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Peslak SA, Demirci S, Chandra V, Ryu B, Bhardwaj SK, Jiang J, Rupon JW, Throm RE, Uchida N, Leonard A, Essawi K, Bonifacino AC, Krouse AE, Linde NS, Donahue RE, Ferrara F, Wielgosz M, Abdulmalik O, Hamagami N, Germino-Watnick P, Le A, Chu R, Hinds M, Weiss MJ, Tong W, Tisdale JF, Blobel GA. Forced enhancer-promoter rewiring to alter gene expression in animal models. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2023; 31:452-465. [PMID: 36852088 PMCID: PMC9958407 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional enhancers can be in physical proximity of their target genes via chromatin looping. The enhancer at the β-globin locus (locus control region [LCR]) contacts the fetal-type (HBG) and adult-type (HBB) β-globin genes during corresponding developmental stages. We have demonstrated previously that forcing proximity between the LCR and HBG genes in cultured adult-stage erythroid cells can activate HBG transcription. Activation of HBG expression in erythroid cells is of benefit to patients with sickle cell disease. Here, using the β-globin locus as a model, we provide proof of concept at the organismal level that forced enhancer rewiring might present a strategy to alter gene expression for therapeutic purposes. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from mice bearing human β-globin genes were transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing a synthetic transcription factor (ZF-Ldb1) that fosters LCR-HBG contacts. When engrafted into host animals, HSPCs gave rise to adult-type erythroid cells with elevated HBG expression. Vectors containing ZF-Ldb1 were optimized for activity in cultured human and rhesus macaque erythroid cells. Upon transplantation into rhesus macaques, erythroid cells from HSPCs expressing ZF-Ldb1 displayed elevated HBG production. These findings in two animal models suggest that forced redirection of gene-regulatory elements may be used to alter gene expression to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Peslak
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Selami Demirci
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vemika Chandra
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Byoung Ryu
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Saurabh K. Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jing Jiang
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jeremy W. Rupon
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert E. Throm
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Naoya Uchida
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alexis Leonard
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Khaled Essawi
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Allen E. Krouse
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Linde
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Robert E. Donahue
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Matthew Wielgosz
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicole Hamagami
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paula Germino-Watnick
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anh Le
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca Chu
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Malikiya Hinds
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Wei Tong
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John F. Tisdale
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gerd A. Blobel
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Bhardwaj SK, Hailu SG, Olufemi L, Brahma S, Kundu S, Hota SK, Persinger J, Bartholomew B. Dinucleosome specificity and allosteric switch of the ISW1a ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler in transcription regulation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5913. [PMID: 33219211 PMCID: PMC7680125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 3 decades ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers have been thought to recognize chromatin at the level of single nucleosomes rather than higher-order organization of more than one nucleosome. We show the yeast ISW1a remodeler has such higher-order structural specificity, as manifested by large allosteric changes that activate the nucleosome remodeling and spacing activities of ISW1a when bound to dinucleosomes. Although the ATPase domain of Isw1 docks at the SHL2 position when ISW1a is bound to either mono- or di-nucleosomes, there are major differences in the interactions of the catalytic subunit Isw1 with the acidic pocket of nucleosomes and the accessory subunit Ioc3 with nucleosomal DNA. By mutational analysis and uncoupling of ISW1a's dinucleosome specificity, we find that dinucleosome recognition is required by ISW1a for proper chromatin organization at promoters; as well as transcription regulation in combination with the histone acetyltransferase NuA4 and histone H2A.Z exchanger SWR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh K Bhardwaj
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Houston, USA
| | - Solomon G Hailu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
- EpiCypher, Inc., Durham, USA
| | - Lola Olufemi
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, USA
| | - Sandipan Brahma
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Soumyadipta Kundu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
- ZS Associates, Evanston, USA
| | - Swetansu K Hota
- University of California-San Francisco, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jim Persinger
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Blaine Bartholomew
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA.
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
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Mujawar MA, Gohel H, Bhardwaj SK, Srinivasan S, Hickman N, Kaushik A. Nano-enabled biosensing systems for intelligent healthcare: towards COVID-19 management. Mater Today Chem 2020; 17:100306. [PMID: 32835155 PMCID: PMC7274574 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are emerging as efficient (sensitive and selective) and affordable analytical diagnostic tools for early-stage disease detection, as required for personalized health wellness management. Low-level detection of a targeted disease biomarker (pM level) has emerged extremely useful to evaluate the progression of disease under therapy. Such collected bioinformatics and its multi-aspects-oriented analytics is in demand to explore the effectiveness of a prescribed treatment, optimize therapy, and correlate biomarker level with disease pathogenesis. Owing to nanotechnology-enabled advancements in sensing unit fabrication, device integration, interfacing, packaging, and sensing performance at point-of-care (POC) has rendered diagnostics according to the requirements of disease management and patient disease profile i.e. in a personalized manner. Efforts are continuously being made to promote the state of art biosensing technology as a next-generation non-invasive disease diagnostics methodology. Keeping this in view, this progressive opinion article describes personalized health care management related analytical tools which can provide access to better health for everyone, with overreaching aim to manage healthy tomorrow timely. Considering accomplishments and predictions, such affordable intelligent diagnostics tools are urgently required to manage COVID-19 pandemic, a life-threatening respiratory infectious disease, where a rapid, selective and sensitive detection of human beta severe acute respiratory system coronavirus (SARS-COoV-2) protein is the key factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Mujawar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - H Gohel
- Department of Computer Science, School of Art and Sciences, University of Houston, Victoria, TX, USA
| | - S K Bhardwaj
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Srinivasan
- NnaoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art, & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805, USA
| | - N Hickman
- NnaoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art, & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805, USA
| | - A Kaushik
- NnaoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art, & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805, USA
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Hada A, Hota SK, Luo J, Lin YC, Kale S, Shaytan AK, Bhardwaj SK, Persinger J, Ranish J, Panchenko AR, Bartholomew B. Histone Octamer Structure Is Altered Early in ISW2 ATP-Dependent Nucleosome Remodeling. Cell Rep 2020; 28:282-294.e6. [PMID: 31269447 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleosomes are the fundamental building blocks of chromatin that regulate DNA access and are composed of histone octamers. ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers like ISW2 regulate chromatin access by translationally moving nucleosomes to different DNA regions. We find that histone octamers are more pliable than previously assumed and distorted by ISW2 early in remodeling before DNA enters nucleosomes and the ATPase motor moves processively on nucleosomal DNA. Uncoupling the ATPase activity of ISW2 from nucleosome movement with deletion of the SANT domain from the C terminus of the Isw2 catalytic subunit traps remodeling intermediates in which the histone octamer structure is changed. We find restricting histone movement by chemical crosslinking also traps remodeling intermediates resembling those seen early in ISW2 remodeling with loss of the SANT domain. Other evidence shows histone octamers are intrinsically prone to changing their conformation and can be distorted merely by H3-H4 tetramer disulfide crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Hada
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center - Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA; Catalent Pharma Solutions, 726 Heartland Trail, Madison, WI 53717, USA
| | - Swetansu K Hota
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center - Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yuan-Chi Lin
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center - Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Seyit Kale
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Alexey K Shaytan
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Saurabh K Bhardwaj
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center - Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA; BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Jim Persinger
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center - Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Jeff Ranish
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anna R Panchenko
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Blaine Bartholomew
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center - Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
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5
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Grevet JD, Lan X, Hamagami N, Edwards CR, Sankaranarayanan L, Ji X, Bhardwaj SK, Face CJ, Posocco DF, Abdulmalik O, Keller CA, Giardine B, Sidoli S, Garcia BA, Chou ST, Liebhaber SA, Hardison RC, Shi J, Blobel GA. Domain-focused CRISPR screen identifies HRI as a fetal hemoglobin regulator in human erythroid cells. Science 2018; 361:285-290. [PMID: 30026227 PMCID: PMC6257981 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels in adult red blood cells provides clinical benefit to patients with sickle cell disease and some forms of β-thalassemia. To identify potentially druggable HbF regulators in adult human erythroid cells, we employed a protein kinase domain-focused CRISPR-Cas9-based genetic screen with a newly optimized single-guide RNA scaffold. The screen uncovered the heme-regulated inhibitor HRI (also known as EIF2AK1), an erythroid-specific kinase that controls protein translation, as an HbF repressor. HRI depletion markedly increased HbF production in a specific manner and reduced sickling in cultured erythroid cells. Diminished expression of the HbF repressor BCL11A accounted in large part for the effects of HRI depletion. Taken together, these results suggest HRI as a potential therapeutic target for hemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Grevet
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xianjiang Lan
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicole Hamagami
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher R Edwards
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Xinjun Ji
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Saurabh K Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carolyne J Face
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David F Posocco
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cheryl A Keller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Belinda Giardine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ben A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stella T Chou
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen A Liebhaber
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ross C Hardison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Gerd A Blobel
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kashyap R, Verma KS, Uniyal SK, Bhardwaj SK. Geospatial distribution of metal(loid)s and human health risk assessment due to intake of contaminated groundwater around an industrial hub of northern India. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:136. [PMID: 29435679 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study focused on analyzing concentrations of metal(loid)s, their geospatial distribution in groundwater around an industrial hub of northern India. Human health risk posed due to the intake of contaminated groundwater was also evaluated. For this, 240 samples were assayed using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometer. For risk assessment, the methodology proposed by US Environmental Protection Agency was adopted. Geometric mean of Al, As, Mo, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn was 193.13, 27.35, 4.22, 2.85, 92.81, 14.97, 271.78, 25.76, 54.75, 19.50, 16.94, and 1830.27 μg/l, respectively. Levels of Al (84%), As (63%), Ni (63%), Pb (49%), and Se (41%) exceeded the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Principal component analysis is accounted for ~ 88% of the total variance and reflected pollution loads of Al, As, Mo, Cr, Fe, Se, and Pb in the groundwater. Based on it, four sources of metal(loid)s, namely geogenic (34.55%), mixed (industrial and agricultural, 26.76%), waste dumping (15.31%), and industrial (11.25%) were identified. Semi-variogram mapping model demonstrated significant geospatial variations of the metal(loid)s. Hazard index (HI) suggested potential non-carcinogenic risks to the inhabitants due to As, Al, Ni, Se, and Pb, which were the largest contributors. Based on maximum concentrations of metal(loid)s, HI for child and adult was above unity. Arsenic was identified as the most hazardous pollutant that may have chronic carcinogenic health implications. At western side of study area, carcinogenic health risks exceeded critical threshold of 1 × 10-4, indicating that As posed health risks to residents by intake of groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Kashyap
- High Altitude Biology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India.
| | - K S Verma
- Department of Environmental Science, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture, and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 230, India
| | - Sanjay Kr Uniyal
- High Altitude Biology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India
| | - S K Bhardwaj
- Department of Environmental Science, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture, and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 230, India
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Hota SK, Bhardwaj SK, Deindl S, Lin YC, Zhuang X, Bartholomew B. Nucleosome mobilization by ISW2 requires the concerted action of the ATPase and SLIDE domains. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:222-9. [PMID: 23334290 PMCID: PMC3565048 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The ISWI family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers represses transcription by changing nucleosome positioning. The interactions with extranucleosomal DNA and the requirement of a minimal length of extranucleosomal DNA by ISWI mediate the spacing of nucleosomes. ISW2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a member of the ISWI family, has a conserved domain called SLIDE (SANT-like ISWI domain), whose binding to extranucleosomal DNA ~19 bp from the edge of nucleosomes is required for efficiently pushing DNA into nucleosomes and maintaining the unidirectional movement of nucleosomes, as reported here. Loss of SLIDE binding does not perturb ATPase domain binding to the SHL2 site of nucleosomes or its initial movement of DNA inside of nucleosomes. ISW2 has therefore two distinct roles in mobilizing nucleosomes, with the ATPase domain translocating and moving DNA inside nucleosomes, and the SLIDE domain facilitating the entry of linker DNA into nucleosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetansu K Hota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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8
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Bhardwaj SK, Forcelli PA, Palchik G, Gale K, Srivastava LK, Kondratyev A. Neonatal exposure to phenobarbital potentiates schizophrenia-like behavioral outcomes in the rat. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2337-45. [PMID: 22366076 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has indicated an association between seizures early in life and increased risk of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, because early-life seizures are commonly treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) such as phenobarbital, the possibility that drug treatment may affect later-life psychiatric outcomes needs to be evaluated. We therefore tested the hypothesis that phenobarbital exposure in the neonatal rat increases the risk of schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities in adulthood. Thus, in this study, we examined the effects of a single acute neonatal exposure to phenobarbital on adult behavioral outcomes in the rat neonatal ventral hippocampal (nVH) lesion model of schizophrenia. We compared these outcomes to those in rats a) without nVH lesions and b) with nVH lesions, without phenobarbital. The tasks used for behavioral evaluation were: amphetamine-induced locomotion, prepulse inhibition, elevated plus-maze, and novel object recognition task. We found that neonatal phenobarbital treatment (in the absence of nVH lesions) was sufficient to disrupt sensorimotor gating (as tested by prepulse inhibition) in adulthood to an extent equivalent to nVH lesions. Additionally, neonatal phenobarbital exposure enhanced the locomotor response to amphetamine in adult animals with and without nVH lesions. Our findings suggest that neonatal exposure to phenobarbital can predispose to schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities. Our findings underscore the importance of examining AED exposure early in life as a potential risk factor for later-life neuropsychiatric abnormalities in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bhardwaj
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kumar S, Pandey RK, Choudhary I, Bhardwaj SK. Steroidal feedback on photoperiodic induction of testicular growth and development in two bird species. J Environ Biol 2012; 33:89-94. [PMID: 23033649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Present study was performed to demonstrate the effect of exogenous administration of testosterone propionate on photoperiodic induction of testicular growth and development in brahminy myna (Sturnus pagodarum) and baya weaver (Ploceus philippinus). Two groups of brahminy myna and baya weaver (n=5 each) were exposed to 15L:9D (group-I) and 9L:15D (group-II), and received 30 microg of TP bird(-1) for 15 days. Then, the photoperiod was reversed; the one receiving 15L was exposed to 9L and vice versa. Observations on body mass and testis volume were taken at the beginning and at 15 days interval. In brahminy myna, a significant change in body mass occurred under 9L:15D, transfer to 15L:9D, but not under 15L:9D group, transfer to 9L:15D. Also, testes were stimulated under 15L:9D transferred to 9L:15D, but not under 9L:15D transferred to 15L:9D. In baya weaver, body mass increased under 15L:9D and 9L:15D for first 15 days and was maintained until the end of the experiment. Testes enlarged gradually in both groups (15L:9D and 9L:15D transfer to vice versa), but it regressed in 15L:9D group, transferred to 9L:15D after 45 days. Taken together it appears that body mass response indicates the photoperiodic effect and gonadal response indicates the hormonal effect. Finally results conclude that the photoperiod and circulating testosterone levels feedback on to hypothalamus regulates reproductive cycle in these birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut - 250 004, India
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Bhardwaj SK. Response to complete and skeleton photoperiods in subtropical male house sparrow, Passer domesticus (Linnaeus). Indian J Exp Biol 2006; 44:325-9. [PMID: 16629377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To examine the importance of the inductive light period of a skeleton photoperiod in relation to the endogenous circadian rhythm of photoinducibility mediating photoperiodic induction, P. domesticus were exposed for 28 weeks to a series of skeleton photoperiods, viz. 6L:4D:1L:13D, 6L:6D:1L:11D. 6L:8D:1L:9D and 6L:14D:1L:3D. The inductive effects of 1 hr light pulse at night varied depending on the time of its placement. To compare the inductive effects of complete and its corresponding skeleton photoperiods, birds in the second experiment were subjected for 20 weeks to 12L:12D and 6L:5D:1L:12D given daily or interposed on alternate days with constant darkness (12L:12D/DD and 6L:5D:1L:12D/DD). There was a difference in the rate and magnitude of response between the complete and skeleton photoperiods. It appears that the subtropical house sparrow uses photoperiodic strategy in regulation of its seasonal testicular responses similar to that is reported for its temperate population.
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Bhardwaj SK, Beaudry G, Quirion R, Levesque D, Srivastava LK. Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion leads to reductions in nerve growth factor inducible-B mRNA in the prefrontal cortex and increased amphetamine response in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum. Neuroscience 2004; 122:669-76. [PMID: 14622910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence in schizophrenia suggests prefrontal cortical neuronal deficits that correlate with exaggerated subcortical dopamine (DA) functions: Excitotoxic lesion of the ventral hippocampus (VH) in neonatal rats is widely considered a putative animal model of schizophrenia as they lead to characteristic post-pubertal emergence of behavioral and cognitive abnormalities suggesting a developmental change in the neural circuits comprising the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and subcortical DA. Nerve growth factor inducible-B (NGFI-B, also known as Nur77), an orphan nuclear receptor and transcriptional regulator, is constitutively expressed in the target structures of DA pathways. It acts as an immediate early gene with rapid modulation of its mRNA expression by stress, DA and antipsychotic drugs. The present study assessed the effects of neonatal VH (nVH) lesion and amphetamine treatment on the expression of NGFI-B mRNA in pre- and post-pubertal rats. Sprague-Dawley rat pups received bilateral injection of ibotenic acid or phosphate buffered saline in VH at postnatal (PD) 7. At PD35 and PD56, groups of sham and lesioned animals were administered with D-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) or saline and killed 20 min later. In situ hybridization analyses showed that the basal level of NGFI-B mRNA in saline-treated lesioned rats was significantly reduced in the medial PFC (mPFC) and cingulate cortex (CC) only at post-pubertal (PD56) age. No significant difference in NGFI-B mRNA levels was seen in the dorsal striatum or nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Amphetamine treatment increased the expression of NGFI-B mRNA in the mPFC, CC, striatum and NAcc in both control and lesioned animals of both ages. Interestingly, however, striatal and NAcc regions of lesioned rats showed a significantly greater effect of amphetamine at PD56. The data suggest that nVH lesions lead to delayed changes in PFC gene expression along with functional DAergic hyperactivity in subcortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bhardwaj
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
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Abstract
Signal transduction cascade, phosphoinositide metabolism, and protein kinases were studied from discrete areas of rat brain like cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon as well as lymphocytes isolated from three different age groups of rats; young (1 month), young adult (3-4 months), and adult (12 months) rats. The activities of protein kinase A, protein kinase C, phospholipase A(2) and phospholipase C and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate, diacylglycerol, cyclic adenosine monophosphate contents were assayed from different brain areas and lymphocytes from these three age group rats. An upregulatory effect on the signal transduction system was observed from 1 month to 3-4-month age group, whereas, the brain tissue and lymphocytes of adult rats showed lower contents and activities of signal transduction components as compared to young adults. In view of the established 'cross talk' between signal transduction system, the present results suggests that molecular/cellular changes in brain and immune cells signal transduction pathway along with neuronal cell loss may contribute to age-related decline in nervous as well as immune system functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sandhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Abstract
Changes in the protein levels and activity of Ca2+/Calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) level were studied in cytosolic and particulate fractions from cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, brain stem, thalamus and hypothalamus regions of rat brain after 4 and 12 weeks of induction of diabetes. Streptozotocin induced diabetes, resulted in pronounced increase of CaM kinase II activity as determined by the kinase activity assay. The total amount of enzyme protein (alpha-subunit specific) also showed increase as revealed by western blotting. Parallel studies were also made in age matched control rats and insulin treated diabetic rats. The increase in CaM kinase II activity was more pronounced in the 12 weeks diabetic group. Insulin treatment of diabetic rats, resulted in recovery of enzyme activity near to control values from majority of the brain regions studied. The expression of alpha-subunit specific CaM kinase II correlates with the enzyme activity in the diabetic rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is the most common secondary complication of diabetes mellitus. Several pathogenetic factors have been proposed for diabetic neuropathy. The present investigation was undertaken to study different components of signal transduction from discrete brain regions from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats were sacrificed after 1 and 3 months of induction of diabetes, and a control group was also studied in parallel to ascertain the specificity of diabetes-associated changes. Blood glucose level and protein content of discrete brain regions were also estimated. Signal transduction cascade components like protein kinase A, protein kinase C, cAMP, phospholipase C, phospholipase A2, diacylglycerol and inositol phosphate levels were assayed in control and diabetic groups of rats. Significant attenuation in phosphoinositide metabolism along with activation of protein kinase activities were observed. These findings provide evidence to suggest a mechanism linking changes in signal transduction cascade, which is observed in 1- and 3-month diabetic rats, which ultimately leads to development of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Abstract
We examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of mu-opioid agonist, morphine, and its antagonist naloxone followed by morphine on the activities of monoamine-metabolizing enzymes, namely tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) along with adenosinetriphosphatase (Na+, K+ -ATPase), the enzyme responsible for the maintenance of ionic gradients across the membrane, in seven discrete regions of brain from estrogen- and progesterone-primed ovariectomized rats. TH activity decreased after morphine treatment in some areas such as the median eminence-arcuate region (ME-ARC), the amygdala, and the thalamus, showing statistically significant change. MAO activity increased in all the areas studied, but more appreciable change was observed in medial preoptic area (mPOA), the ME-ARC region, and the cortex. Pronounced increase in Na+, K+ -ATPase enzyme activity was observed after the drug treatment. Naloxone given prior to morphine injection resulted in recovery of the enzyme activities in most of the areas studied. Our study may provide insights into the precise opioidergic modulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) release mechanisms through the involvement of monoaminergic system, elucidating the basis of various neuronal dysfunctions and their management in opioid addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Abstract
To address the problem of the pathogenesis in diabetic neuropathy, rats were made diabetic by streptozotocin administration, and discrete brain regions, such as cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, thalamus, and hypothalamus, were sampled for assay of activities of electron transport chain complexes I-IV at 1 and 3 mo after induction of diabetes. Significant decrease was seen in activities of dinitrophenylhydrazine DNPH-coenzyme Q reductase (complex I), coenzyme Q cytochrome-c reductase (complex III), and cytochrome-c oxidase (complex IV) from discrete brain regions with more pronounced changes in complex I. The decline in the complex I, III, and IV activity was more severe in the 3-mo group. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) coenzyme Q reductase (complex II), which is an enzyme shared by tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and electron transport chain, showed a significant increase under the same set of conditions. These results suggest that the bioenergetic impairment has an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
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Abstract
The activities of the enzymes related to glutathione synthesis, degradation, and functions as well as reactive oxygen scavenging enzymes were analyzed in different brain regions, such as cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, brainstem, thalamus, and hypothalamus after 1 and 3 mo of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Parallel studies were also made in age-matched control rats and insulin-treated diabetic rats. The content of glutathione (GSH) and its synthesizing enzyme gamma-glutamylcystein synthetase and also superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities (reactive oxygen scavenging enzymes) were significantly decreased from almost all the brain regions studied. However, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities were increased in the diabetic rat brain. Insulin treatment to the diabetic rats resulted in partial to full recovery in these enzymes activities. The present results emphasize the potentially serious alterations of brain free radical scavenger system in uncontrolled Type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nank Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Bhardwaj SK, Sharma ML, Gulati G, Chhabra A, Kaushik R, Sharma P, Kaur G. Effect of starvation and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on oxidative stress scavenger system and electron transport chain complexes from rat brain, liver, and kidney. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1998; 34:157-68. [PMID: 10327415 DOI: 10.1007/bf02815077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays an important role in tissue damage associated with hypoglycemia and other metabolic disorders. The altered brain neurotransmitters metabolism, cerebral electrolyte contents, and impaired blood-brain barrier function may contribute to CNS dysfunction in hypoglycemia. The present study elucidates the effect of starvation and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the free radical scavanger system--reduced glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), gamma-glutamyl cystein synthetase (gamma-GCS), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I-IV from three different regions of rat brain, namely cerebral hemispheres (CH), cerebellum (CB), and brainstem (BS). Peripheral organs, such as liver and kidney, were also studied. Significant changes in these enzymic activities were observed. The analysis of such alterations is important in ultimately determining the basis of neuronal dysfunction during metabolic stress conditions, such as hypoglycemia, and also defining the nature of these changes may help to develop therapeutic means to cure metabolically stressed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Bhardwaj SK, Srivastava KK. Effect of a composite Indian herbal preparation, CIHP(III) on avoidance learning during endurance performance of rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1995; 33:580-4. [PMID: 8543326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A nine week cross over study (5 weeks drug administration and 4 weeks withdrawal) was performed to see the effect of a composite Indian herbal preparation (CIHP III), viz. Mentat, on avoidance learning during endurance performance of albino rats. Runimex, a circular runway was used for this purpose. The number of stimuli viz. electrical shock of 10 mv, in drug treated rats at an oral dose of 47.86 mg/100 g body wt/single dose/day for 5 days were significantly reduced as compared to rats not taking any drug. The number of stimuli decreased significantly when the drug was started in the control group. No change in avoidance learning was observed over the period of 9 weeks in another group of rats. Results indicate significant improvement in avoidance learning during endurance performance due to the intake of CIHP(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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Bhardwaj SK, Jagota SK. Effect of age on susceptibility of carcinogen benzidine-hydrochloride. Indian J Exp Biol 1993; 31:299-300. [PMID: 8500849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility of carcinogen (benzidine hydrochloride) was checked by degranulation technique in rats of three different (young, adult and old) age groups. The dose response curves of these three different groups showed different per cent degranulation. Comparative data of dose response of benzidine hydrochloride observed on the basis of RNA/Protein ratio basis showed that old animals were more susceptible to carcinogens than young and adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Srivastava KK, Bhardwaj SK, Malhotra MS. Effect of prolonged stay at an altitude of 4000 m on blood cholesterol of lowlanders. Indian J Exp Biol 1977; 15:557-8. [PMID: 598899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mukherjee AK, Grover SK, Bhardwaj SK, Sridharan K, Malhotra MS, Srivastava KK. Plasma and erythrocyte aspartate transaminases and plasma cortisol changes in mules on exposure to an altitude of 3500 metre. Indian J Exp Biol 1976; 14:502-4. [PMID: 992818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Neelakantan S, Mishra MM, Bhardwaj SK, Vyas SR. Qualitative microbiological changes during decomposition of plant material in a sandy sierozem soil. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1974; 19:55-8. [PMID: 4430478 DOI: 10.1007/bf02874503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Srivastava KK, Rao YB, Bhardwaj SK, Chander A, Malhotra MS. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity and urinary excretion of creatine and creatinine in man during acclimatization to high altitude and in high altitude natives. Aerosp Med 1973; 44:272-5. [PMID: 4690455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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