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Akula SK, Chen AY, Neil JE, Shao DD, Mo A, Hylton NK, DiTroia S, Ganesh VS, Smith RS, O’Kane K, Yeh RC, Marciano JH, Kirkham S, Kenny CJ, Song JHT, Al Saffar M, Millan F, Harris DJ, Murphy AV, Klemp KC, Braddock SR, Brand H, Wong I, Talkowski ME, O’Donnell-Luria A, Lai A, Hill RS, Mochida GH, Doan RN, Barkovich AJ, Yang E, Amrom D, Andermann E, Poduri A, Walsh CA. Exome Sequencing and the Identification of New Genes and Shared Mechanisms in Polymicrogyria. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:980-988. [PMID: 37486637 PMCID: PMC10366952 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Importance Polymicrogyria is the most commonly diagnosed cortical malformation and is associated with neurodevelopmental sequelae including epilepsy, motor abnormalities, and cognitive deficits. Polymicrogyria frequently co-occurs with other brain malformations or as part of syndromic diseases. Past studies of polymicrogyria have defined heterogeneous genetic and nongenetic causes but have explained only a small fraction of cases. Objective To survey germline genetic causes of polymicrogyria in a large cohort and to consider novel polymicrogyria gene associations. Design, Setting, and Participants This genetic association study analyzed panel sequencing and exome sequencing of accrued DNA samples from a retrospective cohort of families with members with polymicrogyria. Samples were accrued over more than 20 years (1994 to 2020), and sequencing occurred in 2 stages: panel sequencing (June 2015 to January 2016) and whole-exome sequencing (September 2019 to March 2020). Individuals seen at multiple clinical sites for neurological complaints found to have polymicrogyria on neuroimaging, then referred to the research team by evaluating clinicians, were included in the study. Targeted next-generation sequencing and/or exome sequencing were performed on probands (and available parents and siblings) from 284 families with individuals who had isolated polymicrogyria or polymicrogyria as part of a clinical syndrome and no genetic diagnosis at time of referral from clinic, with sequencing from 275 families passing quality control. Main Outcomes and Measures The number of families in whom genetic sequencing yielded a molecular diagnosis that explained the polymicrogyria in the family. Secondarily, the relative frequency of different genetic causes of polymicrogyria and whether specific genetic causes were associated with co-occurring head size changes were also analyzed. Results In 32.7% (90 of 275) of polymicrogyria-affected families, genetic variants were identified that provided satisfactory molecular explanations. Known genes most frequently implicated by polymicrogyria-associated variants in this cohort were PIK3R2, TUBB2B, COL4A1, and SCN3A. Six candidate novel polymicrogyria genes were identified or confirmed: de novo missense variants in PANX1, QRICH1, and SCN2A and compound heterozygous variants in TMEM161B, KIF26A, and MAN2C1, each with consistent genotype-phenotype relationships in multiple families. Conclusions and Relevance This study's findings reveal a higher than previously recognized rate of identifiable genetic causes, specifically of channelopathies, in individuals with polymicrogyria and support the utility of exome sequencing for families affected with polymicrogyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam K. Akula
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT MD/PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allen Y. Chen
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer E. Neil
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diane D. Shao
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alisa Mo
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norma K. Hylton
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT MD/PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie DiTroia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Vijay S. Ganesh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard S. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katherine O’Kane
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca C. Yeh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jack H. Marciano
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha Kirkham
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Connor J. Kenny
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janet H. T. Song
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Muna Al Saffar
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - David J. Harris
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea V. Murphy
- Division of Medical Genetics, Our Lady of the Lake Health System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Kara C. Klemp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephen R. Braddock
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Harrison Brand
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaac Wong
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael E. Talkowski
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne O’Donnell-Luria
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Abbe Lai
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Sean Hill
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ganeshwaran H. Mochida
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan N. Doan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A. James Barkovich
- Benioff Children’s Hospital, Departments of Radiology, Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Edward Yang
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dina Amrom
- Neurogenetics Unit, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Queen Fabiola Children’s University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Eva Andermann
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
- Epilepsy Research Group, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT MD/PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Luquette LJ, Miller MB, Zhou Z, Bohrson CL, Zhao Y, Jin H, Gulhan D, Ganz J, Bizzotto S, Kirkham S, Hochepied T, Libert C, Galor A, Kim J, Lodato MA, Garaycoechea JI, Gawad C, West J, Walsh CA, Park PJ. Single-cell genome sequencing of human neurons identifies somatic point mutation and indel enrichment in regulatory elements. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1564-1571. [PMID: 36163278 PMCID: PMC9833626 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Accurate somatic mutation detection from single-cell DNA sequencing is challenging due to amplification-related artifacts. To reduce this artifact burden, an improved amplification technique, primary template-directed amplification (PTA), was recently introduced. We analyzed whole-genome sequencing data from 52 PTA-amplified single neurons using SCAN2, a new genotyper we developed to leverage mutation signatures and allele balance in identifying somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small insertions and deletions (indels) in PTA data. Our analysis confirms an increase in nonclonal somatic mutation in single neurons with age, but revises the estimated rate of this accumulation to 16 SNVs per year. We also identify artifacts in other amplification methods. Most importantly, we show that somatic indels increase by at least three per year per neuron and are enriched in functional regions of the genome such as enhancers and promoters. Our data suggest that indels in gene-regulatory elements have a considerable effect on genome integrity in human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovelace J Luquette
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael B Miller
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zinan Zhou
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig L Bohrson
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hu Jin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Doga Gulhan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javier Ganz
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Bizzotto
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Kirkham
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnolpogy (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnolpogy (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alon Galor
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junho Kim
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Michael A Lodato
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charles Gawad
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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