1
|
Wu Q, Xue R, Zhao Y, Ramsay K, Wang EY, Savoji H, Veres T, Cartmell SH, Radisic M. Automated fabrication of a scalable heart-on-a-chip device by 3D printing of thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposite and hot embossing. Bioact Mater 2024; 33:46-60. [PMID: 38024233 PMCID: PMC10654006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful translation of organ-on-a-chip devices requires the development of an automated workflow for device fabrication, which is challenged by the need for precise deposition of multiple classes of materials in micro-meter scaled configurations. Many current heart-on-a-chip devices are produced manually, requiring the expertise and dexterity of skilled operators. Here, we devised an automated and scalable fabrication method to engineer a Biowire II multiwell platform to generate human iPSC-derived cardiac tissues. This high-throughput heart-on-a-chip platform incorporated fluorescent nanocomposite microwires as force sensors, produced from quantum dots and thermoplastic elastomer, and 3D printed on top of a polystyrene tissue culture base patterned by hot embossing. An array of built-in carbon electrodes was embedded in a single step into the base, flanking the microwells on both sides. The facile and rapid 3D printing approach efficiently and seamlessly scaled up the Biowire II system from an 8-well chip to a 24-well and a 96-well format, resulting in an increase of platform fabrication efficiency by 17,5000-69,000% per well. The device's compatibility with long-term electrical stimulation in each well facilitated the targeted generation of mature human iPSC-derived cardiac tissues, evident through a positive force-frequency relationship, post-rest potentiation, and well-aligned sarcomeric apparatus. This system's ease of use and its capacity to gauge drug responses in matured cardiac tissue make it a powerful and reliable platform for rapid preclinical drug screening and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Ruikang Xue
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering and The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn Ramsay
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Erika Yan Wang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Montreal TransMedTech Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Teodor Veres
- National Research Council of Canada, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering and The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao W, Buckingham MA, Li Y, Hazeldine K, Han B, Cartmell SH, Eggeman AS, Walton AS, Lewis DJ. Deposition of a high entropy thin film by aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12427-12430. [PMID: 37782088 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report for the first time the synthesis of a high entropy (CuZnCoInGa)S metal sulfide thin film deposited by AACVD using molecular precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Xiao
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mark A Buckingham
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Kerry Hazeldine
- Department of Chemistry and the Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Alexander S Eggeman
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Alex S Walton
- Department of Chemistry and the Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Lewis
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiao W, Li Y, Elgendy A, Duran EC, Buckingham MA, Spencer BF, Han B, Alam F, Zhong X, Cartmell SH, Cernik RJ, Eggeman AS, Dryfe RAW, Lewis DJ. Synthesis of High Entropy and Entropy-Stabilized Metal Sulfides and Their Evaluation as Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts. Chem Mater 2023; 35:7904-7914. [PMID: 37840778 PMCID: PMC10568966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
High entropy metal chalcogenides are materials containing five or more elements within a disordered sublattice. These materials exploit a high configurational entropy to stabilize their crystal structure and have recently become an area of significant interest for renewable energy applications such as electrocatalysis and thermoelectrics. Herein, we report the synthesis of bulk particulate HE zinc sulfide analogues containing four, five, and seven metals. This was achieved using a molecular precursor cocktail approach with both transition and main group metal dithiocarbamate complexes which are decomposed simultaneously in a rapid (1 h) and low-temperature (500 °C) thermolysis reaction to yield high entropy and entropy-stabilized metal sulfides. The resulting materials were characterized by powder XRD, SEM, and TEM, alongside EDX spectroscopy at both the micro- and nano-scales. The entropy-stabilized (CuAgZnCoMnInGa)S material was demonstrated to be an excellent electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction when combined with conducting carbon black, achieving a low onset overpotential of (∼80 mV) and η10 of (∼255 mV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Xiao
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Yi Li
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Amr Elgendy
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute, 11727 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ercin C. Duran
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Mark A. Buckingham
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Ben F. Spencer
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Bing Han
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Firoz Alam
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Xiangli Zhong
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Robert J. Cernik
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | | | - Robert A. W. Dryfe
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - David J. Lewis
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khamplod T, Winterburn JB, Cartmell SH. Electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) scaffolds - a step towards ligament repair applications. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2022; 23:895-910. [PMID: 36570876 PMCID: PMC9769142 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2149034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures is approximately 50 per 100,000 people. ACL rupture repair methods that offer better biomechanics have the potential to reduce long term osteoarthritis. To improve ACL regeneration biomechanically similar, biocompatible and biodegradable tissue scaffolds are required. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), with high 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) content, based scaffold materials have been developed, with the advantages of traditional tissue engineering scaffolds combined with attractive mechanical properties, e.g., elasticity and biodegradability. PHBV with 3HV fractions of 0 to 100 mol% were produced in a controlled manner allowing specific compositions to be targeted, giving control over material properties. In conjunction electrospinning conditions were altered, to manipulate the degree of fibre alignment, with increasing collector rotating speed used to obtain random and aligned PHBV fibres. The PHBV based materials produced were characterised, with mechanical properties, thermal properties and surface morphology being studied. An electrospun PHBV fibre mat with 50 mol% 3HV content shows a significant increase in elasticity compared to those with lower 3HV content and could be fabricated into aligned fibres. Biocompatibility testing with L929 fibroblasts demonstrates good cell viability, with the aligned fibre network promoting fibroblast alignment in the axial fibre direction, desirable for ACL repair applications. Dynamic load testing shows that the 50 mol% 3HV PHBV material produced can withstand cyclic loading with reasonable resilience. Electrospun PHBV can be produced with low batch variability and tailored, application specific properties, giving these biomaterials promise in tissue scaffold applications where aligned fibre networks are desired, such as ACL regeneration. .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thammarit Khamplod
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James B. Winterburn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Materials Science, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guastamacchia MGR, Xue R, Madi K, Pitkeathly WTE, Lee PD, Webb SED, Cartmell SH, Dalgarno PA. Instantaneous 4D micro-particle image velocimetry (µPIV) via multifocal microscopy (MUM). Sci Rep 2022; 12:18458. [PMID: 36323775 PMCID: PMC9630545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifocal microscopy (MUM), a technique to capture multiple fields of view (FOVs) from distinct axial planes simultaneously and on one camera, was used to perform micro-particle image velocimetry (µPIV) to reconstruct velocity and shear stress fields imposed by a liquid flowing around a cell. A diffraction based multifocal relay was used to capture images from three different planes with 630 nm axial spacing from which the axial positions of the flow-tracing particles were calculated using the image sharpness metric. It was shown that MUM can achieve an accuracy on the calculated velocity of around (0.52 ± 0.19) µm/s. Using fixed cells, MUM imaged the flow perturbations at sub-cellular level, which showed characteristics similar to those observed in the literature. Using live cells as an exemplar, MUM observed the effect of changing cell morphology on the local flow during perfusion. Compared to standard confocal laser scanning microscope, MUM offers a clear advantage in acquisition speed for µPIV (over 300 times faster). This is an important characteristic for rapidly evolving biological systems where there is the necessity to monitor in real time entire volumes to correlate the sample responses to the external forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G R Guastamacchia
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Applied Photonics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.,Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, UK.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Xue
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - K Madi
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,3Dmagination Ltd, Atlas Building, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - W T E Pitkeathly
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P D Lee
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S E D Webb
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, UK.,Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Swindon, UK
| | - S H Cartmell
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P A Dalgarno
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Phamornnak C, Han B, Spencer BF, Ashton MD, Blanford CF, Hardy JG, Blaker JJ, Cartmell SH. Instructive electroactive electrospun silk fibroin-based biomaterials for peripheral nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials Advances 2022; 141:213094. [PMID: 36162344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Aligned sub-micron fibres are an outstanding surface for orienting and promoting neurite outgrowth; therefore, attractive features to include in peripheral nerve tissue scaffolds. A new generation of peripheral nerve tissue scaffolds is under development incorporating electroactive materials and electrical regimes as instructive cues in order to facilitate fully functional regeneration. Herein, electroactive fibres composed of silk fibroin (SF) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) were developed as a novel peripheral nerve tissue scaffold. Mats of SF with sub-micron fibre diameters of 190 ± 50 nm were fabricated by double layer electrospinning with thicknesses of ∼100 μm (∼70-80 μm random fibres and ∼20-30 μm aligned fibres). Electrospun SF mats were modified with interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) of PEDOT:PSS in various ratios of PSS/EDOT (α) and the polymerisation was assessed by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). The mechanical properties of electrospun SF and IPNs mats were characterised in the wet state tensile and the electrical properties were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of the optimal IPNs (α = 2.3 and 3.3) mats were ascertained via the growth and neurite extension of mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) for 7 days. The longest neurite outgrowth of 300 μm was observed in the parallel direction of fibre alignment on laminin-coated electrospun SF and IPN (α = 2.3) mats which is the material with the lowest electron transfer resistance (Ret, ca. 330 Ω). These electrically conductive composites with aligned sub-micron fibres exhibit promise for axon guidance and also have the potential to be combined with electrical stimulation treatment as a further step for the effective regeneration of nerves.
Collapse
|
7
|
Khaw JS, Xue R, Cassidy NJ, Cartmell SH. Electrical stimulation of titanium to promote stem cell orientation, elongation and osteogenesis. Acta Biomater 2022; 139:204-217. [PMID: 34390847 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of cells allows exogenous electric signals as stimuli to manipulate cell growth, preferential orientation and bone remodelling. In this study, commercially pure titanium discs were utilised in combination with a custom-built bioreactor to investigate the cellular responses of human mesenchymal stem cells via in-vitro functional assays. Finite element analysis revealed the homogeneous delivery of electric field in the bioreactor chamber with no detection of current density fluctuation in the proposed model. The custom-built bioreactor with capacitive stimulation delivery system features long-term stimulation with homogeneous electric field, biocompatible, sterilisable, scalable design and cost-effective in the manufacturing process. Using a continuous stimulation regime of 100 and 200 mV/mm on cp Ti discs, viability tests revealed up to an approximately 5-fold increase of cell proliferation rate as compared to non-stimulated controls. The human mesenchymal stem cells showed more elongated and differentiated morphology under this regime, with evidence of nuclear elongation and cytoskeletal orientation perpendicular to the direction of electric field. The continuous stimulation did not cause pH fluctuations and hydrogen peroxide production caused by Faradic reactions, signifying the suitability for long-term toxic free stimulation as opposed to the commonly used direct stimulation regime. An approximate of 4-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase production and approximately 9-fold increase of calcium deposition were observed on 200 mV/mm exposed samples relative to non-stimulated controls. It is worth noting that early stem cell differentiation and matrix production were observed under the said electric field even without the presence of chemical inductive growth factors. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This manuscript presents a study on combining pure titanium (primarily preferred as medical implant materials) and electrical stimulation in a purpose-built bioreactor with capacitive stimulation delivery system. A continuous capacitive stimulation regime on titanium disc has resulted in enhanced stem cell orientation, nuclei elongation, proliferation and differentiation as compared to non-stimulated controls. We believe that this manuscript creates a paradigm for future studies on the evolution of healthcare treatments in the area of targeted therapy on implantable and wearable medical devices through tailored innovative electrical stimulation approach, thereby influencing therapeutic conductive and electroactive biomaterials research prospects and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Shong Khaw
- The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ruikang Xue
- The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nigel J Cassidy
- Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tuieng RJ, Cartmell SH, Kirwan CC, Sherratt MJ. The Effects of Ionising and Non-Ionising Electromagnetic Radiation on Extracellular Matrix Proteins. Cells 2021; 10:3041. [PMID: 34831262 PMCID: PMC8616186 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sub-lethal doses of ionising and non-ionising electromagnetic radiation can impact human health and well-being as a consequence of, for example, the side effects of radiotherapy (therapeutic X-ray exposure) and accelerated skin ageing (chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation: UVR). Whilst attention has focused primarily on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with cells and cellular components, radiation-induced damage to long-lived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins has the potential to profoundly affect tissue structure, composition and function. This review focuses on the current understanding of the biological effects of ionising and non-ionising radiation on the ECM of breast stroma and skin dermis, respectively. Although there is some experimental evidence for radiation-induced damage to ECM proteins, compared with the well-characterised impact of radiation exposure on cell biology, the structural, functional, and ultimately clinical consequences of ECM irradiation remain poorly defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jie Tuieng
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering and The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Cliona C. Kirwan
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Michael J. Sherratt
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leaper S, Avendaño Cáceres EO, Luque-Alled JM, Cartmell SH, Gorgojo P. POSS-Functionalized Graphene Oxide/PVDF Electrospun Membranes for Complete Arsenic Removal Using Membrane Distillation. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2021; 3:1854-1865. [PMID: 34056612 PMCID: PMC8154216 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.0c01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates very high removal rates (below the detection limit of 0.045 ppb) of inorganic arsenic from water using electrospun polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes enhanced by the addition of functionalized graphene oxide in membrane distillation. This shows potential for applications in the many parts of the world suffering from arsenic-contaminated groundwater. These membranes were enhanced by the addition of reduced graphene oxide functionalized with superhydrophobic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane molecules (POSS-rGO) into the spinning solutions. The flux of the best-performing rGO-enhanced membrane (containing 2 wt % POSS-rGO) was 21.5% higher than that of the pure PVDF membrane and almost double that of a commercial polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane after 24 h of testing, with rejection values exceeding 99.9%. Furthermore, the flux of this membrane was stable over 5 days (∼28 L m-2 h-1) of continuous testing and was more stable than those of the PTFE and control membranes when treating a concentrated fouling solution of calcium carbonate and iron(III) sulfate heptahydrate. It also achieved higher permeate quality in these conditions. The Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the best-performing membrane increased by 38 and 271%, respectively, compared to the pure polymer membrane, while both had similar porosities of ∼91%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Leaper
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Jose Miguel Luque-Alled
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Patricia Gorgojo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Srirussamee K, Xue R, Mobini S, Cassidy NJ, Cartmell SH. Changes in the extracellular microenvironment and osteogenic responses of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells induced by in vitro direct electrical stimulation. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:2041731420974147. [PMID: 33643602 PMCID: PMC7894594 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420974147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) has potential to be an effective tool for bone injury treatment in clinics. However, the therapeutic mechanism associated with ES is still being discussed. This study aims to investigate the initial mechanism of action by characterising the physical and chemical changes in the extracellular environment during ES and correlate them with the responses of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Computational modelling was used to estimate the electrical potentials relative to the cathode and the current density across the cell monolayer. We showed expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2, c-FOS, c-JUN, and SPP1 mRNAs, as well as the increased metabolic activities of MSCs at different time points. Moreover, the average of 2.5 μM of H2O2 and 34 μg/L of dissolved Pt were measured from the electrically stimulated media (ES media), which also corresponded with the increases in SPP1 mRNA expression and cell metabolic activities. The addition of sodium pyruvate to the ES media as an antioxidant did not alter the SPP1 mRNA expression, but eliminated an increase in cell metabolic activities induced by ES media treatment. These findings suggest that H2O2 was influencing cell metabolic activity, whereas SPP1 mRNA expression was regulated by other faradic by-products. This study reveals how different electrical stimulation regime alters cellular regenerative responses and the roles of faradic by-products, that might be used as a physical tool to guide and control cell behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasama Srirussamee
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ruikang Xue
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sahba Mobini
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología IMN-CNM, The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nigel J Cassidy
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Imere A, Ligorio C, O'Brien M, Wong JKF, Domingos M, Cartmell SH. Engineering a cell-hydrogel-fibre composite to mimic the structure and function of the tendon synovial sheath. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:140-154. [PMID: 33189954 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The repair of tendon injuries is often compromised by post-operative peritendinous adhesions. Placing a physical barrier at the interface between the tendon and the surrounding tissue could potentially solve this problem by reducing adhesion formation. At present, no such system is available for routine use in clinical practice. Here, we propose the development of a bilayer membrane combining a nanofibrous poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) electrospun mesh with a layer of self-assembling peptide hydrogel (SAPH) laden with type-B synoviocytes. This bilayer membrane would act as an anti-adhesion system capable of restoring tendon lubrication, while assisting with synovial sheath regeneration. The PCL mesh showed adequate mechanical properties (Young's modulus=19±4 MPa, ultimate tensile stress=9.6±1.7 MPa, failure load=0.5±0.1 N), indicating that the membrane is easy to handle and capable to withstand the frictional forces generated on the tendon's surface during movement (~0.3 N). Morphological analysis confirmed the generation of a mesh with nanosized PCL fibres and small pores (< 3 μm), which prevented fibroblast infiltration to impede extrinsic healing but still allowing diffusion of nutrients and waste. Rheological tests showed that incorporation of SAPH layer allows good lubrication properties when the membrane is articulated against porcine tendon or hypodermis, suggesting that restoration of tendon gliding is possible upon implantation. Moreover, viability and metabolic activity tests indicated that the SAPH was conducive to rabbit synoviocyte growth and proliferation over 28 days of 3D culture, sustaining cell production of specific matrix components, particularly hyaluronic acid. Synoviocyte-laden peptide hydrogel promoted a sustained endogenous production of hyaluronic acid, providing an anti-friction layer that potentially restores the tendon gliding environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Imere
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cosimo Ligorio
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marie O'Brien
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jason K F Wong
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Marco Domingos
- The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.; The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK..
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cartmell SH. Regenerative Technologies: Future Grand Challenges and Emerging Strategies. Front Med Technol 2020; 2:603580. [PMID: 35047885 PMCID: PMC8757714 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.603580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
13
|
Zhou T, McCarthy ED, Soutis C, Cartmell SH. Novel lactone‐layered double hydroxide ionomer powders for bone tissue repair. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2835-2846. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhou
- School of Materials The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Angulo-Pineda C, Srirussamee K, Palma P, Fuenzalida VM, Cartmell SH, Palza H. Electroactive 3D Printed Scaffolds Based on Percolated Composites of Polycaprolactone With Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide for Antibacterial and Tissue Engineering Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E428. [PMID: 32121237 PMCID: PMC7152842 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Applying electrical stimulation (ES) could affect different cellular mechanisms, thereby producing a bactericidal effect and an increase in human cell viability. Despite its relevance, this bioelectric effect has been barely reported in percolated conductive biopolymers. In this context, electroactive polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with conductive Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide (TrGO) nanoparticles were obtained by a 3D printing method. Under direct current (DC) along the percolated scaffolds, a strong antibacterial effect was observed, which completely eradicated S. aureus on the surface of scaffolds. Notably, the same ES regime also produced a four-fold increase in the viability of human mesenchymal stem cells attached to the 3D conductive PCL/TrGO scaffold compared with the pure PCL scaffold. These results have widened the design of novel electroactive composite polymers that could both eliminate the bacteria adhered to the scaffold and increase human cell viability, which have great potential in tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Angulo-Pineda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Santiago 8370456, Chile
- Millenium Nuclei in Soft Smart Mechanical Metamaterials, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370456, Chile
| | - Kasama Srirussamee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
| | - Patricia Palma
- Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
| | | | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Humberto Palza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Santiago 8370456, Chile
- Millenium Nuclei in Soft Smart Mechanical Metamaterials, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370456, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Recent developments within micro-computed tomography (μCT) imaging have combined to extend our capacity to image tissue in three (3D) and four (4D) dimensions at micron and sub-micron spatial resolutions, opening the way for virtual histology, live cell imaging, subcellular imaging and correlative microscopy. Pivotal to this has been the development of methods to extend the contrast achievable for soft tissue. Herein, we review the new capabilities within the field of life sciences imaging, and consider how future developments in this field could further benefit the life sciences community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley D Rawson
- The Henry Royce Institute and School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jekaterina Maksimcuka
- The Henry Royce Institute and School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Philip J Withers
- The Henry Royce Institute and School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- The Henry Royce Institute and School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shamsah AH, Cartmell SH, Richardson SM, Bosworth LA. Tissue Engineering the Annulus Fibrosus Using 3D Rings of Electrospun PCL:PLLA Angle-Ply Nanofiber Sheets. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:437. [PMID: 31993415 PMCID: PMC6970946 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments to alleviate chronic lower back pain, caused by intervertebral disc herniation as a consequence of degenerate annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue, fail to provide long-term relief and do not restore tissue structure or function. The future of AF tissue engineering relies on the production of its complex structure assisted by the many cells that are resident in the tissue. As such, this study aims to mimic the architecture and mechanical environment of outer AF tissue using electrospun fiber scaffolds made from a synthetic biopolymer blend of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(L-lactic) acid (PLLA). Initially, an aligned bilayer PCL:PLLA scaffold was manually assembled at ±30° fibers direction to resemble the native AF lamellar layers; and bovine AF cells were used to investigate the effect of construct architecture on cell alignment and orientation. Bilayer scaffolds supported cell adhesion and influenced their orientation. Furthermore, significant improvements in tensile stiffness and strength were achieved, which were within the reported range for human AF tissue. Electrospun bilayer scaffolds are, however, essentially two-dimensional and fabrication of a complete three-dimensional (3D) circular construct to better replicate the AF's anatomical structure is yet to be achieved. For the first time, a custom-built Cell Sheet Rolling System (CSRS) was utilized to create a 3D circular lamellae construct that mimics the complex AF tissue and which overcomes this translational limitation. The CSRS equipment is a quick, automated process that allows the creation of multilayered, tube-like structures (with or without cells), which is ideal for mimicking human cervical AF tissue in term of tissue architecture and geometry. Tube-like structures (6 layers) were successfully created by rolling ±30° bilayer PCL:PLLA scaffolds seeded with bovine AF cells and subsequently cultured for 3 weeks. Cells remained viable, purposefully oriented with evidence of collagen type I deposition, which is the main structural component of AF tissue. This is the first study focused on applying CSRS technology for the fabrication of a more clinically-relevant, 3D tissue engineered scaffold for AF tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyah H Shamsah
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy A Bosworth
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Eye and Vision Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Srirussamee K, Mobini S, Cassidy NJ, Cartmell SH. Direct electrical stimulation enhances osteogenesis by inducing Bmp2 and Spp1 expressions from macrophages and preosteoblasts. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3421-3432. [PMID: 31429922 PMCID: PMC6899728 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The capability of electrical stimulation (ES) in promoting bone regeneration has already been addressed in clinical studies. However, its mechanism is still being investigated and discussed. This study aims to investigate the responses of macrophages (J774A.1) and preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) to ES and the faradic by-products from ES. It is found that pH of the culture media was not significantly changed, whereas the average hydrogen peroxide concentration was increased by 3.6 and 5.4 µM after 1 and 2 hr of ES, respectively. The upregulation of Bmp2 and Spp1 messenger RNAs was observed after 3 days of stimulation, which is consistent among two cell types. It is also found that Spp1 expression of macrophages was partially enhanced by faradic by-products. Osteogenic differentiation of preosteoblasts was not observed during the early stage of ES as the level of Runx2 expression remains unchanged. However, cell proliferation was impaired by the excessive current density from the electrodes, and also faradic by-products in the case of macrophages. This study shows that macrophages could respond to ES and potentially contribute to the bone formation alongside preosteoblasts. The upregulation of Bmp2 and Spp1 expressions induced by ES could be one of the mechanisms behind the electrically stimulated osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahba Mobini
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología IMN-CNM, The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nigel J Cassidy
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tandon B, Kamble P, Olsson RT, Blaker JJ, Cartmell SH. Fabrication and Characterisation of Stimuli Responsive Piezoelectric PVDF and Hydroxyapatite-Filled PVDF Fibrous Membranes. Molecules 2019; 24:E1903. [PMID: 31108899 PMCID: PMC6571942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) has attracted interest from the biomaterials community owing to its stimuli responsive piezoelectric property and promising results for application in the field of tissue engineering. Here, solution blow spinning and electrospinning were employed to fabricate PVDF fibres and the variation in resultant fibre properties assessed. The proportion of piezoelectric β-phase in the solution blow spun fibres was higher than electrospun fibres. Fibre production rate was circa three times higher for solution blow spinning compared to electrospinning for the conditions explored. However, the solution blow spinning method resulted in higher fibre variability between fabricated batches. Fibrous membranes are capable of generating different cellular response depending on fibre diameter. For this reason, electrospun fibres with micron and sub-micron diameters were fabricated, along with successful inclusion of hydroxyapatite particles to fabricate stimuli responsive bioactive fibres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biranche Tandon
- School of Materials, MSS Tower, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Bio-Active Materials Group, School of Materials, MSS Tower, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Prashant Kamble
- School of Materials, MSS Tower, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Richard T Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonny J Blaker
- School of Materials, MSS Tower, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Bio-Active Materials Group, School of Materials, MSS Tower, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- School of Materials, MSS Tower, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shamsah AH, Cartmell SH, Richardson SM, Bosworth LA. Mimicking the Annulus Fibrosus Using Electrospun Polyester Blended Scaffolds. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:nano9040537. [PMID: 30987168 PMCID: PMC6523918 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatments to alleviate chronic lower back pain, caused by intervertebral disc herniation as a consequence of degenerate annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue, fail to provide long-term relief and do not restore tissue structure or function. This study aims to mimic the architecture and mechanical environment of AF tissue using electrospun fiber scaffolds made from synthetic biopolymers-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(L-lactic) acid (PLLA). Pure polymer and their blends (PCL%:PLLA%; 80:20, 50:50, and 20:80) are studied and material properties-fiber diameter, alignment, % crystallinity, tensile strength, and water contact angle-characterized. Tensile properties of fibers angled at 0°, 30°, and 60° (single layer scaffolds), and ±0°, ±30°, and ±60° (bilayer scaffolds) yield significant differences, with PCL being significantly stiffer with the addition of PLLA, and bilayer scaffolds considerably stronger. Findings suggest PCL:PLLA 50:50 fibers are similar to human AF properties. Furthermore, in vitro culture of AF cells on 50:50 fibers demonstrates attachment and proliferation over seven days. The optimal polymer composition for production of scaffolds that closely mimic AF tissue both structurally, mechanically, and which also support and guide favorable cell phenotype is identified. This study takes a step closer towards successful AF tissue engineering and a long-term treatment for sufferers of chronic back pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyah H Shamsah
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Lucy A Bosworth
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, 6 West Derby Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rawson SD, Shearer T, Lowe T, O'Brien M, Wong JKF, Margetts L, Cartmell SH. Four-Dimensional Imaging of Soft Tissue and Implanted Biomaterial Mechanics: A Barbed Suture Case Study for Tendon Repair. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:38681-38691. [PMID: 30346683 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Timely, recent developments in X-ray microcomputed tomography (XμCT) imaging such as increased resolution and improved sample preparation enable nondestructive time-lapse imaging of polymeric biomaterials when implanted in soft tissue, which we demonstrate herein. Imaging the full three-dimensional (3D) structure of an implanted biomaterial provides new opportunities to assess the micromechanics of the interface between the implant and tissues and how this changes over time as force is applied in load-bearing musculoskeletal applications. In this paper, we present a case study demonstrating in situ XμCT and finite element analysis, using a dynamically loaded barbed suture repair for its novel use in tendon tissue. The aim of this study was to identify the distribution of stress in the suture and tendon as load is applied. The data gained demonstrate a clear 3D visualization of microscale features in both the tissue and implant in wet conditions. XμCT imaging has revealed, for the first time, pores around the suture, preventing full engagement of all the barbs with the tendon tissue. Subsequent finite element analysis reveals the localized stress and strain, which are not evenly distributed along the suture, or throughout the tissue. This case study demonstrates for the first time a powerful in situ mechanical imaging tool, which could be readily adapted by other laboratories to interrogate and optimize the interface between the implanted biomaterials and the soft tissue.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tandon B, Magaz A, Balint R, Blaker JJ, Cartmell SH. Electroactive biomaterials: Vehicles for controlled delivery of therapeutic agents for drug delivery and tissue regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:148-168. [PMID: 29262296 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation for delivery of biochemical agents such as genes, proteins and RNA molecules amongst others, holds great potential for controlled therapeutic delivery and in promoting tissue regeneration. Electroactive biomaterials have the capability of delivering these agents in a localized, controlled, responsive and efficient manner. These systems have also been combined for the delivery of both physical and biochemical cues and can be programmed to achieve enhanced effects on healing by establishing control over the microenvironment. This review focuses on current state-of-the-art research in electroactive-based materials towards the delivery of drugs and other therapeutic signalling agents for wound care treatment. Future directions and current challenges for developing effective electroactive approach based therapies for wound care are discussed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mobini S, Talts ÜL, Xue R, Cassidy NJ, Cartmell SH. Electrical Stimulation Changes Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Orientation and Cytoskeleton Organization. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2017.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
23
|
Bhaskar P, Bosworth LA, Wong R, O'brien MA, Kriel H, Smit E, McGrouther DA, Wong JK, Cartmell SH. Cell response to sterilized electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds to aid tendon regeneration in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:389-397. [PMID: 27649836 PMCID: PMC5217068 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The functional replacement of tendon represents an unmet clinical need in situations of tendon rupture, tendon grafting, and complex tendon reconstruction, as usually there is a finite source of healthy tendon to use as donors. The microfibrous architecture of tendon is critical to the function of tendon. This study investigates the use of electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds as potential biomaterial substitutes for tendon grafts. We assessed the performance of two electrospinning manufacturers (small- and large-scale) and the effect of two sterilization techniques-gamma irradiation and ethanol submersion-on cell response to these electrospun scaffolds after their implantation into a murine tendon model. Cell infiltration and proliferation analyses were undertaken to determine the effect on cell response within the implant over a 6-week period. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to characterize inflammatory response and healing characteristics (proliferation, collagen deposition, myofibroblast activity, and apoptosis). Neither the sterilization techniques nor the manufacturer was observed to significantly affect the cell response to the scaffold. At each time point, cell response was similar to the autograft control. This suggests that ethanol submersion can be used for research purposes and that the scaffold can be easily reproduced by a large-scale manufacturer. These results further imply that this electrospun scaffold may provide an alternative to autograft, thus eliminating the need for sourcing healthy tendon tissue from a secondary site. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 389-397, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Bhaskar
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucy A. Bosworth
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Wong
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Marie A. O'brien
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Haydn Kriel
- The Stellenbosch Nanofiber Company LtdCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Eugene Smit
- The Stellenbosch Nanofiber Company LtdCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Duncan A. McGrouther
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Jason K. Wong
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Markey A, Workman VL, Bruce IA, Woolford TJ, Derby B, Miller AF, Cartmell SH, Saiani A. Peptide hydrogel in vitro non-inflammatory potential. J Pept Sci 2016; 23:148-154. [PMID: 27990715 PMCID: PMC5324702 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptide‐based hydrogels have attracted significant interest in recent years as these soft, highly hydrated materials can be engineered to mimic the cell niche with significant potential applications in the biomedical field. Their potential use in vivo in particular is dependent on their biocompatibility, including their potential to cause an inflammatory response. In this work, we investigated in vitro the inflammatory potential of a β‐sheet forming peptide (FEFEFKFK; F: phenylalanine, E: glutamic acid; K: lysine) hydrogel by encapsulating murine monocytes within it (3D culture) and using the production of cytokines, IL‐β, IL‐6 and TNFα, as markers of inflammatory response. No statistically significant release of cytokines in our test sample (media + gel + cells) was observed after 48 or 72 h of culture showing that our hydrogels do not incite a pro‐inflammatory response in vitro. These results show the potential biocompatibility of these hydrogels and therefore their potential for in vivo use. The work also highlighted the difference in monocyte behaviour, proliferation and morphology changes when cultured in 2D vs. 3D. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Peptide Science published by European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Markey
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - V L Workman
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - I A Bruce
- Paediatric ENT Department, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - T J Woolford
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL
| | - B Derby
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - A F Miller
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.,School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - S H Cartmell
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - A Saiani
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Marques DR, Dos Santos LAL, O'Brien MA, Cartmell SH, Gough JE. In vitro evaluation of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/polyisoprene fibers for soft tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:2581-2591. [PMID: 27712036 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The polymeric blend of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polyisoprene (PI) has recently been explored for application as stents for tracheal stenosis and spring for the treatment of craniosynostosis. From the positive results presented in other biomedical applications comes the possibility of investigating the application of this material as scaffold for tissue engineering (TE), acquiring a deeper knowledge about the polymeric blend by exploring a new processing technique while attending to the most fundamental demands of TE scaffolds. PLGA/PI was processed into randomly oriented microfibers through the dripping technique and submitted to physical-chemical and in vitro characterization. The production process of fibers did not show an effect over the polymer's chemical composition, despite the fact that PLGA and PI were observed to be immiscible. Mechanical assays reinforce the suitability of these scaffolds for soft tissue applications. Skeletal muscle cells demonstrated increases in metabolic activity and proliferation to the same levels of the control group. Human dermal fibroblasts didn't show the same behaviour, but presented cell growth with the same development profile as presented in the control group. It is plausible to believe that PLGA/PI fibrous three-dimensional scaffolds are suitable for applications in soft tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2581-2591, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Marques
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, School of Engineering, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,University of Manchester, School of Materials, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Luís A L Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, School of Engineering, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marie A O'Brien
- University of Manchester, School of Materials, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- University of Manchester, School of Materials, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Julie E Gough
- University of Manchester, School of Materials, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shearer T, Bradley RS, Hidalgo-Bastida LA, Sherratt MJ, Cartmell SH. Three-dimensional visualisation of soft biological structures by X-ray computed micro-tomography. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2483-92. [PMID: 27278017 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the two-dimensional (2D) visualisation of biological samples is routine, three-dimensional (3D) imaging remains a time-consuming and relatively specialised pursuit. Current commonly adopted techniques for characterising the 3D structure of non-calcified tissues and biomaterials include optical and electron microscopy of serial sections and sectioned block faces, and the visualisation of intact samples by confocal microscopy or electron tomography. As an alternative to these approaches, X-ray computed micro-tomography (microCT) can both rapidly image the internal 3D structure of macroscopic volumes at sub-micron resolutions and visualise dynamic changes in living tissues at a microsecond scale. In this Commentary, we discuss the history and current capabilities of microCT. To that end, we present four case studies to illustrate the ability of microCT to visualise and quantify: (1) pressure-induced changes in the internal structure of unstained rat arteries, (2) the differential morphology of stained collagen fascicles in tendon and ligament, (3) the development of Vanessa cardui chrysalises, and (4) the distribution of cells within a tissue-engineering construct. Future developments in detector design and the use of synchrotron X-ray sources might enable real-time 3D imaging of dynamically remodelling biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Shearer
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Robert S Bradley
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Michael J Sherratt
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Balint R, Richardson SM, Cartmell SH. Low-density subculture: a technical note on the importance of avoiding cell-to-cell contact during mesenchymal stromal cell expansion. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 9:1200-3. [PMID: 26153119 PMCID: PMC4858810 DOI: 10.1002/term.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous scientific studies and clinical trials are carried out each year exploring the use of mesenchymal stromal cells in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, the effective and reliable expansion of this very important cell type remains a challenge. In this study the importance of cell‐to‐cell contact during expansion has been explored on the proliferation and differentiation potential of the produced cells. Cells were cultured up to passage 5 under conditions where cell‐to‐cell contact was either probable (40–70% confluence; see supporting information, Protocol A) or where it was unlikely (10–50% confluence; see supporting information, Protocol B). The effect of the two different conditions on expansion efficiency; proliferation rate and tri‐lineage differentiation potential was assessed. Differences in immunophenotype, cell size and senescence were also investigated. Protocol B cultures expanded twice as fast as those cultured with Protocol A. In passage 5 experiments low confluence expanded cells displayed a 10% higher overall proliferation rate, and produced 23% more cells in growth, 12% more in osteogenic, 77% more in adipogenic, but 27% less in chondrogenic medium. Differentiation potential wasn't decisively affected at the mRNA level. However, Protocol B favoured bone and cartilage differentiation at the secretional level. Protocol A populations showed reduced purity, expressing CD105 in only 76% compared to the 96.7% in Protocol B cultures. Protocol A populations also contained significantly more (+4.2%) senescent cells, however, no difference was found in cell size between the two protocols. The findings of this study suggest that cell‐to‐cell contact, and therefore high confluence levels, is detrimental to MSC quality. © 2015 The Authors Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Balint
- School of Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- School of Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Research into biomaterials and tissue engineering often includes cell-based in vitro investigations, which require initial knowledge of the starting cell number. While researchers commonly reference their seeding density this does not necessarily indicate the actual number of cells that have adhered to the material in question. This is particularly the case for materials, or scaffolds, that do not cover the base of standard cell culture well plates. This study investigates the initial attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells seeded at a known number onto electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) yarn after 4 hr in culture. Electrospun yarns were held within several different set-ups, including bioreactor vessels rotating at 9 rpm, cell culture inserts positioned in low binding well plates and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) troughs placed within petri dishes. The latter two were subjected to either static conditions or positioned on a shaker plate (30 rpm). After 4 hr incubation at 37 oC, 5% CO2, the location of seeded cells was determined by cell DNA assay. Scaffolds were removed from their containers and placed in lysis buffer. The media fraction was similarly removed and centrifuged – the supernatant discarded and pellet broken up with lysis buffer. Lysis buffer was added to each receptacle, or well, and scraped to free any cells that may be present. The cell DNA assay determined the percentage of cells present within the scaffold, media and well fractions. Cell attachment was low for all experimental set-ups, with greatest attachment (30%) for yarns held within cell culture inserts and subjected to shaking motion. This study raises awareness to the actual number of cells attaching to scaffolds irrespective of the stated cell seeding density.
Collapse
|
29
|
Bosworth LA, Rathbone SR, Bradley RS, Cartmell SH. Dynamic loading of electrospun yarns guides mesenchymal stem cells towards a tendon lineage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 39:175-83. [PMID: 25129861 PMCID: PMC4180006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alternative strategies are required when autograft tissue is not sufficient or available to reconstruct damaged tendons. Electrospun fibre yarns could provide such an alternative. This study investigates the seeding of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) on electrospun yarns and their response when subjected to dynamic tensile loading. Cell seeded yarns sustained 3600 cycles per day for 21 days. Loaded yarns demonstrated a thickened cell layer around the scaffold׳s exterior compared to statically cultured yarns, which would suggest an increased rate of cell proliferation and/or matrix deposition, whilst maintaining a predominant uniaxial cell orientation. Tensile properties of cell-seeded yarns increased with time compared to acellular yarns. Loaded scaffolds demonstrated an up-regulation in several key tendon genes, including collagen Type I. This study demonstrates the support of hMSCs on electrospun yarns and their differentiation towards a tendon lineage when mechanically stimulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Bosworth
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - S R Rathbone
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - R S Bradley
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - S H Cartmell
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Balint R, Cassidy NJ, Cartmell SH. Conductive polymers: towards a smart biomaterial for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2341-53. [PMID: 24556448 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 854] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing stimulus-responsive biomaterials with easy-to-tailor properties is a highly desired goal of the tissue engineering community. A novel type of electroactive biomaterial, the conductive polymer, promises to become one such material. Conductive polymers are already used in fuel cells, computer displays and microsurgical tools, and are now finding applications in the field of biomaterials. These versatile polymers can be synthesised alone, as hydrogels, combined into composites or electrospun into microfibres. They can be created to be biocompatible and biodegradable. Their physical properties can easily be optimized for a specific application through binding biologically important molecules into the polymer using one of the many available methods for their functionalization. Their conductive nature allows cells or tissue cultured upon them to be stimulated, the polymers' own physical properties to be influenced post-synthesis and the drugs bound in them released, through the application of an electrical signal. It is thus little wonder that these polymers are becoming very important materials for biosensors, neural implants, drug delivery devices and tissue engineering scaffolds. Focusing mainly on polypyrrole, polyaniline and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), we review conductive polymers from the perspective of tissue engineering. The basic properties of conductive polymers, their chemical and electrochemical synthesis, the phenomena underlying their conductivity and the ways to tailor their properties (functionalization, composites, etc.) are discussed.
Collapse
|
31
|
Dugan JM, Cartmell SH, Gough JE. Uniaxial cyclic strain of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and C2C12 myoblasts in coculture. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414530138. [PMID: 24812580 PMCID: PMC4014078 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414530138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering skeletal muscle in vitro is of great importance for the production of tissue-like constructs for treating tissue loss due to traumatic injury or surgery. However, it is essential to find new sources of cells for muscle engineering as efficient in vitro expansion and culture of primary myoblasts are problematic. Mesenchymal stem cells may be a promising source of myogenic progenitor cells and may be harvested in large numbers from adipose tissue. As skeletal muscle is a mechanically dynamic tissue, we have investigated the effect of cyclic mechanical strain on the myogenic differentiation of a coculture system of murine C2C12 myoblasts and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Fusion of mesenchymal stem cells with nascent myotubes and expression of human sarcomeric proteins was observed, indicating the potential for myogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cyclic mechanical strain did not affect the fusion of mesenchymal stem cells, but maturation of myotubes was perturbed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Dugan
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ; Kroto Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie E Gough
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Bosworth LA, Turner LA, Cartmell SH. State of the art composites comprising electrospun fibres coupled with hydrogels: a review. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
34
|
Abstract
New advances in tissue engineering are being made through the application of different types of electrical stimuli to influence cell proliferation and differentiation. Developments made in the last decade have allowed us to improve the structure and functionality of tissue-engineered products through the use of growth factors, hormones, drugs, physical stimuli, bioreactor use, and two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) artificial extracellular matrices (with various material properties and topography). Another potential type of stimulus is electricity, which is important in the physiology and development of the majority of all human tissues. Despite its great potential, its role in tissue regeneration and its ability to influence cell migration, orientation, proliferation, and differentiation has rarely been considered in tissue engineering. This review highlights the importance of endogenous electrical stimulation, gathering the current knowledge on its natural occurrence and role in vivo, discussing the novel methods of delivering this stimulus and examining its cellular and tissue level effects, while evaluating how the technique could benefit the tissue engineering discipline in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Balint
- Materials Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rathbone SR, Glossop JR, Gough JE, Cartmell SH. Cyclic tensile strain upon human mesenchymal stem cells in 2D and 3D culture differentially influences CCNL2, WDR61 and BAHCC1 gene expression levels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 11:82-91. [PMID: 22658157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that tensile strain can alter cell behaviour. Evidence exists to confirm that human mesenchymal stem cells can be encouraged to differentiate in response to tensile loading forces. We have investigated the short-term effects of cyclic tensile strain (3%, 1 Hz) on gene expression in primary human mesenchymal stem cells in monolayer and whilst encapsulated in a self-assembled peptide hydrogel. The main aims of the project were to gain the following novel information: (1) to determine if the genes CCNL2, WDR61 and BAHCC1 are potentially important mechanosensitive genes in monolayer, (2) to determine if these genes showed the same differential expression in a 3D environment (either tethered to RGD or simply encapsulated within a hydrogel (with RGE motif)) and (3) to determine whether the mesenchymal stem cells would survive within the hydrogels over several days whilst enduring dynamic culture. In the monolayer system, real-time PCR confirmed CCNL2 was significantly downregulated after 1 h strain and 2 h latency (post strain). BAHCC1 was significantly downregulated after 1 h strain (both 2 h and 24 h latency). WDR61 followed the same trend in 2D culture. After 24 h strain and 2 h latency, BAHCC1 was significantly upregulated. We found that both types of peptide hydrogel supported viable mesenchymal stem cells over 48 h. Results of the 3D dynamic culture did not correspond with those of the 2D dynamic culture, where the BAHCC1 gene was not expressed in the 3D experiments. The disparity in the differential gene expression observed between the 2D and 3D culture systems may partly be a result of the different cellular environments in each. It is likely that cells cultured within an intricate 3D architecture respond to mechanical cues in a different and more complex manner than do cells in 2D monolayer, as is illustrated by our gene expression data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Rathbone
- The University of Manchester, School of Materials, Materials Science Centre, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M1 7HS, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Glossop JR, Hidalgo-Bastida LA, Cartmell SH. Fluid Shear Stress Induces Differential Gene Expression of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2011.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
37
|
Hidalgo-Bastida LA, Thirunavukkarasu S, Griffiths S, Cartmell SH, Naire S. Modeling and design of optimal flow perfusion bioreactors for tissue engineering applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:1095-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
38
|
Hidalgo-Bastida LA, Cartmell SH. Mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts and extracellular matrix proteins: enhancing cell adhesion and differentiation for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2011; 16:405-12. [PMID: 20163206 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to scaffolds has remained one of the challenges in tissue engineering. Although protein surface modification has been proven to enhance cell adhesion and retention, its specificity depending on cell and biomaterial types means that the best protein and concentration must be established for each specific application. This review focuses on the improvement of cell adhesion for human mesenchymal stem cells with an osteogenesis approach. A brief outline of the cell adhesion process and extracellular matrix proteins precedes an overview of works focused on the adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts to biomaterials and this effect in their differentiation into osteoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Araida Hidalgo-Bastida
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Glossop JR, Cartmell SH. Tensile strain and magnetic particle force application do not induce MAP3K8 and IL-1B differential gene expression in a similar manner to fluid shear stress in human mesenchymal stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 4:577-9. [PMID: 20603871 DOI: 10.1002/term.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, important in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation and gene expression, are also key in the development, remodelling and maintenance of load-bearing tissues such as cartilage and bone. Thus, there is great interest in using in vitro mechanical conditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotent adult stem cells, for tissue engineering of these tissues. In a previous gene expression study, we reported a potentially important role for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 (MAP3K8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1B) in MAPK signalling in MSCs exposed to fluid shear stress. In this follow-up study, we examined the expression of these genes in MSCs exposed to other types of mechanical force: uniaxial tensile strain (3% cell elongation) and forces generated through the exposure of magnetic particle-labelled MSCs to an oscillating magnetic field (maximum field strength 90 mT). Exposure to both types of mechanical force for 1 h did not significantly alter the gene expression of MAP3K8 or IL-1B over the 24 h period subsequent to force exposure. These data demonstrate that uniaxial tensile strain and magnetic particle-based forces do not induce MAP3K8-related MAPK signalling in the same manner as does fluid flow-induced shear stress. This illustrates divergence in the process of mechanotransduction in mechanically stimulated MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Glossop
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, The Guy Hilton Research Centre, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
There are several types of bioreactors currently available for the culture of orthopaedic tissue engineered constructs. These vary from the simple to the complex in design and culture. Preparation of samples for bioreactors varies depending on the system being used. This chapter presents data and describes tried and tested methodologies for the preparation of 3D samples for a Rotatory Synthecon Bioreactor (Cellon), a plate shaker, a perfusion system, and a Bose Electroforce Systems Biodynamic Instrument for the in vitro culture of bone and ligament tissue.
Collapse
|
41
|
Jones GL, Walton R, Czernuszka J, Griffiths SL, El Haj AJ, Cartmell SH. Primary human osteoblast culture on 3D porous collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:1244-50. [PMID: 20694991 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a need in tissue-engineering for 3D scaffolds that mimic the natural extracellular matrix of bone to enhance cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The scaffold is also required to be degradable. A highly porous scaffold has been developed to incorporate two of the extracellular components found in bone-collagen and hydroxyapatite (HA). The scaffold's collagen component is an afibrillar monomeric type I atelocollagen extracted from foetal calf's skin. This provided a novel environment for the inclusion of HA powder. Five hundred thousand primary human osteoblasts were seeded onto 4 mm cubed scaffolds that varied in ratio of HA to collagen. Weight ratios of 1:99, 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 hydroxyapatite:collagen (HA:Collagen) were analysed. The scaffolds plus cells were cultured for 21 days. DNA assays and live/dead viability staining demonstrated that all of the scaffolds supported cell proliferation and viability. An alkaline phosphatase assay showed similar osteoblast phenotype maintenance on all of the 3D scaffolds analysed at 21 days. MicroCT analysis demonstrated an increase in total sample volume (correlating to increase in unmineralised matrix production). An even distribution of HA throughout the collagen matrix was observed using this technique. Also at 3 weeks, reductions in the percentage of the mineralised phase of the constructs were seen. These results indicate that each of the ratios of HA/collagen scaffolds have great potential for bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Jones
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Engineering bone tissue for use in orthopaedics poses multiple challenges. Providing the appropriate growth environment that will allow complex tissues such as bone to grow is one of these challenges. There are multiple design factors that must be considered in order to generate a functional tissue in vitro for replacement surgery in the clinic. Complex bioreactors have been designed that allow different stress regimes such as compressive, shear, and rotational forces to be applied to three-dimensional (3D) engineered constructs. This review addresses these considerations and outlines the types of bioreactor that have been developed and are currently in use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - S H Cartmell
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang QG, Hughes N, Cartmell SH, Kuiper NJ. The composition of hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering can influence glycosaminoglycan profile. Eur Cell Mater 2010; 19:86-95. [PMID: 20186668 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v019a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The injectable and hydrophilic nature of hydrogels makes them suitable candidates for cartilage tissue engineering. To date, a wide range of hydrogels have been proposed for articular cartilage regeneration but few studies have quantitatively compared chondrocyte behaviour and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis within the hydrogels. Herein we have examined the nature of ECM synthesis by chondrocytes seeded into four hydrogels formed by either temperature change, self-assembly or chemical cross-linking. Bovine articular cartilage chondrocytes were cultured for 14 days in Extracel, Pluronic F127 blended with Type II collagen, Puramatrix and Matrixhyal. The discriminatory and sensitive technique of fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) was used to determine the fine detail of the glycosaminoglycans (GAG); hyaluronan and chondroitin sulphate. FACE analysis for chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronan profiles in Puramatrix closely matched that of native cartilage. For each hydrogel, DNA content, viability and morphology were assessed. Total collagen and total sulphated GAG production were measured and normalised to DNA content. Significant differences were found in total collagen synthesis. By day 14, Extracel and Puramatrix had significantly more total collagen than Matrixhyal (1.77+/-0.26 microg and 1.97+/-0.26 microg vs. 0.60+/-0.26 microg; p<0.05). sGAG synthesis occurred in all hydrogels but a significantly higher amount of sGAG was retained within Extracel at days 7 and 14 (p<0.05). In summary, we have shown that the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of each hydrogel directly or indirectly influenced ECM formation. A detailed understanding of the ECM in the development of engineered constructs is an important step in monitoring the success of cartilage regeneration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q G Wang
- School of Medicine (Keele campus), Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jones GL, Motta A, Marshall MJ, El Haj AJ, Cartmell SH. Osteoblast: Osteoclast co-cultures on silk fibroin, chitosan and PLLA films. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5376-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
45
|
Glossop JR, Cartmell SH. Effect of fluid flow-induced shear stress on human mesenchymal stem cells: differential gene expression of IL1B and MAP3K8 in MAPK signaling. Gene Expr Patterns 2009; 9:381-8. [PMID: 19272346 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into numerous cell lineages, making them ideal for tissue engineering. Mechanical forces and mechanotransduction are important factors influencing cell responses, although such data are limited for MSCs. We investigated the effect of different profiles of fluid flow-induced shear stress on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway gene expression in MSCs using DNA microarray and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis. In response to different magnitudes and durations of fluid flow-induced shear stress, we observed significant differential gene expression for various genes in the MAPK signaling pathway. Independent of magnitude and duration, shear stress induced consistent and marked up-regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase 8 (MAP3K8) and interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) [2-fold to >35-fold, and 4-fold to >50-fold, respectively]. We also observed consistent up-regulation of dual specificity phosphatase 5 and 6, growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible alpha and beta, nuclear factor kappa-B subunit 1, Jun oncogene, fibroblast growth factor 1, and platelet-derived growth factor alpha. Our data support MAP3K8-induced activation of different MAPK signaling pathways in response to different profiles of shear stress, possibly as a consequence of shear-induced IL1B expression. Thus, MAP3K8 may be an important mediator of intracellular mechanotransduction in human MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Glossop
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, The Guy Hilton Research Centre, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Eniwumide JO, Yuan H, Cartmell SH, Meijer GJ, de Bruijn JD. Ectopic bone formation in bone marrow stem cell seeded calcium phosphate scaffolds as compared to autograft and (cell seeded) allograft. Eur Cell Mater 2007; 14:30-8; discussion 39. [PMID: 17674330 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v014a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvements to current therapeutic strategies are needed for the treatment of skeletal defects. Bone tissue engineering offers potential advantages to these strategies. In this study, ectopic bone formation in a range of scaffolds was assessed. Vital autograft and devitalised allograft served as controls and the experimental groups comprised autologous bone marrow derived stem cell seeded allograft, biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP), respectively. All implants were implanted in the back muscle of adult Dutch milk goats for 12 weeks. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) analysis and histomorphometry was performed to evaluate and quantify ectopic bone formation. In good agreement, both microCT and histomorphometric analysis demonstrated a significant increase in bone formation by cell-seeded calcium phosphate scaffolds as compared to the autograft, allograft and cell-seeded allograft implants. An extensive resorption of the autograft, allograft and cell-seeded allograft implants was observed by histology and confirmed by histomorphometry. Cell-seeded TCP implants also showed distinct signs of degradation with histomorphometry and microCT , while the degradation of the cell-seeded BCP implants was negligible. These results indicate that cell-seeded calcium phosphate scaffolds are superior to autograft, allograft or cell-seeded allograft in terms of bone formation at ectopic implantation sites. In addition, the usefulness of microCT for the efficient and non-destructive analysis of mineralised bone and calcium phosphate scaffold was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J O Eniwumide
- Department of Materials, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dobson J, Cartmell SH, Keramane A, El Haj AJ. Principles and Design of a Novel Magnetic Force Mechanical Conditioning Bioreactor for Tissue Engineering, Stem Cell Conditioning, and Dynamic In Vitro Screening. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2006; 5:173-7. [PMID: 16999242 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2006.880823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical conditioning of cells and tissue constructs in bioreactors is an important factor in determining the properties of tissue being produced. Mechanical conditioning within a bioreactor environment, however, has proven difficult. This paper presents the theoretical basis, design, and initial results of a mechanical conditioning system for cell and tissue culture which is based on biocompatible magnetic micro- and nanoparticles acting as a remote stress mechanism without invasion of the sterile bioreactor environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Dobson
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jones G, Cartmell SH. Optimization of cell seeding efficiencies on a three-dimensional gelatin scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J Appl Biomater Biomech 2006; 4:172-180. [PMID: 20799203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering techniques hold great potential for the treatment of clinical defects. However, there is much optimization needed before bone tissue engineering can be used therapeutically. This study evaluated various cell seeding methods onto a porous three-dimensional (3D) scaffold for bone tissue engineering optimization. MG63 human osteoblast-like cells were seeded onto a resorbable, porous gelatin sponge in different suspension volumes (50 microl and 5 ml), and culture conditions, (static, shaken, rolled, or rotatory bioreactor). The DNA of the cells in the scaffold, the media and the containers were quantitated separately to determine the cell number and location after 3 days of culture. The samples were stained with calcein and viewed using confocal microscopy to determine cell viability and location. Placing a small cell suspension (50 microl) directly onto the scaffold produced a significantly higher proportion of cells adhered to the scaffold than a larger cell suspension (5 ml). In all conditions except the rotatory bioreactor, the percentage of cells remaining on the scaffold after 3 days in a small seeding volume (63 +/- 22%) was significantly higher than the larger seeding volume (36 +/- 25%). In the case of the rotatory bioreactor, the opposite appeared to be true (39 +/- 9% small volume and 72 +/- 14% larger volume). It was important to keep the seeding dynamics of the cultivated tissue engineered construct consistent throughout the experiments to ensure reproducibility. For this scaffold type, cells applied in a small volume and cultured on a plate shaker at 120 rpm (giving 81 +/- 14% of cells adhered to the scaffold) for 3 days is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Jones
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on Trent - UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cartmell SH, Keramane A, Kirkham GR, Verschueren SB, Magnay JL, Haj AJE, Dobson J. Use of magnetic particles to apply mechanical forces for bone tissue engineering purposes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/17/1/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
50
|
Abstract
Cellular activity at the center of tissue-engineered constructs in static culture is typically decreased relative to the construct periphery because of transport limitations. We have designed a tissue culture system that perfuses culture medium through three-dimensional (3D) porous cellular constructs to improve nutrient delivery and waste removal within the constructs. This study examined the effects of medium perfusion rate on cell viability, proliferation, and gene expression within cell-seeded 3D bone scaffolds. Human trabecular bone scaffolds were seeded with MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells and perfused for 1 week at flow rates of 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, and 1.0 mL/min. Confocal microscopy after 1 week of culture indicated that a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min resulted in substantial cell death throughout the constructs whereas lowering the flow rate led to an increasing proportion of viable cells, particularly at the center of the constructs. DNA analysis showed increases in cell proliferation at a flow rate of 0.01 mL/min relative to 0.2 mL/min and static controls. Conversely, mRNA expressions of Runx2, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase were upregulated at 0.2 mL/min compared with lower flow rates as quantified by real-time RT-PCR. These data suggest that medium perfusion may benefit the development of 3-D tissues in vitro by enhancing transport of nutrients and waste within the constructs and providing flow-mediated mechanical stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Cartmell
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|