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Jay C, Adland E, Csala A, Lim N, Longet S, Ogbe A, Ratcliff J, Sampson O, Thompson CP, Turtle L, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Klenerman P, Carroll M, Goulder P. Age- and sex-specific differences in immune responses to BNT162b2 COVID-19 and live-attenuated influenza vaccines in UK adolescents. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1248630. [PMID: 37942333 PMCID: PMC10627794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1248630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The key to understanding the COVID-19 correlates of protection is assessing vaccine-induced immunity in different demographic groups. Young people are at a lower risk of COVID-19 mortality, females are at a lower risk than males, and females often generate stronger immune responses to vaccination. Methods We studied immune responses to two doses of BNT162b2 Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine in an adolescent cohort (n = 34, ages 12-16), an age group previously shown to elicit significantly greater immune responses to the same vaccine than young adults. Adolescents were studied with the aim of comparing their response to BNT162b2 to that of adults; and to assess the impacts of other factors such as sex, ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection in schools, and prior exposure to endemic coronaviruses that circulate at high levels in young people. At the same time, we were able to evaluate immune responses to the co-administered live attenuated influenza vaccine. Blood samples from 34 adolescents taken before and after vaccination with COVID-19 and influenza vaccines were assayed for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and neutralising antibodies and cellular immunity specific for SARS-CoV-2 and endemic betacoronaviruses. The IgG targeting influenza lineages contained in the influenza vaccine were also assessed. Results Robust neutralising responses were identified in previously infected adolescents after one dose, and two doses were required in infection-naïve adolescents. As previously demonstrated, total IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 Spike were significantly higher among vaccinated adolescents than among adults (aged 32-52) who received the BNT162b2 vaccine (comparing infection-naïve, 49,696 vs. 33,339; p = 0.03; comparing SARS-CoV-2 previously infected, 743,691 vs. 269,985; p <0.0001) by the MSD v-plex assay. There was no evidence of a stronger vaccine-induced immunity in females compared than in males. Discussion These findings may result from the introduction of novel mRNA vaccination platforms, generating patterns of immunity divergent from established trends and providing new insights into what might be protective following COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Jay
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Csala
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sampson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Jay C, Adland E, Csala A, Dold C, Edmans M, Hackstein CP, Jamsen A, Lim N, Longet S, Ogbe A, Sampson O, Skelly D, Spiller OB, Stafford L, Thompson CP, Turtle L, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Carroll M, Klenerman P, Conlon C, Goulder P, Jones LC. Cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following intrafamilial exposure in seronegative family members. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1248658. [PMID: 37711627 PMCID: PMC10497976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1248658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Family studies of antiviral immunity provide an opportunity to assess virus-specific immunity in infected and highly exposed individuals, as well as to examine the dynamics of viral infection within families. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between family members represented a major route for viral spread during the early stages of the pandemic, due to the nature of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through close contacts. Methods Here, humoral and cellular immunity is explored in 264 SARS-CoV-2 infected, exposed or unexposed individuals from 81 families in the United Kingdom sampled in the winter of 2020 before widespread vaccination and infection. Results We describe robust cellular and humoral immunity into COVID-19 convalescence, albeit with marked heterogeneity between families and between individuals. T-cell response magnitude is associated with male sex and older age by multiple linear regression. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in seronegative individuals are widespread, particularly in adults and in individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 through an infected family member. The magnitude of this response is associated with the number of seropositive family members, with a greater number of seropositive individuals within a family leading to stronger T-cell immunity in seronegative individuals. Discussion These results support a model whereby exposure to SARS-CoV-2 promotes T-cell immunity in the absence of an antibody response. The source of these seronegative T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested as cross-reactive immunity to endemic coronaviruses that is expanded upon SARS-CoV-2 exposure. However, in this study, no association between HCoV-specific immunity and seronegative T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is identified, suggesting that de novo T-cell immunity may be generated in seronegative SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Jay
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Csala
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anni Jamsen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sampson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Donal Skelly
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Owen B. Spiller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lizzie Stafford
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ellie Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Conlon
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy C. Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Thompson RN, Southall E, Daon Y, Lovell-Read FA, Iwami S, Thompson CP, Obolski U. The impact of cross-reactive immunity on the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1049458. [PMID: 36713397 PMCID: PMC9874934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A key feature of the COVID-19 pandemic has been the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with different transmission characteristics. However, when a novel variant arrives in a host population, it will not necessarily lead to many cases. Instead, it may fade out, due to stochastic effects and the level of immunity in the population. Immunity against novel SARS-CoV-2 variants may be influenced by prior exposures to related viruses, such as other SARS-CoV-2 variants and seasonal coronaviruses, and the level of cross-reactive immunity conferred by those exposures. Methods Here, we investigate the impact of cross-reactive immunity on the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants in a simplified scenario in which a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant is introduced after an antigenically related virus has spread in the population. We use mathematical modelling to explore the risk that the novel variant invades the population and causes a large number of cases, as opposed to fading out with few cases. Results We find that, if cross-reactive immunity is complete (i.e. someone infected by the previously circulating virus is not susceptible to the novel variant), the novel variant must be more transmissible than the previous virus to invade the population. However, in a more realistic scenario in which cross-reactive immunity is partial, we show that it is possible for novel variants to invade, even if they are less transmissible than previously circulating viruses. This is because partial cross-reactive immunity effectively increases the pool of susceptible hosts that are available to the novel variant compared to complete cross-reactive immunity. Furthermore, if previous infection with the antigenically related virus assists the establishment of infection with the novel variant, as has been proposed following some experimental studies, then even variants with very limited transmissibility are able to invade the host population. Discussion Our results highlight that fast assessment of the level of cross-reactive immunity conferred by related viruses against novel SARS-CoV-2 variants is an essential component of novel variant risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N. Thompson
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Robin N. Thompson,
| | - Emma Southall
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Yair Daon
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Shingo Iwami
- Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Wellens J, Edmans M, Obolski U, McGregor CG, Simmonds P, Turner M, Jarvis L, Skelly D, Dunachie S, Barnes E, Eyre DW, Colombel JF, Wong SY, Klenerman P, Lindsay JO, Satsangi J, Thompson CP. Combination therapy of infliximab and thiopurines, but not monotherapy with infliximab or vedolizumab, is associated with attenuated IgA and neutralisation responses to SARS-CoV-2 in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2022; 71:1919-1922. [PMID: 34911744 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wellens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Porter School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Turner
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa Jarvis
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donal Skelly
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Serre-Yu Wong
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James O Lindsay
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jack Satsangi
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig P Thompson
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK .,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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McNaughton AL, Paton RS, Edmans M, Youngs J, Wellens J, Phalora P, Fyfe A, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Bolton JS, Ball J, Carnell GW, Dejnirattisai W, Dold C, Eyre DW, Hopkins P, Howarth A, Kooblall K, Klim H, Leaver S, Lee LN, López-Camacho C, Lumley SF, Macallan DC, Mentzer AJ, Provine NM, Ratcliff J, Slon-Compos J, Skelly D, Stolle L, Supasa P, Temperton N, Walker C, Wang B, Wyncoll D, Simmonds P, Lambe T, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Openshaw PJ, Obolski U, Turner M, Carroll M, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton G, Kennedy SH, Jarvis L, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Lourenço J, Matthews PC, Bicanic T, Klenerman P, Gupta S, Thompson CP. Fatal COVID-19 outcomes are associated with an antibody response targeting epitopes shared with endemic coronaviruses. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156372. [PMID: 35608920 PMCID: PMC9310533 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immune responses to previously seen endemic coronavirus epitopes in severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and disease progression has not yet been determined. Here, we show that a key characteristic of fatal outcomes with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is that the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is enriched for antibodies directed against epitopes shared with endemic beta-coronaviruses and has a lower proportion of antibodies targeting the more protective variable regions of the spike. The magnitude of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein, its domains and subunits, and the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid also correlated strongly with responses to the endemic beta-coronavirus spike proteins in individuals admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with fatal COVID-19 outcomes, but not in individuals with nonfatal outcomes. This correlation was found to be due to the antibody response directed at the S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which has the highest degree of conservation between the beta-coronavirus spike proteins. Intriguingly, antibody responses to the less cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid were not significantly different in individuals who were admitted to an ICU with fatal and nonfatal outcomes, suggesting an antibody profile in individuals with fatal outcomes consistent with an "original antigenic sin" type response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. McNaughton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Youngs
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Wellens
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alex Fyfe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jai S. Bolton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Ball
- General Intensive Care service, St George’s University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - George W. Carnell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David W. Eyre
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hopkins
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Howarth
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kreepa Kooblall
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, and
| | - Hannah Klim
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Future of Humanity Institute, Department of Philosophy, and
| | - Susannah Leaver
- General Intensive Care service, St George’s University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lian Ni Lee
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Sheila F. Lumley
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derek C. Macallan
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jose Slon-Compos
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Donal Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Stolle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Walker
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Beibei Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Duncan Wyncoll
- Intensive Care Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter Simmonds
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm G. Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marc Turner
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- Siriraj Center of Research for Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Jarvis
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José Lourenço
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tihana Bicanic
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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6
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Youngs J, Provine NM, Lim N, Sharpe HR, Amini A, Chen YL, Luo J, Edmans MD, Zacharopoulou P, Chen W, Sampson O, Paton R, Hurt WJ, Duncan DA, McNaughton AL, Miao VN, Leaver S, Wyncoll DLA, Ball J, Hopkins P, Skelly DT, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Ogg G, Lambe T, Pavord I, Shalek AK, Thompson CP, Xue L, Macallan DC, Goulder P, Klenerman P, Bicanic T. Identification of immune correlates of fatal outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009804. [PMID: 34529726 PMCID: PMC8445447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated that immunologic dysfunction underpins severe illness in COVID-19 patients, but have lacked an in-depth analysis of the immunologic drivers of death in the most critically ill patients. We performed immunophenotyping of viral antigen-specific and unconventional T cell responses, neutralizing antibodies, and serum proteins in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, using influenza infection, SARS-CoV-2-convalescent health care workers, and healthy adults as controls. We identify mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell activation as an independent and significant predictor of death in COVID-19 (HR = 5.92, 95% CI = 2.49-14.1). MAIT cell activation correlates with several other mortality-associated immunologic measures including broad activation of CD8+ T cells and non-Vδ2 γδT cells, and elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines, including GM-CSF, CXCL10, CCL2, and IL-6. MAIT cell activation is also a predictor of disease severity in influenza (ECMO/death HR = 4.43, 95% CI = 1.08-18.2). Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals a shift from focused IFNα-driven signals in COVID-19 ICU patients who survive to broad pro-inflammatory responses in fatal COVID-19 -a feature not observed in severe influenza. We conclude that fatal COVID-19 infection is driven by uncoordinated inflammatory responses that drive a hierarchy of T cell activation, elements of which can serve as prognostic indicators and potential targets for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Youngs
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ali Amini
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Luo
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Edmans
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiota Zacharopoulou
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wentao Chen
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sampson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Paton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William J. Hurt
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Duncan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L. McNaughton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent N. Miao
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susannah Leaver
- Intensive Care Medicine, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. A. Wyncoll
- Intensive Care Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Ball
- Intensive Care Medicine, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hopkins
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, & Medicine, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Donal T. Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Pavord
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luzheng Xue
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derek C. Macallan
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tihana Bicanic
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Wing PAC, Keeley TP, Zhuang X, Lee JY, Prange-Barczynska M, Tsukuda S, Morgan SB, Harding AC, Argles ILA, Kurlekar S, Noerenberg M, Thompson CP, Huang KYA, Balfe P, Watashi K, Castello A, Hinks TSC, James W, Ratcliffe PJ, Davis I, Hodson EJ, Bishop T, McKeating JA. Hypoxic and pharmacological activation of HIF inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung epithelial cells. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109020. [PMID: 33852916 PMCID: PMC8020087 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is a global health issue with more than 2 million fatalities to date. Viral replication is shaped by the cellular microenvironment, and one important factor to consider is oxygen tension, in which hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) regulates transcriptional responses to hypoxia. SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects cells of the respiratory tract, entering via its spike glycoprotein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). We demonstrate that hypoxia and the HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor Roxadustat reduce ACE2 expression and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in lung epithelial cells via an HIF-1α-dependent pathway. Hypoxia and Roxadustat inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication, showing that post-entry steps in the viral life cycle are oxygen sensitive. This study highlights the importance of HIF signaling in regulating multiple aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and raises the potential use of HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A C Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas P Keeley
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey Y Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Prange-Barczynska
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie B Morgan
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam C Harding
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Samvid Kurlekar
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marko Noerenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig P Thompson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Peter Balfe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Alfredo Castello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Timothy S C Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Peter J Ratcliffe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma J Hodson
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tammie Bishop
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Thompson CP, Grayson NE, Paton RS, Bolton JS, Lourenço J, Penman BS, Lee LN, Odon V, Mongkolsapaya J, Chinnakannan S, Dejnirattisai W, Edmans M, Fyfe A, Imlach C, Kooblall K, Lim N, Liu C, López-Camacho C, McInally C, McNaughton AL, Ramamurthy N, Ratcliff J, Supasa P, Sampson O, Wang B, Mentzer AJ, Turner M, Semple MG, Baillie K, Harvala H, Screaton GR, Temperton N, Klenerman P, Jarvis LM, Gupta S, Simmonds P. Detection of neutralising antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 to determine population exposure in Scottish blood donors between March and May 2020. Euro Surveill 2020; 25:2000685. [PMID: 33094713 PMCID: PMC7651873 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.42.2000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe progression and geographical distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the United Kingdom (UK) and elsewhere is unknown because typically only symptomatic individuals are diagnosed. We performed a serological study of blood donors in Scotland in the spring of 2020 to detect neutralising antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 as a marker of past infection and epidemic progression.AimOur objective was to determine if sera from blood bank donors can be used to track the emergence and progression of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic.MethodsA pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus microneutralisation assay was used to detect neutralising antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The study comprised samples from 3,500 blood donors collected in Scotland between 17 March and 18 May 2020. Controls were collected from 100 donors in Scotland during 2019.ResultsAll samples collected on 17 March 2020 (n = 500) were negative in the pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus microneutralisation assay. Neutralising antibodies were detected in six of 500 donors from 23 to 26 March. The number of samples containing neutralising antibodies did not significantly rise after 5-6 April until the end of the study on 18 May. We found that infections were concentrated in certain postcodes, indicating that outbreaks of infection were extremely localised. In contrast, other areas remained comparatively untouched by the epidemic.ConclusionAlthough blood donors are not representative of the overall population, we demonstrated that serosurveys of blood banks can serve as a useful tool for tracking the emergence and progression of an epidemic such as the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas E Grayson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jai S Bolton
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget S Penman
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lian N Lee
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Odon
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Senthil Chinnakannan
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Fyfe
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Imlach
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kreepa Kooblall
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chang Liu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - César López-Camacho
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carol McInally
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L McNaughton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Narayan Ramamurthy
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sampson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beibei Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Turner
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Baillie
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Heli Harvala
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Jarvis
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Thompson RN, Thompson CP, Pelerman O, Gupta S, Obolski U. Increased frequency of travel in the presence of cross-immunity may act to decrease the chance of a global pandemic. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180274. [PMID: 31056047 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The high frequency of modern travel has led to concerns about a devastating pandemic since a lethal pathogen strain could spread worldwide quickly. Many historical pandemics have arisen following pathogen evolution to a more virulent form. However, some pathogen strains invoke immune responses that provide partial cross-immunity against infection with related strains. Here, we consider a mathematical model of successive outbreaks of two strains-a low virulence (LV) strain outbreak followed by a high virulence (HV) strain outbreak. Under these circumstances, we investigate the impacts of varying travel rates and cross-immunity on the probability that a major epidemic of the HV strain occurs, and the size of that outbreak. Frequent travel between subpopulations can lead to widespread immunity to the HV strain, driven by exposure to the LV strain. As a result, major epidemics of the HV strain are less likely, and can potentially be smaller, with more connected subpopulations. Cross-immunity may be a factor contributing to the absence of a global pandemic as severe as the 1918 influenza pandemic in the century since. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Thompson
- 1 Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford , Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG , UK.,2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS , UK.,3 Christ Church, University of Oxford , St Aldate's, Oxford OX1 1DP , UK
| | - C P Thompson
- 2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS , UK
| | - O Pelerman
- 4 The Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - S Gupta
- 2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS , UK
| | - U Obolski
- 2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS , UK.,5 School of Public Health , Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv , Israel.,6 Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University , Israel
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10
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Abstract
The antigenic evolution of influenza is widely assumed to occur by antigenic drift, in which strains incrementally acquire mutations in highly variable epitopes under strong immune selective pressure, such as those in the major influenza antigen haemagglutinin. However, this is not easy to reconcile with epidemiological observations, which show that each influenza season is dominated by a limited number of strains. Here, we discuss this paradox in light of recent influenza epidemics that have been characterised by low vaccine effectiveness and dominated by strains of limited antigenic and genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uri Obolski
- a Department of Zoology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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11
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Thompson CP, Lourenço J, Walters AA, Obolski U, Edmans M, Palmer DS, Kooblall K, Carnell GW, O'Connor D, Bowden TA, Pybus OG, Pollard AJ, Temperton NJ, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Gupta S. A naturally protective epitope of limited variability as an influenza vaccine target. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3859. [PMID: 30242149 PMCID: PMC6155085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antigenic targets for influenza vaccine development are either highly immunogenic epitopes of high variability or conserved epitopes of low immunogenicity. This requires continuous update of the variable epitopes in the vaccine formulation or boosting of immunity to invariant epitopes of low natural efficacy. Here we identify a highly immunogenic epitope of limited variability in the head domain of the H1 haemagglutinin protein. We show that a cohort of young children exhibit natural immunity to a set of historical influenza strains which they could not have previously encountered and that this is partially mediated through the epitope. Furthermore, vaccinating mice with these epitope conformations can induce immunity to human H1N1 influenza strains that have circulated since 1918. The identification of epitopes of limited variability offers a mechanism by which a universal influenza vaccine can be created; these vaccines would also have the potential to protect against newly emerging influenza strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Adam A Walters
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Uri Obolski
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Duncan S Palmer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Kreepa Kooblall
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - George W Carnell
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, ME4 4BF, UK
| | - Daniel O'Connor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | | | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
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12
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Alharbi NK, Padron-Regalado E, Thompson CP, Kupke A, Wells D, Sloan MA, Grehan K, Temperton N, Lambe T, Warimwe G, Becker S, Hill AVS, Gilbert SC. ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:3780-3788. [PMID: 28579232 PMCID: PMC5516308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inserting tPA leader sequence enhanced humoral responses of ChAdOx1 MERS. ChAdOx1 MERS elicited cellular immunity and neutralising antibodies. ChAdOx1 MERS responses were boosted by MVA MERS. Immunogenicity of a single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS was equivalent to 2 doses of MVA MERS. In MVA, F11 promoter enhanced cellular, but not humoral, immunogenicity, comparing to mH5 promoter.
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected more than 1900 humans, since 2012. The syndrome ranges from asymptomatic and mild cases to severe pneumonia and death. The virus is believed to be circulating in dromedary camels without notable symptoms since the 1980s. Therefore, dromedary camels are considered the only animal source of infection. Neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are approved for veterinary or medical use despite active research on this area. Here, we developed four vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV based on ChAdOx1 and MVA viral vectors, two candidates per vector. All vaccines contained the full-length spike gene of MERS-CoV; ChAdOx1 MERS vaccines were produced with or without the leader sequence of the human tissue plasminogen activator gene (tPA) where MVA MERS vaccines were produced with tPA, but either the mH5 or F11 promoter driving expression of the spike gene. All vaccine candidates were evaluated in a mouse model in prime only or prime-boost regimens. ChAdOx1 MERS with tPA induced higher neutralising antibodies than ChAdOx1 MERS without tPA. A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS with tPA elicited cellular immune responses as well as neutralising antibodies that were boosted to a significantly higher level by MVA MERS. The humoral immunogenicity of a single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS with tPA was equivalent to two doses of MVA MERS (also with tPA). MVA MERS with mH5 or F11 promoter induced similar antibody levels; however, F11 promoter enhanced the cellular immunogenicity of MVA MERS to significantly higher magnitudes. In conclusion, our study showed that MERS-CoV vaccine candidates could be optimized by utilising different viral vectors, various genetic designs of the vectors, or different regimens to increase immunogenicity. ChAdOx1 and MVA vectored vaccines have been safely evaluated in camels and humans and these MERS vaccine candidates should now be tested in camels and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Khalaf Alharbi
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Craig P Thompson
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra Kupke
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, TTU Emerging Infections, Germany
| | - Daniel Wells
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Megan A Sloan
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Keith Grehan
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - George Warimwe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, TTU Emerging Infections, Germany
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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13
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Thompson CP, Anderson LP, Bakeman RA. Effects of racial socialization and racial identity on acculturative stress in African American college students. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2000; 6:196-210. [PMID: 10910532 DOI: 10.1037/1099-9809.6.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if racial identity mediates the relation between racial socialization and acculturative stress in African American university students, once demographic factors are accounted for. In a sample of 84 participants, significant relations were found between racial socialization and acculturative stress, racial socialization and racial identity, and racial identity and acculturative stress. Partial support for a mediational model was found, with the best predictors of acculturative stress being immersion attitudes and internalization attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA
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Sweeney KD, Deskin RW, Hokanson JA, Thompson CP, Yoo JK. Establishment of normal values of nasal choanal size in children: comparison of nasal choanal size in children with and without symptoms of nasal obstruction. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997; 39:51-7. [PMID: 9051439 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5876(96)01463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-eight pediatric patients between the ages of 2 and 13 years underwent intraoperative measurement of the nasal choanae using an instrument custom designed for this purpose by the Pilling Surgical Instrument Company. Additional data points recorded included age, surgical procedure, and the presence or absence of nasal obstructive symptoms which was determined by carefully questioning parents or guardians. Results were analyzed using linear regression, analysis of variance, and logistic regression. Data supported the following conclusions: (1) a linear relationship exists between age and average choanal size with the choanae enlarging at a rate of 0.208 +/- 0.09 mm per year (P < 0.03, r2 = 0.16); (2) there is no significant difference between the average choanal size in children with and without nasal obstructive symptoms; (3) the size of the posterior choanal air space cannot be used to accurately predict the presence or absence of nasal obstructive symptoms in children between the ages of 2 and 13 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Sweeney
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0521, USA
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Abstract
Two experiments investigated memory for the dates of events selected and recorded by subjects in diaries. In Experiment 1, personal events and public news events were compared, with retention time varying from 1 week up to 9 months. It was found that the day of the week was more accurately identified for personal events than for news events, that day-of-the-week (DOW) accuracy did not decrease with increasing retention time, and that memory of the personal context of both event types was more important for DOW accuracy than was memory of the core of the events. These results support our view that memory of the day of the week is mainly reconstructed by reference to a temporal week schema based on personal experiences, and that the relation of news events to the week schema is mediated by memory of personal context. The distribution of DOW errors was modeled as the outcome of a process of guessing constrained by subdivisions of the week schema, without assuming any special temporal memory trace. In Experiment 2, the model was shown to fit independently collected data from a different subject pool and country equally well.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Larsen
- Institute of Psychology, University of Aarhus, Risskov, Denmark
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Abstract
The use of different types of partial temporal information is shown to affect dating accuracy and the distribution of errors in event dating. Several different types of partial temporal information are discussed, but three are highlighted by the data. Specifically, subjects' dating error patterns suggest that they (1) use different types of within-week information, (2) use recalled event sequences, and (3) use boundary landmarks to report the dates of events. In general, these data suggest that although precise temporal information is sometimes represented in the memory trace for an event, more often the date-related information is inferred from other aspects of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Bluemont Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502
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Abstract
Four experiments examined the effects of language characteristics on voice identification. In Experiment 1, monolingual English listeners identified bilinguals' voices much better when they spoke English than when they spoke German. The opposite outcome was found in Experiment 2, in which the listeners were monolingual in German. In Experiment 3, monolingual English listeners also showed better voice identification when bilinguals spoke a familiar language (English) than when they spoke an unfamiliar one (Spanish). However, English-Spanish bilinguals hearing the same voices showed a different pattern, with the English-Spanish difference being statistically eliminated. Finally, Experiment 4 demonstrated that, for English-dominant listeners, voice recognition deteriorates systematically as the passage being spoken is made less similar to English by rearranging words, rearranging syllables, and reversing normal text. Taken together, the four experiments confirm that language familiarity plays an important role in voice identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Goggin
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, El Paso 79968-0553
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Thompson CP, Grady JK, Chasteen ND. The influence of uncoordinated histidines on iron release from transferrin. A chemical modification study. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:13128-34. [PMID: 3759950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histidine residues that influence the chelate-mediated removal of iron from transferrin have been investigated. Diferric human serum transferrin was chemically modified to various extents using ethoxyformic anhydride, a reagent for histidines. A kinetic analysis of the modification reaction revealed the presence of a fast reacting pool of 9 +/- .8 histidine residues and a slow reacting pool of 5.8 +/- .6 residues. There are 18 histidine residues in transferrin. The rates of modification of the two pools differed by a factor of 5. The pyrophosphate-mediated removal of iron from the two binding sites of native and partially modified transferrins was studied at pH 6.9 using desferrioximine B as a terminal iron acceptor. Under these conditions, the rate of iron removal from the NH2-terminal site was about six times faster than from the COOH-terminal site. Both rates were significantly reduced, i.e. by a factor of approximately 6-8, upon complete ethoxyformylation of all reactive histidines on the protein. The kinetic data of partially modified transferrins were analyzed by the Tsou Chen-Lu statistical method; the results are consistent with the hypothesis that modification of a single uncoordinated histidine in each of the two iron binding domains stabilizes the protein kinetically against loss of iron. The dependence of the iron removal reaction on pH is consistent with such an interpretation. The putative histidines, although not ligands, may be close to the metal in both binding sites, thus influencing the rate of iron removal by pyrophosphate. These histidines belong to the pool of rapidly modified residues and thus are readily accessible to solvent and chelators.
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Thompson CP, McCarty BM, Chasteen ND. The effects of salts and amino group modification on the iron binding domains of transferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 870:530-7. [PMID: 3008845 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(86)90262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The origins of the effects of salts on the properties of the iron binding sites of transferrin have been investigated. The chaotropically distinct salts NaCl and NaClO4 each induce characteristic changes in the EPR lineshapes of the N- and C-terminal Fe3+ binding domains, respectively. To a good approximation the perturbed EPR spectrum of diferric transferrin in the presence of salts is the sum of the EPR spectra of the N- and C-terminal monoferric proteins. Acetylation of amino groups causes spectral and kinetic changes in the protein similar to those induced by NaClO4. Thus, both acetylation and NaClO4 cause a loss of structure in the g' = 4.3 EPR signal of the N-terminal domain, and both retard iron removal from this domain. In contrast, iron removal from the C-terminal domain is accelerated by acetylation or the presence of NaClO4. These observations are ascribed to charge effects of lysine residues which are probably in the vicinity of the iron binding sites.
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McLoughlin MJ, Miskin M, Thompson CP. Congenital cystic disease of the liver: isotope scanning, ultrasonography and angiography. J Can Assoc Radiol 1977; 28:243-8. [PMID: 925063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The radioisotope scanning, ultrasonic and angiographic findings in 16 patients with congenital cystic liver disease are described. Radioisotope scans are useful in determining the size, location and number of lesions. Ultrasonography is of value in differentiating solid from fluid-filled lesions, thus narrowing the differential diagnosis. At angiography, cysts produced well-defined avascular areas in the hepatogram in all 14 patients examined, enhanced by a well-defined "rim sign" in seven. This sign is considered pathognomonic of a cystic lesion (hydatid or congenital). Two had a "honeycomb" pattern at angiography, pathognomonic of congenital polycystic liver disease.
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Bartling CA, Thompson CP. Encoding specificity: retrieval asymmetry in the recognition failure paradigm. J Exp Psychol Hum Learn 1977; 3:690-700. [PMID: 915447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm producing recognition failure of recallable words was investigated in a series of three experiments. Results indicate that retrieval asymmetry: (a) exists in the recognition failure paradigm directly following list study, (b) increases significantly following a free-association task aimed at generation of the target words from the study list, and (c) can be used as a reasonably good predictor of the magnitude of recognition failure. Retrieval asymmetry and recognition failure are reliably related even when adjusted for the level of recognition probability, which has previously been shown by Tulving and Wiseman to be a good predictor of recognition failure.
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Thompson CP. Note on word frequency as a factor in perception of category size. Percept Mot Skills 1970; 30:301-2. [PMID: 5476119 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1970.30.1.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ratings of category size were found to be affected by the normative frequency of the words representing the category with low-frequency exemplars decreasing perceived category size.
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Thompson CP, Van Hoesen GW. Compound conditioning: effects of component intensity on acquisition and extinction. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1967; 64:128-32. [PMID: 6064415 DOI: 10.1037/h0024811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Thompson CP. Doublet effects in the verbal maze during acquisition and relearning. J Exp Psychol 1966; 71:60-5. [PMID: 5902641 DOI: 10.1037/h0022641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ettlinger MG, Kjaer A, Thompson CP, Wagnières M. Veratryl isothiocyanate, a new mustard oil, from Heliophila longifolia DC. (Cruciferae). Acta Chem Scand 1966; 20:1778-82. [PMID: 5973660 DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.20-1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Thompson CP. Prevention in psychiatry. 4. Nurs Times 1965; 61:1691-2. [PMID: 5847828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Thompson CP. Effects of interval between successive numbers and pattern in verbal learning. J Exp Psychol 1965; 70:626-31. [PMID: 5839518 DOI: 10.1037/h0022653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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