1
|
Lee L, Yoast R, Emrich S, Trebak M, Kirk V, Sneyd J. Emergence of broad cytosolic Ca 2+ oscillations in the absence of CRAC channels: A model for CRAC-mediated negative feedback on PLC and Ca 2+ oscillations through PKC. J Theor Biol 2024; 581:111740. [PMID: 38253220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The role of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels mediated by ORAI isoforms in calcium signalling has been extensively investigated. It has been shown that the presence or absence of different isoforms has a significant effect on store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Yoast et al. (2020) showed that, in addition to the reported narrow-spike oscillations (whereby cytosolic calcium decreases quickly after a sharp increase), ORAI1 knockout HEK293 cells were able to oscillate with broad-spike oscillations (whereby cytosolic calcium decreases in a prolonged manner after a sharp increase) when stimulated with a muscarinic agonist. This suggests that Ca2+ influx through ORAI-mediated CRAC channels negatively regulates the duration of Ca2+ oscillations. We hypothesise that, through the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), ORAI1 negatively regulates phospholipase C (PLC) activity to decrease inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) production and limit the duration of agonist-evoked Ca2+ oscillations. Based on this hypothesis, we construct a new mathematical model, which shows that the formation of broad-spike oscillations is highly dependent on the absence of ORAI1. Predictions of this model are consistent with the experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Lee
- Department of Mathematics, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Ryan Yoast
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Scott Emrich
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 1526, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 1526, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 1526, USA
| | - Vivien Kirk
- Department of Mathematics, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James Sneyd
- Department of Mathematics, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ryazansky SS, Chen C, Potters M, Naumenko AN, Lukyanchikova V, Masri RA, Brusentsov II, Karagodin DA, Yurchenko AA, Dos Anjos VL, Haba Y, Rose NH, Hoffman J, Guo R, Menna T, Kelley M, Ferrill E, Schultz KE, Qi Y, Sharma A, Deschamps S, Llaca V, Mao C, Murphy TD, Baricheva EM, Emrich S, Fritz ML, Benoit JB, Sharakhov IV, McBride CS, Tu Z, Sharakhova MV. The chromosome-scale genome assembly for the West Nile vector Culex quinquefasciatus uncovers patterns of genome evolution in mosquitoes. BMC Biol 2024; 22:16. [PMID: 38273363 PMCID: PMC10809549 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding genome organization and evolution is important for species involved in transmission of human diseases, such as mosquitoes. Anophelinae and Culicinae subfamilies of mosquitoes show striking differences in genome sizes, sex chromosome arrangements, behavior, and ability to transmit pathogens. However, the genomic basis of these differences is not fully understood. METHODS In this study, we used a combination of advanced genome technologies such as Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing, Hi-C scaffolding, Bionano, and cytogenetic mapping to develop an improved chromosome-scale genome assembly for the West Nile vector Culex quinquefasciatus. RESULTS We then used this assembly to annotate odorant receptors, odorant binding proteins, and transposable elements. A genomic region containing male-specific sequences on chromosome 1 and a polymorphic inversion on chromosome 3 were identified in the Cx. quinquefasciatus genome. In addition, the genome of Cx. quinquefasciatus was compared with the genomes of other mosquitoes such as malaria vectors An. coluzzi and An. albimanus, and the vector of arboviruses Ae. aegypti. Our work confirms significant expansion of the two chemosensory gene families in Cx. quinquefasciatus, as well as a significant increase and relocation of the transposable elements in both Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti relative to the Anophelines. Phylogenetic analysis clarifies the divergence time between the mosquito species. Our study provides new insights into chromosomal evolution in mosquitoes and finds that the X chromosome of Anophelinae and the sex-determining chromosome 1 of Culicinae have a significantly higher rate of evolution than autosomes. CONCLUSION The improved Cx. quinquefasciatus genome assembly uncovered new details of mosquito genome evolution and has the potential to speed up the development of novel vector control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei S Ryazansky
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Cell, NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Chujia Chen
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, Computational Biology Program, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark Potters
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Anastasia N Naumenko
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Varvara Lukyanchikova
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Group of Genomic Mechanisms of Development, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Genomics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Reem A Masri
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ilya I Brusentsov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A Karagodin
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey A Yurchenko
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Vitor L Dos Anjos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yuki Haba
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Noah H Rose
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jinna Hoffman
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Theresa Menna
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Kelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emily Ferrill
- County of San Diego Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen E Schultz
- Mosquito and Vector Management District of Santa Barbara County, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Yumin Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Atashi Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | | | | | - Chunhong Mao
- Biocomplexity Institute & Initiative University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Terence D Murphy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Elina M Baricheva
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Scott Emrich
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Megan L Fritz
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Carolyn S McBride
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zhijian Tu
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, Computational Biology Program, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, USA
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Maria V Sharakhova
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nowling RJ, Fallas-Moya F, Sadovnik A, Emrich S, Aleck M, Leskiewicz D, Peters JG. Fast, low-memory detection and localization of large, polymorphic inversions from SNPs. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12831. [PMID: 35116204 PMCID: PMC8784018 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large (>1 Mb), polymorphic inversions have substantial impacts on population structure and maintenance of genotypes. These large inversions can be detected from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data using unsupervised learning techniques like PCA. Construction and analysis of a feature matrix from millions of SNPs requires large amount of memory and limits the sizes of data sets that can be analyzed. METHODS We propose using feature hashing construct a feature matrix from a VCF file of SNPs for reducing memory usage. The matrix is constructed in a streaming fashion such that the entire VCF file is never loaded into memory at one time. RESULTS When evaluated on Anopheles mosquito and Drosophila fly data sets, our approach reduced memory usage by 97% with minimal reductions in accuracy for inversion detection and localization tasks. CONCLUSION With these changes, inversions in larger data sets can be analyzed easily and efficiently on common laptop and desktop computers. Our method is publicly available through our open-source inversion analysis software, Asaph.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Nowling
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Fabian Fallas-Moya
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Amir Sadovnik
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Scott Emrich
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Matthew Aleck
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel Leskiewicz
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John G. Peters
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Emrich S, Gedan-Smolka M, Kamga LS, Kopnarski M, Nguyen TD, Sauer B, Voit B. Chemically bonded PA66-PTFE-oil-cb composites as novel tribologically effective materials: Part 2; pp. 493–499. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences 2021. [DOI: 10.3176/proc.2021.4.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
5
|
Flanley CM, Ramalho-Ortigao M, Coutinho-Abreu IV, Mukbel R, Hanafi HA, El-Hossary SS, Fawaz EY, Hoel DF, Bray AW, Stayback G, Shoue DA, Kamhawi S, Emrich S, McDowell MA. Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly predicted salivary protein diversity and immune response potential based on in silico prediction in Egypt and Jordan populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007489. [PMID: 32658913 PMCID: PMC7377520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies inject their hosts with a myriad of pharmacologically active salivary proteins to assist with blood feeding and to modulate host defenses. In addition, salivary proteins can influence cutaneous leishmaniasis disease outcome, highlighting the potential of the salivary components to be used as a vaccine. Variability of vaccine targets in natural populations influences antigen choice for vaccine development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the variability in the predicted protein sequences of nine of the most abundantly expressed salivary proteins from field populations, testing the hypothesis that salivary proteins appropriate to target for vaccination strategies will be possible. PpSP12, PpSP14, PpSP28, PpSP29, PpSP30, PpSP32, PpSP36, PpSP42, and PpSP44 mature cDNAs from field collected P. papatasi from three distinct ecotopes in the Middle East and North Africa were amplified, sequenced, and in silico translated to assess the predicted amino acid variability. Two of the predicted sequences, PpSP12 and PpSP14, demonstrated low genetic variability across the three geographic isolated sand fly populations, with conserved multiple predicted MHCII epitope binding sites suggestive of their potential application in vaccination approaches. The other seven predicted salivary proteins revealed greater allelic variation across the same sand fly populations, possibly precluding their use as vaccine targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Flanley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Iliano V. Coutinho-Abreu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID-NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rami Mukbel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hanafi A. Hanafi
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shabaan S. El-Hossary
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emadeldin Y. Fawaz
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - David F. Hoel
- Lee County Mosquito Control District, Lehigh Acres, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexander W. Bray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gwen Stayback
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Shoue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID-NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Scott Emrich
- Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann McDowell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li X, Kumar S, McDew-White M, Haile M, Cheeseman IH, Emrich S, Button-Simons K, Nosten F, Kappe SHI, Ferdig MT, Anderson TJC, Vaughan AM. Genetic mapping of fitness determinants across the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum life cycle. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008453. [PMID: 31609965 PMCID: PMC6821138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the genetic basis of fitness is central to understanding evolution and transmission of microbial pathogens. In human malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum), most experimental work on fitness has focused on asexual blood stage parasites, because this stage can be easily cultured, although the transmission of malaria requires both female Anopheles mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts. We explore a powerful approach to identify the genetic determinants of parasite fitness across both invertebrate and vertebrate life-cycle stages of P. falciparum. This combines experimental genetic crosses using humanized mice, with selective whole genome amplification and pooled sequencing to determine genome-wide allele frequencies and identify genomic regions under selection across multiple lifecycle stages. We applied this approach to genetic crosses between artemisinin resistant (ART-R, kelch13-C580Y) and ART-sensitive (ART-S, kelch13-WT) parasites, recently isolated from Southeast Asian patients. Two striking results emerge: we observed (i) a strong genome-wide skew (>80%) towards alleles from the ART-R parent in the mosquito stage, that dropped to ~50% in the blood stage as selfed ART-R parasites were selected against; and (ii) repeatable allele specific skews in blood stage parasites with particularly strong selection (selection coefficient (s) ≤ 0.18/asexual cycle) against alleles from the ART-R parent at loci on chromosome 12 containing MRP2 and chromosome 14 containing ARPS10. This approach robustly identifies selected loci and has strong potential for identifying parasite genes that interact with the mosquito vector or compensatory loci involved in drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meseret Haile
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Cheeseman
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott Emrich
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katie Button-Simons
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Ferdig
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tim J. C. Anderson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TJCA); (AMV)
| | - Ashley M. Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TJCA); (AMV)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
%MinMax, a model of intra-gene translational elongation rate, relies on codon usage frequencies. Historically, %MinMax has used tables that measure codon usage bias for all genes in an organism, such as those found at HIVE-CUT. In this paper, we provide evidence that codon usage bias based on all genes is insufficient to accurately measure absolute translation rate. We show that alternative "High-ϕ" codon usage tables, generated by another model (ROC-SEMPPR), are a promising alternative. By creating a hybrid model, future codon usage analyses and their applications (e.g., codon harmonization) are likely to more accurately measure the "tempo" of translation elongation. We also suggest a High-ϕ alternative to the Codon Adaptation Index (CAI), a classic metric of codon usage bias based on highly expressed genes. Significantly, our new alternative is equally well correlated with empirical data as traditional CAI without using experimentally determined expression counts as input.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Wright
- Department of Computer Science, University of Notre Dame
| | - Anabel Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame
| | - Patricia L Clark
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame
| | - Scott Emrich
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li L, Cheng Y, Emrich S, Schorey J. Activation of endothelial cells by extracellular vesicles derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages or mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198337. [PMID: 29851993 PMCID: PMC5979010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells play an essential role in regulating an immune response through promoting leukocyte adhesion and cell migration and production of cytokines such as TNFα. Regulation of endothelial cell immune function is tightly regulated and recent studies suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are prominently involved in this process. However, the importance of EVs in regulating endothelial activation in the context of a bacterial infection is poorly understood. To begin addressing this knowledge gap we characterized the endothelial cell response to EVs released from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infected macrophages. Our result showed increased macrophage migration through the monolayer when endothelial cells were pretreated with EVs isolated from Mtb-infected macrophages. Transcriptome analysis showed a significant upregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion and the inflammatory process in endothelial cells treated with EVs. These results were validated by quantitative PCR and flow cytometry. Pathway analysis of these differentially expressed genes indicated that several immune response-related pathways were up-regulated. Endothelial cells were also treated with EVs isolated from the serum of Mtb-infected mice. Interestingly, EVs isolated 14 days but not 7 or 21 days post-infection showed a similar ability to induce endothelial cell activation suggesting a change in EV function during the course of an Mtb infection. Immunofluorescence microscopy result indicated that NF-κB and the Type 1 interferon pathways were involved in endothelial activation by EVs. In summary, our data suggest that EVs can activate endothelial cells and thus may play an important role in modulating host immune responses during an Mtb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Scott Emrich
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rodriguez A, Wright G, Emrich S, Clark PL. %MinMax: A versatile tool for calculating and comparing synonymous codon usage and its impact on protein folding. Protein Sci 2017; 27:356-362. [PMID: 29090506 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most amino acids can be encoded by more than one synonymous codon, but these are rarely used with equal frequency. In many coding sequences the usage patterns of rare versus common synonymous codons is nonrandom and under selection. Moreover, synonymous substitutions that alter these patterns can have a substantial impact on the folding efficiency of the encoded protein. This has ignited broad interest in exploring synonymous codon usage patterns. For many protein chemists, biophysicists and structural biologists, the primary motivation for codon analysis is identifying and preserving usage patterns most likely to impact high-yield production of functional proteins. Here we describe the core functions and new features of %MinMax, a codon usage calculator freely available as a web-based portal and downloadable script (http://www.codons.org). %MinMax evaluates the relative usage frequencies of the synonymous codons used to encode a protein sequence of interest and compares these results to a rigorous null model. Crucially, for analyzing codon usage in common host organisms %MinMax requires only the coding sequence as input; with a user-input codon frequency table, %MinMax can be used to evaluate synonymous codon usage patterns for any coding sequence from any fully sequenced genome. %MinMax makes no assumptions regarding the impact of transfer ribonucleic acid concentrations or other molecular-level interactions on translation rates, yet its output is sufficient to predict the effects of synonymous codon substitutions on cotranslational folding mechanisms. A simple calculation included within %MinMax can be used to harmonize codon usage frequencies for heterologous gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556
| | - Gabriel Wright
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556
| | - Scott Emrich
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556
| | - Patricia L Clark
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schieffer KM, Choi CS, Emrich S, Harris L, Deiling S, Karamchandani DM, Salzberg A, Kawasawa YI, Yochum GS, Koltun WA. RNA-seq implicates deregulation of the immune system in the pathogenesis of diverticulitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G277-G284. [PMID: 28619727 PMCID: PMC6146301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00136.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with diverticula or outpouchings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through the colonic wall have diverticulosis, which is usually asymptomatic. In 10-25% of individuals, the diverticula become inflamed, resulting in diverticulitis. Very little is known about the pathophysiology or gene regulatory pathways involved in the development of diverticulitis. To identify these pathways, we deep sequenced RNAs isolated from full-thickness sections of sigmoid colon from diverticulitis patients and control individuals. Specifically for diverticulitis cases, we analyzed tissue adjacent to areas affected by chronic disease. Since the tissue was collected during elective sigmoid resection, the disease was in a quiescent state. A comparison of differentially expressed genes found that gene ontology (GO) pathways associated with the immune response were upregulated in diverticulitis patients compared with nondiverticulosis controls. Next, weighted gene coexpression network analysis was performed to identify the interaction among coexpressed genes. This analysis revealed RASAL3, SASH3, PTPRC, and INPP5D as hub genes within the brown module eigengene, which highly correlated (r = 0.67, P = 0.0004) with diverticulitis. Additionally, we identified elevated expression of downstream interacting genes. In summary, transcripts associated with the immune response were upregulated in adjacent tissue from the sigmoid colons of chronic, recurrent diverticulitis patients. Further elucidating the genetic or epigenetic mechanisms associated with these alterations can help identify those at risk for chronic disease and may assist in clinical decision management.NEW & NOTEWORTHY By using an unbiased approach to analyze transcripts expressed in unaffected colonic tissues adjacent to those affected by chronic diverticulitis, our study implicates that a defect in the immune response may be involved in the development of the disease. This finding expands on the current data that suggest the pathophysiology of diverticulitis is mediated by dietary, age, and obesity-related factors. Further characterizing the immunologic differences in diverticulitis may better inform clinical decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Schieffer
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Christine S Choi
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott Emrich
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Leonard Harris
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sue Deiling
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Dipti M Karamchandani
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna Salzberg
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuka I Kawasawa
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Gregory S Yochum
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Walter A Koltun
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adema CM, Hillier LW, Jones CS, Loker ES, Knight M, Minx P, Oliveira G, Raghavan N, Shedlock A, do Amaral LR, Arican-Goktas HD, Assis JG, Baba EH, Baron OL, Bayne CJ, Bickham-Wright U, Biggar KK, Blouin M, Bonning BC, Botka C, Bridger JM, Buckley KM, Buddenborg SK, Lima Caldeira R, Carleton J, Carvalho OS, Castillo MG, Chalmers IW, Christensens M, Clifton S, Cosseau C, Coustau C, Cripps RM, Cuesta-Astroz Y, Cummins SF, Di Stefano L, Dinguirard N, Duval D, Emrich S, Feschotte C, Feyereisen R, FitzGerald P, Fronick C, Fulton L, Galinier R, Gava SG, Geusz M, Geyer KK, Giraldo-Calderón GI, de Souza Gomes M, Gordy MA, Gourbal B, Grunau C, Hanington PC, Hoffmann KF, Hughes D, Humphries J, Jackson DJ, Jannotti-Passos LK, de Jesus Jeremias W, Jobling S, Kamel B, Kapusta A, Kaur S, Koene JM, Kohn AB, Lawson D, Lawton SP, Liang D, Limpanont Y, Liu S, Lockyer AE, Lovato TAL, Ludolf F, Magrini V, McManus DP, Medina M, Misra M, Mitta G, Mkoji GM, Montague MJ, Montelongo C, Moroz LL, Munoz-Torres MC, Niazi U, Noble LR, Oliveira FS, Pais FS, Papenfuss AT, Peace R, Pena JJ, Pila EA, Quelais T, Raney BJ, Rast JP, Rollinson D, Rosse IC, Rotgans B, Routledge EJ, Ryan KM, Scholte LLS, Storey KB, Swain M, Tennessen JA, Tomlinson C, Trujillo DL, Volpi EV, Walker AJ, Wang T, Wannaporn I, Warren WC, Wu XJ, Yoshino TP, Yusuf M, Zhang SM, Zhao M, Wilson RK. Corrigendum: Whole genome analysis of a schistosomiasis-transmitting freshwater snail. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16153. [PMID: 28832025 PMCID: PMC5569240 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
12
|
Konar A, Choudhury O, Bullis R, Fiedler L, Kruser JM, Stephens MT, Gailing O, Schlarbaum S, Coggeshall MV, Staton ME, Carlson JE, Emrich S, Romero-Severson J. High-quality genetic mapping with ddRADseq in the non-model tree Quercus rubra. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:417. [PMID: 28558688 PMCID: PMC5450186 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) has the potential to be a broadly applicable, low-cost approach for high-quality genetic linkage mapping in forest trees lacking a reference genome. The statistical inference of linear order must be as accurate as possible for the correct ordering of sequence scaffolds and contigs to chromosomal locations. Accurate maps also facilitate the discovery of chromosome segments containing allelic variants conferring resistance to the biotic and abiotic stresses that threaten forest trees worldwide. We used ddRADseq for genetic mapping in the tree Quercus rubra, with an approach optimized to produce a high-quality map. Our study design also enabled us to model the results we would have obtained with less depth of coverage. Results Our sequencing design produced a high sequencing depth in the parents (248×) and a moderate sequencing depth (15×) in the progeny. The digital normalization method of generating a de novo reference and the SAMtools SNP variant caller yielded the most SNP calls (78,725). The major drivers of map inflation were multiple SNPs located within the same sequence (77% of SNPs called). The highest quality map was generated with a low level of missing data (5%) and a genome-wide threshold of 0.025 for deviation from Mendelian expectation. The final map included 849 SNP markers (1.8% of the 78,725 SNPs called). Downsampling the individual FASTQ files to model lower depth of coverage revealed that sequencing the progeny using 96 samples per lane would have yielded too few SNP markers to generate a map, even if we had sequenced the parents at depth 248×. Conclusions The ddRADseq technology produced enough high-quality SNP markers to make a moderately dense, high-quality map. The success of this project was due to high depth of coverage of the parents, moderate depth of coverage of the progeny, a good framework map, an optimized bioinformatics pipeline, and rigorous premapping filters. The ddRADseq approach is useful for the construction of high-quality genetic maps in organisms lacking a reference genome if the parents and progeny are sequenced at sufficient depth. Technical improvements in reduced representation sequencing (RRS) approaches are needed to reduce the amount of missing data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3765-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Konar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Olivia Choudhury
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca Bullis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Lauren Fiedler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | - Melissa T Stephens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Oliver Gailing
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Scott Schlarbaum
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Mark V Coggeshall
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Margaret E Staton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - John E Carlson
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State, University Park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Scott Emrich
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Jeanne Romero-Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chaney JL, Steele A, Carmichael R, Rodriguez A, Specht AT, Ngo K, Li J, Emrich S, Clark PL. Widespread position-specific conservation of synonymous rare codons within coding sequences. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005531. [PMID: 28475588 PMCID: PMC5438181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synonymous rare codons are considered to be sub-optimal for gene expression because they are translated more slowly than common codons. Yet surprisingly, many protein coding sequences include large clusters of synonymous rare codons. Rare codons at the 5’ terminus of coding sequences have been shown to increase translational efficiency. Although a general functional role for synonymous rare codons farther within coding sequences has not yet been established, several recent reports have identified rare-to-common synonymous codon substitutions that impair folding of the encoded protein. Here we test the hypothesis that although the usage frequencies of synonymous codons change from organism to organism, codon rarity will be conserved at specific positions in a set of homologous coding sequences, for example to tune translation rate without altering a protein sequence. Such conservation of rarity–rather than specific codon identity–could coordinate co-translational folding of the encoded protein. We demonstrate that many rare codon cluster positions are indeed conserved within homologous coding sequences across diverse eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal species, suggesting they result from positive selection and have a functional role. Most conserved rare codon clusters occur within rather than between conserved protein domains, challenging the view that their primary function is to facilitate co-translational folding after synthesis of an autonomous structural unit. Instead, many conserved rare codon clusters separate smaller protein structural motifs within structural domains. These smaller motifs typically fold faster than an entire domain, on a time scale more consistent with translation rate modulation by synonymous codon usage. While proteins with conserved rare codon clusters are structurally and functionally diverse, they are enriched in functions associated with organism growth and development, suggesting an important role for synonymous codon usage in organism physiology. The identification of conserved rare codon clusters advances our understanding of distinct, functional roles for otherwise synonymous codons and enables experimental testing of the impact of synonymous codon usage on the production of functional proteins. Proteins are long linear polymers that must fold into complex three-dimensional shapes in order to carry out their cellular functions. Every protein is synthesized by the ribosome, which decodes each trinucleotide codon in an mRNA coding sequence in order to select the amino acid residue that will occupy each position in the protein sequence. Most amino acids can be encoded by more than one codon, but these synonymous codons are not used with equal frequency. Rare codons are associated with generally slower rates for protein synthesis, and for this reason have traditionally been considered mildly deleterious for efficient protein production. However, because synonymous codon substitutions do not change the sequence of the encoded protein, the majority view is that they merely reflect genomic ‘background noise’. To the contrary, here we show that the positions of many synonymous rare codons are conserved in mRNA sequences that encode structurally similar proteins from a diverse range of organisms. These results suggest that rare codons have a functional role related to the production of functional proteins, potentially to regulate the rate of protein synthesis and the earliest steps of protein folding, while synthesis is still underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Chaney
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aaron Steele
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rory Carmichael
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Anabel Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alicia T. Specht
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics & Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kim Ngo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics & Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Scott Emrich
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PLC); (SE)
| | - Patricia L. Clark
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PLC); (SE)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The quantitative prediction of transcriptional activity of genes using promoter sequence is fundamental to the engineering of biological systems for industrial purposes and understanding the natural variation in gene expression. To catalyze the development of new algorithms for this purpose, the Dialogue on Reverse Engineering Assessment and Methods (DREAM) organized a community challenge seeking predictive models of promoter activity given normalized promoter activity data for 90 ribosomal protein promoters driving expression of a fluorescent reporter gene. By developing an unbiased modeling approach that performs an iterative search for predictive DNA sequence features using the frequencies of various k-mers, inferred DNA mechanical properties and spatial positions of promoter sequences, we achieved the best performer status in this challenge. The specific predictive features used in the model included the frequency of the nucleotide G, the length of polymeric tracts of T and TA, the frequencies of 6 distinct trinucleotides and 12 tetranucleotides, and the predicted protein deformability of the DNA sequence. Our method accurately predicted the activity of 20 natural variants of ribosomal protein promoters (Spearman correlation r = 0.73) as compared to 33 laboratory-mutated variants of the promoters (r = 0.57) in a test set that was hidden from participants. Notably, our model differed substantially from the rest in 2 main ways: i) it did not explicitly utilize transcription factor binding information implying that subtle DNA sequence features are highly associated with gene expression, and ii) it was entirely based on features extracted exclusively from the 100 bp region upstream from the translational start site demonstrating that this region encodes much of the overall promoter activity. The findings from this study have important implications for the engineering of predictable gene expression systems and the evolution of gene expression in naturally occurring biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Siwo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Network Science and Applications (iCeNSA), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; IBM TJ Watson Research Center, NY, USA; IBM Research-Africa, Johannesberg, South Africa
| | - Andrew Rider
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Network Science and Applications (iCeNSA), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Asako Tan
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Epicentre, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard Pinapati
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Network Science and Applications (iCeNSA), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Scott Emrich
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Network Science and Applications (iCeNSA), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Nitesh Chawla
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Network Science and Applications (iCeNSA), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Michael Ferdig
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Network Science and Applications (iCeNSA), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Egan SP, Ragland GJ, Assour L, Powell THQ, Hood GR, Emrich S, Nosil P, Feder JL. Experimental evidence of genome-wide impact of ecological selection during early stages of speciation-with-gene-flow. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:817-825. [PMID: 26077935 PMCID: PMC4744793 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that speciation‐with‐gene‐flow is more likely when the consequences of selection for population divergence transitions from mainly direct effects of selection acting on individual genes to a collective property of all selected genes in the genome. Thus, understanding the direct impacts of ecologically based selection, as well as the indirect effects due to correlations among loci, is critical to understanding speciation. Here, we measure the genome‐wide impacts of host‐associated selection between hawthorn and apple host races of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae), a model for contemporary speciation‐with‐gene‐flow. Allele frequency shifts of 32 455 SNPs induced in a selection experiment based on host phenology were genome wide and highly concordant with genetic divergence between co‐occurring apple and hawthorn flies in nature. This striking genome‐wide similarity between experimental and natural populations of R. pomonella underscores the importance of ecological selection at early stages of divergence and calls for further integration of studies of eco‐evolutionary dynamics and genome divergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Lauren Assour
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Scott Emrich
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Warren AS, Aurrecoechea C, Brunk B, Desai P, Emrich S, Giraldo-Calderón GI, Harb O, Hix D, Lawson D, Machi D, Mao C, McClelland M, Nordberg E, Shukla M, Vosshall LB, Wattam AR, Will R, Yoo HS, Sobral B. RNA-Rocket: an RNA-Seq analysis resource for infectious disease research. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:1496-8. [PMID: 25573919 PMCID: PMC4410666 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION RNA-Seq is a method for profiling transcription using high-throughput sequencing and is an important component of many research projects that wish to study transcript isoforms, condition specific expression and transcriptional structure. The methods, tools and technologies used to perform RNA-Seq analysis continue to change, creating a bioinformatics challenge for researchers who wish to exploit these data. Resources that bring together genomic data, analysis tools, educational material and computational infrastructure can minimize the overhead required of life science researchers. RESULTS RNA-Rocket is a free service that provides access to RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq analysis tools for studying infectious diseases. The site makes available thousands of pre-indexed genomes, their annotations and the ability to stream results to the bioinformatics resources VectorBase, EuPathDB and PATRIC. The site also provides a combination of experimental data and metadata, examples of pre-computed analysis, step-by-step guides and a user interface designed to enable both novice and experienced users of RNA-Seq data. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION RNA-Rocket is available at rnaseq.pathogenportal.org. Source code for this project can be found at github.com/cidvbi/PathogenPortal. CONTACT anwarren@vt.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary materials are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Warren
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cristina Aurrecoechea
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian Brunk
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Prerak Desai
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott Emrich
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gloria I Giraldo-Calderón
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Omar Harb
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Deborah Hix
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Lawson
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dustin Machi
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chunhong Mao
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael McClelland
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric Nordberg
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maulik Shukla
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leslie B Vosshall
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alice R Wattam
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rebecca Will
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hyun Seung Yoo
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bruno Sobral
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369, USA, University of California, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, California, USA and The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mbengue A, Bhattacharjee S, Pandharkar T, Liu H, Estiu G, Stahelin RV, Rizk SS, Njimoh DL, Ryan Y, Chotivanich K, Nguon C, Ghorbal M, Lopez-Rubio JJ, Pfrender M, Emrich S, Mohandas N, Dondorp AM, Wiest O, Haldar K. A molecular mechanism of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 2015; 520:683-7. [PMID: 25874676 PMCID: PMC4417027 DOI: 10.1038/nature14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinins are the cornerstone of anti-malarial drugs. Emergence and spread of resistance to them raises risk of wiping out recent gains achieved in reducing worldwide malaria burden and threatens future malaria control and elimination on a global level. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed parasite genetic loci associated with artemisinin resistance. However, there is no consensus on biochemical targets of artemisinin. Whether and how these targets interact with genes identified by GWAS, remains unknown. Here we provide biochemical and cellular evidence that artemisinins are potent inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PfPI3K), revealing an unexpected mechanism of action. In resistant clinical strains, increased PfPI3K was associated with the C580Y mutation in P. falciparum Kelch13 (PfKelch13), a primary marker of artemisinin resistance. Polyubiquitination of PfPI3K and its binding to PfKelch13 were reduced by the PfKelch13 mutation, which limited proteolysis of PfPI3K and thus increased levels of the kinase, as well as its lipid product phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P). We find PI3P levels to be predictive of artemisinin resistance in both clinical and engineered laboratory parasites as well as across non-isogenic strains. Elevated PI3P induced artemisinin resistance in absence of PfKelch13 mutations, but remained responsive to regulation by PfKelch13. Evidence is presented for PI3P-dependent signalling in which transgenic expression of an additional kinase confers resistance. Together these data present PI3P as the key mediator of artemisinin resistance and the sole PfPI3K as an important target for malaria elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alassane Mbengue
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Souvik Bhattacharjee
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Trupti Pandharkar
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Haining Liu
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Guillermina Estiu
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [3] Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, 143 Raclin-Carmichael Hall, 1234 Notre Dame Avenue, South Bend, Indiana 46617, USA
| | - Shahir S Rizk
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Dieudonne L Njimoh
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [3] Departmen of. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Southwest region, Cameroon
| | - Yana Ryan
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chea Nguon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, 12302 Phnom Penh, Monivong Blvd, Phnom Penh 12302, Cambodia
| | - Mehdi Ghorbal
- CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University Montpellier 1&2 ("MiVEGEC"), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Michael Pfrender
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Scott Emrich
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556. USA
| | | | - Arjen M Dondorp
- 1] Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN. UK
| | - Olaf Wiest
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [3] Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kasturi Haldar
- 1] Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Next generation sequencing technologies have enabled sequencing many genomes. Because of the overall increasing demand and the inherent parallelism available in many required analyses, these bioinformatics applications should ideally run on clusters, clouds and/or grids. We present a modified annotation framework that achieves a speed-up of 45x using 50 workers using a Caenorhabditis japonica test case. We also evaluate these modifications within the Amazon EC2 cloud framework. The underlying genome annotation (MAKER) is parallelised as an MPI application. Our framework enables it to now run without MPI while utilising a wide variety of distributed computing resources. This parallel framework also allows easy explicit data transfer, which helps overcome a major limitation of bioinformatics tools that often rely on shared file systems. Combined, our proposed framework can be used, even during early stages of development, to easily run sequence analysis tools on clusters, grids and clouds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Thrasher
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | - Brian Kachmarck
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Douglas Thain
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Scott Emrich
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jiang X, Peery A, Hall AB, Sharma A, Chen XG, Waterhouse RM, Komissarov A, Riehle MM, Shouche Y, Sharakhova MV, Lawson D, Pakpour N, Arensburger P, Davidson VLM, Eiglmeier K, Emrich S, George P, Kennedy RC, Mane SP, Maslen G, Oringanje C, Qi Y, Settlage R, Tojo M, Tubio JMC, Unger MF, Wang B, Vernick KD, Ribeiro JMC, James AA, Michel K, Riehle MA, Luckhart S, Sharakhov IV, Tu Z. Genome analysis of a major urban malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles stephensi. Genome Biol 2014; 15:459. [PMID: 25244985 PMCID: PMC4195908 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles stephensi is the key vector of malaria throughout the Indian subcontinent and Middle East and an emerging model for molecular and genetic studies of mosquito-parasite interactions. The type form of the species is responsible for the majority of urban malaria transmission across its range. Results Here, we report the genome sequence and annotation of the Indian strain of the type form of An. stephensi. The 221 Mb genome assembly represents more than 92% of the entire genome and was produced using a combination of 454, Illumina, and PacBio sequencing. Physical mapping assigned 62% of the genome onto chromosomes, enabling chromosome-based analysis. Comparisons between An. stephensi and An. gambiae reveal that the rate of gene order reshuffling on the X chromosome was three times higher than that on the autosomes. An. stephensi has more heterochromatin in pericentric regions but less repetitive DNA in chromosome arms than An. gambiae. We also identify a number of Y-chromosome contigs and BACs. Interspersed repeats constitute 7.1% of the assembled genome while LTR retrotransposons alone comprise more than 49% of the Y contigs. RNA-seq analyses provide new insights into mosquito innate immunity, development, and sexual dimorphism. Conclusions The genome analysis described in this manuscript provides a resource and platform for fundamental and translational research into a major urban malaria vector. Chromosome-based investigations provide unique perspectives on Anopheles chromosome evolution. RNA-seq analysis and studies of immunity genes offer new insights into mosquito biology and mosquito-parasite interactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0459-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
20
|
Geng P, Li W, Lin L, de Miranda JR, Emrich S, An L, Terenius O. Genetic characterization of a novel Iflavirus associated with vomiting disease in the Chinese oak silkmoth Antheraea pernyi. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92107. [PMID: 24637949 PMCID: PMC3956879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the Chinese oak silkmoth (Antheraea pernyi) are often affected by AVD (A. pernyi vomiting disease), whose causative agent has long been suspected to be a virus. In an unrelated project we discovered a novel positive sense single-stranded RNA virus that could reproduce AVD symptoms upon injection into healthy A. pernyi larvae. The genome of this virus is 10,163 nucleotides long, has a natural poly-A tail, and contains a single, large open reading frame flanked at the 5′ and 3′ ends by untranslated regions containing putative structural elements for replication and translation of the virus genome. The open reading frame is predicted to encode a 3036 amino acid polyprotein with four viral structural proteins (VP1-VP4) located in the N-terminal end and the non-structural proteins, including a helicase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and 3C-protease, located in the C-terminal end of the polyprotein. Putative 3C-protease and autolytic cleavage sites were identified for processing the polyprotein into functional units. The genome organization, amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the virus is a novel species of the genus Iflavirus, with the proposed name of Antheraea pernyi Iflavirus (ApIV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Geng
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Lin
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Joachim R. de Miranda
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Scott Emrich
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lijia An
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Olle Terenius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang W, Zeng E, Liu D, Jones SE, Emrich S. Mapping genomic features to functional traits through microbial whole genome sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:461-78. [DOI: 10.1504/ijbra.2014.062995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Bradnam KR, Fass JN, Alexandrov A, Baranay P, Bechner M, Birol I, Boisvert S, Chapman JA, Chapuis G, Chikhi R, Chitsaz H, Chou WC, Corbeil J, Del Fabbro C, Docking TR, Durbin R, Earl D, Emrich S, Fedotov P, Fonseca NA, Ganapathy G, Gibbs RA, Gnerre S, Godzaridis E, Goldstein S, Haimel M, Hall G, Haussler D, Hiatt JB, Ho IY, Howard J, Hunt M, Jackman SD, Jaffe DB, Jarvis ED, Jiang H, Kazakov S, Kersey PJ, Kitzman JO, Knight JR, Koren S, Lam TW, Lavenier D, Laviolette F, Li Y, Li Z, Liu B, Liu Y, Luo R, Maccallum I, Macmanes MD, Maillet N, Melnikov S, Naquin D, Ning Z, Otto TD, Paten B, Paulo OS, Phillippy AM, Pina-Martins F, Place M, Przybylski D, Qin X, Qu C, Ribeiro FJ, Richards S, Rokhsar DS, Ruby JG, Scalabrin S, Schatz MC, Schwartz DC, Sergushichev A, Sharpe T, Shaw TI, Shendure J, Shi Y, Simpson JT, Song H, Tsarev F, Vezzi F, Vicedomini R, Vieira BM, Wang J, Worley KC, Yin S, Yiu SM, Yuan J, Zhang G, Zhang H, Zhou S, Korf IF. Assemblathon 2: evaluating de novo methods of genome assembly in three vertebrate species. Gigascience 2013; 2:10. [PMID: 23870653 PMCID: PMC3844414 DOI: 10.1186/2047-217x-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of generating raw genome sequence data continues to become cheaper, faster, and more accurate. However, assembly of such data into high-quality, finished genome sequences remains challenging. Many genome assembly tools are available, but they differ greatly in terms of their performance (speed, scalability, hardware requirements, acceptance of newer read technologies) and in their final output (composition of assembled sequence). More importantly, it remains largely unclear how to best assess the quality of assembled genome sequences. The Assemblathon competitions are intended to assess current state-of-the-art methods in genome assembly. RESULTS In Assemblathon 2, we provided a variety of sequence data to be assembled for three vertebrate species (a bird, a fish, and snake). This resulted in a total of 43 submitted assemblies from 21 participating teams. We evaluated these assemblies using a combination of optical map data, Fosmid sequences, and several statistical methods. From over 100 different metrics, we chose ten key measures by which to assess the overall quality of the assemblies. CONCLUSIONS Many current genome assemblers produced useful assemblies, containing a significant representation of their genes and overall genome structure. However, the high degree of variability between the entries suggests that there is still much room for improvement in the field of genome assembly and that approaches which work well in assembling the genome of one species may not necessarily work well for another.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abrudan J, Ramalho-Ortigão M, O'Neil S, Stayback G, Wadsworth M, Bernard M, Shoue D, Emrich S, Lawyer P, Kamhawi S, Rowton ED, Lehane MJ, Bates PA, Valenzeula JG, Tomlinson C, Appelbaum E, Moeller D, Thiesing B, Dillon R, Clifton S, Lobo NF, Wilson RK, Collins FH, McDowell MA. The characterization of the Phlebotomus papatasi transcriptome. Insect Mol Biol 2013; 22:211-232. [PMID: 23398403 PMCID: PMC3594503 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As important vectors of human disease, phlebotomine sand flies are of global significance to human health, transmitting several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. The most devastating of the sand fly transmitted infections are the leishmaniases, causing significant mortality and morbidity in both the Old and New World. Here we present the first global transcriptome analysis of the Old World vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) and compare this transcriptome to that of the New World vector of visceral leishmaniasis, Lutzomyia longipalpis. A normalized cDNA library was constructed using pooled mRNA from Phlebotomus papatasi larvae, pupae, adult males and females fed sugar, blood, or blood infected with Leishmania major. A total of 47 615 generated sequences was cleaned and assembled into 17 120 unique transcripts. Of the assembled sequences, 50% (8837 sequences) were classified using Gene Ontology (GO) terms. This collection of transcripts is comprehensive, as demonstrated by the high number of different GO categories. An in-depth analysis revealed 245 sequences with putative homology to proteins involved in blood and sugar digestion, immune response and peritrophic matrix formation. Twelve of the novel genes, including one trypsin, two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP) and nine chymotrypsins, have a higher expression level during larval stages. Two novel chymotrypsins and one novel PGRP are abundantly expressed upon blood feeding. This study will greatly improve the available genomic resources for P. papatasi and will provide essential information for annotation of the full genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenica Abrudan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigão
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Phillip Lawyer
- Intracellular Parasite Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Edgar D. Rowton
- Entomology Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 530 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | - Paul A. Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Jesus G. Valenzeula
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Elizabeth Appelbaum
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Deborah Moeller
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Brenda Thiesing
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Rod Dillon
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Sandra Clifton
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Richard K. Wilson
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Frank H. Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Mary Ann McDowell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Emrich S, Al-Aidroos N, Pratt J, Ferber S. The search for memory: Visual short-term memory capacity predicts performance during visual search tasks. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
25
|
Emrich S, Ferber S. Evidence for the role of visual short-term memory in conscious object recognition. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
26
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONIn this protocol, 454 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are generated by sequencing shoot apical meristem (SAM) cDNA from maize inbred lines on the 454 Life Sciences GS-20 sequencing system. The computational tool PolyBayes (Marth et al. 1999) is then used to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). PolyBayes has been used successfully to identify SNPs in many different systems, including maize, and is particularly recommended for identifying SNPs in 454 sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Brad Barbazuk
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lowe M, Madsen EL, Schindler K, Smith C, Emrich S, Robb F, Halden RU. Geochemistry and microbial diversity of a trichloroethene-contaminated Superfund site undergoing intrinsic in situ reductive dechlorination. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2002; 40:123-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|