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Gonzalez G, Hayes M, Balansay M, Underwood R, Balagot C, Pan R, Pineda K, Iniguez-Stevens E, Kriner P, Estrada I, Myers CA, Kajon AE. Two novel recombinant Human mastadenovirus D genotypes associated with acute respiratory illness. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28653. [PMID: 36897042 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Two novel genotypes of species Human mastadenovirus D designated 109 and 110 were isolated from three epidemiologically unrelated cases of acute respiratory disease detected in January 2018 by surveillance efforts at the California/Mexico border. Both genotypes represent examples of intertypic recombination. Genotype D109 is most closely related to genotype D56 (97.68% genomic similarity) and features a type D22-like penton base, a type D19-like hexon gene, and a type D9-like fiber [P22/H19/F9]. On the other hand, genotype D110 is most closely related to type D22 (96.94% genomic similarity) and features a type D67-like penton base, a novel hexon gene and a type D9-like fiber [P67/H110/F9]. Importantly, the fibers of both novel genotypes are highly similar to those of genotypes D56 and D59, which have also been isolated from a few cases of respiratory infections. The present report shows data contributing to the understanding of the molecular determinants of the expanded tissue tropism of certain members of species HAdV-D. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonzalez
- UCD National Virus Reference Laboratory, Dublin, Ireland.,Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers, Hokkaido University, Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Matthew Hayes
- Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Operational Infectious Diseases, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Melinda Balansay
- Operational Infectious Diseases, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ryan Underwood
- Operational Infectious Diseases, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Caroline Balagot
- Operational Infectious Diseases, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Roger Pan
- Operational Infectious Diseases, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kyle Pineda
- Operational Infectious Diseases, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Paula Kriner
- Imperial County Public Health Department, El Centro, California, USA
| | - Irais Estrada
- Office of Binational Border Health, California Department of Public Health
| | - Christopher A Myers
- Operational Infectious Diseases, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Adriana E Kajon
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute (LBRI), Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Chuey MR, Salvatore PP, Phippard A, Lainz AR, Fierro M, Munday S, Moser K, Waterman S, Kriner P, McDonald E. US-Mexico binational COVID-19 cases in southern California border counties, California, February-June 2020. J Migr Health 2023; 7:100163. [PMID: 36711248 PMCID: PMC9872441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2023.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has had a significant public health impact on both the United States and Mexico. Cross-border mobility between southern California and Mexico raises questions of transmission trends between these jurisdictions. The objective of this project was to describe binational cases amongst California US-Mexico border county COVID-19 cases and compare incidence trends to cross-border Mexico jurisdictions. Methods Interview data from persons with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in San Diego County, CA and Imperial County, CA from February to June 2020 were reviewed for binational cases; demographics and connection to COVID-19 outbreaks were assessed. Graphs of COVID-19 incidence in San Diego County and Imperial County were compared to incidence graphs in cross-border Mexico jurisdictions of Tijuana and Mexicali. Results Persons with COVID-19 and a binational case were older, more likely to be Hispanic, and reside in a border ZIP code than those without. Binational cases were a small proportion and tracked with overall cases during the study period. Conclusions Binational cases had different trends than non-binational cases of SARS-CoV-2 in San Diego and Imperial counties from February to June 2020. Findings could inform SARS-CoV-2 mitigation strategies specific to the US-Mexico land border, particularly recommendations regarding cross-border land travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan R. Chuey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS V24-5, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Phillip P. Salvatore
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alba Phippard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Marian Fierro
- Imperial County Public Health Department, El Centro, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Munday
- Imperial County Public Health Department, El Centro, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Moser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen Waterman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paula Kriner
- Imperial County Public Health Department, El Centro, CA, USA
| | - Eric McDonald
- County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA, USA
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3
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Estrada I, Balagot C, Fierro M, Kriner P, Iniguez-Stevens E, Kjemtrup A, Foley J. Spotted fever group rickettsiae canine serosurveillance near the US-Mexico border in California. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:148-155. [PMID: 31769616 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs are vulnerable to pathogens transmitted by brown dog ticks. An epidemic of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is underway in Mexicali, a Mexican city bordering California affecting people and dogs; several human cases have been reported in California residents who travelled to Mexico. To evaluate risks of RMSF, we conducted seroprevalence surveys in Imperial County in 2016 and 2017 using dogs as sentinels. METHODS Blood was collected from 752 dogs and was tested for antibodies against R. rickettsii, E. canis and A. phagocytophilum (as a proxy for A. platys). Samples were considered seropositive to spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) if the R. rickettsia titre was ≥1:64 and seropositive to E. canis and A. phagocytophilum if the titre was ≥1:32. Owners provided information on dog age, exposure risks, health status and tick prevention. We assessed associations between SFGR seropositivity and driving distance to the nearest US-Mexico border crossing station, whether proximity to a border crossing increased likelihood of taking dogs across the border, and whether distance to the border was associated with seropositivity. Logistic regression was performed to assess relationships between the titre classes and other predictor variables. RESULTS 12.2% of dogs were seropositive against SFGR. Dogs close to the border were significantly more likely to be taken across the border and to be seropositive. Risk factors that increased seropositivity included owners seeing ticks on the dog (OR = 1.9), being an adult dog, travel to Mexico (OR = 3.0) and living in a rural area (OR = 4.0). There was statistically significant co-exposure to SFGR and Anaplasma spp. CONCLUSION Surveillance for brown dog tick-vectored pathogens can help identify dogs and people at risk for RMSF. Tick prevention, particularly in dogs, and surveillance of tick-borne pathogens can help prevent the spread of rickettsioses and other diseases in this dynamic border region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irais Estrada
- Epidemiology, Imperial County Public Health Department, El Centro, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Balagot
- Office of Binational Border Health, California Department of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marian Fierro
- Epidemiology, Imperial County Public Health Department, El Centro, CA, USA
| | - Paula Kriner
- Epidemiology, Imperial County Public Health Department, El Centro, CA, USA
| | | | - Anne Kjemtrup
- Vector-Borne Disease Section, Infectious Disease Branch, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Janet Foley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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4
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Garfein RS, Liu L, Cuevas-Mota J, Collins K, Muñoz F, Catanzaro DG, Moser K, Higashi J, Al-Samarrai T, Kriner P, Vaishampayan J, Cepeda J, Bulterys MA, Martin NK, Rios P, Raab F. Tuberculosis Treatment Monitoring by Video Directly Observed Therapy in 5 Health Districts, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1806-1815. [PMID: 30226154 PMCID: PMC6154139 DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.180459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed video directly observed therapy (VDOT) for monitoring tuberculosis treatment in 5 health districts in California, USA, to compare adherence between 174 patients using VDOT and 159 patients using in-person directly observed therapy (DOT). Multivariable linear regression analyses identified participant-reported sociodemographics, risk behaviors, and treatment experience associated with adherence. Median participant age was 44 (range 18–87) years; 61% of participants were male. Median fraction of expected doses observed (FEDO) among VDOT participants was higher (93.0% [interquartile range (IQR) 83.4%–97.1%]) than among patients receiving DOT (66.4% [IQR 55.1%–89.3%]). Most participants (96%) would recommend VDOT to others; 90% preferred VDOT over DOT. Lower FEDO was independently associated with US or Mexico birth, shorter VDOT duration, finding VDOT difficult, frequently taking medications while away from home, and having video-recording problems (p<0.05). VDOT cost 32% (range 6%–46%) less than DOT. VDOT was feasible, acceptable, and achieved high adherence at lower cost than DOT.
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Drexler NA, Yaglom H, Casal M, Fierro M, Kriner P, Murphy B, Kjemtrup A, Paddock CD. Fatal Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever along the United States-Mexico Border, 2013-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1621-1626. [PMID: 28930006 PMCID: PMC5621527 DOI: 10.3201/eid2310.170309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although these cases are uncommon, early recognition and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment are vital for averting severe illness and death. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is an emerging public health concern near the US–Mexico border, where it has resulted in thousands of cases and hundreds of deaths in the past decade. We identified 4 patients who had acquired RMSF in northern Mexico and subsequently died at US healthcare facilities. Two patients sought care in Mexico before being admitted to US-based hospitals. All patients initially had several nonspecific signs and symptoms, including fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, or myalgia, but deteriorated rapidly without receipt of a tetracycline-class antimicrobial drug. Each patient experienced respiratory failure late in illness. Although transborder cases are not common, early recognition and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment are vital for averting severe illness and death. Clinicians on both sides of the US–Mexico border should consider a diagnosis of RMSF for patients with rapidly progressing febrile illness and recent exposure in northern Mexico.
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6
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Phippard AE, Kimura AC, Lopez K, Kriner P. Understanding knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to influenza and the influenza vaccine in US-Mexico border communities. J Immigr Minor Health 2014; 15:741-6. [PMID: 22684884 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-012-9652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hispanics are less likely to receive the influenza vaccine compared to other racial and ethnic groups in the US. Hispanic residents of the US-Mexico border region may have differing health beliefs and behaviors, and their cross-border mobility impacts disease control. To assess beliefs and behaviors regarding influenza prevention and control among border populations, surveys were conducted at border clinics. Of 197 respondents, 34 % reported conditions for which vaccination is indicated, and travel to Mexico was common. Few (35 %) believed influenza could make them 'very sick', and 76 % believed they should take antibiotics to treat influenza. Influenza vaccine awareness was high, and considered important, but only 36 % reported recent vaccination. The belief that influenza vaccination is 'very important' was strongly associated with recent vaccination; "Didn't think about it" was the most common reason for being un-vaccinated. Misconceptions about influenza risk, prevention and treatment were common in this Hispanic border population; improved educational efforts and reminder systems could impact vaccination behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba E Phippard
- Border Infectious Disease Surveillance, San Diego County Office of Border Health, 3851 Rosecrans St, Suite 715, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.
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7
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Kriner P, Lopez K, Leung J, Harpaz R, Bialek SR. Notes from the field: varicella-associated death of a vaccinated child with leukemia - California, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63:161. [PMID: 24553201 PMCID: PMC4584762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Varicella, a contagious viral disease, is typically self-limited but can result in serious complications, especially among persons who are immunocompromised. On April 10, 2012, a girl aged 4 years with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was exposed to a mildly ill cousin who developed a varicella rash 2 days later. The episode was reported to the child's oncologist after 13 days. The girl was prescribed 7 days of oral acyclovir for prophylaxis and concurrently began her scheduled chemotherapy, which included a 5-day course of dexamethasone (prednisone equivalent dose of 23 mg/day). Twenty-two days after her varicella exposure, the girl was taken to an emergency department for fever and abdominal pain. She was treated symptomatically; her caretakers were instructed to discontinue chemotherapy and to follow up with her oncologist. Two days later, the girl returned to the emergency department with a generalized rash. She was hospitalized and treated with intravenous acyclovir and antibiotics. However, she developed multiorgan failure and died on May 7. Varicella was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction testing, and no alternative diagnoses were found for her acute illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kriner
- Imperial County Public Health Department,Corresponding author: Paula Kriner, , 760-482-4904
| | | | - Jessica Leung
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rafael Harpaz
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Stephanie R. Bialek
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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8
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Fry AM, Hancock K, Patel M, Gladden M, Doshi S, Blau DM, Sugerman D, Veguilla V, Lu X, Noland H, Bai Y, Maroufi A, Kao A, Kriner P, Lopez K, Ginsberg M, Jain S, Olsen SJ, Katz JM. The first cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in the United States: a serologic investigation demonstrating early transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:e48-53. [PMID: 22353441 PMCID: PMC4941679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first two laboratory-confirmed cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (H1N1pdm09) infection were detected in San Diego (SD) and Imperial County (IC) in southern California, April 2009. OBJECTIVES To describe H1N1pdm09 infections and transmission early in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. PATIENTS/METHODS We identified index case-patients from SD and IC with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed H1N1pdm09 infections and investigated close contacts for a subset of case-patients from April 17-May 6, 2009. Acute and convalescent serum was collected. Serologic evidence for H1N1pdm09 infection was determined by microneutralization and hemagglutination inhibition assays. RESULTS Among 75 close contacts of seven index case-patients, three reported illness onset prior to patient A or B, including two patient B contacts and a third with no links to patient A or B. Among the 69 close contacts with serum collected >14 days after the onset of index case symptoms, 23 (33%) were seropositive for H1N1pdm09, and 8 (35%) had no fever, cough, or sore throat. Among 15 household contacts, 8 (53%) were seropositive for H1N1pdm09. The proportion of contacts seropositive for H1N1pdm09 was highest in persons aged 5-24 years (50%) and lowest in persons aged ≥ 50 years (13%) (P = 0·07). CONCLUSIONS By the end of April 2009, before H1N1pdm09 was circulating widely in the community, a third of persons with close contact to confirmed H1N1pdm09 cases had H1N1pdm09 infection in SD and IC. Three unrelated clusters during March 21-30 suggest that transmission of H1N1pdm09 had begun earlier in southern California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Fry
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Kammerer PE, Montiel S, Kriner P, Bojorquez I, Bejarano Ramirez V, Vazquez-Erlbeck M, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Blair PJ, Hawksworth AW, Faix DJ, Nava ML, Lopez LW, Palacios E, Flores R, Fonseca-Ford M, Phippard A, Lopez K, Johnson J, Bustamante Moreno JG, Russell KL, Waterman SH. Influenza-like illness surveillance on the California-Mexico border, 2004-2009. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 6:358-66. [PMID: 22212638 PMCID: PMC5779811 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2004, the Naval Health Research Center, with San Diego and Imperial counties, has collaborated with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to conduct respiratory disease surveillance in the US-Mexico border region. In 2007, the Secretariat of Health, Mexico and the Institute of Public Health of Baja California joined the collaboration. OBJECTIVES The identification of circulating respiratory pathogens in respiratory specimens from patients with influenza-like illness (ILI). METHODS Demographic, symptom information and respiratory swabs were collected from enrollees who met the case definition for ILI. Specimens underwent PCR testing and culture in virology and bacteriology. RESULTS From 2004 through 2009, 1855 persons were sampled. Overall, 36% of the participants had a pathogen identified. The most frequent pathogen was influenza (25%), with those aged 6-15 years the most frequently affected. In April 2009, a young female participant from Imperial County, California, was among the first documented cases of 2009 H1N1. Additional pathogens included influenza B, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, enterovirus, herpes simplex virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. CONCLUSIONS The US-Mexico border is one of the busiest in the world, with a large number of daily crossings. Due to its traffic, this area is an ideal location for surveillance sites. We identified a pathogen in 36% of the specimens tested, with influenza A the most common pathogen. A number of other viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens were identified. An understanding of the incidence of respiratory pathogens in border populations is useful for development of regional vaccination and disease prevention responses.
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10
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Jaeger JL, Patel M, Dharan N, Hancock K, Meites E, Mattson C, Gladden M, Sugerman D, Doshi S, Blau D, Harriman K, Whaley M, Sun H, Ginsberg M, Kao AS, Kriner P, Lindstrom S, Jain S, Katz J, Finelli L, Olsen SJ, Kallen AJ. Transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus among healthcare personnel-Southern California, 2009. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:1149-57. [PMID: 22080652 DOI: 10.1086/662709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In April 2009, 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (hereafter, pH1N1) virus was identified in California, which caused widespread illness throughout the United States. We evaluated pH1N1 transmission among exposed healthcare personnel (HCP) and assessed the use and effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE) early in the outbreak. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Two hospitals and 1 outpatient clinic in Southern California during March 28-April 24, 2009. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-three HCP exposed to 6 of the first 8 cases of laboratory-confirmed pH1N1 in the United States. METHODS Baseline and follow-up questionnaires were used to collect demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical data. Paired serum samples were obtained to test for pH1N1-specific antibodies by microneutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition assays. Serology results were compared with HCP work setting, role, and self-reported PPE use. RESULTS Possible healthcare-associated pH1N1 transmission was identified in 9 (14%) of 63 exposed HCP; 6 (67%) of 9 seropositive HCP had asymptomatic infection. The highest attack rates occurred among outpatient HCP (6/19 [32%]) and among allied health staff (eg, technicians; 8/33 [24%]). Use of mask or N95 respirator was associated with remaining seronegative (P = .047). Adherence to PPE recommendations for preventing transmission of influenza virus and other respiratory pathogens was inadequate, particularly in outpatient settings. CONCLUSIONS pH1N1 transmission likely occurred in healthcare settings early in the pandemic associated with inadequate PPE use. Organizational support for a comprehensive approach to infectious hazards, including infection prevention training for inpatient- and outpatient-based HCP, is essential to improve HCP and patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer L Jaeger
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Fritz CL, Kriner P, Garcia D, Padgett KA, Espinosa A, Chase R, Hu R, Messenger SL. Tick infestation and spotted-fever group Rickettsia in shelter dogs, California, 2009. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 59:4-7. [PMID: 21824367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In response to an outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in Baja California in early 2009, dogs at two shelters in neighbouring Imperial County, California, were evaluated for ectoparasites. Brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), a recognized vector for RMSF, were found on 35 (30%) of 116 dogs but all ticks tested negative for Rickettsia rickettsii by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Fritz
- Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA 95899-7377, USA.
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12
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Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Balish A, Sessions WM, Xu X, Skepner E, Deyde V, Okomo-Adhiambo M, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Smith CB, Emery SL, Hillman MJ, Rivailler P, Smagala J, de Graaf M, Burke DF, Fouchier RAM, Pappas C, Alpuche-Aranda CM, López-Gatell H, Olivera H, López I, Myers CA, Faix D, Blair PJ, Yu C, Keene KM, Dotson PD, Boxrud D, Sambol AR, Abid SH, St George K, Bannerman T, Moore AL, Stringer DJ, Blevins P, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Ginsberg M, Kriner P, Waterman S, Smole S, Guevara HF, Belongia EA, Clark PA, Beatrice ST, Donis R, Katz J, Finelli L, Bridges CB, Shaw M, Jernigan DB, Uyeki TM, Smith DJ, Klimov AI, Cox NJ. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 2009; 325:197-201. [PMID: 19465683 PMCID: PMC3250984 DOI: 10.1126/science.1176225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1771] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since its identification in April 2009, an A(H1N1) virus containing a unique combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine lineages has continued to circulate in humans. The lack of similarity between the 2009 A(H1N1) virus and its nearest relatives indicates that its gene segments have been circulating undetected for an extended period. Its low genetic diversity suggests that the introduction into humans was a single event or multiple events of similar viruses. Molecular markers predictive of adaptation to humans are not currently present in 2009 A(H1N1) viruses, suggesting that previously unrecognized molecular determinants could be responsible for the transmission among humans. Antigenically the viruses are homogeneous and similar to North American swine A(H1N1) viruses but distinct from seasonal human A(H1N1).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Disease Outbreaks
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genes, Viral
- Genetic Variation
- Genome, Viral
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mutation
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Garten
- WHO Collaborating Center for Influenza, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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13
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Kriner P, Bernal Y. Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices Regarding Asthma Care Among Providers and Adult Asthmatics in Imperial County. CalJHealthProm 2003. [DOI: 10.32398/cjhp.v1i2.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a major cause of morbidity in children and adults. Imperial County has reported among the highest asthma hospitalization rates in the state. Factors such as poverty, access to care, poor selfmanagement skills, and ethnocultural beliefs may influence asthma exacerbations. Provider and adult asthmatic attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding asthma were examined using a mixed-methods approach: a survey to evaluate provider conformance with national guidelines, and focus groups targeting medical practitioners and adult asthmatics. Half of all providers who treat asthmatics completed a self-administered survey about asthma diagnosis; clinical monitoring of patients; treatment; patient education; and practice guidelines. Provider focus groups further explored survey results. Adult asthmatics participated in Spanishlanguage focus groups exploring cultural beliefs, attitudes, and practices. El asma es la mayor causa de morbilidad entre niños y adultos. El Condado de Imperial ha reportado las tazas más altas de hospitalización a causa de asma en el estado. Factores como la pobreza, acceso a cuidado médico, falta de experiencia sobre como manejar la enfermedad, y creencias étnicas y culturales pueden tener una influencia en las exacerbaciones del asma. Las actitudes, creencias, y prácticas de proveedores de atención médica y adultos concerniente al asma fueron examinadas utilizando varios métodos: una encuesta con el fin de evaluar el nivel de conformidad de los proveedores según las pautas establecidas a nivel nacional, y grupos foco con médicos y adultos con asma. La mitad de los proveedores que proveen atención a asmáticos completaron una encuesta acerca del diagnosis de asma; el monitoreo clínico de los pacientes; administración de tratamiento; educación a los pacientes; y pautas establecidas para proveer atención a pacientes con asma. Los grupos foco con los proveedores exploraron aun más los resultados de las encuestas. Los adultos con asma participaron en grupos foco dirigidos en español para explorar más a fondo las creencias culturales, actitudes y prácticas.
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Kriner P, Bernal Y. Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices Regarding Asthma Care Among Providers and Adult Asthmatics in Imperial County. CALIF J HEALTH PROMOT 2003. [DOI: 10.32398/cjhp.v1i2.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a major cause of morbidity in children and adults. Imperial County has reported among the highest asthma hospitalization rates in the state. Factors such as poverty, access to care, poor selfmanagement skills, and ethnocultural beliefs may influence asthma exacerbations. Provider and adult asthmatic attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding asthma were examined using a mixed-methods approach: a survey to evaluate provider conformance with national guidelines, and focus groups targeting medical practitioners and adult asthmatics. Half of all providers who treat asthmatics completed a self-administered survey about asthma diagnosis; clinical monitoring of patients; treatment; patient education; and practice guidelines. Provider focus groups further explored survey results. Adult asthmatics participated in Spanishlanguage focus groups exploring cultural beliefs, attitudes, and practices. El asma es la mayor causa de morbilidad entre niños y adultos. El Condado de Imperial ha reportado las tazas más altas de hospitalización a causa de asma en el estado. Factores como la pobreza, acceso a cuidado médico, falta de experiencia sobre como manejar la enfermedad, y creencias étnicas y culturales pueden tener una influencia en las exacerbaciones del asma. Las actitudes, creencias, y prácticas de proveedores de atención médica y adultos concerniente al asma fueron examinadas utilizando varios métodos: una encuesta con el fin de evaluar el nivel de conformidad de los proveedores según las pautas establecidas a nivel nacional, y grupos foco con médicos y adultos con asma. La mitad de los proveedores que proveen atención a asmáticos completaron una encuesta acerca del diagnosis de asma; el monitoreo clínico de los pacientes; administración de tratamiento; educación a los pacientes; y pautas establecidas para proveer atención a pacientes con asma. Los grupos foco con los proveedores exploraron aun más los resultados de las encuestas. Los adultos con asma participaron en grupos foco dirigidos en español para explorar más a fondo las creencias culturales, actitudes y prácticas.
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