approach and a backtracking algorithm, respectively. The software is freely available as C code or as an interactive JAVA applet at http:/(/)igs-server.cnrs-mrs.fr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Audic
- Information Génétique et Structurale, E.P. 91-C.N.R.S., Institut de Biologie Structurale et Microbiologie, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Elias Z, Poirot O, Baruthio F, Danière MC. Role of solubilized chromium in the induction of morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells by particulate chromium(VI) compounds. Carcinogenesis 1991; 12:1811-6. [PMID: 1934262 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/12.10.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromium(VI) compounds--Ca, Sr, Zn and Pb chromates--were studied for cytotoxicity and morphological transformation in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells in relation to their solubilization in cell culture conditions and intracellular Cr concentration. Ca, Sr and Zn chromates were completely solubilized after 1 day of incubation in cell cultures; for Pb chromate, 20-36% Cr was solubilized only after 7 days. In two parallel transformation assays, the SHE cells were treated with suspensions or with corresponding supernatants (containing only solubilized Cr) of these compounds. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the Cr treatment concentration and the amount of Cr per cell, irrespective of the compound (except suspensions of Pb chromate). The cytotoxicity was due to extracellular solubilized chromium because treatments with either supernatants or suspensions of Ca, Sr and Zn chromates gave the same LC50 of 0.31 +/- 0.01 microgram Cr/ml. A clear dose-response relationship was observed for the induction of morphological transformation for each compound, either previously solubilized or in suspension. The expression of the transformation frequencies as a function of the Cr concentration/cell revealed that (i) the transformation frequency is dependent on the Cr concentration/cell irrespective of the Cr compound Ca, Sr or Zn chromate, (ii) the transformation frequency induced by solubilized Pb chromate is higher than that induced by the other compounds at the same concentration of Cr/cell. A double treatment with solutions of Cr and Pb at corresponding concentrations induced the same transformation frequency as the solubilized Pb chromate. The results show that the solubilization of particulate Cr(VI) compounds is a critical step for their cytotoxic and transforming activities; the intracellular soluble Cr is the sole causative agent of the transforming activity of Ca, Sr and Zn chromates, while Pb appears to act synergistically with Cr in inducing the transformation by Pb chromate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Elias
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Elias Z, Poirot O, Pezerat H, Suquet H, Schneider O, Danière MC, Terzetti F, Baruthio F, Fournier M, Cavelier C. Cytotoxic and neoplastic transforming effects of industrial hexavalent chromium pigments in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10:2043-52. [PMID: 2680145 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/10.11.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty eight moderately water-soluble to insoluble chromium (VI) compounds, such as zinc and lead chromate, industrial and laboratory synthesized pigments, and the analytical reagents strontium, barium and calcium chromate, were physicochemically characterized and studied for cytotoxicity and morphological transformation in cultured Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. In vivo validation of malignancy of transformed SHE cells was performed. A high physicochemical diversity among the complex chromium pigments was revealed. The solubility of the compounds was greatly increased after incubation in a complete medium and even higher under cell culture conditions. The cytotoxic effects appeared to be due principally to extracellular solubilized chromium because the most solubilized compounds. Zn, Ca and Sr chromates, were equitoxic at about the same Cr concentration treatment and 8-fold more cytotoxic than less soluble compounds such as some Pb chromates and Ba chromate. However, certain physicochemical properties of lead chromate pigments could also influence their cytotoxic activity. All test compounds were, in a dose-dependent manner, efficient in inducing morphological transformation of SHE cells. Many of the Cr pigments, although physicochemically different, were similarly effective in transformation induction. Nevertheless, compounds among Zn and Pb chromates had various transforming potencies. Ba chromate was the least active in inducing transformation. Certain physicochemical properties could mediate the transforming activity but no particular relationship could be established between any one of the physicochemical parameters and the transforming potency. Cloned morphologically-transformed colonies of SHE cells were grown in soft agar medium and showed true neoplastic behaviour by tumour formation in syngeneic animals. These results show that various chromate pigments containing either Zn or Pb, of medium to very low aqueous solubility, induced neoplastic transformation of SHE cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Elias
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (I.N.R.S.) Vandoeuvre, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Elias Z, Poirot O, Schneider O, Danière MC, Terzetti F, Guedenet JC, Cavelier C. Cellular uptake, cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of insoluble chromic oxide in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Mutat Res 1986; 169:159-70. [PMID: 3951468 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(86)90095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cellular uptake, the cytotoxicity and the induction of resistance to 6-thioguanine (6-TG) in Chinese hamster V79 cells exposed to insoluble crystalline trivalent chromium [Cr(III)], Cr2O3, were investigated. Intracytoplasmic Cr2O3 crystalline particle-containing vacuoles were observed by electron microscopy. Concentrations of 50-200 micrograms/ml did not have a marked killing effect but did show a predominantly concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on cell cycle progression with accumulation of cells in G2 phase. Exposure for 18 h to Cr2O3 induced a statistically significant (p less than 0.001) increase in the mutation frequency of up to 10-fold over the controls. Expression time was 6 days for the lowest concentration and 9 days for the highest. Culture of 6-TGr clones in selective media indicated that they were mutants at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus. Examination of growth patterns of Cr2O3-induced mutants showed that, after a delay in reinitiating cell growth, they had varying growth kinetics. The results indicate the ability of a particulate (Cr(III) compound to induce mutation in a mammalian cell system and the usefulness of such systems for detecting genotoxic insoluble metal compounds.
Collapse
|
47
|
Elias Z, Schneider O, Poirot O, Danière M, Aubry F. Cytotoxic, clastogenic and morphological transforming effects of chromic oxide on mammalian cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(84)90159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
48
|
Elias Z, Schneider O, Aubry F, Daniere MC, Poirot O. Sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 cells treated with the trivalent chromium compounds chromic chloride and chromic oxide. Carcinogenesis 1983; 4:605-11. [PMID: 6850992 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/4.5.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster V79 cells exposed to soluble CrCl3 and insoluble Cr2O3, compounds of trivalent chromium (Cr3+), was determined. Their ability to induce SCEs was compared with those of three hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) compounds: K2CrO4, Na2CrO4 and Na2Cr2O7. Both the delay in progression through the cell cycle induced by Cr3+ compounds and the SCE frequencies in the delayed cells were also evaluated. The exposure for 28 h to CrCl3 and Cr2O3 at concentrations of 9.7-39 micrograms and of 34-136 micrograms of Cr3+ per ml, respectively, induced a statistically significant (p less than 0.001) dose-dependent increase in SCEs up to 1.9-fold (CrCl3) and 4-fold (Cr2O3) over control levels. Compared with the effective concentrations of Cr6+ compounds, which produced up to 4-fold increase of SCEs, inducing concentrations of CrCl3 and Cr2O3 were 300- and 1000-fold higher in terms of chromium. By prolongation of treatment time up to 48 h, a progressive dose- and time-related enhancement in SCE frequencies induced by Cr3+ compounds in delayed cells was observed. Lower concentrations of Cr2O3, without effect after 28 h of treatment, induced an increase of SCEs by prolongation of exposure time.
Collapse
|