Does work-related and commuting physical activity predict changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior during the transition to retirement? GPS and accelerometer study

We examined how GPS and accelerometer measured work-related and commuting physical activity contribute to changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior during the retirement transition in the Finnish Retirement and Aging study (n = 118). Lower work-related activity was associated with a decrease in sedentary time and an increase in light physical activity during retirement. Conversely, higher work-related activity was associated with an increase in sedentary time and a decrease in light physical activity, except among those active workers who also were active commuters. Thus, both work-related and commuting physical activity predict changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior when retiring.

Physical activity change across retirement by device measured work-related and commuting activity

Background

Work-related and commuting physical activity before retirement may contribute to changes in physical activity and sedentary time after retirement, and the aim of this study was to examine these associations.

Methods

Study population consisted of participants of the Finnish Retirement and Aging study (n = 119). Activity behaviour was measured with GPS and accelerometer devices. The participants provided 637 measurement days before and 557 days after retirement. Work-related physical activity was defined as physical activity accumulated at workplace. Commuting activity was dichotomised based on the speed of trips between home and workplace to active (<20 km/h) and passive (≥20 km/h) commute. Participants were divided into four groups: non-active workers and commuters, non-active workers but active commuters, active workers but non-active commuters, and active workers and commuters. Linear regression analysis with generalized estimating equations were used for statistical analysis.

Results

The change in physical activity during retirement transition markedly varied by the activity group. Lower work-related activity was associated with an increase in light physical activity and a decrease in sedentary time. Conversely, higher work-related activity was associated with a decrease in light physical activity and an increase in sedentary time, except among those active workers who were active commuters. Particularly the active workers but non-active commuters increased their sedentary time (48 min, 95% Cl 20 to 76) and decreased their light physical activity (54 min, 95% Cl -80 to -29). No statistically significant changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were observed.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that work-related physical activity is associated with changes in physical activity behavior when retiring. Special attention should be targeted to active workers who are non-active commuters to maintain physical activity and decrease sedentary time after retirement.

Key messages

Changes in physical activity by context and residential greenness among recent retirees: Longitudinal GPS and accelerometer study

This study examined the changes in accelerometer-measured physical activity by GPS-measured contexts among Finnish retirees (n = 45 (537 measurement days)) participating in a physical activity intervention. We also assessed whether residential greenness, measured with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, moderated the changes. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) increased at home by 7 min/day, (P < 0.001) and during active travel by 5 min/day (P = 0.03). The participants with the highest vs. lowest greenness had 25 min/day greater increase in MVPA over the follow-up (P for Time*Greenness interaction = 0.04). In conclusion, retirees participating in the intervention increased their MVPA both at home and in active travel, and more so if they lived in a greener area.

Contexts of sedentary time and physical activity among ageing workers and recent retirees: cross-sectional GPS and accelerometer study

OBJECTIVES

We examined sedentary time and physical activity in different contexts among ageing workers, between their workdays and days off, and recent retirees, between their weekdays and weekend days.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Finnish Retirement and Aging study and Enhancing physical activity and healthy ageing among recent retirees-Randomised controlled in-home physical activity trial.

PARTICIPANTS

137 workers (544 measurement days) and 53 retirees (323 days), who provided data for at least 1 workday/weekday and 1 day off/weekend day.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES

Physical activity behaviour was measured with a combined Global Positioning System and accelerometer device (SenseDoc V.2.0), providing information on sedentary time, light physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) by locations (home or non-home) and trips (active travel, ie, speed <20 km/hour and passive travel, ie, speed ≥20 km/hour).

RESULTS

Workers accumulated more sedentary time and physical activity at non-home locations than at home on workdays, while the opposite was confirmed for days off (p<0.01). Workers accrued more MVPA on days off than on workdays (34 vs 28 min, p<0.05), of which 9 min on workdays and 14 min on days off was accrued during active travel. Retirees' physical activity behaviour did not differ between weekdays and weekend days (p>0.05). Regardless of the day, retirees accumulated 33 min of daily MVPA, of which 14 min was accrued during active travel.

CONCLUSIONS

Workers accumulated more MVPA on days off than on workdays, and their activity behaviour varied between workdays and days off at different locations. Our results showed that a large proportion of the MVPA was accumulated during travel at slower speeds, which suggests that active travel could be a feasible way to increase MVPA among older adults.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT03320746.

Reproduction of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) after feeding or food deprivation in winter

The wild raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Canidae, Carnivora) goes through autumn fattening followed by winter sleep. Farmed raccoon dogs also exhibit autumn fattening but not winter sleep, as a result of daily feeding and lack of nests. We studied the effects of food deprivation and winter sleep or active winter feeding on the physiology and reproduction of farm-born raccoon dogs. Eighty-six animals were put on a 2-month fast in November-December. The fast caused no deleterious effects on the health of the raccoon dogs. In the spring the food-deprived animals had slightly more cubs per mated female than the fed animals. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of cubs obtained and the mean body mass of the females at the beginning of the mating season. The highest mean number of cubs was obtained by the females that weighed 5-7 kg. The results indicate that the raccoon dog is finely adapted to a long period of food deprivation in the winter. Furthermore, winter sleep and food deprivation could be introduced to farm conditions by providing the raccoon dogs with nestboxes and withholding food for a period of 6-8 weeks in mid-winter.

Heat shock protein 90 and the nuclear transport of progesterone receptor

Steroid receptors exist as large oligomeric complexes in hypotonic cell extracts. In the present work, we studied the nuclear transport of the 2 major components of the oligomeric complex, the receptor itself and the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), by using different in vitro transport systems: digitonin permeabilized cells and purified nuclei. We demonstrate that the stabilized oligomeric complex of progesterone receptor (PR) cannot be transported into the nucleus and that unliganded PR salt dissociated from Hsp90 is transported into the nucleus. When nonstabilized PR oligomer was introduced into the nuclear transport system, the complex dissociated and the PR but not the Hsp90 was transported into the nucleus. If PR exists as an oligomeric form after synthesis, as suggested by the experiments with reticulocyte lysate, the present results suggest that the complex is short-lived and is dissociated before or during nuclear transport. Thus, the role of Hsp90 in PR action is likely to reside in the Hsp90-assisted chaperoning process of PR preceding nuclear transport of the receptor.

The effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic mortality and development in three boreal anurans (Rana temporaria, Rana arvalis and Bufo bufo)

Many species of amphibians have experienced population and range reductions. It has been hypothesized that sensitivity to UV-B may contribute to the population declines of some amphibian species. We performed field experiments to measure the effects of solar UV-B on the hatching success of three Finnish anuran species, the common frog (Rana temporaria), moor frog (Rana arvalis) and common toad (Bufo bufo). Further, the effects of natural UV-B radiation on survival of the tadpoles of the same three species of anurans were tested. A significant percentage of R. temporaria and B. bufo embryos survived when exposed to and protected from solar UV-B and hatching success was not affected by solar radiation. Elimination of solar UV-B significantly increased the hatching success of R. arvalis, but embryonic mortality was high in both treatments. The data indicates that under natural conditions, solar UV-B radiation influences embryo survival in R. arvalis, but has no effect on R. temporaria and B. bufo. Solar UV-B radiation had no effect on R. temporaria and R. arvalis tadpoles, but elimination of UV-B significantly increased survival of B. bufo tadpoles. It seems that ambient UV-radiation levels have no effect on R. temporaria but may affect R. arvalis and B. bufo at different developmental stages.

Distribution of progesterone receptor in female mouse tissues

Two novel antibodies against the mammalian progesterone receptor (PR) were raised and characterized to study the distribution of PR and the effect of estrogen on PR expression in various female murine tissues by immunohistochemistry. There were estrogen-independent constitutive PR expressions in the smooth muscle cells of uterus, uterine blood vessels, urinary bladder, duodenum, and jejunum of ovariectomized mice. Uterine stromal cells, capsular cells of kidney and adrenal gland, and the epithelial cells of submandibular gland expressed PR constitutively. PR expression was detected in some thymic cells and the number of PR-positive thymic cells increased markedly after estrogen treatment. Estrogen induced PR expression in the epithelial cells of uterus, vagina, urethra, and skin and the stromal cells of vagina, urethra, and pancreatic ducts, as well as the smooth muscle cells of some blood vessels. These results suggest cell-specific progesterone actions in the urinary tract, skin, and gastrointestinal organs, on the immune functions, and on the regulation of local blood flow.

Progesterone receptor in chicken bursa of Fabricius and thymus: evidence for expression in B-lymphocytes

In the present work constitutive progesterone receptor (PR) expression in the chicken bursa of Fabricius was detected in the stromal, smooth muscle and follicular medullary cells and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels. PR expression was increased during sexual maturation and after estrogen treatment. Bursal medullary PR-positive cells were further characterized to be B-lymphocytes by flow cytometric analysis. In addition, estrogen induced expression of PR in the bursal FAE-cells (follicle-associated epithelial cells). In the thymus PR was expressed constitutively in the connective tissue cells of the capsule and interfollicular septa, in a few medullary cells and in vascular smooth muscle. The PR-positive medullary cells consisted of epithelial cells, large polygonal cells resembling macrophages and plasma cells. T-lymphocytes were PR-negative. Estrogen up-regulated PR expression in the thymus. Immunoblotting studies revealed that both isoforms of PR, i.e. PR-A and PR-B, were expressed in the bursa of Fabricius and thymus with PR-B dominance. These results suggest that the chicken primary lymphoid organs bursa and thymus are under regulation of estrogen and progesterone. Expression of PR in B-lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells in the chicken is documented for the first time and suggests evidence for direct action of progesterone on immune responses.

Distribution of progesterone receptor in chicken: novel target organs for progesterone and estrogen action

Expression of progesterone receptor (PR) in various organs of sexually immature chickens and after estrogen treatment was studied by immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses. Constitutive PR expression was observed in the mesothelium and stroma of the esophagus, proventriculus, liver, spleen, pancreas, heart and lung. In the urogenital tract, PR was expressed in the mesothelial and stromal cells and smooth muscle of blood vessels. Estrogen treatment induced PR expression in the stroma and smooth muscle of the gall bladder and in the epithelium and stroma of the trachea. In the ovary of immature chickens PR was localized in the epithelium, stroma and smooth muscle and was induced in the granulosal cells by estrogen. In most tissues there was more PR-B than PR-A expression and this PR-B dominance remained after estrogen treatment. These results suggest that progesterone and estrogen may have physiological effects on many organs outside the genital tract not previously known as steroid-target tissues.

Hormone-dependent changes in A and B forms of progesterone receptor

The influence of different estrogen and/or progesterone treatments on concentrations of A and B forms of progesterone receptor (PR-A and PR-B) in the different cell types of chick oviduct was studied. A semiquantitative immunohistochemical assay for cellular PR concentrations was developed using a computer-assisted image analysis system. The staining intensity of nuclear PR in the basal layer of epithelial cells, glandular, smooth muscle and mesothelial cells was analysed separately using two monoclonal antibodies, PR6 and PR22. The measured concentrations of PR varied between different cell types and from cell to cell. A significant decrease in PR concentration, as noted by a decrease in staining intensity, was observed in all cell types studied 2 or 6 h after a single injection of progesterone with or without simultaneous estrogen administration. The decrease was also verified with immunoblotting and an immunoenzymometric assay (IEMA) for chicken PR. After down-regulation the concentration of PR recovered to the control level within 48 h after progesterone or estrogen administration. Estrogen administration alone was observed to cause changes in the concentration of PR-A only, having little or no effect on PR-B concentration depending on the cell type studied. These findings indicate that estrogen and progesterone cause cell-specific changes not only to the total concentration of PR but also to the cellular ratio of PR-A and PR-B.

Mechanisms of action of sex steroid hormones: basic concepts and clinical correlations

The review deals with the clinically important aspects of the basic mechanisms of sex steroid hormones. Steroids can act through two basic mechanisms: genomic and non-genomic. The classical genomic action is mediated by specific intracellular receptors, whereas the primary target for the non-genomic one is the cell membrane. Many clinical symptoms seem to be mediated through the non-genomic route. Furthermore, membrane effects of steroid and other factors can interfere with the intranuclear receptor system inducing or repressing steroid-and receptor-specific genomic effects. These signalling pathways may lead to unexpected hormonal or anti-hormonal effects in patients treated with certain drugs. Steroid receptors (SRs) are members of a large family of nuclear transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to their cognate steroid ligands, to the specific enhancer sequences of DNA (steroid response elements) and to the basic transcription machinery. SRs are phosphoproteins, which are further phosphorylated after ligand binding. The role of phosphorylation in receptor transaction is complex and may not be uniform to all SRs. However, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is believed to be a key event regulating the transcriptional activity of steroid receptors. SR activities can be affected by the amount of SR in the cell nuclei, which is modified by the rate of transcription and translation of the SR gene as well as by proteolysis of the SR protein. There is an auto- and heteroregulation of receptor levels. Some of the SRs appear to bind specific protease inhibitors and exhibit protease activity. The physiological significance of this weak proteolytic activity is not clear. Some SRs are expressed as two or more isoforms, which may have different effects on transcription. Receptor isoforms are different translation or transcription products of a single gene. Isoform A of the progesterone receptor is a truncated form of PR isoform B originating from the same gene, but it is able to suppress not only the gene enhancing activity of PR-B but also that of other steroid receptors. From the clinical point of view, it is important to note that the final hormonal effect in a target tissue is dependent on the cross talk between different nuclear steroid receptors and on expression of receptor isoforms.

Effects of a cold environment on energy-related enzyme activities in the postnatal rat

Liver glucose-6-phosphatase and lipase-esterase, liver and muscle glycogen phosphorylase, and brown fat lipase-esterase activity changes were studied during the postnatal development of rats born and growing up in temperatures of +5 and 20 degrees C. Liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity was highest at the age of 4 days in both environments. In the age groups 20-67 days glucose-6-phosphatase activity was higher in animals living in a cold environment than in those reared at room temperature. At birth, glycogen phosphorylase activity was high in the liver but very low in the muscle. No difference was found between the two temperatures. The lipase-esterase activity in the liver was very low at birth, rising to adult level by the age of 30 days, while in the brown fat the activity was already high at the time of birth and clearly higher in rats born in a cold environment than in those born at room temperature. At the time of birth the relative and absolute weight of brown fat were also clearly higher in rats born at +5 degrees C than in those born +20 degrees C.