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Phalora P, Klenerman P. MR1: An unconventional twist in the tail. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202211016. [PMID: 36374222 PMCID: PMC9665901 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1 is a conserved molecule that binds microbial vitamin B metabolites and presents them to unconventional T cells. Lim and colleagues (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202110125) uncover the role of AP2 in ensuring MR1 surface presentation, which relies on an atypical motif within the MR1 cytoplasmic tail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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McNaughton AL, Paton RS, Edmans M, Youngs J, Wellens J, Phalora P, Fyfe A, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Bolton JS, Ball J, Carnell GW, Dejnirattisai W, Dold C, Eyre DW, Hopkins P, Howarth A, Kooblall K, Klim H, Leaver S, Lee LN, López-Camacho C, Lumley SF, Macallan DC, Mentzer AJ, Provine NM, Ratcliff J, Slon-Compos J, Skelly D, Stolle L, Supasa P, Temperton N, Walker C, Wang B, Wyncoll D, Simmonds P, Lambe T, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Openshaw PJ, Obolski U, Turner M, Carroll M, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton G, Kennedy SH, Jarvis L, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Lourenço J, Matthews PC, Bicanic T, Klenerman P, Gupta S, Thompson CP. Fatal COVID-19 outcomes are associated with an antibody response targeting epitopes shared with endemic coronaviruses. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156372. [PMID: 35608920 PMCID: PMC9310533 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immune responses to previously seen endemic coronavirus epitopes in severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and disease progression has not yet been determined. Here, we show that a key characteristic of fatal outcomes with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is that the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is enriched for antibodies directed against epitopes shared with endemic beta-coronaviruses and has a lower proportion of antibodies targeting the more protective variable regions of the spike. The magnitude of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein, its domains and subunits, and the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid also correlated strongly with responses to the endemic beta-coronavirus spike proteins in individuals admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with fatal COVID-19 outcomes, but not in individuals with nonfatal outcomes. This correlation was found to be due to the antibody response directed at the S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which has the highest degree of conservation between the beta-coronavirus spike proteins. Intriguingly, antibody responses to the less cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid were not significantly different in individuals who were admitted to an ICU with fatal and nonfatal outcomes, suggesting an antibody profile in individuals with fatal outcomes consistent with an "original antigenic sin" type response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. McNaughton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Youngs
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Wellens
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alex Fyfe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jai S. Bolton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Ball
- General Intensive Care service, St George’s University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - George W. Carnell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David W. Eyre
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hopkins
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Howarth
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kreepa Kooblall
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, and
| | - Hannah Klim
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Future of Humanity Institute, Department of Philosophy, and
| | - Susannah Leaver
- General Intensive Care service, St George’s University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lian Ni Lee
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Sheila F. Lumley
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derek C. Macallan
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jose Slon-Compos
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Donal Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Stolle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Walker
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Beibei Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Duncan Wyncoll
- Intensive Care Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter Simmonds
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm G. Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marc Turner
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- Siriraj Center of Research for Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Jarvis
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José Lourenço
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tihana Bicanic
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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3
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Phetsouphanh C, Phalora P, Hackstein CP, Thornhill J, Munier CML, Meyerowitz J, Murray L, VanVuuren C, Goedhals D, Drexhage L, Russell RA, Sattentau QJ, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Fidler S, Kelleher AD, Frater J, Klenerman P. Human MAIT cells respond to and suppress HIV-1. eLife 2021; 10:e50324. [PMID: 34951583 PMCID: PMC8752121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human MAIT cells sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, are polyfunctional and are capable of killing pathogen infected cells via recognition of the Class IB molecule MR1. MAIT cells have recently been shown to possess an antiviral protective role in vivo and we therefore sought to explore this in relation to HIV-1 infection. There was marked activation of MAIT cells in vivo in HIV-1-infected individuals, which decreased following ART. Stimulation of THP1 monocytes with R5 tropic HIVBAL potently activated MAIT cells in vitro. This activation was dependent on IL-12 and IL-18 but was independent of the TCR. Upon activation, MAIT cells were able to upregulate granzyme B, IFNγ and HIV-1 restriction factors CCL3, 4, and 5. Restriction factors produced by MAIT cells inhibited HIV-1 infection of primary PBMCs and immortalized target cells in vitro. These data reveal MAIT cells to be an additional T cell population responding to HIV-1, with a potentially important role in controlling viral replication at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Lyle Murray
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Dominique Goedhals
- Division of Virology, University of the Free State/National Health Laboratory ServiceFree StateSouth Africa
| | - Linnea Drexhage
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Russell
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey YW Mak
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | | | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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4
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Hagel JP, Garner LC, Bilton M, Mehta H, Leng T, Hackstein CP, Phalora P, Amini A, Akther HD, Provine NM, Edmans M, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. Human MAIT Cell Activation In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2098:97-124. [PMID: 31792818 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0207-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant innate-like T cell subset in humans, enriched in mucosal tissues and the liver. MAIT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and recognize microbial-derived riboflavin metabolites presented on the MHC Class I-like molecule MR1. In addition to activation via the TCR, MAIT cells can also be activated in response to cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-18, in contrast to conventional T cells. Here we describe TCR-dependent and -independent methods for MAIT cell activation. The TCR-dependent approaches include stimulation with microbead- or plate-bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies, and with 5-OP-RU or paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixed E. coli in the presence of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The latter method includes a combination of TCR- and cytokine-mediated stimulation. The TCR-independent methods include direct stimulation with the recombinant cytokines IL-12 and IL-18, and indirect stimulation with TLR-4/TLR-8 agonists or influenza A virus in the presence of APCs. Finally, we outline a protocol to analyze activated MAIT cells using flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim P Hagel
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy C Garner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Bilton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hema Mehta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tianqi Leng
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ali Amini
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hossain D Akther
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas M Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Tiraboschi J, Ray S, Patel K, Teague A, Pace M, Phalora P, Robinson N, Hopkins E, Meyerowitz J, Wang Y, Cason J, Kaye S, Sanderson J, Klenerman P, Fidler S, Frater J, Fox J. The impact of immunoglobulin in acute HIV infection on the HIV reservoir: a randomized controlled trial. HIV Med 2017; 18:777-781. [PMID: 28719012 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute HIV infection (AHI) restricts the HIV reservoir, but additional interventions are necessary to induce a cure. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is not HIV-specific but is safe and temporarily reduces the HIV reservoir in chronic HIV infection. We present a randomized controlled trial to investigate whether IVIG plus ART in AHI reduces the HIV reservoir and immune activation compared with ART alone. METHODS Ten men with AHI (Fiebig II-IV) initiated ART (tenofovir, entricitabine, ritonavir boosted darunavir and raltegravir) at HIV-1 diagnosis and were randomized to ART alone or ART plus 5 days of IVIG, once virally suppressed (week 19). Blood samples were evaluated for viral reservoir, immune activation, immune exhaustion and microbial translocation. Flexible sigmoidoscopy was performed at weeks 19, 24 and 48, and gut proviral DNA and cell numbers determined. RESULTS IVIG was well tolerated and no viral blips (> 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) occurred during IVIG therapy. From baseline to week 48, total HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (cases: -3.7 log10 copies/106 CD4 cells; controls: -3.87 log10 copies/106 CD4 cells) declined with no differences observed between the groups (P = 0.49). Declines were observed in both groups from week 19 to week 48 in total HIV DNA in PBMCs (P = 0.38), serum low copy RNA (P = 0.57) and gut total HIV DNA (P = 0.55), but again there were no significant differences between arms. Biomarkers of immune activation, immune exhaustion and microbial translocation and the CD4:CD8 ratio were similar between arms for all comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Although safe, IVIG in AHI did not impact total HIV DNA, immune function or microbial translocation in peripheral blood or gut tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tiraboschi
- Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Ray
- Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - K Patel
- Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A Teague
- Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Pace
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Y Wang
- Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Cason
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - S Kaye
- Oxford National Institute of Health, Oxford, UK
| | - J Sanderson
- Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - S Fidler
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Frater
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - J Fox
- Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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6
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Tiraboschi J, Ray S, Patel K, Pace M, Phalora P, Robinson N, Hopkins E, Meyerowitz J, Wang Y, Davies O, Mant C, Cason J, Kaye S, Sanderson J, Fidler S, Klenerman P, Frater J, Fox J. Short Communication: Lack of Effect of Maraviroc Intensification on Blood and Gut Reservoir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:143-146. [PMID: 27917639 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We show that intensification of treatment with maraviroc in patients chronically infected with HIV-1 receiving successful long-term antiretroviral therapy was not associated with improvements in HIV-related morbidity, HIV reservoir, microbial translocation, immune activation, or immune exhaustion in either gut or peripheral blood. The measurement of reservoir in both gut and blood longitudinally contributes to a paucity of data in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tiraboschi
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shuvra Ray
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kemal Patel
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Pace
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanzhong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olubanke Davies
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Mant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Cason
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Kaye
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Sanderson
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - John Frater
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford National Institute of Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Ussher JE, van Wilgenburg B, Hannaway RF, Ruustal K, Phalora P, Kurioka A, Hansen TH, Willberg CB, Phillips RE, Klenerman P. TLR signaling in human antigen-presenting cells regulates MR1-dependent activation of MAIT cells. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1600-14. [PMID: 27105778 PMCID: PMC5297987 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant innate-like T lymphocyte population that are enriched in liver and mucosal tissues. They are restricted by MR1, which presents antigens derived from a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis, a pathway present in many microbial species, including commensals. Therefore, MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation must be tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate activation and immunopathology. Using an in vitro model of MR1-mediated activation of primary human MAIT cells, we investigated the mechanisms by which it is regulated. Uptake of intact bacteria by antigen presenting cells (APCs) into acidified endolysosomal compartments was required for efficient MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation, while stimulation with soluble ligand was inefficient. Consistent with this, little MR1 was seen at the surface of human monocytic (THP1) and B-cell lines. Activation with a TLR ligand increased the amount of MR1 at the surface of THP1 but not B-cell lines, suggesting differential regulation in different cell types. APC activation and NF-κB signaling were critical for MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation. In primary cells, however, prolonged TLR signaling led to downregulation of MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation. Overall, MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation is a tightly regulated process, dependent on integration of innate signals by APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Ussher
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bonnie van Wilgenburg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel F Hannaway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kerstin Ruustal
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ted H Hansen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney E Phillips
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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8
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Ussher JE, Phalora P, Cosgrove C, Hannaway RF, Rauch A, Günthard HF, Goulder P, Phillips RE, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. Molecular Analyses Define Vα7.2-Jα33+ MAIT Cell Depletion in HIV Infection: A Case-Control Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1134. [PMID: 26200614 PMCID: PMC4603017 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant antibacterial innate-like lymphocyte population. There are conflicting reports as to their fate in HIV infection. The objective of this study was to determine whether MAIT cells are truly depleted in HIV infection. In this case-control study of HIV-positive patients and healthy controls, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the abundance of messenger RNA (mRNA) and genomic DNA (gDNA) encoding the canonical MAIT cell T cell receptor (Vα7.2-Jα33). Comparison was made with flow cytometry. Significant depletion of both Vα7.2-Jα33 mRNA and gDNA was seen in HIV infection. Depletion of Vα7.2+CD161++ T cells was confirmed by flow cytometry. In HIV infection, the abundance of Vα7.2-Jα33 mRNA correlated most strongly with the frequency of Vα7.2+CD161++ cells. No increase was observed in the frequency of Vα7.2+CD161- cells among CD3+CD4- lymphocytes. MAIT cells are depleted from blood in HIV infection as confirmed by independent assays. Significant accumulation of a CD161- MAIT cell population is unlikely. Molecular approaches represent a suitable alternative to flow cytometry-based assays for tracking of MAIT cells in HIV and other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Ussher
- From the Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research (JEU, PP, CC, PG, REP, CBW, PK), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Microbiology and Immunology (JEU, RFH), University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (CC), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases (AR), University Hospital Berne and University of Berne, Berne; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology and Institute of Medical Virology (HFG), University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Phalora P, Mahiet C, Malim M, Swanson C. Post-transcriptional control of HIV-1 Gag expression. Retrovirology 2013. [PMCID: PMC3848301 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-s1-p87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Ward S, Phalora P, Bradshaw D, Leyendeckers H, Klenerman P. Direct Ex Vivo Evaluation of Long‐Lived Protective Antiviral Memory B Cell Responses against Hepatitis B Virus. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:813-7. [DOI: 10.1086/591094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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