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Ng TL, Olson EJ, Yoo TY, Weiss HS, Koide Y, Koch PD, Rollins NJ, Mach P, Meisinger T, Bricken T, Chang TZ, Molloy C, Zürcher J, Chang RL, Mitchison TJ, Glass JI, Marks DS, Way JC, Silver PA. High-Content Screening and Computational Prediction Reveal Viral Genes That Suppress the Innate Immune Response. mSystems 2022; 7:e0146621. [PMID: 35319251 PMCID: PMC9040872 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01466-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of the host innate immune response is a critical aspect of viral replication. Upon infection, viruses may introduce one or more proteins that inhibit key immune pathways, such as the type I interferon pathway. However, the ability to predict and evaluate viral protein bioactivity on targeted pathways remains challenging and is typically done on a single-virus or -gene basis. Here, we present a medium-throughput high-content cell-based assay to reveal the immunosuppressive effects of viral proteins. To test the predictive power of our approach, we developed a library of 800 genes encoding known, predicted, and uncharacterized human virus genes. We found that previously known immune suppressors from numerous viral families such as Picornaviridae and Flaviviridae recorded positive responses. These include a number of viral proteases for which we further confirmed that innate immune suppression depends on protease activity. A class of predicted inhibitors encoded by Rhabdoviridae viruses was demonstrated to block nuclear transport, and several previously uncharacterized proteins from uncultivated viruses were shown to inhibit nuclear transport of the transcription factors NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). We propose that this pathway-based assay, together with early sequencing, gene synthesis, and viral infection studies, could partly serve as the basis for rapid in vitro characterization of novel viral proteins. IMPORTANCE Infectious diseases caused by viral pathogens exacerbate health care and economic burdens. Numerous viral biomolecules suppress the human innate immune system, enabling viruses to evade an immune response from the host. Despite our current understanding of viral replications and immune evasion, new viral proteins, including those encoded by uncultivated viruses or emerging viruses, are being unearthed at a rapid pace from large-scale sequencing and surveillance projects. The use of medium- and high-throughput functional assays to characterize immunosuppressive functions of viral proteins can advance our understanding of viral replication and possibly treatment of infections. In this study, we assembled a large viral-gene library from diverse viral families and developed a high-content assay to test for inhibition of innate immunity pathways. Our work expands the tools that can rapidly link sequence and protein function, representing a practical step toward early-stage evaluation of emerging and understudied viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai L. Ng
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erika J. Olson
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tae Yeon Yoo
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - H. Sloane Weiss
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yukiye Koide
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter D. Koch
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan J. Rollins
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pia Mach
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tobias Meisinger
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Trenton Bricken
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy Z. Chang
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colin Molloy
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jérôme Zürcher
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger L. Chang
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy J. Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John I. Glass
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Debora S. Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Way
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pamela A. Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Veling MT, Nguyen DT, Thadani NN, Oster ME, Rollins NJ, Brock KP, Bethel NP, Lim S, Baker D, Way JC, Marks DS, Chang RL, Silver PA. Natural and Designed Proteins Inspired by Extremotolerant Organisms Can Form Condensates and Attenuate Apoptosis in Human Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1292-1302. [PMID: 35176859 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Many organisms can survive extreme conditions and successfully recover to normal life. This extremotolerant behavior has been attributed in part to repetitive, amphipathic, and intrinsically disordered proteins that are upregulated in the protected state. Here, we assemble a library of approximately 300 naturally occurring and designed extremotolerance-associated proteins to assess their ability to protect human cells from chemically induced apoptosis. We show that several proteins from tardigrades, nematodes, and the Chinese giant salamander are apoptosis-protective. Notably, we identify a region of the human ApoE protein with similarity to extremotolerance-associated proteins that also protects against apoptosis. This region mirrors the phase separation behavior seen with such proteins, like the tardigrade protein CAHS2. Moreover, we identify a synthetic protein, DHR81, that shares this combination of elevated phase separation propensity and apoptosis protection. Finally, we demonstrate that driving protective proteins into the condensate state increases apoptosis protection, and highlights the ability of DHR81 condensates to sequester caspase-7. Taken together, this work draws a link between extremotolerance-associated proteins, condensate formation, and designing human cellular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike T. Veling
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dan T. Nguyen
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nicole N. Thadani
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michela E. Oster
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nathan J. Rollins
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kelly P. Brock
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Neville P. Bethel
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Samuel Lim
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David Baker
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Way
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Debora S. Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Roger L. Chang
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Systems & Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Pamela A. Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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3
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Chang RL, Stanley JA, Robinson MC, Sher JW, Li Z, Chan YA, Omdahl AR, Wattiez R, Godzik A, Matallana-Surget S. Protein structure, amino acid composition and sequence determine proteome vulnerability to oxidation-induced damage. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104523. [PMID: 33073387 PMCID: PMC7705453 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress alters cell viability, from microorganism irradiation sensitivity to human aging and neurodegeneration. Deleterious effects of protein carbonylation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) make understanding molecular properties determining ROS susceptibility essential. The radiation‐resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans accumulates less carbonylation than sensitive organisms, making it a key model for deciphering properties governing oxidative stress resistance. We integrated shotgun redox proteomics, structural systems biology, and machine learning to resolve properties determining protein damage by γ‐irradiation in Escherichia coli and D. radiodurans at multiple scales. Local accessibility, charge, and lysine enrichment accurately predict ROS susceptibility. Lysine, methionine, and cysteine usage also contribute to ROS resistance of the D. radiodurans proteome. Our model predicts proteome maintenance machinery, and proteins protecting against ROS are more resistant in D. radiodurans. Our findings substantiate that protein‐intrinsic protection impacts oxidative stress resistance, identifying causal molecular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Chang
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian A Stanley
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew C Robinson
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel W Sher
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhanwen Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yujia A Chan
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashton R Omdahl
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Department of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Adam Godzik
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Matallana-Surget
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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4
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Chaiboonchoe A, Ghamsari L, Dohai B, Ng P, Khraiwesh B, Jaiswal A, Jijakli K, Koussa J, Nelson DR, Cai H, Yang X, Chang RL, Papin J, Yu H, Balaji S, Salehi-Ashtiani K. Systems level analysis of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii metabolic network reveals variability in evolutionary co-conservation. Mol Biosyst 2017; 12:2394-407. [PMID: 27357594 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00237d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic networks, which are mathematical representations of organismal metabolism, are reconstructed to provide computational platforms to guide metabolic engineering experiments and explore fundamental questions on metabolism. Systems level analyses, such as interrogation of phylogenetic relationships within the network, can provide further guidance on the modification of metabolic circuitries. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a biofuel relevant green alga that has retained key genes with plant, animal, and protist affinities, serves as an ideal model organism to investigate the interplay between gene function and phylogenetic affinities at multiple organizational levels. Here, using detailed topological and functional analyses, coupled with transcriptomics studies on a metabolic network that we have reconstructed for C. reinhardtii, we show that network connectivity has a significant concordance with the co-conservation of genes; however, a distinction between topological and functional relationships is observable within the network. Dynamic and static modes of co-conservation were defined and observed in a subset of gene-pairs across the network topologically. In contrast, genes with predicted synthetic interactions, or genes involved in coupled reactions, show significant enrichment for both shorter and longer phylogenetic distances. Based on our results, we propose that the metabolic network of C. reinhardtii is assembled with an architecture to minimize phylogenetic profile distances topologically, while it includes an expansion of such distances for functionally interacting genes. This arrangement may increase the robustness of C. reinhardtii's network in dealing with varied environmental challenges that the species may face. The defined evolutionary constraints within the network, which identify important pairings of genes in metabolism, may offer guidance on synthetic biology approaches to optimize the production of desirable metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amphun Chaiboonchoe
- Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Lila Ghamsari
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bushra Dohai
- Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Patrick Ng
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Basel Khraiwesh
- Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Ashish Jaiswal
- Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Kenan Jijakli
- Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Joseph Koussa
- Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - David R Nelson
- Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Hong Cai
- Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Xinping Yang
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger L Chang
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Papin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Santhanam Balaji
- Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE. and Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani
- Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE. and Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Brunk E, Mih N, Monk J, Zhang Z, O’Brien EJ, Bliven SE, Chen K, Chang RL, Bourne PE, Palsson BO. Systems biology of the structural proteome. BMC Syst Biol 2016; 10:26. [PMID: 26969117 PMCID: PMC4787049 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of genome-scale models (GEMs) can be attributed to the high-quality, bottom-up reconstructions of metabolic, protein synthesis, and transcriptional regulatory networks on an organism-specific basis. Such reconstructions are biochemically, genetically, and genomically structured knowledge bases that can be converted into a mathematical format to enable a myriad of computational biological studies. In recent years, genome-scale reconstructions have been extended to include protein structural information, which has opened up new vistas in systems biology research and empowered applications in structural systems biology and systems pharmacology. RESULTS Here, we present the generation, application, and dissemination of genome-scale models with protein structures (GEM-PRO) for Escherichia coli and Thermotoga maritima. We show the utility of integrating molecular scale analyses with systems biology approaches by discussing several comparative analyses on the temperature dependence of growth, the distribution of protein fold families, substrate specificity, and characteristic features of whole cell proteomes. Finally, to aid in the grand challenge of big data to knowledge, we provide several explicit tutorials of how protein-related information can be linked to genome-scale models in a public GitHub repository ( https://github.com/SBRG/GEMPro/tree/master/GEMPro_recon/). CONCLUSIONS Translating genome-scale, protein-related information to structured data in the format of a GEM provides a direct mapping of gene to gene-product to protein structure to biochemical reaction to network states to phenotypic function. Integration of molecular-level details of individual proteins, such as their physical, chemical, and structural properties, further expands the description of biochemical network-level properties, and can ultimately influence how to model and predict whole cell phenotypes as well as perform comparative systems biology approaches to study differences between organisms. GEM-PRO offers insight into the physical embodiment of an organism's genotype, and its use in this comparative framework enables exploration of adaptive strategies for these organisms, opening the door to many new lines of research. With these provided tools, tutorials, and background, the reader will be in a position to run GEM-PRO for their own purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Brunk
- />Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | - Nathan Mih
- />Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Jonathan Monk
- />Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- />Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Edward J. O’Brien
- />Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Spencer E. Bliven
- />Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- />National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Ke Chen
- />Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Roger L. Chang
- />Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Philip E. Bourne
- />Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Bernhard O. Palsson
- />Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
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6
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MacKellar D, Lieber L, Norman JS, Bolger A, Tobin C, Murray JW, Oksaksin M, Chang RL, Ford TJ, Nguyen PQ, Woodward J, Permingeat HR, Joshi NS, Silver PA, Usadel B, Rutherford AW, Friesen ML, Prell J. Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus does not fix nitrogen. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20086. [PMID: 26833023 PMCID: PMC4735515 DOI: 10.1038/srep20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus UBT1 has been described as a moderately thermophilic chemolithoautotroph with a novel nitrogenase enzyme that is oxygen-insensitive. We have cultured the UBT1 strain, and have isolated two new strains (H1 and P1-2) of very similar phenotypic and genetic characters. These strains show minimal growth on ammonium-free media, and fail to incorporate isotopically labeled N2 gas into biomass in multiple independent assays. The sdn genes previously published as the putative nitrogenase of S. thermoautotrophicus have little similarity to anything found in draft genome sequences, published here, for strains H1 and UBT1, but share >99% nucleotide identity with genes from Hydrogenibacillus schlegelii, a draft genome for which is also presented here. H. schlegelii similarly lacks nitrogenase genes and is a non-diazotroph. We propose reclassification of the species containing strains UBT1, H1, and P1-2 as a non-Streptomycete, non-diazotrophic, facultative chemolithoautotroph and conclude that the existence of the previously proposed oxygen-tolerant nitrogenase is extremely unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew MacKellar
- Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02130
- Wyss Institute, 3 Blackfan Cir, Boston MA 02115
| | - Lucas Lieber
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla S2125ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Dept. Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jeffrey S. Norman
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI USA 48824
| | - Anthony Bolger
- Institute for Biology I, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Cory Tobin
- TheLab Inc, 1340 E. 6th Street Suite 603, Los Angeles, CA USA 90021
| | | | - Mehtap Oksaksin
- Institute for Biology I, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roger L. Chang
- Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02130
| | - Tyler J. Ford
- Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02130
| | | | - Jimmy Woodward
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI USA 48824
| | - Hugo R. Permingeat
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Zavalla S2125ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Pamela A. Silver
- Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02130
- Wyss Institute, 3 Blackfan Cir, Boston MA 02115
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biology I, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Maren L. Friesen
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI USA 48824
| | - Jürgen Prell
- Institute for Biology I, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Ebrahim A, Almaas E, Bauer E, Bordbar A, Burgard AP, Chang RL, Dräger A, Famili I, Feist AM, Fleming RM, Fong SS, Hatzimanikatis V, Herrgård MJ, Holder A, Hucka M, Hyduke D, Jamshidi N, Lee SY, Le Novère N, Lerman JA, Lewis NE, Ma D, Mahadevan R, Maranas C, Nagarajan H, Navid A, Nielsen J, Nielsen LK, Nogales J, Noronha A, Pal C, Palsson BO, Papin JA, Patil KR, Price ND, Reed JL, Saunders M, Senger RS, Sonnenschein N, Sun Y, Thiele I. Do genome-scale models need exact solvers or clearer standards? Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:831. [PMID: 26467284 PMCID: PMC4631202 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20156157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ebrahim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eivind Almaas
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eugen Bauer
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Roger L Chang
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Dräger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA Center for Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Adam M Feist
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronan Mt Fleming
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Stephen S Fong
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vassily Hatzimanikatis
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Markus J Herrgård
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Allen Holder
- Department of Mathematics, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - Michael Hucka
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Hyduke
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Neema Jamshidi
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Joshua A Lerman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahadevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Costas Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Ali Navid
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jens Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Juan Nogales
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Noronha
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Csaba Pal
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernhard O Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jason A Papin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kiran R Patil
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer L Reed
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Saunders
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan S Senger
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nikolaus Sonnenschein
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yuekai Sun
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ines Thiele
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg
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8
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Chen AH, Lubkowicz D, Yeong V, Chang RL, Silver PA. Transplantability of a circadian clock to a noncircadian organism. Sci Adv 2015; 1:e1500358. [PMID: 26229984 PMCID: PMC4517858 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Circadian oscillators are posttranslationally regulated and affect gene expression in autotrophic cyanobacteria. Oscillations are controlled by phosphorylation of the KaiC protein, which is modulated by the KaiA and KaiB proteins. However, it remains unclear how time information is transmitted to transcriptional output. We show reconstruction of the KaiABC oscillator in the noncircadian bacterium Escherichia coli. This orthogonal system shows circadian oscillations in KaiC phosphorylation and in a synthetic transcriptional reporter. Coexpression of KaiABC with additional native cyanobacterial components demonstrates a minimally sufficient set of proteins for transcriptional output from a native cyanobacterial promoter in E. coli. Together, these results demonstrate that a circadian oscillator is transplantable to a heterologous organism for reductive study as well as wide-ranging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H. Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Lubkowicz
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vivian Yeong
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roger L. Chang
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pamela A. Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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9
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O’Brien EJ, Lerman JA, Chang RL, Hyduke DR, Palsson BØ. Genome-scale models of metabolism and gene expression extend and refine growth phenotype prediction. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 9:693. [PMID: 24084808 PMCID: PMC3817402 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2013.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth is a fundamental process of life. Growth requirements are well-characterized experimentally for many microbes; however, we lack a unified model for cellular growth. Such a model must be predictive of events at the molecular scale and capable of explaining the high-level behavior of the cell as a whole. Here, we construct an ME-Model for Escherichia coli--a genome-scale model that seamlessly integrates metabolic and gene product expression pathways. The model computes ~80% of the functional proteome (by mass), which is used by the cell to support growth under a given condition. Metabolism and gene expression are interdependent processes that affect and constrain each other. We formalize these constraints and apply the principle of growth optimization to enable the accurate prediction of multi-scale phenotypes, ranging from coarse-grained (growth rate, nutrient uptake, by-product secretion) to fine-grained (metabolic fluxes, gene expression levels). Our results unify many existing principles developed to describe bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J O’Brien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joshua A Lerman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roger L Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R Hyduke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard Ø Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Chang RL, Andrews K, Kim D, Li Z, Godzik A, Palsson BO. Structural systems biology evaluation of metabolic thermotolerance in Escherichia coli. Science 2013; 340:1220-3. [PMID: 23744946 DOI: 10.1126/science.1234012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genome-scale network reconstruction has enabled predictive modeling of metabolism for many systems. Traditionally, protein structural information has not been represented in such reconstructions. Expansion of a genome-scale model of Escherichia coli metabolism by including experimental and predicted protein structures enabled the analysis of protein thermostability in a network context. This analysis allowed the prediction of protein activities that limit network function at superoptimal temperatures and mechanistic interpretations of mutations found in strains adapted to heat. Predicted growth-limiting factors for thermotolerance were validated through nutrient supplementation experiments and defined metabolic sensitivities to heat stress, providing evidence that metabolic enzyme thermostability is rate-limiting at superoptimal temperatures. Inclusion of structural information expanded the content and predictive capability of genome-scale metabolic networks that enable structural systems biology of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Chang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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11
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Abstract
Enzymes are thought to have evolved highly specific catalytic activities from promiscuous ancestral proteins. By analyzing a genome-scale model of Escherichia coli metabolism, we found that 37% of its enzymes act on a variety of substrates and catalyze 65% of the known metabolic reactions. However, it is not apparent why these generalist enzymes remain. Here, we show that there are marked differences between generalist enzymes and specialist enzymes, known to catalyze a single chemical reaction on one particular substrate in vivo. Specialist enzymes (i) are frequently essential, (ii) maintain higher metabolic flux, and (iii) require more regulation of enzyme activity to control metabolic flux in dynamic environments than do generalist enzymes. Furthermore, these properties are conserved in Archaea and Eukarya. Thus, the metabolic network context and environmental conditions influence enzyme evolution toward high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojung Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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12
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Chang RL, Xie L, Xie L, Bourne PE, Palsson BØ. Drug off-target effects predicted using structural analysis in the context of a metabolic network model. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000938. [PMID: 20957118 PMCID: PMC2950675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in structural bioinformatics have enabled the prediction of protein-drug off-targets based on their ligand binding sites. Concurrent developments in systems biology allow for prediction of the functional effects of system perturbations using large-scale network models. Integration of these two capabilities provides a framework for evaluating metabolic drug response phenotypes in silico. This combined approach was applied to investigate the hypertensive side effect of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor torcetrapib in the context of human renal function. A metabolic kidney model was generated in which to simulate drug treatment. Causal drug off-targets were predicted that have previously been observed to impact renal function in gene-deficient patients and may play a role in the adverse side effects observed in clinical trials. Genetic risk factors for drug treatment were also predicted that correspond to both characterized and unknown renal metabolic disorders as well as cryptic genetic deficiencies that are not expected to exhibit a renal disorder phenotype except under drug treatment. This study represents a novel integration of structural and systems biology and a first step towards computational systems medicine. The methodology introduced herein has important implications for drug development and personalized medicine. Pharmaceutical science is only beginning to scratch the surface on the exact mechanisms of drug action that lead to a drug's breadth of patient responses, both intended and side effects. Decades of clinical trials, molecular studies, and more recent computational analysis have sought to characterize the interactions between a drug and the cell's molecular machinery. We have devised an integrated computational approach to assess how a drug may affect a particular system, in our study the metabolism of the human kidney, and its capacity for filtration of the contents of the blood. We applied this approach to retrospectively investigate potential causal drug targets leading to increased blood pressure in participants of clinical trials for the drug torcetrapib in an effort to display how our approach could be directly useful in the drug development process. Our results suggest specific metabolic enzymes that may be directly responsible for the side effect. The drug screening framework we have developed could be used to link adverse side effects to particular drug targets, discover new uses for old drugs, identify biomarkers for metabolic disease and drug response, and suggest genetic or dietary risk factors to help guide personalized patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L. Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Li Xie
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Xie
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Philip E. Bourne
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bernhard Ø. Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Chang RL, Luo F, Johnson S, Scheuermann RH. Deterministic graph-theoretic algorithm for detecting modules in biological interaction networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:101-19. [PMID: 20223734 DOI: 10.1504/ijbra.2010.032115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An approach for module identification, Modules of Networks (MoNet), introduced an intuitive module definition and clear detection method using edges ranked by the Girvan-Newman algorithm. Modules from a yeast network showed significant association with biological processes, indicating the method's utility; however, systematic bias leads to varied results across trials. MoNet modules also exclude some network regions. To address these shortcomings, we developed a deterministic version of the Girvan-Newman algorithm and a new agglomerative algorithm, Deterministic Modularization of Networks (dMoNet). dMoNet simultaneously processes structurally equivalent edges while preserving intuitive foundations of the MoNet algorithm and generates modules with full network coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Chang
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0412, USA.
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14
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Manichaikul A, Ghamsari L, Hom EFY, Lin C, Murray RR, Chang RL, Balaji S, Hao T, Shen Y, Chavali AK, Thiele I, Yang X, Fan C, Mello E, Hill DE, Vidal M, Salehi-Ashtiani K, Papin JA. Metabolic network analysis integrated with transcript verification for sequenced genomes. Nat Methods 2009; 6:589-92. [PMID: 19597503 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With sequencing of thousands of organisms completed or in progress, there is a growing need to integrate gene prediction with metabolic network analysis. Using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model, we describe a systems-level methodology bridging metabolic network reconstruction with experimental verification of enzyme encoding open reading frames. Our quantitative and predictive metabolic model and its associated cloned open reading frames provide useful resources for metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Manichaikul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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15
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Conney AH, Chang RL, Cui XX, Schiltz M, Yagi H, Jerina DM, Wei SJ. Dose-dependent differences in the profile of mutations induced by carcinogenic (R,S,S,R) bay- and fjord-region diol epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 500:697-707. [PMID: 11765016 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0667-6_102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster V79 cells were exposed to a high or low concentration of the highly carcinogenic (R,S,S,R) or the less active (S,R,R,S) bay- or fjord-region diol epoxides of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[c]phenanthrene or dibenz[c,h]acridine. Independent 8-azaguanine-resistant clones were isolated, and base substitutions at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus were determined. For the three (R,S,S,R) diol epoxides studied, the proportion of mutations at AT base pairs increased as the concentration of diol epoxide decreased. Concentration-dependent differences in the mutational profile were not observed, however, for the three (S,R,R,S) diol epoxides. In studies, with V-H1 cells (a DNA repair deficient variant of V79 cells), a concentration-dependent difference in the profile of mutations for the (R,S,S,R) diol epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene was not observed. These results suggest that concentration-dependent differences in the mutational profile are dependent on an intact DNA repair system. In additional studies, we initiated mouse skin with a high or low dose of benzo[a]pyrene and promoted the mice for 26 weeks with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Papillomas were examined for mutations in the c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene. Dose-dependent differences in the profile of c-Ha-ras mutations in the tumors were observed. In summary, (i) dose-dependent differences in mutational profiles at the hprt locus were observed in Chinese hamster V79 cells treated with several highly mutagenic and carcinogenic (R,S,S,R) bay- or fjord-region diol epoxides but not with their less active (S,R,R,S) diol epoxide enantiomers, (ii) a dose-dependent difference in the mutational profile was not observed for the (R,S,S,R) diol epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene in a DNA-repair defective V79 cell line, and (iii) a dose-dependent difference in the mutational profile in the c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene was observed in tumors from mice treated with a high or low dose of benzo[a]pyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Conney
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854-8020, USA
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16
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Zheng X, Chang RL, Cui XX, Kelly KA, Shih WJ, Lin Y, Strair R, Suh J, Han ZT, Rabson A, Conney AH. Synergistic effects of clinically achievable concentrations of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in combination with all-trans retinoic acid, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and sodium butyrate on differentiation in HL-60 cells. Oncol Res 2002; 12:419-27. [PMID: 11697820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies demonstrated that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has pharmacological activity for the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia patients. In the present study, we investigated the potential synergistic effect of all-trans retinoic acid (RA), 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3), and sodium butyrate (NaB) on TPA-induced differentiation in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. The cells were treated once with these agents for 48 h or treated every 24 h for 96 h. Treatment of HL-60 cells once with TPA, RA, VD3, or NaB for 48 h resulted in concentration-dependent growth inhibition and cell differentiation. At clinically achievable concentrations, TPA (0.16 nM) increased the number of adherent cells and RA (0.1-1 microM) increased the number of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells. The combinations of TPA (0.16 nM) with RA (0.1-1 microM), VD3 (1 nM), or NaB (100 microM) for 48 h synergistically increased differentiation as measured by the formation of adherent cells (P < or = 0.01). Moreover, cells treated with various combinations of low concentrations of TPA, RA, VD3, and NaB every 24 h for 96 h resulted in a further decrease in cell growth and an increase in differentiation. At clinically achievable concentrations, the strongest stimulation of differentiation was achieved in cells treated with a "cocktail" that combined TPA, RA, VD3, and NaB. The synergistic effect of combinations of TPA with RA or NaB at clinically effective concentrations on HL-60 cell differentiation suggests that the combination of these agents may improve the therapeutic efficacy of TPA for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients. A differentiation "cocktail" that combines TPA, RA, VD3, and NaB may provide an even more effective strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of TPA and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zheng
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, USA
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17
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Sheu WH, Lee WJ, Lin LY, Chang RL, Chen YT. Tumor necrosis factor alpha -238 and -308 polymorphisms do not associate with insulin resistance in hypertensive subjects. Metabolism 2001; 50:1447-51. [PMID: 11735091 DOI: 10.1053/meta.2001.27192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that, as a group, patients with essential hypertension are characterized by insulin resistance. Previous studies have shown that a biallelic polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha promoter position -308 and -238 might be involved in the insulin resistance state in diabetic and/or nondiabetic subjects. We determined these polymorphisms in 235 nondiabetic hypertensive subjects and 246 unrelated normotensive controls. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipoprotein, leptin, and TNFalpha concentrations were measured, in addition to plasma glucose and insulin responses to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Insulin sensitivity was also determined by an insulin suppression test in 69 hypertensive and 76 normotensive individuals. The results showed no association of these genotypic distributions between hypertensive and normotensive individuals both at -308 (GG, GA, and AA were 80.9%, 17.9%, and 1.3% in hypertensives, 84.2%, 15.4%, and 0.4% in normotensives, chi(2) = 1.68, P =.432) and at -238 (GG, GA, and AA were 98.3%, 1.7%, and 0% in hypertensives, 96.7%, 3.3%, and 0% in normotensives, chi(2) = 1.19, P =.276) sites. These results did not change even after adjustment for values of age and body mass index (BMI). Anthropometric measurements, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipoprotein concentrations, glucose, and insulin responses to OGTT, TNFalpha, and leptin concentrations were similar between the genotype at the -308 site both in hypertensive and normotensive groups. Insulin sensitivity, either measured by an insulin suppression test or homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, did not differ between the genotype at the -308 site in subjects with hypertension or normotension. Fasting plasma TNFalpha (10.2 alpha 0.5 pg/mL v 10.1 +/- 0.5 pg/mL, P =.928) concentrations did not differ between hypertensive and normotensive subjects even after adjustment for body fat and BMI values. We conclude that TNFalpha promoter gene polymorphisms at position -238 and -308 do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in Chinese subjects with or without hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Sheu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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18
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Kumar S, Chang RL, Wood AW, Xie JG, Huang MT, Cui XX, Kole PL, Sikka HC, Balani SK, Conney AH, Jerina DM. Tumorigenicity of racemic and optically pure bay region diol epoxides and other derivatives of the nitrogen heterocycle dibenz[a,h]acridine on mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22:951-5. [PMID: 11375904 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/22.6.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD-1 female mice were initiated with a single topical application of 500 nmol dibenz[a,h]acridine (DB[a,h]Acr), its racemic trans-1,2-, 3,4-, 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols, racemic DB[a,h]Acr 3,4-diol 1,2-epoxide-1 and -2 or racemic DB[a,h]Acr 10,11-diol 8,9-epoxide-1 and -2, where the benzylic hydroxyl group is either cis (isomer 1) or trans (isomer 2) to the epoxide oxygen. The mice were subsequently treated twice weekly with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate for 25 weeks. High tumorigenicity was observed only for DB[a,h]Acr, its 10,11-dihydrodiol and DB[a,h]Acr 10,11-diol 8,9-epoxide-2 (3.3, 1.2 and 1.6 tumors/mouse, respectively). The tumor-initiating activity of a 50 nmol dose of DB[a,h]Acr and the optically active (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of DB[a,h]Acr 10,11-dihydrodiol and of the optically active DB[a,h]Acr 10,11-diol 8,9-epoxide-1 and -2 were also studied. Only DB[a,h]Acr, (-)-DB[a,h]Acr (10R,11R)-dihydrodiol and the bay region (+)-(8R,9S,10S,11R)-diol epoxide-2 were highly active (1.6, 1.7 and 2.4 tumors/mouse, respectively). These results are consistent with previous studies which showed that the corresponding bay region RSSR diol epoxides of benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[c]phenanthrene as well as the aza-polycyclic dibenz[c,h]acridine are the most tumorigenic isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Laboratory, Great Lakes Center, State University of New York, College at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
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19
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Chang RL, Wood AW, Kumar S, Lehr RE, Shirai N, Jerina DM, Conney AH. Tumorigenicity of four optically active bay-region 3,4-diol 1, 2-epoxides and other derivatives of the nitrogen heterocycle dibenz[c,h]acridine on mouse skin and in newborn mice. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21:1997-2003. [PMID: 11062160 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.11.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitrogen heterocycle dibenz[c,h]acridine (DB[c,h]ACR) and the enantiomers of the diastereomeric pair of bay-region 3,4-diol 1, 2-epoxides as well as other bay-region epoxides and dihydrodiol derivatives of this hydrocarbon have been evaluated for tumorigenicity on mouse skin and in the newborn mouse. On mouse skin, a single topical application of 50 or 200 nmol of compound was followed 10 days later by twice-weekly applications of the tumor promoter 12-O:-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 20 weeks. DB[c, h]ACR and the four optically pure, bay-region 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide isomers all had significant tumor- initiating activity. The isomer with (1R,2S,3S,4R) absolute configuration [(+)-DE-2] was the most active diol epoxide isomer. The (-)-(3R,4R)-dihydrodiol of DB[c, h]ACR, the expected metabolic precursor of the bay-region (+)-DE-2, was 4- to 6-fold more tumorigenic than its corresponding (+)-enantiomer. In tumorigenicity studies in newborn mice, a total dose of 70-175 nmol of DB[c,h]ACR or one of its derivatives was injected i.p. on days 1, 8 and 15 of life, and tumorigenic activity was determined when the mice were 36-39 weeks old. DB[c,h]ACR produced a significant number of pulmonary tumors and also produced hepatic tumors in male mice. Of the four optically active bay-region diol epoxides, only (+)-DE-2 and (+)-DE-1 with (1R,2S,3S,4R) and (1S, 2R,3S,4R) absolute configuration, respectively, produced a significant tumor incidence. At an equivalent dose, the (+)-DE-2 isomer produced several-fold more pulmonary tumors and hepatic tumors than the (+)-DE-1 isomer. The (-)-(3R,4R)-dihydrodiol, metabolic precursor of the bay-region (+)-DE-2, was strongly active and induced an equal number of pulmonary and hepatic tumors as did DB[c,h]ACR. The (+)-(3S,4S) dihydrodiol was less active. The bay-region (+)-(1R,2S)-epoxide of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro DB[c,h]ACR was strongly tumorigenic in newborn mice whereas its (-)-(1S, 2R)-enantiomer was inactive. This contrasts with the data on mouse skin where both enantiomers had substantial tumorigenic activity. In summary, the bay-region (+)-(1R,2S,3S,4R)-3,4-diol 1,2-epoxide of DB[c,h]ACR was the most tumorigenic of the four optically active bay-region diol epoxides of DB[c,h]ACR on mouse skin and in the newborn mouse. These results with a nitrogen heterocycle are similar to earlier data indicating high tumorigenic activity for the R,S,S,R bay-region diol epoxides of several carbocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Chang
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, College of Pharmacy, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), secreted by macrophage, adipocyte and muscle cells, are associated with insulin resistance syndrome i.e., hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, it is unclear whether plasma TNFalpha levels relate to insulin resistance syndrome in subjects with essential hypertension who are also characterized by an insulin resistance state. We recruited 85 nondiabetic subjects (45 men and 40 women) with essential hypertension and 85 nondiabetic subjects who were matched for age, sex and body mass index (BMI) to determine their fasting plasma glucose, insulin and lipoprotein concentrations, their glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge, and their degrees of insulin resistance. Fasting plasma leptin and TNFalpha levels were measured by radioimmunoassay and chemiluminescent enzyme immunometric assay respectively. Total body fat mass was assessed by the bioelectrical impedance method. The results showed that fasting plasma leptin levels were similar between hypertensive and normotensive subjects (7.9 +/- 0.6 vs 7.4 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, p=0.190). Fasting plasma TNFalpha concentrations were not different between subjects with hypertension and normotension (10.5 +/- 0.5 vs 9.8 +/- 0.4 pg/ml, p=0.360). Fasting plasma TNFalpha concentrations were not different across three subgroups of the insulin resistance both in hypertensive patients (8.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 10.9 +/- 1.6 vs. 9.9 +/- 1.0 pg/ml, p=0.297) and normotensive subjects (9.2 +/- 0.7 vs. 9.3 +/- 0.9 vs. 9.7 +/- 0.9 pg/ml, p=0.875). Fasting plasma TNFalpha values showed significantly positive correlations with triglyceride concentrations (p<0.03) but negative correlation with HDL cholesterol concentrations (p<0.04) in normotensive but not in hypertensive individuals. These relations persisted even after adjustment for BMI and total fat mass. In conclusion, our data indicated that circulating levels of TNFalpha did not differ between hypertensive subjects and normotensive controls. Plasma TNFalpha concentrations correlated positively with fasting plasma triglyceride levels and negatively with HDL cholesterol concentrations in normotensive but not in hypertensive subjects. The influence of TNFalpha on carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in hypertensive patients deserves further investigations.
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Schiltz M, Cui XX, Lu YP, Yagi H, Jerina DM, Zdzienicka MZ, Chang RL, Conney AH, Wei SJ. Characterization of the mutational profile of (+)-7R,8S-dihydroxy-9S, 10R-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase gene in repair-deficient Chinese hamster V-H1 cells. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:2279-86. [PMID: 10590220 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.12.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that the profile of mutations induced by (+)-7R,8S-dihydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (+)-BPDE at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene of Chinese hamster V79 cells was dependent on the concentration of (+)-BPDE. In the present study, we examined the effect of the concentration of (+)-BPDE on its mutational profile at the hprt gene in repair-deficient V-H1 cells (a derivative of V79 cells) to explore the role of DNA repair in the dose-dependent mutational profile of (+)-BPDE. Independent hprt mutant clones were isolated after exposing V-H1 cells to dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or to low (4-6 nM; 95% cell survival) or high (40-48 nM; 31% cell survival) concentrations of (+)-BPDE in DMSO. The mutation frequencies for the DMSO control and for the low and high concentration groups were 0.1, 2.1 and 32.9 mutant colonies/10(5) survivors, respectively. The profile of mutations at the hprt gene was characterized for 148 (+)-BPDE-induced mutant clones and the results from the present study were compared with those obtained earlier with V79 cells. The data indicated that: (i) V-H1 cells were approximately 9-fold more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of (+)-BPDE than V79 cells; (ii) the mutation frequency in V-H1 cells was similar to that observed in V79 cells following exposure to similar concentrations of (+)-BPDE; (iii) (+)-BPDE-induced mutations at guanine on the transcribed strand of the hprt gene were common in V-H1 cells but were extraordinarily rare in V79 cells; (iv) (+)-BPDE-induced mutations at adenine on the transcribed strand of the hprt gene were common in both V-H1 and V79 cells; (v) although exposure of V79 cells to different doses of (+)-BPDE resulted in a dose-dependent mutational profile at the hprt gene, this was not observed in V-H1 cells. Our observations indicate a defect in the transcription-coupled repair of (+)-BPDE-DNA adducts in V-H1 cells and that the repair activity deficient in V-H1 cells is essential for the dose-dependent mutational profile observed with (+)-BPDE in V79 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schiltz
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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22
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Wei SJ, Chang RL, Merkler KA, Gwynne M, Cui XX, Murthy B, Huang MT, Xie JG, Lu YP, Lou YR, Jerina DM, Conney AH. Dose-dependent mutation profile in the c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene of skin tumors in mice initiated with benzo[a]pyrene. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:1689-96. [PMID: 10469612 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.9.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Female CD-1 mice were treated topically with a low (25-50 nmol) or high (800 nmol) dose of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) or acetone vehicle, followed by 5 nmol 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) twice a week for 26 weeks. Selective UV radiation fractionation followed by PCR methods were used to analyze histologically defined subsets of cells (approximately 100-200 cells) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and H&E stained microscope sections. DNA samples from normal-appearing, hyperplastic or tumor regions from the skin of animals from each treatment group were isolated and amplified by PCR with c-Ha-ras-specific primers. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses were performed on both exon 1 and 2 products from each sample. DNA extracted from each aberrant band of SSCP analyses was amplified by PCR for further sequence analysis. The data indicate that c-Ha-ras mutations can be detected in normal-looking and hyperplastic epidermal cells as well as in tumor cells obtained from mice initiated with BP and promoted with TPA. The frequencies of c-Ha-ras mutations for normal-looking, hyperplastic and tumor samples were 3/20 (15%), 8/17 (47%) and 58/68 (85%), respectively, for the low dose group and 8/18 (44%), 10/20 (50%) and 64/86 (74%), respectively, for the high dose group. These observations indicate that there were no dose dependencies in the mutation frequencies for normal-looking, hyperplastic and tumor samples. For combined high dose and low dose samples, differences in mutation frequencies of the c-Ha-ras gene between the normal-looking, hyperplastic and tumor samples were highly significant (P < 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). All mutations detected were located at codons 12, 13 and 61 of the c-Ha-ras gene. With the numbers in parentheses indicating the nucleotide position in the coding sequence of the c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene, the distributions of mutations for G-->A (35), G-->T (35), G-->C (37), G-->T (38), C-->A (181), A-->T (182) and A-->G (182) in the low dose tumors were 5, 2, 11, 74, 0, 7 and 2%, respectively, and the distribution of mutations in tumors from animals treated with a high dose of BP were 3, 7, 13, 61, 15, 1 and 0%, respectively. Differences in the global mutation spectra (site and kind of all mutations) for the c-Ha-ras gene between the high and low dose group tumors were statistically significant (P < 0.004, Fisher's exact test) and the major difference between these two groups was C-->A (181) base substitutions. In summary, our data indicate that: (i) 79% of the BP/TPA skin tumors in CD-1 mice had c-Ha-ras mutations for the combined data for high dose and low dose tumors; (ii) the major mutations detected in BP/TPA skin tumors were G-->T transversions; (iii) the global mutation profile in the c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene in skin tumors obtained after initiation with a low dose of BP was different from that obtained after initiation with a high dose of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wei
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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23
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Wei SJ, Chang RL, Wong CQ, Cui XX, Dandamudi N, Lu YP, Merkler KA, Sayer JM, Conney AH, Jerina DM. The ratio of deoxyadenosine to deoxyguanosine adducts formed by (+)-(7R,8S,9S,10R)-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in purified calf thymus DNA and DNA in V-79 cells is independent of dose. Int J Oncol 1999; 14:509-13. [PMID: 10024684 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.14.3.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that the decrease in the proportion of mutations at AT base pairs in Chinese hamster V-79 cells treated with increasing doses of (+)-(R,S,S,R)-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide ((+)-BPDE) is due to saturation of A <hot spots> for adduct formation was investigated by comparing the ratio of dA to dG adducts formed at high (0.48 microM) and low (0.04 microM) doses of [3H]-labeled (+)-BPDE. The dA to dG adduct ratio was similar in both calf thymus DNA and the genomic DNA in V-79 cells, and did not change with dose. For the V-79 cells, this ratio was also unaffected by a 24-h post treatment repair incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wei
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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24
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Han ZT, Zhu XX, Yang RY, Sun JZ, Tian GF, Liu XJ, Cao GS, Newmark HL, Conney AH, Chang RL. Effect of intravenous infusions of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in patients with myelocytic leukemia: preliminary studies on therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:5357-61. [PMID: 9560280 PMCID: PMC20265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies by several investigators have shown that 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is an extraordinarily potent stimulator of differentiation of cultured human promyelocytic leukemia cells in vitro. In the present study, TPA was administered to humans by i.v. infusion without irreversible toxicity, and it was shown to have pharmacological activity for the treatment of myelocytic leukemia in patients refractory to cytosine arabinoside (Ara C), retinoic acid, and other antileukemic drugs. Marked decreases in bone marrow myeloblasts as well as temporary remission of disease symptoms were observed when TPA was administered alone or in combination with vitamin D3 and Ara C. Additional studies with TPA after the determination of optimum dosing regimens are needed to determine whether long-lasting or permanent remissions of myelocytic leukemia can be achieved. Transient and reversible side effects were observed after a 1-mg i.v. dose of TPA, but these adverse effects became less intense or disappeared when a lower dose of TPA was used. The results of this study indicate a therapeutic effect of TPA in patients with myelocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z T Han
- Henan Tumor Research Institute, Zheng Zhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
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25
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Han ZT, Tong YK, He LM, Zhang Y, Sun JZ, Wang TY, Zhang H, Cui YL, Newmark HL, Conney AH, Chang RL. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced increase in depressed white blood cell counts in patients treated with cytotoxic cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:5362-5. [PMID: 9560281 PMCID: PMC20266 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifty-two patients with solid tumors had depressed white blood cell and neutrophil counts because of prior treatment with cytotoxic cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. These patients were given one or more i.v. infusions of 0.125-0.25 mg of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and this treatment increased the low white blood cell and neutrophil counts toward the normal range. The average white blood cell and neutrophil counts were 2.55 x 10(9)/liter and 1.76 x 10(9)/liter, respectively, before treatment with TPA. After one or more i.v. infusions of TPA, the white blood cell and neutrophil counts increased to peak values of 5. 92 x 10(9)/liter and 4.76 x 10(9)/liter, respectively, within a few days. Most patients had increased levels of white blood cells and neutrophils by 24 hr after a single i.v. infusion of 0.25 mg TPA. Elevated levels were observed for at least 3 days. This study demonstrates that treatment with parenteral TPA is feasible with useful biological activity. Only mild and reversible side effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z T Han
- Henan Tumor Research Institute, Zheng Zhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
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26
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Conney AH, Lou YR, Xie JG, Osawa T, Newmark HL, Liu Y, Chang RL, Huang MT. Some perspectives on dietary inhibition of carcinogenesis: studies with curcumin and tea. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1997; 216:234-45. [PMID: 9349692 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-216-44173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Topical application of curcumin inhibits chemically induced carcinogenesis on mouse skin, and oral administration of curcumin inhibits chemically induced oral, forestomach, duodenal, and colon carcinogenesis. Curcumin and other inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase are thought to inhibit carcinogenesis by preventing the formation of arachidonic acid metabolites. In contrast to our expectation of a tumorigenic effect of arachidonic acid, we found that treatment of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated mouse skin with very high doses of arachidonic acid twice daily, 5 days a week for 26 weeks, failed to result in tumors. We considered the possibility that some of the cancer chemopreventive effects of curcumin may be related to an effect of this compound on cellular differentiation, and we investigated the effect of curcumin on differentiation in the human promyelocytic HL-60 leukemia cell model system. Although curcumin alone had little or no effect on cellular differentiation, when it was combined with all-trans retinoic acid or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 a synergistic effect was observed. It is possible that many dietary chemicals in fruits, vegetables, and other edible plants can prevent cancer by synergizing with endogenously produced stimulators of differentiation such as all-trans retinoic acid, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and butyrate. More research is needed to test this hypothesis. Administration of green or black tea inhibits carcinogenesis in several animal models, and tumor growth is also inhibited. Several examples were presented of chemopreventive agents that inhibit carcinogenesis in one animal model but enhance carcinogenesis in a different animal model. Greater efforts should be made to understand mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention and to determine whether a potential chemopreventive agent is useful in many experimental settings or whether it is useful in only a limited number of experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Conney
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855-0789, USA
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27
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Liu Y, Chang RL, Cui XX, Newmark HL, Conney AH. Synergistic effects of curcumin on all-trans retinoic acid- and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Oncol Res 1997; 9:19-29. [PMID: 9112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells with 10 muM curcumin for 48 h inhibited cellular proliferation and induced small increases in differentiation (100-200%) as measured by the proportion of cells that reduced nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and expressed Mac-1. Synergistic induction of differentiation as measured by the above markers was observed when 1-10 muM curcumin was combined with 10-100 nM all-trans retinoic acid (RA) or with 100 nM 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D3). Cell morphology and flow cytometric studies (with the monocytic surface antigen CD14) indicated that combinations of RA and curcumin stimulated differentiation predominantly to granulocytes whereas combinations of vitamin D3 and curcumin stimulated differentiation predominantly to monocytes. Studies on cell cycle kinetics indicated that treatment of HL-60 cells with a combination of RA and curcumin for 48 or 96 h reduced the proportion of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle and increased the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle to a greater extent than occurred for cells treated with either compound alone. Combinations of vitamin D3 and curcumin did not alter cell cycle kinetics to a greater extent than was observed for either compound alone. Combinations of RA and curcumin or vitamin D3 and curcumin inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 cells to a greater extent than was observed for either compound alone. The results indicate that curcumin is a weak stimulator of differentiation in HL-60 cells and that is has synergistic effects when combined with RA or vitamin D3. Combinations of curcumin and RA have a particularly potent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855, USA
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28
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Wei SJ, Chang RL, Cui XX, Merkler KA, Wong CQ, Yagi H, Jerina DM, Conney AH. Dose-dependent differences in the mutational profiles of (-)-(1R,2S,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-1, 2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[c]phenanthrene and its less carcinogenic enantiomer. Cancer Res 1996; 56:3695-703. [PMID: 8706010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster V-79 cells were treated with high cytotoxic or low noncytotoxic concentrations of the highly carcinogenic and mutagenic (-)-(1R,2S,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-1, 2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[c]phenanthrene [(-)-B[c]PhDE; fjord-region diol epoxide] or its biologically less active (+)-(1S,2R,3R,4S) enantiomer [(+)-B[c]PhDE]. The benzylic 4-hydroxyl group and the epoxide oxygen are trans in both enantiomers. Independent 8-azaguanine-resistant clones were isolated. The coding region of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase gene was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR and sequenced. For (-)-B[c]PhDE, mutation frequencies were 10- or 356-fold above background for the low (0.01-0.1 microM; 97% cell survival) or high (1.0-1.25 microM; 26% cell survival) doses, respectively. For the high dose group, 20 of 64 base substitutions occurred at GC base pairs (31%) and 44 at AT base pairs (69%). For the low-dose group, 6 of 55 base substitutions were at GC base pairs (11%), and 49 were at AT base pairs (89%). For the less active (+)-B[c]PhDE, mutation frequencies were 17- or 372-fold above background for the low (0.12-0.5 microM; 95% cell survival) or high (2.0-3.0 microM; 31% cell survival) doses, respectively. In contrast to the results with the (-)-B[c]PhDE, both the high- and the low-dose groups for (+)-B[c]PhDE gave a 50:50 distribution of base substitution at GC versus AT base pairs. Our data indicate that: (a) transversions were the predominant base substitutions observed for both the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of B[c]PhDE; (b) (-)-B[c]PhDE showed high selectivity for causing AT --> TA transversions, whereas considerably less selectivity was observed for (+)-B[c]PhDE; (c) (-)-B[c]PhDE had a different hot spot profile for base substitutions than did (+)-B[c]PhDE, but some common hot spots were observed for both compounds; and (d) decreasing the dose of (-)-B[c]PhDE increased the proportion of mutations at AT base pairs and decreased those at GC base pairs, but this was not observed for (+)-B[c]PhDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wei
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855, USA
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29
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Suchar LA, Chang RL, Thomas PE, Rosen RT, Lech J, Conney AH. Effects of phenobarbital, dexamethasone, and 3-methylcholanthrene administration on the metabolism of 17 beta-estradiol by liver microsomes from female rats. Endocrinology 1996; 137:663-76. [PMID: 8593816 DOI: 10.1210/endo.137.2.8593816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Female rats were treated with phenobarbital, dexamethasone, 3-methylcholanthrene, clofibrate, or isoniazid to induce different hepatic cytochromes P-450. The profile of hydroxylated metabolites of estradiol (E2) formed by liver microsomes was then determined using a new HPLC method for the separation of hydroxylated estrogen metabolites. Inhibition of liver microsomal E2 metabolism by monoclonal antibodies raised against specific cytochrome P-450 isozymes was also evaluated. Treatment of immature or adult female rats with phenobarbital caused a 3-fold increase in the 2-hydroxylation of E2 and a more than 5-fold increase in liver microsomal hydroxylation of E2 at the 4-, 6 alpha, 6 beta-, and 14 alpha-positions. Monoclonal antibody directed toward CYP2B1/2B2 completely inhibited the 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydroxylation of E2 and partially inhibited the 2-hydroxylation of E2 by liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated adult female rats. Antibodies directed toward CYP3A1/3A2 completely inhibited the 4- and 14 alpha-hydroxylation of E2 by these liver microsomes. Treatment of immature or adult female rats with dexamethasone resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in the microsomal 2-hydroxylation of E2 and a several-fold increase in the hydroxylation of E2 at the 4-, 6 beta-, 7 alpha-, and 14 alpha-positions. A substantial increase in the formation of two unidentified nonpolar metabolite peaks (UK1 and UK2) was also observed. A monoclonal antibody directed against CYP3A1/3A2 markedly inhibited the 2-, 4-, and 14 alpha-hydroxylation of E2 by liver microsomes from adult female rats treated with dexamethasone. Antibody directed against CYP2B1/2B2 inhibited only the 6 beta-hydroxylation of E2 by these microsomes. Treatment of immature or adult female rats with 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in a several-fold increase in the metabolism of E2 to 7 alpha-hydroxyestradiol (7 alpha-OH E2) and 15 alpha-OH E2, but there was a substantial decrease in the formation of 16 alpha-OH E2. Treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene caused a small increase in 2-hydroxylation (< or = 50%) in liver microsomes from immature or adult female rats, whereas a substantial increase in 6 alpha-hydroxylation was seen in liver microsomes from adult female rats. A monoclonal antibody directed toward CYP1A1 partially inhibited the 6 alpha-hydroxylation of E2 and the formation of the 7 alpha-OH E2/15 alpha-OH E2 peak by microsomes from adult female rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene, but the 2-hydroxylation of E2 was not inhibited. Treatment of adult female rats with clofibrate increased the 2- and 4-hydroxylation of E2 by about 2-fold and by more than 6-fold, respectively. Isoniazid treatment had little or no effect on the metabolism of E2. The data demonstrate that prototype inducers of cytochrome P-450 can substantially alter the profile of hepatic E2 metabolism in female rats. Our results suggest that inducers of environmental relevance may also have an impact on E2 metabolism and homeostasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Suchar
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855, USA
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30
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Huang MT, Ma W, Lu YP, Chang RL, Fisher C, Manchand PS, Newmark HL, Conney AH. Effects of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16:2493-7. [PMID: 7586157 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/16.10.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial grade curcumin (approximately 77% curcumin, 17% demethoxycurcumin and 3% bisdemethoxycurcumin) is widely used as a yellow coloring agent and spice in foods. In the present study topical application of commercial grade curcumin, pure curcumin or demethoxycurcumin had an equally potent inhibitory effect on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced increases in ornithine decarboxylase activity and TPA-induced tumor promotion in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated mouse skin. Bisdemethoxycurcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin were less active. In additional studies we found that commercial grade curcumin, pure curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin had about the same potent inhibitory effect on TPA-induced inflammation of mouse ears, as well as TPA-induced transformation of cultured JB6 (P+) cells. Tetrahydrocurcumin was less active. The results indicate that pure curcumin and demethoxycurcumin (the major constituents of commercial grade curcumin) have the same potent inhibitory effects as commercial grade curcumin for inhibition of TPA-induced tumor promotion, but bisdemethoxycurcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin are less active.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Huang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855-0789, USA
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31
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Suchar LA, Chang RL, Rosen RT, Lech J, Conney AH. High-performance liquid chromatography separation of hydroxylated estradiol metabolites: formation of estradiol metabolites by liver microsomes from male and female rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 272:197-206. [PMID: 7815333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography method has been described for the separation of estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and 27 hydroxylated and keto derivatives of these estrogens. Chromatography of a mixture of 29 estrogen standards resulted in 20 different peaks. Solvent extraction followed by the chromatographic separation and quantification of radioactive metabolites was used for studies on the metabolism of [4-14C]E2 by liver microsomes from adult male and female rats. Liver microsomes from male rats metabolized [4-14C]E2 more rapidly and to a larger number of metabolites than liver microsomes from female rats. Under conditions in which less than 10% of the substrate was metabolized, major metabolites from liver microsomes of male rats cochromatographed with E1, 2-OH E2, 15 alpha-OH E2 and 16 alpha-OH E2, and major metabolites from liver microsomes of female rats cochromatographed with E1, 2-OH E2 and 16 alpha-OH E2. The identity of the metabolites was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Using liver microsomes from male rats and conditions in which more extensive metabolism of the substrate occurred, more than 15 additional metabolites of [4-14C]E2 were observed. Liver microsomes from male rats were many-fold more active than liver microsomes from female rats at catalyzing the 2-, 15 alpha- and 16 alpha-hydroxylation of E2. Our studies on the metabolism of [4-14C]E2 by rat liver microsomes indicate that the profile of E2 metabolites is dependent on the time of incubation, microsomal protein concentration and substrate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Suchar
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway
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Lu YP, Chang RL, Lou YR, Huang MT, Newmark HL, Reuhl KR, Conney AH. Effect of curcumin on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate- and ultraviolet B light-induced expression of c-Jun and c-Fos in JB6 cells and in mouse epidermis. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15:2363-70. [PMID: 7955078 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/15.10.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of c-jun protein (c-Jun) was observed in normally proliferating JB6 cells but not in confluent cells. Reduction of the serum concentration from 5% to 2% in the cell culture medium caused JB6 cells to enter a quiescent non-proliferating state and down-regulated the expression of c-Jun. Treatment of quiescent JB6 cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (10 ng/ml) for 24 h markedly stimulated the formation of c-Jun and caused morphological changes. Treatment of JB6 cells with TPA for 48 h resulted in transformed foci with mixed cell populations. Although some cells in these foci expressed high levels of c-Jun, many other cells did not. The increased expression of c-Jun and morphological changes observed at 24 h after treatment of JB6 cells with TPA (10 ng/ml) was inhibited by curcumin (10 nmol/ml). Treatment of JB6 cells with 2.5, 5 or 10 nmol curcumin/ml inhibited the formation of TPA-induced anchorage-independent colonies that grow in soft agar by 31%, 43% and 77%, respectively. Although inhibition of cell proliferation was not observed with 2.5 nmol curcumin/ml, higher concentrations did inhibit cell proliferation. Topical application of 5 nmol TPA to the backs of CD-1 mice once a day for 5 days caused epidermal hyperplasia and the levels of c-Jun were increased in the suprabasal layer of the epidermis and in the muscle layer of the dermis. This treatment also increased c-fos protein (c-Fos) expression in the muscle layer, but there was little or no increase in the expression of c-Fos in the basal or suprabasal layer of the epidermis. Topical application of 10 mumol curcumin together with 5 nmol TPA once a day for 5 days strongly inhibited TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia and c-Jun and c-Fos expression. A single application of 180 mJ/cm2 of ultraviolet B light (UVB) to the backs of SKH-1 mice caused epidermal hyperplasia and expression of c-Fos and c-Jun in the muscle layer of the dermis and of c-Fos in the suprabasal layer of the epidermis. Maximum effects were observed at 6 days after UVB exposure. Application of 10 mumol curcumin to mouse skin twice a day for 5 days immediately after UVB exposure had only a small/variable inhibitory effect on UVB-induced increases in the expression of c-Fos and c-Jun and on epidermal hyperplasia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Lu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855
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Wei SJ, Chang RL, Hennig E, Cui XX, Merkler KA, Wong CQ, Yagi H, Jerina DM, Conney AH. Mutagenic selectivity at the HPRT locus in V-79 cells: comparison of mutations caused by bay-region benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol-9,-10-epoxide enantiomers with high and low carcinogenic activity. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15:1729-35. [PMID: 8055656 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/15.8.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies from our laboratories characterized the mutation profile of the optically active (+)-7R,8S-dihydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(+)-BPDE--the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene] in the coding region of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene of Chinese hamster V-79 cells. In the present study, we evaluated the mutation profile of (-)-7S,8R-dihydroxy-9R, 10S-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(-)-BPDE-a weakly carcinogenic or inactive enantiomer] and compared its mutation profile with that of (+)-BPDE. In both diol epoxide enantiomers, the benzylic 7-hydroxy group and epoxide oxygen are trans. The mutation frequency for V-79 cells treated with DMSO vehicle or with a low, non-cytotoxic dose (0.5 microM) or a high cytotoxic dose (2.0 microM) of (-)-BPDE was 1, 25 or 185 8-azaguanine-resistant colonies/10(5) survivors, respectively. Independent 8-azaguanine-resistant clones were isolated, and complementary DNAs were prepared by reverse transcription. The coding region of the HPRT gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Altogether, 92 (-)-BPDE-induced mutant clones were examined. At both doses, base substitutions were the most prevalent mutations observed (present in approximately 7% of the mutant clones), followed by exon deletions (present in approximately 22% of the mutant clones) and frame shift mutations (present in approximately 6% of the mutant clones) in the cDNAs analyzed. At the high cytotoxic dose, 5 out of 36 base substitutions occurred at AT base pairs (14%) and 31 at GC base pairs (86%). At the low, non-cytotoxic dose, 7 out of 34 base substitutions were at AT base pairs (21%) and 27 were at GC base pairs (79%). Although there was a trend towards an increase in the proportion of mutations at AT base pairs when the dose of (-)-BPDE was decreased, this trend was not statistically significant. The data also indicated no dose-dependent differences in the kinds of base substitutions or exon deletions in cDNAs induced by (-)-BPDE. Ninety-one per cent of the (-)-BPDE-induced mutations that occurred at guanine were on the non-transcribed strand of DNA and 9% were on the transcribed strand. In contrast to these results, 50% of the (-)-BPDE-induced mutations that occurred at adenine were on the transcribed strand and 50% on the non-transcribed strand.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wei
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855
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Conney AH, Chang RL, Jerina DM, Wei SJ. Studies on the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and dose-dependent differences in the mutagenic profile of its ultimate carcinogenic metabolite. Drug Metab Rev 1994; 26:125-63. [PMID: 8082562 DOI: 10.3109/03602539409029788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A H Conney
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognsoy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855
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Chang RL, Wong CQ, Kline SA, Conney AH, Goldstein BD, Witz G. Mutagenicity of trans,trans-muconaldehyde and its metabolites in V79 cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 1994; 24:112-115. [PMID: 7925324 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850240206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
trans,trans-Muconaldehyde (MUC), a six-carbon-diene-dialdehyde, is a microsomal, hematotoxic ring-opened metabolite of benzene. MUC is metabolized to a variety of compounds which are formed by oxidation and/or reduction of the aldehyde group(s). In the present studies, MUC and its metabolites were examined for mutagenic activity at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Mutagenicity was scored by counting 8-azaguanine-resistant colonies. Of the 6 compounds tested, MUC and its aldehydic metabolites 6-hydroxy-trans,trans-2,4-hexadienal and 6-oxo-trans,trans-hexadienoic acid were mutagenic in that order of potency. The other MUC metabolites tested (1,6-dihydroxy-trans, trans-2, 4-hexadiene, trans, trans-muconic acid, and 6-hydroxy-trans, trans-2,4-hexadienoic acid) had little or not activity in this system. The order of mutagenic activity of MUC and its aldehydic metabolites correlates with their reactivity towards glutathione, suggesting that alkylating potential is important in the genotoxicity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Chang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers
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Chang RL, Battista S, Wong CQ, Kumar S, Kole PL, Sikka HC, Balani SK, Jerina DM, Conney AH, Wood AW. Bacterial and mammalian cell mutagenicity of four optically active bay-region 10,11-diol-8,9-epoxides of the nitrogen heterocycle dibenz[a,h]acridine. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14:2233-7. [PMID: 8242848 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/14.11.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutagenic activities of the enantiomers of the diastereomeric pair of bay-region 10,11-diol-8,9-epoxides of dibenz[a,h]acridine (DB[a,h]ACR) were evaluated in histidine-dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium and in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells. In strains TA98 and TA100 of S.typhimurium, the (-)-[8S,9R,10R,11S] diol-epoxide was the most mutagenic compound, inducing 1200 and 6900 His+ revertants/nmol respectively. The mutagenic activity of each of the remaining three isomers was essentially independent of the bacterial strain used and had 14-72% of the activity of the [S,R,R,S] isomer. However, in Chinese hamster V79 cells, the (+)-[8R,9S,10S,11R] diol-epoxide was the most mutagenic compound (68 8-azaguanine resistant variants/nmol/10(5) cells), inducing from 2 to 11 times as many mutations as the other three isomers. These results are analogous to previous studies with the bay-region diol-epoxides of other polycyclic hydrocarbons in that the isomer with [R,S,S,R] absolute configuration has had variable activity in the bacterial assays, but has generally been the most active in the mammalian cells. Furthermore, this isomer has almost always been highly tumorigenic in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Chang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855
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Wei SJ, Chang RL, Bhachech N, Cui XX, Merkler KA, Wong CQ, Hennig E, Yagi H, Jerina DM, Conney AH. Dose-dependent differences in the profile of mutations induced by (+)-7R,8S-dihydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene in the coding region of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase gene in Chinese hamster V-79 cells. Cancer Res 1993; 53:3294-301. [PMID: 8324741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster V-79 cells were exposed to a high dose (0.30-0.48 microM; 32% cell survival), an intermediate dose (0.04-0.10 microM; 100% cell survival) or a low dose (0.01-0.02 microM; 97% cell survival) of (+)-7R,8S-dihydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene [(+)-BPDE] which is the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene. The mutation frequency for cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle or with low, intermediate or high dose of (+)-BPDE were 1, 10, 52 or 514 8-azaguanine-resistant colonies/10(5) survivors, respectively. Independent 8-azaguanine-resistant clones were isolated, and complementary DNAs were prepared by reverse transcription. The coding region of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Altogether, 368 (+)-BPDE-induced mutant clones were examined. At all doses, base substitutions were the most prevalent mutations observed (about 72% of the mutant clones), followed by exon deletions (about 26% of the mutant clones) and frame-shift mutations (about 6% of the mutant clones). At the high cytotoxic dose, 7 of 120 base substitutions occurred at AT base pairs (6%) and 113 at GC base pairs (94%). At the intermediate noncytotoxic dose, 20 of 82 base substitutions occurred at AT base pairs (24%) and 62 at GC base pairs (76%). At the low noncytotoxic dose, 27 of 76 base substitutions were at AT base pairs (36%) and 49 were at GC base pairs (64%). The results indicated that decreasing the dose of (+)-BPDE decreased the proportion of mutations at GC base pairs and increased the proportion of mutations at AT base pairs. At the dose of (+)-BPDE was decreased, there was a dose-dependent decrease in the proportion of GC-->TA transversions (from 69% to 42% of the base substitutions) and a dose-dependent increase in the proportion of AT-->CG transversions (from 1% to 25% of the base substitutions). The data also indicated dose-dependent differences in (+)-BPDE-induced exon deletions and hot spots for base substitutions at GC and AT base pairs. Although more than 99% of the (+)-BPDE-induced mutations at guanine occurred on the nontranscribed strand of DNA, (+)-BPDE-induced mutations at adenine occurred on both the transcribed and nontranscribed strands. The ratio of mutations at adenine on the transcribed strand to mutations at adenine on the nontranscribed strand was 35:19 in (+)-BPDE-treated V-79 cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wei
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855
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Lu YP, Chang RL, Huang MT, Conney AH. Inhibitory effect of curcumin on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced increase in ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in mouse epidermis. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14:293-7. [PMID: 8435870 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/14.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of 5 nmol 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to the skin of female CD-1 mice led to a rapid increase in the concentration of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) mRNA from an undetectable level in control mice to a high maximum level at 4-5 h after TPA administration. The concentration of epidermal ODC mRNA then decreased rapidly during the next 5 h. The time course for TPA-induced increases in epidermal ODC enzyme activity paralleled very closely the time course for TPA-induced increases in ODC mRNA. Topical administration of 1, 3 or 10 mumol curcumin together with 5 nmol TPA inhibited by 66, 81 and 91% respectively TPA-induced increases in epidermal ODC enzyme activity measured 5 h later. In a parallel study, TPA-induced increases in the concentration of epidermal ODC mRNA was inhibited by 54, 85 and 82% respectively. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 or 30 mumol curcumin 1h before topical application of 5 nmol TPA inhibited TPA-induced increases in epidermal ODC enzyme activity by 75 or 89% respectively. In a parallel study, the induction of epidermal ODC mRNA was inhibited by 53 and 65% respectively. The results indicate that curcumin inhibits TPA-induced increases in epidermal ODC enzyme activity by inhibiting the synthesis and/or enhancing the breakdown of ODC mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Lu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855-0789
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Wei SJ, Chang RL, Wong CQ, Bhachech N, Cui XX, Hennig E, Yagi H, Sayer JM, Jerina DM, Preston BD. Dose-dependent differences in the profile of mutations induced by an ultimate carcinogen from benzo[a]pyrene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:11227-30. [PMID: 1763036 PMCID: PMC53107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the coding region of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene of Chinese hamster V-79 cells were examined after exposure of the cells to a high cytotoxic dose (0.48 microM; 35% survival) and a low noncytotoxic dose (0.04 microM; 100% survival) of the ultimate carcinogen (+)-7R,8S-dihydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(+)-BPDE]. Independent 8-azaguanine-resistant colonies were isolated and cDNAs were prepared by reverse transcription. The coding region of the cDNA of the HPRT gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. An examination of the DNA base sequence changes induced by different doses of (+)-BPDE demonstrated that the high dose of (+)-BPDE caused base substitution mutations almost exclusively at G.C base pairs whereas the low dose of (+)-BPDE caused mutations at both G.C and A.T base pairs. Thus, use of a low dose of (+)-BPDE allowed the detection of mutations (at A.T base pairs) that were not readily observed with a high dose of (+)-BPDE. The data also suggest that the low dose of (+)-BPDE may have caused a different profile of base substitutions at G.C base pairs and exon deletions than the high dose. The results indicate dose-dependent differences in the profile of mutations for an ultimate carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wei
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854
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Wood AW, Chang RL, Katz M, Conney AH, Jerina DM, Sikka HC, Levin W, Kumar S. Mutagenicity of dihydrodiols and diol epoxides of dibenz[a, h]acridine in bacterial and mammalian cells. Cancer Res 1989; 49:6981-4. [PMID: 2684405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bay-region diol epoxides are ultimate carcinogenic metabolites of a number of polycyclic aromatic compounds. Dibenz[a, h]acridine can form two diastereomeric pairs of these diol epoxides which are not positionally equivalent as a result of the nitrogen atom at position 7. We have assessed the structure-activity relationships resulting from heterocyclic nitrogen substitution by examining the mutagenic activity of these four bay-region diol epoxides of dibenz[a,h]acridine in both bacterial and mammalian cells. In strains TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium, the diastereomeric 10,11-diol-8,9-epoxides were 20 to 40 times more mutagenic than the corresponding 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides. Furthermore, in strain TA100, dibenz[a,h]acridine 10,11-dihydrodiol, the expected metabolic precursor of the 10,11-diol-8,9-epoxide, was metabolically activated by rat hepatic microsomes up to a 12-fold greater extent than the 3,4-dihydrodiol. In Chinese hamster V79 cells, the 10,11-diol-8,9-epoxide diastereomers were 20 to 80 times more mutagenic than their 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide counterparts. Quantum mechanical calculations of the predicted ease of benzylic carbocation formation at C-1 and C-8 from the diol epoxides indicate that the 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides should be less reactive due to resonance destabilization of the C-1 carbocation as a result of the electronegative nitrogen atom. Decreased chemical reactivity of 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides may explain their decreased mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Wood
- Roche Reserch Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is activated by congestive heart failure associated with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). To determine the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the hemodynamics with VSD, the dose response curve of captopril was measured in lambs. Furthermore, the effect of captopril on the distribution of systemic output was determined by the radionuclide-labeled microsphere technique. A total of 12 lambs (less than 1 month old) with VSD were instrumented and a minimum of five animals was tested for each data point. Captopril (0.05-10 mg/kg) caused dose-dependent vascular changes. At a dose of 2 mg/kg, maximal hemodynamic effects were observed. The systemic resistance fell by 28 +/- 9% (mean +/- SD, p less than 0.05, n = 9), whereas pulmonary arteriolar resistance rose by 113 +/- 34% (p less than 0.05). These vascular changes caused a reduction in the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow from 3.31 +/- 0.59 to 2.19 +/- 0.29 (-34%, p less than 0.05) and a reduction in left-to-right shunt volume by 30% (p less than 0.05). The left atrial pressure fell from 17.3 +/- 3.4 to 10.8 +/- 2.8 mm Hg (-38%, p less than 0.05). Mean aortic pressure was unchanged (71.2 +/- 8.1 versus 67.4 +/- 9.1). Forward flow from the left ventricle increased from 2.17 +/- 0.46 to 2.86 +/- 0.54 liter/min/M2 (p less than 0.05). Microsphere-determined organ blood flow to the heart, kidney, liver, duodenum, and skeletal muscle was preserved after a 5 mg/kg dose of captopril and, in fact, tended to increase, but the changes were not significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Boucek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
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Chang RL, Wood AW, Conney AH, Yagi H, Sayer JM, Thakker DR, Jerina DM, Levin W. Role of diaxial versus diequatorial hydroxyl groups in the tumorigenic activity of a benzo[a]pyrene bay-region diol epoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:8633-6. [PMID: 3479808 PMCID: PMC299600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenic activities of the (7R,8S,9S,10R)-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene [(+)-B[a]P diol epoxide-2] and 6-fluorobenzo[a]pyrene (6-FB[a]P diol epoxide-2) were evaluated in newborn CD-1 mice. A total dose of 14 nmol of either diol epoxide was administered to preweanling mice, and tumorigenic activity was determined when the mice were 32 to 36 weeks old. At the termination of the study, 13% of solvent-treated control mice had developed lung tumors with an average of 0.19 tumor per mouse. No other tumors were observed in control animals. (+)-B[a]P diol epoxide-2 induced pulmonary tumors in 60% of the mice with an average of 1.9 tumors per mouse, and 14% of the male mice developed hepatic tumors with an average of 0.18 tumor per mouse. In contrast, 6-FB[a]P diol epoxide-2 had no significant tumorigenic activity at the 14-nmol dose. Although both bay-region diol epoxides have the same absolute configuration, (7R,8S,9S,10R), the hydroxyl groups of (+)-B[a]P diol epoxide-2 prefer the pseudoequatorial conformation whereas the hydroxyl groups of 6-FB[a]P diol epoxide-2 prefer the pseudoaxial conformation. The tumorigenicity results reported here are the first direct demonstration that conformation of the hydroxyl groups in a bay-region diol epoxide, in addition to the documented effect of absolute configuration, is an important determinant in the tumorigenic activity of these ultimate carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Chang
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis and Metabolism, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, NJ 07110
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Smart RC, Huang MT, Chang RL, Sayer JM, Jerina DM, Wood AW, Conney AH. Effect of ellagic acid and 3-O-decylellagic acid on the formation of benzo[a]pyrene-derived DNA adducts in vivo and on the tumorigenicity of 3-methylcholanthrene in mice. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7:1669-75. [PMID: 3757169 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/7.10.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of ellagic acid and its more lipophilic derivative, 3-O-decylellagic acid, on the amount of DNA-bound adducts in the epidermis or lung of CD-1 mice treated with [3H]benzo-[a]pyrene ([3H]B[a]P) was evaluated using several different treatment protocols. The i.v. administration of 50 mumol/kg of ellagic acid or 3-O-decylellagic acid either together with or 5 min before a 0.2 mumol/kg i.v. dose of [3H]B[a]P did not inhibit the formation of pulmonary DNA-bound adducts. Feeding mice a diet that contained 1% ellagic acid for 10 days or the i.p. administration of 120 mumol/kg of ellagic acid 30 min before the i.v. administration of 0.2 mumol/kg of [3H]B[a]P did not inhibit the formation of DNA-bound adducts in the lung. The application of 2,500 nmol of ellagic acid or 3-O-decylellagic acid to mouse skin 5 min before the application of 2, 10 or 50 nmol of [3H]B[a]P had little or no effect on the covalent binding of [3H]B[a]P metabolites to epidermal DNA. Feeding mice a diet containing 1% ellagic acid for 10 days did not inhibit the formation of epidermal DNA-bound adducts after a topical dose of 2 nmol of [3H]B[a]P. Similarly, the topical application of 2,500 nmol of ellagic acid at 2 h, 1 h and 5 min before and at 10 min after the application of 2 nmol of [3H]B[a]P did not inhibit the formation of DNA-bound adducts, but the same dosing regimen of 3-O-decylellagic acid (total dose of 10,000 nmol) resulted in a modest inhibition in the formation of DNA-bound adducts. The topical application of 1,500 nmol of ellagic acid 1 h before the application of 1,500 nmol of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) to CD-1 or BALB/c mice twice weekly did not inhibit the development of skin tumors. Our results indicate that ellagic acid and 3-O-decylellagic acid are not effective in inhibiting [3H]B[a]P DNA adduct formation in mouse skin and lung and that ellagic acid does not inhibit 3-MC-induced skin tumorigenesis in BALB/c or CD-1 mice.
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Smart RC, Huang MT, Chang RL, Sayer JM, Jerina DM, Conney AH. Disposition of the naturally occurring antimutagenic plant phenol, ellagic acid, and its synthetic derivatives, 3-O-decylellagic acid and 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid in mice. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7:1663-7. [PMID: 3093111 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/7.10.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of ellagic acid and some of its more lipophilic derivatives on the mutagenicity of (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenz[a]pyrene was examined in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. Ellagic acid, 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid, 4,4'-di-O-methylellagic acid and 3-O-decylellagic acid were found to have approximately equal antimutagenic activity. The tissue distribution and elimination of ellagic acid, 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid and 3-O-decylellagic acid were examined in CD-1 mice. Little or no ellagic acid (less than 1 nmol/g) was found in blood, lung or liver after the oral administration by gavage of 300 mumol of ellagic acid per kg body weight of after feeding 1% of ellagic acid in the diet for 1 week. Following the i.p. administration of 120 mumol/kg of ellagic acid, the blood and lung levels of ellagic acid were 15-20 nmol/g at 30 min after the dose, and the concentrations of ellagic acid decreased to 1-3 nmol/g at 6-8 h after the dose. A portion of the administered i.p. dose precipitated in the abdominal cavity. After i.v. administration, ellagic acid was eliminated very rapidly from blood, lung and liver, and approximately 70% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine and feces as free ellagic acid and its conjugates. At 2 h after an i.v. injection of 60 mumol/kg of ellagic acid, 46% of the dose was recovered in the urine as ellagic acid and its conjugates. Of this amount, about half was excreted as free ellagic acid and half was excreted as conjugates. An additional 25% of the dose was recovered in the feces (mostly as free ellagic acid) after 7 h. The disposition of 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid or 3-O-decylellagic acid after i.v. administration (32 mumol/kg) was examined and compared to the disposition of the same i.v. dose of ellagic acid. The concentrations of ellagic acid, 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid and 3-O-decylellagic acid decreased rapidly in the blood, liver and lung, but the concentrations of 3-O-decylellagic acid in the lung throughout the experimental period (2-360 min) was on average 20- to 40-fold higher than the corresponding average concentrations of ellagic acid or 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid.
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Chang RL, Levin W, Wood AW, Shirai N, Ryan AJ, Duke CC, Jerina DM, Holder GM, Conney AH. High tumorigenicity of the 3,4-dihydrodiol of 7-methylbenz[c]acridine on mouse skin and in newborn mice. Cancer Res 1986; 46:4552-5. [PMID: 3731110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumorigenicities of 7-methylbenz[c]acridine (7MB[c]ACR) and its five metabolically possible trans-dihydrodiols were determined in two mouse tumor models. In initiation-promotion studies on mouse skin, a single topical application of 0.15 to 0.75 mumol of compound was followed 9 days later by twice weekly applications of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 20 wk. Comparison of the average number of skin tumors per mouse indicated that 7MB[c]ACR 3,4-dihydrodiol, the metabolic precursor of a bay-region diol-epoxide, was 4- to 6-fold more active than the parent compound as a tumor initiator. The 1,2-, 5,6-, 8,9-, and 10,11-dihydrodiols of 7MB[c]ACR had no significant tumor-initiating activity at the doses tested. In newborn mice, a total dose of 0.35 mumol of compound was administered i.p. during the first 15 days of life, and tumorigenic activity was determined when the mice were 32 to 36 wk old. 7MB[c]ACR 3,4-dihydrodiol induced about 8-fold more pulmonary tumors per mouse and 9-fold more hepatic tumors per male mouse than the parent aza-substituted hydrocarbon. The other four dihydrodiols of 7MB[c]ACR had no significant tumorigenic activity. The high tumorigenic activity of 7MB[c]ACR 3,4-dihydrodiol in both tumor models suggests that a bay-region 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide may be an ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of 7MB[c]ACR. 7MB[c]ACR was at least 5-fold more active as a tumor initiator on mouse skin than was the unsubstituted aza-aromatic compound, benz[c]acridine. This latter result indicates that substitution of a methyl group at position 7 of benz[c]acridine leads to enhanced tumor-initiating activity, as has been previously demonstrated for benz[a]anthracene and its 7-methyl derivative.
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Wood AW, Chang RL, Levin W, Kumar S, Shirai N, Jerina DM, Lehr RE, Conney AH. Bacterial and mammalian cell mutagenicity of four optically active bay-region 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides and other derivatives of the nitrogen heterocycle dibenz[c,h]acridine. Cancer Res 1986; 46:2760-6. [PMID: 3516386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mutagenic activities of the enantiomers of the diastereomeric pair of bay-region 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides of the nitrogen heterocycle, dibenz[c,h]acridine, have been evaluated in histidine-dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium and in an 8-azaguanine-sensitive line of Chinese hamster cells. In strains TA 98 and TA 100 of S. typhimurium the pair of enantiomers with [1R,2S,3S,4R] and [1S,2R,3R,4S] absolute configuration and the benzylic hydroxyl group trans to the epoxide oxygen are 2 to 4 times more mutagenic than the [1S,2R,3S,4R] and [1R,2S,3R,4S] isomers in which the benzylic hydroxyl and epoxide oxygen are cis. In both strains of bacteria there is very little difference in mutagenic activity between the enantiomers of each diastereomer. In contrast to these results in bacteria, the bay-region 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide isomer with [1R,2S,3S,4R] absolute configuration is 5 to 7 times more mutagenic to Chinese hamster V79 cells than are the other 3 isomers. The enantiomeric pair of bay-region tetrahydro-1,2-epoxides of dibenz[c,h]acridine are at least 7 times more mutagenic than the diol-epoxides in the Salmonella assay, and no difference in mutagenic activity is observed between enantiomers. In the Chinese hamster V79 cell system, however, the tetrahydro-1,2-epoxide with [1R,2S] absolute configuration is 2- to 3-fold more mutagenic than its enantiomer with [1S,2R] absolute configuration. Homogeneous rat liver epoxide hydrolase does not catalyze the hydration of the diol-epoxide isomers to nonmutagenic products, although the tetrahydroepoxides, especially the tetrahydro-3,4-epoxide, are metabolized by the enzyme. Results of metabolic activation experiments with the bacterial mutagenesis system and microsomes from Aroclor 1254-treated rats are consistent with the mutagenicity data described above and support the concept that dibenz[c,h]acridine is metabolically activated to a bay-region diol-epoxide. Notably: (a) 3,4-dihydrodibenz[c,h]acridine, the expected precursor of a bay-region tetrahydroepoxide, is metabolized to a potent mutagen; (b) racemic dibenz[c,h]acridine 3,4-dihydrodiol is metabolized to products which are several-fold more mutagenic than are products of the metabolism of dibenz[c,h]acridine or its 1,2- or 5,6-dihydrodiols; and (c) the tetrahydro-3,4-diol, which lacks the isolated bay-region double bond, is not metabolically activated to a bacterial mutagen.
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Levin W, Chang RL, Wood AW, Thakker DR, Yagi H, Jerina DM, Conney AH. Tumorigenicity of optical isomers of the diastereomeric bay-region 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides of benzo(c)phenanthrene in murine tumor models. Cancer Res 1986; 46:2257-61. [PMID: 3697970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumorigenic activities of the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of the diastereomeric, bay-region benzo(c)phenanthrene 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides were evaluated in two mouse tumor models. In an initiation-promotion experiment on mouse skin, a single topical application of 10, 25, or 75 nmol of the compounds was followed by 20 weeks of promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Of the four optical isomers of the bay-region diol epoxides, (-)-(R,2S,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrogenzo(c )phenanthrene [(-)-diol epoxide-2] and (+)-(1R,2S,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo(c) -phenanthrene [(+)-diol epoxide-1] had equally high tumor-initiating activity while (+)-[1S,2R,3R,4S]-3,4-dihydroxy-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo (c)phenanthrene [(+)-diol epoxide-2] had less than one-half of the activity of (-)-diol epoxide-2 and (+)-diol epoxide-1. (-)-(1S,2R,3S,4R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo(c) -phenanthrene [(-)-diol epoxide-1] was inactive at the doses tested. In newborn mice, (-)-diol epoxide-2 was almost 10-fold more active in producing lung tumors (average number of lung tumors/mouse) than the next most active compound, (+)-diol epoxide-2, at a total dose of 10 nmol. The enantiomers of diol epoxide-1 were inactive at this dose. When the total dose of each optical isomer was increased to 50 nmol, (-)-diol epoxide-1 was still inactive, and (+)-diol epoxide-1 produced a significant number of lung tumors (0.9 lung tumor/mouse), but this isomer still had less than 10% of the activity of the (+)- and (-)-diol epoxide-2 isomers. (-)-Diol epoxide-2, but none of the other optical isomers, also produced a significant incidence of hepatic tumors at the higher dose, and this compound was found to be the most tumorigenic bay-region diol epoxide ever tested in newborn mice. Racemic diol epoxide-1 had approximately 1% of the tumorigenic activity of racemic diol epoxide-2 in newborn mice, but both racemates had equal tumor-initiating activity on mouse skin. These results dramatically illustrate the complexities involved in ranking the relative tumorigenic activities of compounds in different tumor models.
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Huang MT, Wood AW, Chang RL, Yagi H, Sayer JM, Jerina DM, Conney AH. Inhibitory effect of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene on the mutagenicity and tumorigenicity of (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene. Cancer Res 1986; 46:558-66. [PMID: 3079665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The 12 isomeric phenols of benzo(a)pyrene were tested for their ability to inhibit the mutagenic activity of (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2], an ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene. 3-Hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene [3-HO-B(a)P], a major metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene, was the most potent antagonist tested. Approximately 3 nmol of 3-HO-B(a)P, 14 nmol of 10-HO-B(a)P, and 5-8 nmol of 1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 11-, and 12-HO-B(a)P inhibited the mutagenic activity of 0.05 nmol of B(a)P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 by 50% in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 100. The importance of the phenolic group for antimutagenic activity was indicated by the lack of antimutagenic activity of benzo(a)pyrene itself. 3-HO-B(a)P also inhibited the mutagenic activity resulting from the metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene and (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene by rat liver microsomes. This inhibition may have resulted from an effect of 3-HO-B(a)P on the metabolic activation of these carcinogens and/or from a direct effect on the action of B(a)P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2. In a mammalian cell culture system utilizing Chinese hamster V79 cells, 3-HO-B(a)P (8 microM) inhibited the mutagenicity of B(a)P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 (0.2 microM) by 50%. Although 3-HO-B(a)P was a potent inhibitor of the mutagenic activity of bay-region diol epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)pyrene, and dibenzo(a,i)pyrene in S. typhimurium strain TA 100, higher concentrations of 3-HO-B(a)P were needed to inhibit the mutagenicity of the chemically less reactive benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide and the bay-region diol epoxides of benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, and benzo(c)phenanthrene. Both 3-HO-B(a)P and 10-HO-B(a)P accelerated the disappearance of B(a)P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 from 1:9 dioxane-water solutions at pH 7 and 25 degrees C. 3-HO-B(a)P, the most effective antimutagen of the B(a)P phenols tested, was much more reactive with the diol epoxide than 10-HO-B(a)P, the least effective antimutagen. The rate constant for the reaction of 3-HO-B(a)P with the diol epoxide exhibited a nonlinear (greater than first-order) dependence on the concentration of the phenol. Evidence was obtained for covalent adduct formation between the diol epoxide and each of the two phenols.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Chang RL, Huang MT, Wood AW, Wong CQ, Newmark HL, Yagi H, Sayer JM, Jerina DM, Conney AH. Effect of ellagic acid and hydroxylated flavonoids on the tumorigenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene on mouse skin and in the newborn mouse. Carcinogenesis 1985; 6:1127-33. [PMID: 3926336 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/6.8.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellagic acid, quercetin and robinetin were tested for their ability to antagonize the tumor-initiating activity of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2), the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of benzo[a]-pyrene. Ellagic acid, robinetin or quercetin (2500 nmol) had no tumor-initiating activity on mouse skin, but the topical application of 2500 nmol of ellagic acid 5 min before a tumor-initiating dose of 200 nmol of B[a]P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 caused a 59-66% inhibition in the number of skin tumors per mouse that were observed after 15-20 weeks of promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Similar treatment with 2500 nmol of robinetin or quercetin caused a statistically insignificant 16-24% inhibition in the tumor-initiating activity of 200 nmol of B[a]P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 applied 5 min later. Treatment of mice with 2500 nmol of ellagic acid 5 min before the application of 50 nmol of B[a]P inhibited the mean number of skin tumors per mouse by 28-33% after 15-20 weeks of promotion, but these decreases were not statistically significant. Robinetin and quercetin had little or no effect on the tumor-initiating activity of B[a]P on mouse skin. Treatment of preweanling mice with 1/7, 2/7 and 4/7 of the total dose of ellagic acid (300 nmol), robinetin (1400 nmol), myricetin (1400 nmol) or quercetin (1400 nmol) i.p. on their first, eighth and fifteenth day of life, respectively, did not cause the formation of tumors in animals that were killed 9-11 months later. Similar treatment of preweanling mice with the above doses of the phenolic compounds 10 min before the i.p. injection of a total dose of 30 nmol of B[a]P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 during the animal's first 15 days of life caused a 44-75% inhibition in the number of diol-epoxide-induced pulmonary tumors per mouse. Similar treatment with these plant phenols had little or no effect on B[a]P-induced pulmonary tumors.
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Wood AW, Chang RL, Huang MT, Baggiolini E, Partridge JJ, Uskokovic M, Conney AH. Stimulatory effect of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the formation of skin tumors in mice treated chronically with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 130:924-31. [PMID: 3927913 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)90505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha, 25-(OH)2D3) and its 24,24-difluoro analog on the formation of skin tumors in mice was evaluated in a complete carcinogenesis model using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as the carcinogen. Twice weekly topical application of 0.25-0.50 nmol of 1 alpha, 25-(OH)2D3 or 0.05-0.10 nmol of the difluoro analog of 1 alpha, 25-(OH)2D3 1 hour prior to treatment with 50 nmol DMBA stimulated tumor formation several fold compared to animals receiving DMBA alone. Topical application of 0.50 nmol of 1 alpha, 25-(OH)2D3 24 hours after treatment with DMBA, or half of this dose of the vitamin D3 metabolite, applied 1 hour before and 24 hours after treatment with DMBA, also stimulated tumor formation several fold. These results are in marked contrast to the potent inhibitory effect of 1 alpha, 25-(OH)2D3 and its difluoro analog on the formation of skin tumors in mice promoted by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
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