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Guerra-García MT, Moreno-Macías H, Ochoa-Guzmán A, Ordoñez-Sánchez ML, Rodríguez-Guillen R, Vázquez-Cárdenas P, Ortíz-Ortega VM, Peimbert-Torres M, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Tusié-Luna MT. The -514C>T polymorphism in the LIPC gene modifies type 2 diabetes risk through modulation of HDL-cholesterol levels in Mexicans. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:557-565. [PMID: 32617858 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are very prevalent conditions among Mexicans. Genetic variants in the LIPC gene have been associated with both conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the -514C < T (rs1800588) LIPC gene polymorphism with different metabolic traits, particularly the effects of this polymorphism on HDL-C plasma levels and T2D risk. METHODS Mediation analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of the -514C>T LIPC gene variant on HDL-C levels, T2D risk, and body mass index (BMI), in 2105 Mexican mestizo participants. We also assessed the functional effect of the -514C>T LIPC variant on the promoter activity of a reporter gene in the HepG2 cell line. RESULTS Direct effects show that the -514C>T LIPC polymorphism is significantly associated with increased HDL-C plasma levels (β = 0.03; p < 0.001). The -514C>T variant resulted in an indirect protective effect on T2D risk through increasing HDL-C levels (β = - 0.03; p < 0.001). Marginal direct association between -514C>T and T2D was found (β = 0.08; p = 0.06). Variables directly influencing T2D status were European ethnicity (β = - 7.20; p < 0.001), age (β = 0.04; p < 0.001), gender (β = - 0.15; p = 0.017) and HDL-C (β = - 1.07; p < 0.001). In addition, we found that the -514C>T variant decreases the activity of LIPC promoter by 90% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The -514C>T polymorphism was not directly associated with T2D risk. HDL-C acts as a mediator between -514C>T LIPC gene variant and T2D risk in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Guerra-García
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Moreno-Macías
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
- Economy Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Ochoa-Guzmán
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M L Ordoñez-Sánchez
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Rodríguez-Guillen
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Vázquez-Cárdenas
- Obesity Clinic, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - V M Ortíz-Ortega
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Peimbert-Torres
- Nature Sciences Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C A Aguilar-Salinas
- Division of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M T Tusié-Luna
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Univesidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Martagón AJ, Bello-Chavolla OY, Arellano-Campos O, Almeda-Valdés P, Walford GA, Cruz-Bautista I, Gómez-Velasco DV, Mehta R, Muñoz-Hernández L, Sevilla-González M, Viveros-Ruiz TL, Ordoñez-Sánchez ML, Rodríguez-Guillen R, Florez JC, Tusié-Luna MT, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Mercader JM, Huerta-Chagoya A, Moreno-Macías H, García-Ortiz H, Manning A, Caulkins L, Flannick J, Patterson N, Martínez-Hernández A, Centeno-Cruz F, Barajas-Olmos FM, Zerrweck C, Contreras-Cubas C, Mendoza-Caamal E, Revilla-Monsalve C, Islas Andrade S, Córdova E, Soberón X, González-Villalpando ME, Wilkens L, Le Marchand L, Monroe K, Kolonel L, Arellano-Campos O, Ordóñez-Sánchez ML, Rodríguez-Torres M, Segura-Kato Y, Rodríguez-Guillén R, Cruz-Bautista I, Muñoz-Hernández LL, Martagón AJ, Sevilla Gonzalez MDR, Gómez D, Almeda-Valdés P, Garay ME, Malacara Hernandez JM, Burtt NP, Cortes ML, Altshuler DM, Haiman CA, Aguilar-Salinas CA, González-Villalpando C, Orozco L, Tusié-Luna T, Florez JC. Mexican Carriers of the HNF1A p.E508K Variant Do Not Experience an Enhanced Response to Sulfonylureas. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:1726-1731. [PMID: 29844095 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether an ethnic-specific variant (p.E508K) in the maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) gene hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF1A) found in Mexicans is associated with higher sensitivity to sulfonylureas, as documented in patients with MODY3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited 96 participants (46 variant carriers and 50 age- and sex-matched noncarriers). Response to glipizide (one 2.5-5.0-mg dose), metformin (four 500-mg doses), and an oral glucose challenge was evaluated using a previously validated protocol. Glucose and insulin levels and their areas under the curve (AUCs) were compared between groups. RESULTS Carriers of the p.E508K variant had a lower maximum insulin peak during the glipizide challenge as compared with noncarriers with diabetes (P < 0.05). Also, carriers had a lower insulin response after the oral glucose challenge. Following an oral glucose tolerance test in the presence of metformin, carriers of the p.E508K variant with diabetes had a lower maximum insulin peak and total and incremental insulin AUC value as compared with noncarriers with diabetes (P < 0.05). A similar but nonsignificant trend was seen in participants without type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Carriers of variant p.E508K in HNF1A have a reduced insulin response rather than the increased sensitivity to sulfonylureas seen in patients with MODY3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro J. Martagón
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Olimpia Arellano-Campos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paloma Almeda-Valdés
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Geoffrey A. Walford
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Donají V. Gómez-Velasco
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roopa Mehta
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Liliana Muñoz-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Magdalena Sevilla-González
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Tannia L. Viveros-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Luisa Ordoñez-Sánchez
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosario Rodríguez-Guillen
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - María Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Ciudad de México, México
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
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3
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Mercader JM, Liao RG, Bell AD, Dymek Z, Estrada K, Tukiainen T, Huerta-Chagoya A, Moreno-Macías H, Jablonski KA, Hanson RL, Walford GA, Moran I, Chen L, Agarwala V, Ordoñez-Sánchez ML, Rodríguez-Guillen R, Rodríguez-Torres M, Segura-Kato Y, García-Ortiz H, Centeno-Cruz F, Barajas-Olmos F, Caulkins L, Puppala S, Fontanillas P, Williams AL, Bonàs-Guarch S, Hartl C, Ripke S, Tooley K, Lane J, Zerrweck C, Martínez-Hernández A, Córdova EJ, Mendoza-Caamal E, Contreras-Cubas C, González-Villalpando ME, Cruz-Bautista I, Muñoz-Hernández L, Gómez-Velasco D, Alvirde U, Henderson BE, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Arellano-Campos O, Riba L, Harden M, Gabriel S, Abboud HE, Cortes ML, Revilla-Monsalve C, Islas-Andrade S, Soberon X, Curran JE, Jenkinson CP, DeFronzo RA, Lehman DM, Hanis CL, Bell GI, Boehnke M, Blangero J, Duggirala R, Saxena R, MacArthur D, Ferrer J, McCarroll SA, Torrents D, Knowler WC, Baier LJ, Burtt N, González-Villalpando C, Haiman CA, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Tusié-Luna T, Flannick J, Jacobs SBR, Orozco L, Altshuler D, Florez JC. A Loss-of-Function Splice Acceptor Variant in IGF2 Is Protective for Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:2903-2914. [PMID: 28838971 PMCID: PMC5652606 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects more than 415 million people worldwide, and its costs to the health care system continue to rise. To identify common or rare genetic variation with potential therapeutic implications for T2D, we analyzed and replicated genome-wide protein coding variation in a total of 8,227 individuals with T2D and 12,966 individuals without T2D of Latino descent. We identified a novel genetic variant in the IGF2 gene associated with ∼20% reduced risk for T2D. This variant, which has an allele frequency of 17% in the Mexican population but is rare in Europe, prevents splicing between IGF2 exons 1 and 2. We show in vitro and in human liver and adipose tissue that the variant is associated with a specific, allele-dosage-dependent reduction in the expression of IGF2 isoform 2. In individuals who do not carry the protective allele, expression of IGF2 isoform 2 in adipose is positively correlated with both incidence of T2D and increased plasma glycated hemoglobin in individuals without T2D, providing support that the protective effects are mediated by reductions in IGF2 isoform 2. Broad phenotypic examination of carriers of the protective variant revealed no association with other disease states or impaired reproductive health. These findings suggest that reducing IGF2 isoform 2 expression in relevant tissues has potential as a new therapeutic strategy for T2D, even beyond the Latin American population, with no major adverse effects on health or reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Mercader
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel G Liao
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Avery D Bell
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zachary Dymek
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Karol Estrada
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alicia Huerta-Chagoya
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hortensia Moreno-Macías
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Robert L Hanson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Geoffrey A Walford
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ignasi Moran
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Ling Chen
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Vineeta Agarwala
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - María Luisa Ordoñez-Sánchez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Rodríguez-Guillen
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maribel Rodríguez-Torres
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yayoi Segura-Kato
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Lizz Caulkins
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sobha Puppala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Amy L Williams
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Sílvia Bonàs-Guarch
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chris Hartl
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katherine Tooley
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jacqueline Lane
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carlos Zerrweck
- Clínica Integral de Cirugía para la Obesidad y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital General Tláhuac, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - María E González-Villalpando
- Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Unidad de Investigacion en Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Liliana Muñoz-Hernández
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Donaji Gómez-Velasco
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ulises Alvirde
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - Olimpia Arellano-Campos
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Riba
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maegan Harden
- The Genomics Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | - Hanna E Abboud
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Cristina Revilla-Monsalve
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Islas-Andrade
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xavier Soberon
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX
| | - Christopher P Jenkinson
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Donna M Lehman
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Richa Saxena
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel MacArthur
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Genomic Programming of Beta Cells and Diabetes, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - David Torrents
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William C Knowler
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Leslie J Baier
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Noel Burtt
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Clicerio González-Villalpando
- Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Unidad de Investigacion en Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jason Flannick
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Suzanne B R Jacobs
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Altshuler
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Broad Metabolism Program and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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