1
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Lee MS, Kim YH, Park WS, Park OK, Kwon SH, Hong KS, Rhim H, Shim I, Morita K, Wong DL, Patel PD, Lyons DM, Schatzberg AF, Her S. Temporal variability of glucocorticoid receptor activity is functionally important for the therapeutic action of fluoxetine in the hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:252-60. [PMID: 25330740 PMCID: PMC5189925 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the actions of antidepressants on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signalling. To resolve these inconsistencies, we used a lentiviral-based reporter system to directly monitor rat hippocampal GR activity during stress adaptation. Temporal GR activation was induced significantly by acute stress, as demonstrated by an increase in the intra-individual variability of the acute stress group compared with the variability of the non-stress group. However, the increased intra-individual variability was dampened by exposure to chronic stress, which was partly restored by fluoxetine treatment without affecting glucocorticoid secretion. Immobility in the forced-swim test was negatively correlated with the intra-individual variability, but was not correlated with the quantitative GR activity during fluoxetine therapy; this highlights the temporal variability in the neurobiological links between GR signalling and the therapeutic action of fluoxetine. Furthermore, we demonstrated sequential phosphorylation between GR (S224) and (S232) following fluoxetine treatment, showing a molecular basis for hormone-independent nuclear translocation and transcriptional enhancement. Collectively, these results suggest a neurobiological mechanism by which fluoxetine treatment confers resilience to the chronic stress-mediated attenuation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-S Lee
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Y-H Kim
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - W-S Park
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - O-K Park
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - S-H Kwon
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - K S Hong
- Division of MR Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongwon, South Korea
| | - H Rhim
- Neuroscience Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - I Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Centre, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K Morita
- Department of Nursing, Shikoku University, School of Health Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - D L Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - P D Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical Centre, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D M Lyons
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stanford University Medical Centre, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A F Schatzberg
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stanford University Medical Centre, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Her
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea,Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, 192-1 Hyoja 2-Dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea. E-mail:
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2
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Patel HJ, Patel PD, Ochiana SO, Yan P, Sun W, Patel MR, Shah SK, Tramentozzi E, Brooks J, Bolaender A, Shrestha L, Stephani R, Finotti P, Leifer C, Li Z, Gewirth DT, Taldone T, Chiosis G. Structure-activity relationship in a purine-scaffold compound series with selectivity for the endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90 paralog Grp94. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3922-43. [PMID: 25901531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Grp94 is involved in the regulation of a restricted number of proteins and represents a potential target in a host of diseases, including cancer, septic shock, autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions, diabetes, coronary thrombosis, and stroke. We have recently identified a novel allosteric pocket located in the Grp94 N-terminal binding site that can be used to design ligands with a 2-log selectivity over the other Hsp90 paralogs. Here we perform extensive SAR investigations in this ligand series and rationalize the affinity and paralog selectivity of choice derivatives by molecular modeling. We then use this to design 18c, a derivative with good potency for Grp94 (IC50 = 0.22 μM) and selectivity over other paralogs (>100- and 33-fold for Hsp90α/β and Trap-1, respectively). The paralog selectivity and target-mediated activity of 18c was confirmed in cells through several functional readouts. Compound 18c was also inert when tested against a large panel of kinases. We show that 18c has biological activity in several cellular models of inflammation and cancer and also present here for the first time the in vivo profile of a Grp94 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik J Patel
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Pallav D Patel
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York 11439, United States
| | - Stefan O Ochiana
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Pengrong Yan
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Weilin Sun
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Maulik R Patel
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Smit K Shah
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Elisa Tramentozzi
- §Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padua, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - James Brooks
- ∥Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Alexander Bolaender
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Liza Shrestha
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Ralph Stephani
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York 11439, United States
| | - Paola Finotti
- §Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padua, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Cynthia Leifer
- ∥Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Zihai Li
- ⊥Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina United States
| | - Daniel T Gewirth
- #Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Tony Taldone
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- †Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States
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3
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Taldone T, Ochiana SO, Patel PD, Chiosis G. Selective targeting of the stress chaperome as a therapeutic strategy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:592-603. [PMID: 25262919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Normal cellular function is maintained by coordinated proteome machinery that performs a vast array of activities. Helping the proteome in such roles is the chaperome, a network of molecular chaperones and folding enzymes. The stressed cell contains, at any time, a complex mixture of chaperome complexes; a majority performs 'housekeeping functions' similarly to non-stressed, normal cells, but a finely-tuned fraction buffers the proteome altered by chronic stress. The stress chaperome is epigenetically distinct from its normal, housekeeping counterpart, providing a basis for its selective targeting by small molecules. We discuss here the development of chaperome inhibitors, and how agents targeting chaperome members in stressed cells are in fact being directed towards chaperome complexes, and their effect is therefore determined by their ability to sample and engage such complexes. A new approach is needed to target and implement chaperome modulators in the investigation of diseases, and we propose that the classical thinking in drug discovery needs adjustment when developing chaperome-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Taldone
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stefan O Ochiana
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pallav D Patel
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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4
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Rodina A, Taldone T, Kang Y, Patel PD, Koren J, Yan P, DaGama Gomes EM, Yang C, Patel MR, Shrestha L, Ochiana SO, Santarossa C, Maharaj R, Gozman A, Cox MB, Erdjument-Bromage H, Hendrickson RC, Cerchietti L, Melnick A, Guzman ML, Chiosis G. Affinity purification probes of potential use to investigate the endogenous Hsp70 interactome in cancer. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1698-705. [PMID: 24934503 PMCID: PMC4134716 DOI: 10.1021/cb500256u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a family of proteins with key roles in regulating malignancy. Cancer cells rely on Hsp70 to inhibit apoptosis, regulate senescence and autophagy, and maintain the stability of numerous onco-proteins. Despite these important biological functions in cancer, robust chemical tools that enable the analysis of the Hsp70-regulated proteome in a tumor-by-tumor manner are yet unavailable. Here we take advantage of a recently reported Hsp70 ligand to design and develop an affinity purification chemical toolset for potential use in the investigation of the endogenous Hsp70-interacting proteome in cancer. We demonstrate that these tools lock Hsp70 in complex with onco-client proteins and effectively isolate Hsp70 complexes for identification through biochemical techniques. Using these tools we provide proof-of-concept analyses that glimpse into the complex roles played by Hsp70 in maintaining a multitude of cell-specific malignancy-driving proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rodina
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Tony Taldone
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Yanlong Kang
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Pallav D. Patel
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - John Koren
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Pengrong Yan
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Erica M. DaGama Gomes
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Chenghua Yang
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Maulik R. Patel
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Liza Shrestha
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Stefan O. Ochiana
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Cristina Santarossa
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Ronnie Maharaj
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Alexander Gozman
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Marc B. Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University
of Texas, El Paso, Texas 79968, United
States
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Ronald C. Hendrickson
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical
Oncology, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical
Oncology, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Monica L. Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical
Oncology, and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry and Department of Medicine and Program in Molecular Biology, Proteomics
Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
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5
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Kang Y, Taldone T, Patel HJ, Patel PD, Rodina A, Gozman A, Maharaj R, Clement CC, Patel MR, Brodsky JL, Young JC, Chiosis G. Heat shock protein 70 inhibitors. 1. 2,5'-thiodipyrimidine and 5-(phenylthio)pyrimidine acrylamides as irreversible binders to an allosteric site on heat shock protein 70. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1188-207. [PMID: 24548207 PMCID: PMC3983365 DOI: 10.1021/jm401551n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is
an important emerging cancer target
whose inhibition may affect multiple cancer-associated signaling pathways
and, moreover, result in significant cancer cell apoptosis. Despite
considerable interest from both academia and pharmaceutical companies
in the discovery and development of druglike Hsp70 inhibitors, little
success has been reported so far. Here we describe structure–activity
relationship studies in the first rationally designed Hsp70 inhibitor
class that binds to a novel allosteric pocket located in the N-terminal
domain of the protein. These 2,5′-thiodipyrimidine and 5-(phenylthio)pyrimidine
acrylamides take advantage of an active cysteine embedded in the allosteric
pocket to act as covalent protein modifiers upon binding. The study
identifies derivatives 17a and 20a, which
selectively bind to Hsp70 in cancer cells. Addition of high nanomolar
to low micromolar concentrations of these inhibitors to cancer cells
leads to a reduction in the steady-state levels of Hsp70-sheltered
oncoproteins, an effect associated with inhibition of cancer cell
growth and apoptosis. In summary, the described scaffolds represent
a viable starting point for the development of druglike Hsp70 inhibitors
as novel anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Kang
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10021, United States
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6
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Taldone T, Kang Y, Patel HJ, Patel MR, Patel PD, Rodina A, Patel Y, Gozman A, Maharaj R, Clement CC, Lu A, Young JC, Chiosis G. Heat shock protein 70 inhibitors. 2. 2,5'-thiodipyrimidines, 5-(phenylthio)pyrimidines, 2-(pyridin-3-ylthio)pyrimidines, and 3-(phenylthio)pyridines as reversible binders to an allosteric site on heat shock protein 70. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1208-24. [PMID: 24548239 PMCID: PMC3983364 DOI: 10.1021/jm401552y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
discovery and development of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)
inhibitors is currently a hot topic in cancer. In the preceding paper
in this issue (10.1021/jm401551n), we have
described structure–activity relationship studies in the first
Hsp70 inhibitor class rationally designed to bind to a novel allosteric
pocket located in the N-terminal domain of the protein. These ligands
contained an acrylamide to take advantage of an active cysteine embedded
in the allosteric pocket and acted as covalent protein modifiers upon
binding. Here, we perform chemical modifications around the irreversible
inhibitor scaffold to demonstrate that covalent modification is not
a requirement for activity within this class of compounds. The study
identifies derivative 27c, which mimics the biological
effects of the irreversible inhibitors at comparable concentrations.
Collectively, the back-to-back manuscripts describe the first pharmacophores
that favorably and selectively interact with a never explored pocket
in Hsp70 and provide a novel blueprint for a cancer-oriented development
of Hsp70-directed ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Taldone
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10021, United States
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7
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Rodina A, Patel PD, Kang Y, Patel Y, Baaklini I, Wong MJH, Taldone T, Yan P, Yang C, Maharaj R, Gozman A, Patel MR, Patel HJ, Chirico W, Erdjument-Bromage H, Talele TT, Young JC, Chiosis G. Identification of an allosteric pocket on human hsp70 reveals a mode of inhibition of this therapeutically important protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1469-80. [PMID: 24239008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hsp70s are important cancer chaperones that act upstream of Hsp90 and exhibit independent anti-apoptotic activities. To develop chemical tools for the study of human Hsp70, we developed a homology model that unveils a previously unknown allosteric site located in the nucleotide binding domain of Hsp70. Combining structure-based design and phenotypic testing, we discovered a previously unknown inhibitor of this site, YK5. In cancer cells, this compound is a potent and selective binder of the cytosolic but not the organellar human Hsp70s and has biological activity partly by interfering with the formation of active oncogenic Hsp70/Hsp90/client protein complexes. YK5 is a small molecule inhibitor rationally designed to interact with an allosteric pocket of Hsp70 and represents a previously unknown chemical tool to investigate cellular mechanisms associated with Hsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rodina
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Pallav D Patel
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yanlong Kang
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yogita Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Imad Baaklini
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Michael J H Wong
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Tony Taldone
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Pengrong Yan
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Chenghua Yang
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ronnie Maharaj
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexander Gozman
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Maulik R Patel
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hardik J Patel
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - William Chirico
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | | | - Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Jason C Young
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada.
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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8
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Patel PD, Yan P, Seidler PM, Patel HJ, Sun W, Yang C, Que NS, Taldone T, Finotti P, Stephani RA, Gewirth DT, Chiosis G. Paralog-selective Hsp90 inhibitors define tumor-specific regulation of HER2. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:677-84. [PMID: 23995768 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the Hsp90 chaperone family, comprised in humans of four paralogs, Hsp90α, Hsp90β, Grp94 and Trap-1, has important roles in malignancy, the contribution of each paralog to the cancer phenotype is poorly understood. This is in large part because reagents to study paralog-specific functions in cancer cells have been unavailable. Here we combine compound library screening with structural and computational analyses to identify purine-based chemical tools that are specific for Hsp90 paralogs. We show that Grp94 selectivity is due to the insertion of these compounds into a new allosteric pocket. We use these tools to demonstrate that cancer cells use individual Hsp90 paralogs to regulate a client protein in a tumor-specific manner and in response to proteome alterations. Finally, we provide new mechanistic evidence explaining why selective Grp94 inhibition is particularly efficacious in certain breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav D Patel
- 1] Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York, USA. [3]
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9
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Taldone T, Patel PD, Patel M, Patel HJ, Evans CE, Rodina A, Ochiana S, Shah SK, Uddin M, Gewirth D, Chiosis G. Experimental and structural testing module to analyze paralogue-specificity and affinity in the Hsp90 inhibitors series. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6803-18. [PMID: 23965125 DOI: 10.1021/jm400619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We here describe the first reported comprehensive analysis of Hsp90 paralogue affinity and selectivity in the clinical Hsp90 inhibitor chemotypes. This has been possible through the development of a versatile experimental assay based on a new FP-probe (16a) that we both describe here. The assay can test rapidly and accurately the binding affinity of all major Hsp90 chemotypes and has a testing range that spans low nanomolar to millimolar binding affinities. We couple this assay with a computational analysis that allows for rationalization of paralogue selectivity and defines not only the major binding modes that relay pan-paralogue binding or, conversely, paralogue selectivity, but also identifies molecular characteristics that impart such features. The methods developed here provide a blueprint for parsing out the contribution of the four Hsp90 paralogues to the perceived biological activity with the current Hsp90 chemotypes and set the ground for the development of paralogue selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Taldone
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10021, United States
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10
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Taldone T, Patel PD, Patel HJ, Chiosis G. About the reaction of aryl fluorides with sodium sulfide: investigation into the selectivity of substitution of fluorobenzonitriles to yield mercaptobenzonitriles via SNAr displacement of fluorine. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Taldone T, Patel PD, Kang Y, Rodina A, Talele TT, Chiosis G. Abstract 3895: Rational design of small molecule inhibitors that bind to an allosteric pocket on human heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) plays an important role in cancer and its pharmacological modulation with small molecules may represent a useful therapeutic approach. The discovery of such agents has been hampered by the lack of a full length crystal structure of human Hsp70. We constructed a homology model of the human Hsp70, which we investigated for potential druggable sites using SiteMap tool. An allosteric site in the nucleotide binding domain was identified and used to design potent Hsp70 modulators. Analysis of the Glide docking resulted in an understanding of important interactions between designed ligands, such as YK5, and the Hsp70 protein. When tested in breast cancer cells, YK5 led to depletion of onco-proteins, induced apoptosis and inhibited growth. YK5 is to our knowledge the first rationally designed small molecule inhibitor of Hsp70, and thus, represents a novel chemical tool to investigate its potential in cancer and other diseases.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3895. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3895
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Rodina
- 1Mem. Sloan-Kettering Cancer Ctr., New York, NY
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Bhatt A, Patel PD, Patel MR, Singh S, Lau-Cam CA, Talele TT. CoMSIA Study on Substituted Aryl Alkanoic Acid Analogs as GPR40 Agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 77:361-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Taldone T, Zatorska D, Patel PD, Zong H, Rodina A, Ahn JH, Moulick K, Guzman ML, Chiosis G. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of small molecule Hsp90 probes. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2603-14. [PMID: 21459002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of compounds from different chemical classes are known to bind competitively to the ATP-pocket of Hsp90 and inhibit its chaperone function. The natural product geldanamycin was the first reported inhibitor of Hsp90 and since then synthetic inhibitors from purine, isoxazole and indazol-4-one chemical classes have been discovered and are currently or soon to be in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. In spite of a similar binding mode to Hsp90, distinct biological profiles were demonstrated among these molecules, both in vitro and in vivo. To better understand the molecular basis for these dissimilarities, we report here the synthesis of chemical tools for three Hsp90 inhibitor classes. These agents will be useful for probing tumor-by-tumor the Hsp90 complexes isolated by specific inhibitors. Such information will lead to better understanding of tumor specific molecular markers to aid in their clinical development. It will also help to elucidate the molecular basis for the biological differences observed among Hsp90 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Taldone
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
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Patel RJ, Patel PD, Patel MM, Patel NJ, Thyagarajan B. Mechanisms of potentiation of Angiotensin II-induced contractile response of isolated rat aorta by hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyryl hydroperoxide. Indian J Pharmacol 2010; 41:140-3. [PMID: 20442823 PMCID: PMC2861816 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.55208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To study the mechanism involved in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced potentiation of the Ang II-mediated contraction of isolated rat thoracic aorta. Materials and Methods: Thoracic aorta was isolated from the Sprauge dawley rats (300–320 gm), cut spirally and response to Ang II (5 × 10−8M) was taken in the absence and presence of H2O2 (10−6M) and t-BHP (10−5M). To explore the probable mechanism of H2O2 and t-BHP-induced potentiation of Ang II-mediated contractile response, different blockers such as losartan (AT1 receptor blocker; 1 μM), catalase (H2O2 scavenger; 500 U/ml), lercanidipine (L-type calcium channel blocker; 1 μM), geinistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor; 100 μM), and indomethacin (cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor; 10 μM) were used. Results: In spiral preparation of rat thoracic aorta, H2O2 (10−6M) and t-BHP (10−5M) did not produce the contraction as such. However, when they are added simultaneously with Ang II (5 × 10−8 M), they potentiated the contractile response of the Ang II. Catalase (500 U/ml) partially antagonized the Ang-II-induced contraction, as well as antagonized the potentiation induced by H2O2. Losartan (1 μM) and lercanidipine (1 μM) antagonized the Ang II-induced contractile response without affecting H2O2 (10−6M)-mediated potentiation. Geinistein (100 μM) antagonized H2O2 (10−6M)-mediated potentiation, but it slightly decreased the Ang II response. Losartan (1 μM) and lercanidipine (1 μM) and Geinistein (100 μM) antagonized the Ang II-induced contractile response but not t-BHP-mediated potentiation. Indomethacin antagonized t-BHP-mediated potentiation without affecting much of Ang II response. Conclusion: From the above-mentioned results, we can reasonably conclude that H2O2 and t-BHP potentiated the contraction induced by the Ang II. H2O2-induced potentiation of Ang II response may be mediated through tyrosine kinase activation and t-BHP through the activation of cyclo-oxygenase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat Vidyanagar, Kherva-382711, Gujarat, India
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Patel PD, Patel MR, Kocsis B, Kocsis E, Graham SM, Warren AR, Nicholson SM, Billack B, Fronczek FR, Talele TT. Design, synthesis and determination of antifungal activity of 5(6)-substituted benzotriazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2214-22. [PMID: 20181413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to find inhibitors that are effective against both Candida and Aspergillus spp., a series of 5(6)-(un)substituted benzotriazole analogs, represented by compounds 3a-3h and 3b'-3f', were prepared using a crystalline oxirane intermediate 1 previously synthesized in our laboratory. All the compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against various species of Candida and Aspergillus. Compounds 3b' (5,6-dimethylbenzotriazol-2-yl derivative), 3d (5-chlorobenzotriazol-1-yl derivative) and 3e' (6-methylbenzotriazol-1-yl derivative) exhibited potent antifungal activity, with the MICs for Candida spp. and Aspergillus niger, ranging from 1.6 microg/mL to 25 microg/mL and 12.5 microg/mL to 25 microg/mL, respectively. The present work describes the design, synthesis, regioisomer characterization (through COSY and NOESY 2D-NMR spectroscopy and single molecule X-ray crystallography), antifungal evaluation, molecular docking, and structure-activity relationships of the various 5(6)-(un)substituted benzotriazole analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav D Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, USA
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Abstract
Novel drug delivery systems are one of the widely used delivery systems. In the present scenario, amongst them, "Drug Loaded Erythrocytes" is one of the growing and potential systems for delivery of drugs and enzymes. Erythrocytes are biocompatible, biodegradable, possess long circulation half-life and can be loaded with variety of biologically active substances. Carrier erythrocytes are prepared by collecting blood sample from the organism of interest and separating erythrocytes from plasma. By using various physical and chemical methods the cells are broken and the drug is entrapped into the erythrocytes, finally they are resealed and the resultant carriers are then called "resealed erythrocytes". Surface modification with glutaraldehyde, antibodies, carbohydrates like sialic acid and biotinylation of loaded erythrocytes (biotinylated erythrocytes) is possible to improve their target specificity and to increase their circulation half-life. Upon reinjection the drug loaded erythrocytes serve as slow circulation depots, targets the drug to the reticuloendothelial system (RES), prevents degradation of loaded drug from inactivation by endogenous chemicals, attain steady state concentration of drug and decrease the side-effects of loaded drug. Nowadays, Nanoerythrosomes based drug delivery systems have excellent potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Patel
- Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy, Sector-8, C. B. D. Belapur, Navi-Mumbai-400614, India
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Patel PD, Patel MR, Kaushik-Basu N, Talele TT. 3D QSAR and molecular docking studies of benzimidazole derivatives as hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2007; 48:42-55. [PMID: 18076152 DOI: 10.1021/ci700266z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The urgent need for novel HCV antiviral agents has provided an impetus for understanding the structural requisites of NS5B polymerase inhibitors at the molecular level. Toward this objective, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) of 67 HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors were performed using two methods. First, ligand-based 3D QSAR studies were performed based on the lowest energy conformations employing the atom fit alignment method. Second, receptor-based 3D QSAR models were derived from the predicted binding conformations obtained by docking all NS5B inhibitors at the allosteric binding site of NS5B (PDB ID: 2dxs). Results generated from the ligand-based model were found superior (r2cv values of 0.630 for CoMFA and 0.668 for CoMSIA) to those obtained by the receptor-based model (r2cv values of 0.536 and 0.561 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively). The predictive ability of the models was validated using a structurally diversified test set of 22 compounds that had not been included in a preliminary training set of 45 compounds. The predictive r2 values for the ligand-based CoMFA and CoMSIA models were 0.734 and 0.800, respectively, while the corresponding predictive r2 values for the receptor-based CoMFA and CoMSIA models were 0.538 and 0.639, respectively. The greater potency of the tryptophan derivatives over that of the tyrosine derivatives was interpreted based on CoMFA steric and electrostatic contour maps. The CoMSIA results revealed that for a NS5B inhibitor to have appreciable inhibitory activity it requires hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups at the 5-position of the indole ring and an R substituent at the chiral carbon, respectively. Interpretation of the CoMFA and CoMSIA contour maps in context of the topology of the allosteric binding site of NS5B provided insight into NS5B-inhibitor interactions. Taken together, the present 3D QSAR models were found to accurately predict the HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitory activity of structurally diverse test set compounds and to yield reliable clues for further optimization of the benzimidazole derivatives in the data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav D Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York 11439, USA
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Karssen AM, Her S, Li JZ, Patel PD, Meng F, Bunney WE, Jones EG, Watson SJ, Akil H, Myers RM, Schatzberg AF, Lyons DM. Stress-induced changes in primate prefrontal profiles of gene expression. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:1089-102. [PMID: 17893703 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stressful experiences that consistently increase cortisol levels appear to alter the expression of hundreds of genes in prefrontal limbic brain regions. Here, we investigate this hypothesis in monkeys exposed to intermittent social stress-induced episodes of hypercortisolism or a no-stress control condition. Prefrontal profiles of gene expression compiled from Affymetrix microarray data for monkeys randomized to the no-stress condition were consistent with microarray results published for healthy humans. In monkeys exposed to intermittent social stress, more genes than expected by chance appeared to be differentially expressed in ventromedial prefrontal cortex compared to monkeys not exposed to adult social stress. Most of these stress responsive candidate genes were modestly downregulated, including ubiquitin conjugation enzymes and ligases involved in synaptic plasticity, cell cycle progression and nuclear receptor signaling. Social stress did not affect gene expression beyond that expected by chance in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or prefrontal white matter. Thirty four of 48 comparisons chosen for verification by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were consistent with the microarray-predicted result. Furthermore, qPCR and microarray data were highly correlated. These results provide new insights on the regulation of gene expression in a prefrontal corticolimbic region involved in the pathophysiology of stress and major depression. Comparisons between these data from monkeys and those for ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans with a history of major depression may help to distinguish the molecular signature of stress from other confounding factors in human postmortem brain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Karssen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5485, USA
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Abstract
Corticosteroids have been implicated in hippocampal atrophy in patients with severe psychiatric disorders, but little is known about receptor expression for corticosteroids in human or nonhuman primate brain. Both the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) were surveyed in this study of squirrel monkey brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Regions of high GR mRNA levels included CA1 and CA2 of hippocampus, dentate gyrus, paraventricular hypothalamus, lateral geniculate, lateral>medial amygdala, and cerebellum. Western analysis confirmed that GR immunoreactivity in squirrel monkey brain tissue most likely reflects the alpha isoform. Regions of high MR mRNA levels included all hippocampal pyramidal cell fields, dentate gyrus granule cell layer, lateral septum, medial>lateral amygdala, and to a lesser extent, cerebellum. Low levels of MR were also expressed in caudate and putamen. Receptor expression for corticosteroids in deep brain structures and the hippocampal formation was similar to that previously reported in rodents, but GR and MR mRNA were expressed at higher levels in squirrel monkey cerebral cortex. GR expression was evident in all cortical layers, particularly the pyramidal cell-rich layers II/III and V. MR expression was restricted to the more superficial cortical layers, and was only moderately represented in layer V. Laminar patterns were apparent in all regions of cortex for GR expression in squirrel monkeys, but low MR mRNA levels were found in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC). Different subregional distributions and distinctive laminar patterns suggest specialized functions or coordinated interactions between GR and MR mediated functions in primate PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Patel
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical Center, 3064 NSL, 1103 East Huron Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-1687, USA.
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Abstract
Squirrel monkeys are among a diverse group of New World primates that demonstrate unusually high levels of circulating corticosteroids and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) insensitivity. Recent evidence suggests that overexpression of an immunophilin impairs dexamethasone binding to GR in the Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis). Here we describe the cloning, expression, and functional characterization of GR from the closely related Guyanese squirrel monkey (S. sciureus). The cloned Guyanese squirrel monkey GR (gsmGR) cDNA closely resembles human GR (hGR) cDNA, and yields a high affinity dexamethasone binding receptor when expressed in COS-1 cells. Transactivation analysis of hGR and gsmGR expressed in CV-1 cells and cultured squirrel monkey kidney (SMK) cells indicates that: (1) SMK cells elaborate a functional high activity GR from human GR cDNA; (2) gsmGR is an order of magnitude less efficient than hGR at transactivation in CV-1 and SMK cells; and (3) maximal transactivation by gsmGR is attenuated in both cell lines. Glucocorticoid resistance in S. sciureus is at least partly attributable to a naturally occurring mutation in the GR gene that results in impaired GR transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Patel
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Mental Health Research Institute, 3064 NSL, 1103 E. Huron Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-1687, USA
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Attur MG, Patel RN, Patel PD, Abramson SB, Amin AR. Tetracycline up-regulates COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production independent of its effect on nitric oxide. J Immunol 1999; 162:3160-7. [PMID: 10092766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetracyclines (doxycycline and minocycline) augmented (one- to twofold) the PGE2 production in human osteoarthritis-affected cartilage (in the presence or absence of cytokines and endotoxin) in ex vivo conditions. Similarly, bovine chondrocytes stimulated with LPS showed (one- to fivefold) an increase in PGE2 accumulation in the presence of doxycycline. This effect was observed at drug concentrations that did not affect nitric oxide (NO) production. In murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) stimulated with LPS, tetracyclines inhibited NO release and increased PGE2 production. Tetracycline(s) and L-N-monomethylarginine (L-NMMA) (NO synthase inhibitor) showed an additive effect on inhibition of NO and PGE2 accumulation, thereby uncoupling the effects of tetracyclines on NO and PGE2 production. The enhancement of PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells by tetracyclines was accompanied by the accumulation of both cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA and cytosolic COX-2 protein. In contrast to tetracyclines, L-NMMA at low concentrations (< or = 100 microM) inhibited the spontaneous release of No in osteoarthritis-affected explants and LPS-stimulated macrophages but had no significant effect on the PGE2 production. At higher concentrations, L-NMMA (500 microM) inhibited NO release but augmented PGE2 production. This study indicates a novel mechanism of action of tetracyclines to augment the expression of COX-2 and PGE2 production, an effect that is independent of endogenous concentration of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Attur
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York 10003, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Pimbley
- Leatherhead Food Research Association, Surrey, UK
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Amin AR, Attur MG, Thakker GD, Patel PD, Vyas PR, Patel RN, Patel IR, Abramson SB. A novel mechanism of action of tetracyclines: effects on nitric oxide synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:14014-9. [PMID: 8943052 PMCID: PMC19486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.24.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines have recently been shown to have "chondroprotective" effects in inflammatory arthritides in animal models. Since nitric oxide (NO) is spontaneously released from human cartilage affected by osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis in quantities sufficient to cause cartilage damage, we evaluated the effect of tetracyclines on the expression and function of human OA-affected nitric oxide synthase (OA-NOS) and rodent inducible NOS (iNOS). Among the tetracycline group of compounds, doxycycline > minocycline blocked and reversed both spontaneous and interleukin 1 beta-induced OA-NOS activity in ex vivo conditions. Similarly, minocycline > or = doxycycline inhibited both lipopolysaccharide- and interferon-gamma-stimulated iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro, as assessed by nitrite accumulation. Although both these enzyme isoforms could be inhibited by doxycycline and minocycline, their susceptibility to each of these drugs was distinct. Unlike acetylating agents or competitive inhibitors of L-arginine that directly inhibit the specific activity of NOS, doxycycline or minocycline has no significant effect on the specific activity of iNOS in cell-free extracts. The mechanism of action of these drugs on murine iNOS expression was found to be, at least in part, at the level of RNA expression and translation of the enzyme, which would account for the decreased iNOS protein and activity of the enzyme. Tetracyclines had no significant effect on the levels of mRNA for beta-actin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase nor on levels of protein of beta-actin and cyclooxygenase 2 expression. These studies indicate that a novel mechanism of action of tetracyclines is to inhibit the expression of NOS. Since the overproduction of NO has been implicated in the pathogenesis of arthritis, as well as other inflammatory diseases, these observations suggest that tetracyclines should be evaluated as potential therapeutic modulators of NO for various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Amin
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Kwak SP, Patel PD, Thompson RC, Akil H, Watson SJ. 5'-Heterogeneity of the mineralocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid: differential expression and regulation of splice variants within the rat hippocampus. Endocrinology 1993; 133:2344-50. [PMID: 8404687 DOI: 10.1210/endo.133.5.8404687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) cDNA we previously isolated from the rat hippocampus differs from the clone isolated from the kidney at the 5'-untranslated (5'UT) region. The kidney clone (alpha MR mRNA) and the hippocampal clone (beta MR mRNA) possess unique 5'UT sequences of 220 and 300 nucleotides, respectively, but share an invariant peptide-coding domain and appear to encode an identical MR protein. The two mRNA variants may represent tissue-specific forms of the MR or may be coexpressed in the rat hippocampus along with other 5'UT variants. Here, we report that three mRNA subtypes were found in the hippocampus; their relative abundance was as follows: alpha = beta >> gamma. The three mRNA variants were differentially distributed within the hippocampal subfields, with the alpha form being highly enriched in CA2, dentate, the fasciculum cinereum, and the indusium griseum, whereas beta and gamma forms were evenly distributed through CA1-4. Adrenalectomy selectively increased alpha MR mRNA content, but the changes were restricted to CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions. We conclude that multiple MR mRNAs are differentially expressed in the rat hippocampus. The expression of alpha MR mRNA is specifically increased during adrenalectomy, suggesting that the increase in total MR mRNA content documented previously arises from a substantial increase in a single MR variant that elevates the total MR mRNA content, with the apparent elevation reflecting the average of regulated and unregulated transcripts. It is suggested from our data that a complex mechanism involving transcription and translation regulates MR expression in the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Kwak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0720
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Caamaño CA, Morano MI, Patel PD, Watson SJ, Akil H. A bacterially expressed mineralocorticoid receptor is associated in vitro with the 90-kilodalton heat shock protein and shows typical hormone- and DNA-binding characteristics. Biochemistry 1993; 32:8589-95. [PMID: 8395210 DOI: 10.1021/bi00084a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant system was developed for generation of steroid-receptor complexes in vitro. The DNA- and steroid-binding domains of the rat mineralocorticoid receptor were expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase. The identity of the expressed recombinant protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Protein preparations purified by affinity chromatography, avoiding the use of detergents or high ionic strength buffers, exhibited negligible steroid binding. However, after incubation of these preparations with rabbit reticulocyte lysate, known to promote the association of isolated steroid receptors with heat shock proteins, the [3H]aldosterone-binding activity gradually increased. This temperature-dependent effect reached a maximum after 1 h at 30 degrees C and was favored by ATP supplementation (Bmax = 22 +/- 3 pmol/mg of protein). The apparent Kd value for aldosterone (0.6 +/- 0.2 nM) and the steroid-binding specificity of the recombinant protein were in accordance with those reported for the native mineralocorticoid receptor. The sedimentation and DNA-cellulose-binding characteristics of the radioactive complexes were also in agreement with those reported for the native heteromeric receptor. Complexes sedimented at 8.9 +/- 0.2 or 4.2 +/- 0.2 S in sucrose gradients containing 20 mM sodium molybdate or 0.4 M KCl, respectively. Monoclonal antibody 8D3 against the 90-kDa heat shock protein (hsp90) was able to bind to the 8.9S complexes, increasing its sedimentation coefficient. Treatment of the complexes with 100 mM sodium thiocyanate, known to activate the native receptor to a DNA-binding state, caused a 79% increase in DNA-cellulose binding over the control values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Caamaño
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0720
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Saiyed HN, Sharma YK, Sadhu HG, Norboo T, Patel PD, Patel TS, Venkaiah K, Kashyap SK. Non-occupational pneumoconiosis at high altitude villages in central Ladakh. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48:825-829. [PMID: 1663387 PMCID: PMC1035463 DOI: 10.1136/oem.48.12.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An epidemiological survey was carried out to investigate the occurrence of non-occupational pneumoconiosis in Ladakh, where there are no mines or industries. The clinicoradiological investigations of 449 randomly selected subjects from three villages showed typical cases of pneumoconiosis associated with progressive massive fibrosis and egg shell calcification of hilar glands. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis in these three villages was 2.0%, 20.1% and 45.3% and it corresponded with the severity of dust storms and the use of chimneys in the kitchens. The dust concentrations in the kitchens with no provision for a chimney were very high. The free silica content of the storms was between 60 and 70%. Exposure to free silica from dust storms and soot from domestic fuels are suggested as causes of these cases of pneumoconiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Saiyed
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad, India
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Rajagopalan S, Park JH, Patel PD, Lebovitz RM, Lieberman MW. Cloning and analysis of the rat gamma-glutamyltransferase gene. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:11721-5. [PMID: 1973164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized a complete structural gene encoding the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase ((5-glutamyl)-peptide:amino acid 5-glutamyltransferase; EC 2.3.2.2). The gene contains 8 exons and spans approximately 12 kilobases. Ras-transformed rat liver epithelial cells and rat kidney express RNAs which differ in length by approximately 0.3 kilobase pair. Comparison of the genomic sequence with kidney gamma GT cDNA sequence indicates that the first exon is noncoding, and nuclease protection and primer extension data have identified a potential kidney transcription start site (defined as +1) for this exon. The site is not associated with a TATA box, but there are two CCAAT boxes (-136 and -599) and two sites (-101 and -746) containing the consensus sequences to which the transcription factor SP1 is known to bind. There is also a sequence at -453 (TGTGGTTG) that is highly homologous to the core sequence (TGTGG(T)3-5G) of SV40 and polyoma viral enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajagopalan
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Dalman FC, Bresnick EH, Patel PD, Perdew GH, Watson SJ, Pratt WB. Direct evidence that the glucocorticoid receptor binds to hsp90 at or near the termination of receptor translation in vitro. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:19815-21. [PMID: 2584195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have translated the rat glucocorticoid receptor in both reticulocyte lysate and in wheat germ extract. Receptor synthesized in the reticulocyte lysate is immunoadsorbed by the 8D3 monoclonal antibody directed against the 90-kDa heat shock protein (hsp90) and it has a normal ability to bind glucocorticoid in a high affinity manner. Although the wheat germ extract synthesizes the full length receptor, the receptor is not immunoadsorbed by 8D3 and we cannot demonstrate high affinity steroid binding. Receptor synthesized by the reticulocyte lysate can be immunoadsorbed by antibody directed against hsp90 as soon as the translation product is full length, suggesting that the receptor becomes associated with hsp90 late during translation or immediately at the termination of translation. When newly synthesized receptor is bound with steroid and incubated at 25 degrees C, it is converted to a form that binds to DNA. This study provides direct evidence that association of hsp90 with the glucocorticoid receptor is a very early event and that the newly formed heteromeric receptor-hsp90 complex is fully competent to undergo transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Dalman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Dalman FC, Bresnick EH, Patel PD, Perdew GH, Watson SJ, Pratt WB. Direct evidence that the glucocorticoid receptor binds to hsp90 at or near the termination of receptor translation in vitro. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Herman JP, Patel PD, Akil H, Watson SJ. Localization and regulation of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor messenger RNAs in the hippocampal formation of the rat. Mol Endocrinol 1989; 3:1886-94. [PMID: 2558306 DOI: 10.1210/mend-3-11-1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNAs coding for glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptor proteins were localized to discrete subfields of the hippocampal formation by in situ hybridization histochemistry, using cRNA probes of approximately equivalent specific activity. Both GR and MR mRNAs were present in all subfields examined; GR mRNA was of greatest abundance in CA1, while MR mRNA was most densely labeled in CA3. In all subfields examined, MR mRNA was considerably more abundant than GR mRNA. Removal of circulating glucocorticoids by adrenalectomy precipitated an up-regulation of GR mRNA in subfields CA1-2 and the dentate gyrus, which was reversed by dexamethasone replacement. High doses of dexamethasone significantly down-regulated GR mRNA in CA3. In contrast, adrenalectomy produced significant up-regulation of MR mRNA only in subfield CA1-2. The data indicate that steroid receptor mRNAs are differentially distributed in hippocampus, and that sensitivity to steroids occurs within defined structural domains of the hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Herman
- Mental Health Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Patel PD, Sherman TG, Goldman DJ, Watson SJ. Molecular cloning of a mineralocorticoid (type I) receptor complementary DNA from rat hippocampus. Mol Endocrinol 1989; 3:1877-85. [PMID: 2558305 DOI: 10.1210/mend-3-11-1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat brain expresses two types of corticosteroid-binding proteins. The type I receptor binds corticosterone with high affinity and is structurally related to the kidney mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), while the type II or classical glucocorticoid receptor binds corticosterone with lower affinity and displays an in vivo preference for dexamethasone. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a cDNA coding for the MR, from a rat hippocampus cDNA library, by low stringency hybridization to radiolabeled human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence for rat hippocampal MR displays extensive homology to a MR cDNA isolated from human kidney, suggesting that they are orthologous genes. Southern analysis suggests that there is only one gene for the MR, and in vitro expression of the receptor generates a high affinity corticosterone-binding protein. These data provide evidence to support the contention that a single gene gives rise to the MR in renal tissues and type I receptors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Patel
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109
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Abstract
An observation from high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) suggesting that monkey beta-endorphin (BE) was chemically different from human or rat BE was investigated by determining the cDNA sequence for the monkey pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor. A full-length cDNA for POMC was isolated from a Macaca nemestrina whole pituitary cDNA library. The longest open reading frame predicts a 264-residue polypeptide exhibiting the basic structure of POMC that is closely homologous to the human counterpart. The monkey BE sequence apparently diverged from the human sequence after the latter had made the His-27 to Tyr-27 change but prior to the Gln-31 to Glu-31 transition, leaving it more hydrophobic than rat or human BE, consistent with its chromatography on reverse-phase HPLC. Comparison of the monkey POMC precursor with those of other species highlights conserved domains, presumably reflecting regions of physiological activity that await elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Patel
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109
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Coleman PL, Patel PD, Cwikel BJ, Rafferty UM, Sznycer-Laszuk R, Gelehrter TD. Characterization of the dexamethasone-induced inhibitor of plasminogen activator in HTC hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:4352-7. [PMID: 2936742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Incubation of HTC rat hepatoma cells with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone rapidly inhibits plasminogen activator (PA) activity secondary to the induction of a specific acid-stable inhibitor of plasminogen activation (Cwikel, B. J., Barouski-Miller, P.A., Coleman, P.L., and Gelehrter, T.D. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 6847-6851). We have further characterized this inhibitor with respect to its interaction with both urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator, and its protease specificity. The HTC PA inhibitor rapidly inhibits urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator with an apparent second-order rate constant of 3-5 x 10(7) M-1 X s-1. The inhibitor forms stable covalent complexes with both urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator, with which plasmin, trypsin, and factor Xa apparently do not compete. Complex formation is saturable and requires the active site of the PA. The mass of the inhibitor-PA complex is 50,000 daltons greater than that of PA alone, consistent with an Mr for the PA inhibitor of 50,000 as demonstrated directly by reverse fibrin autography. The HTC PA inhibitor does not inhibit thrombin and differs in its kinetic and biochemical properties from protease nexin.
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Coleman PL, Patel PD, Cwikel BJ, Rafferty UM, Sznycer-Laszuk R, Gelehrter TD. Characterization of the dexamethasone-induced inhibitor of plasminogen activator in HTC hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Patel PD, Williams AP. A note on estimation of food spoilage yeasts by measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) after growth at various temperatures. J Appl Bacteriol 1985; 59:133-6. [PMID: 4044450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1985.tb03311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The growth at 4 degrees, 10 degrees and 15 degrees C of six psychrotrophic yeasts isolated from foods was compared using total viable counts and ATP measurement. A linear relationship (r greater than or equal to 0.97) was obtained between log10 (number of viable yeasts) and log10 (ATP content) of cultures grown at these temperatures. This relationship was not temperature-dependent. The results are discussed and their significance for the rapid estimation of yeasts in foods is considered.
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Patel PD, Shah DS, Patel SR, Gulati OD. Investigation of the mechanism of decreased sensitivity of the rat seminal vesicle to norepinephrine by lithium. Pharmacology 1979; 18:64-71. [PMID: 218237 DOI: 10.1159/000137232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Li+ is reported to reduce sensitivity of alpha-adrenergic receptors to NE. The present investigation was designed to investigate the mechanism of this decreased sensitivity on the rat isolated seminal vesicle. In innervated preparations, 1.35 X 10(-3) M Li+ (i) shifted the concentration-response curves of NE, methoxamine, ACh and BaCl2 to the right and reduced their maximum responses; (ii) antagonized the leftward shift and the enhancement of maximum responses to NE by cocaine (2.9 X 10(-4) M), and (iii) reduced only the maximum responses to KCl. In denervated preparations, 1.35 X 10 (-3) M Li+ shifted the concentration response curve of NE to the left without any change in the maximum responses. The antagonistic effects of Li+ on maximal responses to NE, ACh and KCl observed in innervated preparations were significantly increased in Ca++-free medium. Li+ (1.35 X 10(-3) M) increased NE uptake by the seminal vesicle significantly. It is concluded that decreased sensitivity of the seminal vesicle to NE by Li+ could be due to an increase in the uptake of NE and to a nonspecific postsynaptic spasmolytic action.
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Patel PD, Picologlou BF, Lykoudis PS. Biorheological aspects of colonic activity. II. Experimental investigation of the rheological behavior of human feces. Biorheology 1973; 10:441-5. [PMID: 4772015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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