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Jain S, Rana M, Choubey P, Kumar S. Schistosoma japonicum Associated Colorectal Cancer and Its Management. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:723-734. [PMID: 37594685 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between Schistosoma japonicum and colorectal cancer in humans has been known since a long time; however, this association remains understudied and lacks comprehensive experimentation support. OBJECTIVE Various epidemiological and pathological studies have established the role of chronic inflammation as a major factor behind the induction of colorectal cancer. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge on the association of Schistosoma japonicum with colorectal cancer. RESULT Mechanisms which lead to induction and progression of colorectal cancer are highlighted along with diagnosis and treatment for the same. Further, various methodologies, including mass drug administration, use of new drugs and vaccines, role of apoptosis, and histone-modifying enzymes, have been described which can either prevent the schistosomal infection itself or can check it from reaching an advanced stage. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological, clinical, pathological and surgical studies suggest that Schistosoma japonicum is responsible for induction of colorectal cancer. However, thorough clinical studies are required to support and globally accept this notion. Further, methodologies highlighted in this work can be employed in order to take care of schistosomal infection or address the cancer induction and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Jain
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Rewari, Haryana, India.
| | - Meenakshi Rana
- Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Lodhi Road, Pragati Vihaar, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Pooja Choubey
- Department of Zoology, Gate No. 3, Chaatra Marg, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, ESIC Dental College and Hospital, Rohini, Sector-15, Delhi, 110089, India
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Rana M, Choubey P, Nandi G, Jain S, Bajaj D, Sharma S, Basu-Modak S. Expression of angiogenic factors in the placenta of heme oxygenase-1 deficient mouse embryo. Reprod Biol 2023; 23:100822. [PMID: 37979494 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), the inducible form of heme degrading enzymes Hmoxs, is important for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. A growing body of evidence suggests an association between Hmox1 and angiogenesis, including placental angiogenesis. In this study, we examined the expression of two angiogenic factors in the placentas of Hmox1 deficient mouse embryos, whose expression was found to be related to that of Hmox1. Relative protein levels and localization of Hmoxs and two angiogenic factors [Vegf and Prolactin along with their receptors, and Cd31/Pecam1] were compared in the placentas of Hmox1 wildtype and knockout mouse embryos using western blotting and immunohistochemistry along with histological analysis. The results revealed tissue disorganisation, reduced area of labyrinth and smaller nuclear size of trophoblast giant cell in the placentas of knockout embryos. The levels of Hmox2, prolactin, and Cd31/Pecam1 were found to be altered in knockout placentas, whereas Vegf and its receptors seem to be unaltered in our samples. Overall, our findings imply that Hmox2 is unlikely to compensate for Hmox1 deficiency in knockout placentas, and altered levels of prolactin and Cd31/Pecam1 hint towards impaired angiogenesis in these placentas. Further investigation would be needed to understand the molecular mechanism of defective angiogenesis in the placentas of Hmox1 knockout mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rana
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, India; Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, India.
| | | | - Gouri Nandi
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, India; Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Sidhant Jain
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, India; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education, India
| | - Divya Bajaj
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, India; Department of Zoology, Hindu College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Sonika Sharma
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, India; Department of Zoology, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, India
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Rana M, Bajaj D, Choubey P, Jain S, Basu-Modak S. Altered Expression of Heme Oxygenase 2 in Heme Oxygenase 1-deficient Mouse Embryos. J Histochem Cytochem 2023; 71:431-450. [PMID: 37480265 PMCID: PMC10424577 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231189310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenases (Hmoxs) are enzymes that catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide, iron, and biliverdin. The two main isozymes, namely Hmox1 and Hmox2, are encoded by two different genes. Mutation of the Hmox1 gene in mice is known to cause extensive prenatal lethality, and limited information is available about the expression of Hmox proteins in developing mouse embryos. In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to perform a detailed investigation comparing Hmox proteins in Hmox1 wild-type and knockout (KO) mouse embryos collected from wild-type and heterozygous timed-matings. Western analysis for Hmoxs was also done in the organs of late-gestation embryos. The results demonstrated cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of Hmoxs in all the organs examined in wild-type embryos. Interestingly, Hmox2 immunoreactive protein signals were significantly low in most of the organs of mid- and late-gestation Hmox1-KO embryos. Furthermore, relative levels of Hmox2 were revealed to be significantly lower in the lung and kidney of late-gestation Hmox1-KO embryos by western analysis, which complemented the immunohistochemistry findings in these two organs. The current study provides detailed immunoexpression patterns of Hmox proteins in wild-type and Hmox1-KO mouse embryos in mid- and late-gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rana
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Bajaj
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Choubey
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sidhant Jain
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Rewari, Haryana, India
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Jain S, Nandi G, Choubey P, Rana M, Basu-Modak S. Correction to "Determination and analysis of sex ratios in heme oxygenase 1 gene targeted mouse embryos". Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:954. [PMID: 37029495 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Jain
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Gouri Nandi
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Choubey
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Rana
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Tomar P, Rajoriya JS, Ojha BK, Singh AK, Deshpande D, Choubey P, Raje A, Mishra GK, Perumal P. Tinospora cordifolia modulates the seminal parameters, leakage of intracellular enzymes and seminal antioxidants in equilibrated and cryopreserved semen of Sahiwal bulls. Reprod Domest Anim 2023. [PMID: 37009827 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy or Guduchi) in the semen extender on seminal parameters, leakage of intracellular enzymes and antioxidants in semen of Sahiwal bull. A total of 48 ejaculates from four bulls were selected for the study. Spermatozoa of 25×106 were incubated in 100, 300 and 500 μg of stem extract of Guduchi as Gr II, III and IV, respectively and pre-freeze and post-thaw semen samples were analysed for seminal parameters (motility, viability, total sperm abnormality; TSA, plasma membrane integrity; PMI, and acrosomal integrity; AcI), intracellular enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase; AST and lactate dehydrogenase; LDH) and seminal antioxidants (superoxide dismutase; SOD and catalase) in comparison with an untreated control group (Gr I). The results revealed that stem extract treated semen had significantly (p<0.05) higher motility, viability, PMI, AcI, SOD and catalase and had significantly (p<0.05) lower TSA, AST and LDH compared to those in untreated control group at pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. Semen treated with 100 μg stem extract /25×106 spermatozoa had significantly (p<0.05) higher motility, viability, PMI, AcI, SOD and catalase and had significantly (p<0.05) lower TSA, AST and LDH compared to those in control, 300, and 500 μg treated groups at pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. Further, these seminal parameters and antioxidants were showing decreasing trend and TSA and leakage of intra-cellular enzymes were showing increasing trend from Gr II to Gr IV at pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. Thus, 100 μg/25×106 spermatozoa were optimum or suitable dose for cryopreservation of Sahiwal bull semen. The study concluded that T. cordifolia stem extract 100 μg/25×106 spermatozoa in the semen extender can be effectively utilized to reduce the oxidative stress and improve the pre-freeze and post-thaw seminal parameters in Sahiwal bull. However, further studies on effects of different concentrations of stem extract on in-vitro or in-vivo fertility trials are to be conducted to assess the impact of the stem extract supplementation in the semen extender on field pregnancy outcome in bovine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tomar
- NDVSU-College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - J S Rajoriya
- NDVSU-College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - B K Ojha
- NDVSU-College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A K Singh
- NDVSU-College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - D Deshpande
- Central Semen Station, Bhadbhada, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - P Choubey
- Central Semen Station, Bhadbhada, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A Raje
- NDVSU-College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - G K Mishra
- NDVSU-College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - P Perumal
- ICAR-Central, Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
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Jain S, Nandi G, Choubey P, Rana M. Determination and analysis of sex ratios in heme oxygenase 1 gene targeted mouse embryos. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:179-187. [PMID: 36086893 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase 1 or Hmox1 enzyme is involved in catalyzing the first and rate-limiting step in heme breakdown reactions. Many studies have reported a partial lethality of Hmox1 knockout mice obtained from heterozygous breeding pairs. Similar results were obtained in our transgenic mice colony and a sex specific bias was observed in the favor of males in the adult mice. Hmox1 independent factors which could have caused this bias were initially analyzed and it was found that those factors were not a reason behind this anomaly. Certain studies involving gene knockout hinted toward a prenatal or neonatal lethality of female knockout mice embryos or pups, respectively. In order to check if this bias was occurring in embryonic stages, that is, either if mutant female embryos were dying or if heterozygous mothers were not carrying embryos to term, we analyzed the sex-ratios in mid- and late-gestational ages (9.5-13.5 dpc and 14.5-18.5 dpc, respectively). Our results did not indicate any significant difference in the sex ratios in embryonic stages; hence, it was concluded that females are not dying in embryonic stages. It can be speculated that these deaths were probably occurring at neonatal age. More studies are required to confirm that the lack of Hmox1 gene products is the sole reason for this female lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Jain
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, India.,Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gouri Nandi
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, India.,Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Choubey
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Rana
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, India.,Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Abstract
Prolactin, a pituitary hormone that was discovered about 80 years ago and is primarily known for its functions in mammary gland development and lactation, is now known to participate in numerous functions across different phylogenetic groups. Fundamentally known for its secretion from lactotroph cells in adenohypophysis region of pituitary gland, newer studies have demonstrated a number of extrapituitary sites which secrete prolactin, where it acts in an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine manner to regulate essential physiological and biochemical processes. These sites include lymphocytes, epithelial cells of lactating mammary glands, breast cancer cells of epithelial origin, and the placenta. The placenta is one of the most important organs secreting prolactin; however, its role in placental biology has not to date been reviewed comprehensively. This review elaborates upon the various facets of prolactin hormone, including prolactin production and its post-translational modifications and signaling. Major emphasis is placed on placental prolactin and its potential roles, ranging from the role of prolactin in angiogenesis, preeclampsia, maternal diabetes, and anti-apoptosis, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rana
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
- Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110003, India.
| | - Sidhant Jain
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Pooja Choubey
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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