Laparoscopic treatment of paraprostatic cyst in two dogs - complete resection, and partial resection with omentalization: a case report

Two intact male dogs were evaluated for symptoms, including hematuria, prostatomegaly, anuria, lethargy, and abdominal mass. Presurgical evaluations, including complete physical examinations, blood examinations, abdominal radiography with contrast (only in Case 2), ultrasonography, and computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (only in Case 1), were performed. A paraprostatic cyst was diagnosed initially, and laparoscopic exploration and surgery were performed. Complete resection was performed in case 1, whereas partial resection with omentalization was performed in case 2. Histopathological examination of the tissue samples confirmed the presence of paraprostatic pseudocysts in both cases, with no evidence of an epithelial lining. These two cases represent the first documented instances of laparoscopic treatment for extraparenchymal prostatic cysts. The laparoscopic treatment proved feasible even in the case of a giant cyst causing anuria (Case 2). Paraprostatic cysts should be considered a potential differential diagnosis for abnormal urination accompanied by an abdominal mass, and long-term postoperative follow-up is necessary.

Effect of platelet-rich plasma in Achilles tendon allograft in rabbits

BACKGROUND

Achilles tendon is composed of dense connective tissue and is one of the largest tendons in the body. In veterinary medicine, acute ruptures are associated with impact injury or sharp trauma. Healing of the ruptured tendon is challenging because of poor blood and nerve supply as well as the residual cell population. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains numerous bioactive agents and growth factors and has been utilized to promote healing in bone, soft tissue, and tendons.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the healing effect of PRP injected into the surrounding fascia of the Achilles tendon after allograft in rabbits.

METHODS

Donor rabbits (n = 8) were anesthetized and 16 lateral gastrocnemius tendons were fully transected bilaterally. Transected tendons were decellularized and stored at -80°C prior to allograft. The allograft was placed on the partially transected medial gastrocnemius tendon in the left hindlimb of 16 rabbits. The allograft PRP group (n = 8) had 0.3 mL of PRP administered in the tendon and the allograft control group (n = 8) did not receive any treatment. After 8 weeks, rabbits were euthanatized and allograft tendons were transected for macroscopic, biomechanical, and histological assessment.

RESULTS

The allograft PRP group exhibited superior macroscopic assessment scores, greater tensile strength, and a histologically enhanced healing process compared to those in the allograft control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest administration of PRP on an allograft tendon has a positive effect on the healing process in a ruptured Achilles tendon.

Establishing veterinary graduation competencies and its impact on veterinary medical education in Korea

Competencies are defined as an observable and assessable set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Graduation competencies, which are more comprehensive, refer to the required abilities of students to perform on-site work immediately after graduation. As graduation competencies set the goal of education, various countries and institutions have introduced them for new veterinary graduates. The Korean Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges has recently established such competencies to standardize veterinary education and enhance quality levels thereof. The purpose of this study is to describe the process of establishing graduation competencies as well as their implication for veterinary education in Korea. Graduation competencies for veterinary education in Korea comprise 5 domains (animal health care and disease management, one health expertise, communication and collaboration, research and learning, and veterinary professionalism). These are further divided into 11 core competencies, and 33 achievement standards, which were carefully chosen from previous case analyses and nation-wide surveys. Currently, graduation competencies are used as a standard for setting clear educational purposes for both instructors and students. Establishing these competencies further initiated the development of detailed learning outcomes, and of a list of basic veterinary clinical performances and skills, which is useful for assessing knowledge and skills. The establishment of graduation competencies is expected to contribute to the continuous development of Korean veterinary education in many ways. These include curriculum standardization and licensing examination reform, which will eventually improve the competencies of new veterinary graduates.

Inside-out anal sacculectomy in small dog breeds and cats

This report describes a new, simple and rapid surgical technique for the removal of anal sac in small dogs and cats. The anal sacs were simply everted using mosquito hemostatic forceps and excised with the aid of an electrocautery surgical unit. On the evaluation of postoperative complications, only one dog of 28 animals experienced short-term minor complications of mild fecal incontinence and scooting. Thus, we suggest that this new surgical technique is easy, inexpensive and time-saving and some of the complications with previously reported methods used for small dog breeds and cats may be avoided by using this technique.

Thyroid carcinosarcoma masquerading as a paraesophageal abscess in a Cane Corso dog

A 12-year-old castrated male Cane Corso dog was presented with cervical swelling, lethargy, anorexia, and cough. An extensive neck mass with necrotic cysts was observed, severely adherent to surrounding tissues. Based on diagnostic imaging including ultrasound, computed tomography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology, paraesophageal abscess was tentatively diagnosed. However, after the mass was surgically removed, a diagnosis of thyroid carcinosarcoma composed of neoplastic cell populations with epithelial and mesenchymal origins was made via histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The dog died of a recurrent mass with pulmonary metastasis 105 d after surgery. This report describes a rare type of canine thyroid cancer, thyroid carcinosarcoma, preoperatively masquerading as an abscess and postoperatively confirmed by histopathology. Key clinical message: Thyroid carcinosarcoma, despite its rarity in dogs, should be included in the differential diagnoses of cervical mass especially with an aggressive progression.

Case report: Three-dimensionally printed patient-specific acetabular cage for revision surgery of aseptic loosening in a dog with micro total hip replacement

A 2-year-old castrated male Pomeranian dog was presented for regular follow-up after micro total hip replacement (mTHR) 16 months prior to presentation. Clinically, the dog did not show any noticeable lameness of the left hindlimb, except for external rotation during walking. However, radiographic findings, namely rotation and medialization of the acetabular cup with a periprosthetic lucent line and bone formation medial to the acetabulum, were interpreted as aseptic loosening of the acetabular component. Because the dog was incompatible with the conventional THR revision method owing to severe bone defects in the acetabulum, a patient-specific titanium acetabular cage prosthesis with biflanges and four cranial and one caudal screw hole was designed for revision surgery. A custom-made acetabular cage was prepared, and it had a 12-mm polyethylene cup fixed with polymethylmethacrylate bone cement and positioned in the acetabulum. After the custom-made acetabular cage was anchored to the pelvic bone with the five cortical screws, reduction of the prostheses was achieved smoothly. The dog showed almost normal limb function without external rotation of the left hindlimb 2 weeks postoperatively. Bone remodeling and stable implant position were noted on radiographic images 3 years after revision surgery, with no evidence of loosening. Based on the clinical outcomes, the use of a custom-made acetabular prosthesis can be an effective treatment option for revision arthroplasty in acetabula with severe bone loss and structural changes in small-breed dogs.

Case report: Primary chronic calcaneal bursitis treated with subtotal bursectomy in a cat

A 6-year-old, female spayed Bengal cat with a bodyweight of 6.4 kg was presented with swelling of the bilateral calcaneal region and weight-bearing hindlimb lameness with a 4-month history of unsuccessful conservative therapy. On orthopedic examination, a cyst-like mass around the calcaneal tendon was palpated. Palpating the mass and flexing the tarsal joint triggered pain. Through ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, an inflamed or fluid-accumulated lesion was suspected around the calcaneal tendon, but there was no evidence of calcaneal tendonitis. Swollen calcaneal bursae were removed surgically. Histopathologic examination revealed fibrosis and an edematous feature. The cat was diagnosed with bilateral chronic primary calcaneal bursitis based on history, clinical signs, and diagnostic results. Hence, subtotal bursectomy was performed. At 4 weeks postoperatively, the cat had no pain around the tarsal joints and was ambulating normally. Radiographic and ultrasonographic exams revealed no recurrence of swelling or inflammation in the calcaneal region. Thirteen-month follow-up confirmed acceptable function and no relapse of clinical signs. The inflammation of calcaneal bursa alone can be the primary cause of hindlimb lameness in cats. A cat with hindlimb lameness and swelling on the calcaneal region should be assessed with the possibility of primary calcaneal bursitis. Subtotal calcaneal bursectomy can be considered as an effective treatment for primary chronic bursitis.

Laparoscopic colopexy for recurrent rectal prolapse in a Maltese dog

A 2.5-kg castrated male Maltese dog, suspected to be older than 10 y, was presented with a prolapsed mass at the anus. This had occurred on 2 previous occasions within the last 4 mo and had been managed with manual reduction and purse-string sutures. The rectal prolapse had viable tissue and was reducible but resulted in straining and fecal accumulation. Colopexy (with intracorporeal sutures) was performed laparoscopically using 3 ports; the distal colon was retracted cranially and attached to the abdominal wall with 3 simple interrupted sutures in a single row. The dog recovered uneventfully, had good appetite and normal activity, did not strain, and defecated without issues. There were no wound-healing complications and at 12-month post-operative examination, the patient was in good condition without clinical signs. Based on this case report, laparoscopic colopexy is clinically practical for management of rectal prolapse in small-breed dogs.

Subsequent meniscal tears following tibial tuberosity advancement and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament deficiency: An in vivo experimental study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the short- and mid-term effects of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) on subsequent meniscal tears.

STUDY DESIGN

Experimental in vivo study.

ANIMALS

Purpose-bred beagle dogs (n = 15).

METHODS

For each dog, the cranial cruciate ligaments were transected; one limb underwent TTA and the other limb underwent TPLO. Orthopedic and radiographic examinations were performed preoperatively and at 12 and 32 weeks postoperatively. Gross evaluation of the stifle joint was performed after euthanasia at 12 (n = 10) and 32 (n = 5) weeks.

RESULTS

Lameness scores were not different between TTA and TPLO limbs at any time point. Radiographic osteoarthritis scores of TTA stifles (1.33 ± 0.49) were higher than TPLO stifles (0.67 ± 0.49) (p = .002) at 12 weeks postoperatively, but there was no difference between groups at 32 weeks postoperatively. Subsequent medial meniscal tears occurred in 6/10 TTA stifles, and 0/10 TPLO stifles at 12 weeks postoperatively and in 5/5 TTA stifles, and 1/5 TPLO stifles at 32 weeks postoperatively. Subsequent lateral meniscal tears occurred in 4/5 TTA stifles at 32 weeks postoperatively. Medial meniscal total gross pathology score was higher in TTA than TPLO stifles. TTA stifles had more articular cartilage damage when compared with TPLO stifles at 32 weeks postoperatively.

CONCLUSION

In this within-dog experimental comparison, subsequent medial meniscal tears and cartilage injury was more prevalent following TTA when compared to TPLO.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

In an experimental model, TPLO protects the medial meniscus and articular cartilage better than TTA in stifles with complete cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.

Caval foramen hernia in a dog: Preoperative diagnosis and surgical treatment

A 13-year-old, 5.6-kg castrated-male Maltese was presented for reverse sneezing. A dome-shaped round mass abutting diaphragm was incidentally found ventral to caudal vena cava, which had the same echogenicity and density as that of the liver during ultrasonography and computed tomography, showing isoattenuation with a contrast study. Vascular distribution was identified throughout the mass. A caval foramen hernia (CFH) was diagnosed tentatively, followed by a herniorrhaphy and splenectomy of the chronically congested spleen. The patient had been doing well for 5-month postoperative but died because of aspiration pneumonia. CFH is an extremely rare condition, requiring surgery due to compression of the vena cava. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis when intrathoracic, mass-like lesions are identified near the diaphragm.

Surgical fenestration combined with omentalization for the treatment of renal cysts in 2 dogs

Two cases of surgical fenestration combined with omentalization for canine renal cysts using laparotomy and laparoscopy are described. After surgery, the cystic lesions gradually diminished in size, and a complete regression was confirmed in Case 2 by ultrasonography. The dogs maintained good condition without clinical signs of renal compromise for 14 months (Case 1) and 24 months (Case 2). Omentalization is a simple and effective procedure for canine renal cysts that conserves the remaining parenchyma and can be performed by a laparoscopic approach.

Presurgical assessment of splenic tumors in dogs: a retrospective study of 57 cases (2012-2017)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and imaging characteristics of canine splenic tumors and to establish guidelines for the presurgical assessment of splenic tumors in dogs. Fifty-seven dogs that underwent total splenectomy for the treatment of splenic tumors were evaluated by examining medical records, hematologic results, diagnostic imaging results, and histopathologic results. The maximum lesion size from ultrasonography was significantly different between malignant and benign tumors (p = 0.002). There was a correlation between tumor margination and type of splenic tumors (p = 0.045). Precontrast lesion attenuation on computed tomography was significantly different between splenic malignant and benign tumors (p = 0.001). The mean ± SD precontrast lesion attenuation of malignant tumors was 40.3 ± 5.9 Hounsfield units (HU), and for benign tumors, it was 52.8 ± 6.8 HU. In conclusion, some variables of the imaging examination could be used to distinguish the type of splenic tumor. Based on the study results, using a diagnostic flowchart would be effective in increasing the survival rate of patients with splenic malignant tumors. In addition, fine needle aspiration or magnetic resonance imaging prior to surgical exploration and histopathologic examination may be useful in achieving a more accurate diagnosis.

Evaluation of an arthroscopic stifle lever for stifle joint distraction in toy breed dogs

Arthroscopy has become an attractive modality in the diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases in toy breed dogs. However, the application of arthroscopy is limited by small joint space. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a stifle lever for joint distraction during stifle arthroscopy in toy breed dogs. Paired stifles (n = 32 each) collected from 16 cadavers of toy breed dogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the stifle lever group or the external manipulation group. All stifles underwent arthroscopic cranial cruciate ligament transection, and the visualization of the medial meniscus was evaluated. Medial meniscal release (MMR) was then performed. Following arthroscopic examination, the success rates of MMR and damages of tibial and femoral cartilages were evaluated. Visualization of the medial meniscus was significantly better, and meniscal probing was significantly easier, in the stifle lever group than in the external manipulation group (p = 0.001). There were no significant differences between groups for MMR success or articular cartilage damage. Using the stifle lever on arthroscopic examination improved visualization and probing on the medial meniscus in toy breed dogs. The stifle lever can be used as a good modality in assessing medial meniscal pathology in toy breed dogs.

Comparison of the effects of isoflurane versus propofol-remifentanil anesthesia on oxygen delivery during thoracoscopic lung lobectomy with one-lung ventilation in dogs

This study compared effects of isoflurane inhalation (ISO) and propofol-remifentanil combined total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) on oxygenation during thoracoscopic lung lobectomy with 30-min one-lung ventilation (1LV). Thoracoscopic right middle lung lobectomy was performed in ten dogs divided into ISO and TIVA groups, and cardiopulmonary parameters were measured with blood gas analysis. Throughout the study, isoflurane was inhaled up to 1.5%, and the infusion rates of propofol and remifentanil were 0.2 to 0.4 mg/kg/min and 6 to 11 µg/kg/h, respectively. Cardiac index was not affected in the ISO group, but it increased during 1LV in the TIVA group. There were significant alterations in arterial oxygen pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, oxygen content, and shunt fraction associated with 1LV in each group. However, oxygen delivery did not decrease significantly due to open chest condition, 1LV, or surgical maneuver in either group, rather it increased during 1LV in the TIVA group. All parameters showed no significant difference between groups. Pulmonary vascular resistant index was unaffected in both groups, and there was no difference between groups except in re-ventilation phase. Accordingly, the effect of both anesthetic regimens on oxygenation was not different between groups and can be used with short-term 1LV for thoracoscopic lung lobectomy in dogs.

The association between muscle mass deficits and arterial stiffness in middle-aged men

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Early diagnosis of arteriosclerosis is fundamental for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The current study was performed to identify major predictors of arteriosclerosis and to assess the association between arterial stiffness as measured by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and muscle mass deficit (MMD) estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in middle-aged men.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Data were gathered from 3356 middle-aged men who visited a health promotion center. CAVI was measured as an index of arterial stiffness. Body composition analysis was performed using BIA. MMD was positively associated with CAVI in the regression model. The odds ratios for high-CAVI (≥9.0) rose with MMD grade in a dose-dependent manner after adjusting for age, lifestyle factors and current medication use. The estimated mean CAVI rose as MMD grade increased (P for trend >0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

MMD estimated from BIA was positively associated with arterial stiffness in middle-aged men. These findings show a close interaction between low muscle mass and cardiovascular risk.

The role of the width of the forefoot in the development of Morton's neuroma

AIMS

Morton's neuroma is common condition of the forefoot, but its aetiology remains unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between the width of the forefoot and the development of a Morton's neuroma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between January 2013 and May 2016, a total of 84 consecutive patients (17 men, 67 women) with a unilateral Morton's neuroma were enrolled into the study. The involved and uninvolved feet of each patient were compared. A control group of patients with symptoms from the foot, but without a neuroma who were matched for age, gender, affected side, and web space location, were enrolled. The first to fifth intermetatarsal distance, intermetatarsal angle and intermetatarsal distance of involved web space on standing radiographs were assessed.

RESULTS

The inter- and intra-observer reliability was excellent. The three parameters did not differ significantly between the involved and uninvolved feet. Neither did they differ significantly between the patients and the controls.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that there is no significant relationship between the width of the forefoot and the development of a Morton's neuroma. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:365-8.

Laparoscopic kidney biopsy in dogs: Comparison of cup forceps and core needle biopsy

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the feasibility of laparoscopic kidney biopsy with cup biopsy forceps in dogs (CupBF), and to compare to the use of a core biopsy needle (CoreBN).

STUDY DESIGN

Experimental; randomized, controlled design.

ANIMALS

Eight healthy, adult Beagle dogs.

METHODS

Dogs were randomized to undergo laparoscopic biopsy of the right kidney using either 5 mm CupBF or a 16 gauge CoreBN. Intraoperative hemorrhage of the biopsy site was monitored. Biopsy quality was evaluated for tissue fragmentation and crushing, presence of renal cortex with or without medulla, and number of glomeruli. Postoperative packed cell volume, urinalysis, and ultrasonographic appearance of the biopsy site were evaluated.

RESULTS

Biopsy specimens were obtained by both techniques and reliable hemostasis was achieved with direct compression in all dogs. The histologic score for CupBF biopsies was not significantly different from CoreBN biopsies. One CoreBN biopsy contained both renal cortex and medullar, while all CupBF biopsies contained cortex only. The mean (SD) number of glomeruli was significantly higher in CupBF biopsies [60 (9.1)] than CoreBN biopsies [26 (4.3)]. There was no gross hematuria, perirenal hematoma, or hydronephrosis in any dog postoperative.

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic kidney biopsy in dogs using 5 mm cup biopsy forceps is feasible with minimal risk and more glomeruli obtained compared to laparoscopic kidney biopsy using 16 gauge core biopsy needles.

Treatment of a giant pulmonary emphysematous cyst with primary bronchoalveolar papillary carcinoma in a Shih Tzu dog

OBJECTIVE

To report the surgical treatment of a pulmonary emphysematous cyst concurrent with primary pulmonary bronchoalveolar papillary carcinoma in a dog.

STUDY DESIGN

Clinical case report.

ANIMALS

12-year-old 6.4 kg spayed female Shih Tzu dog.

METHODS

The dog presented for surgical treatment of pulmonary emphysema. Radiography revealed that more than half of the left caudal lung lobe was enlarged and hyperlucent and computed tomography (CT) confirmed the presence of an emphysematous space. Thoracoscopic lung lobectomy was attempted but was converted to an intercostal thoracotomy due to poor visualization and pleural adhesions. A left caudal total lung lobectomy was performed using a self-cutting endoscopic stapler.

RESULTS

The dog recovered uneventfully and a postoperative histopathologic diagnosis of pulmonary cystic bronchoalveolar papillary carcinoma was made. Re-evaluation using a CT scan with contrast study on postoperative days 27 and 177 revealed no evidence of residual, metastatic, or recurrent lesions. The dog has been doing well since surgery during the 11 month follow-up period.

CONCLUSION

This case report suggests a potential relationship between pulmonary emphysematous diseases and primary lung tumors in dogs.

[Identification of a Novel Calcium (Ca^(2+))-Activated Chloride Channel Accessory Gene in Xenopus laevis]

Calcium (Ca^(2+))-activated chloride channel accessories (CLCAs) are putative anion channel-related proteins with diverse physiological functions. Exploring CLCA diversity is important for prediction of gene structure and function. In an effort to identify novel CLCA genes in Xenopus laevis, we successfully cloned and characterized a Xenopus laevis cDNA predicted to encode the xCLCA3 gene. Cloning of xCLCA3 was achieved by computational analysis, rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and a tissue distribution analysis by semi-quantitative reverse transcription (RT) PCR or real-time PCR. We obtained a 2958 bp xCLCA3 cDNA sequence with an open reading frame encoding 943 amino acids. According to the primary structure analysis, xCLCA3 contains a predicted signal sequence, multiple sites of N-linked (N-) glycosylation, N-myristoylation, PKA, PKC, and casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, five putative hydrophobic segments, and the HExxH metalloprotease motif. Additionally, the transmembrane prediction server yielded a preserved N-terminal CLCA domain and a von Willebrand factor type A domain with one transmembrane domain in the C-terminal region. Expression analysis showed that xCLCA3 is expressed in a number of tissues, with strong expression in the brain, colon, small intestine, lung, kidney, and spleen, and poor expression in the heart and liver. These results suggest that xCLCA3 may be a candidate CLCA family member as well as a metalloprotease, rather than just an ion channel accessory protein.

SIRT3 regulates cellular iron metabolism and cancer growth by repressing iron regulatory protein 1

Iron metabolism is essential for many cellular processes including oxygen transport, respiration and DNA synthesis, and many cancer cells exhibit dysregulation in iron metabolism. Maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis is regulated by iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), which control the expression of iron-related genes by binding iron-responsive elements (IREs) of target mRNAs. Here, we report that mitochondrial SIRT3 regulates cellular iron metabolism by modulating IRP1 activity. SIRT3 loss increases reactive oxygen species production, leading to elevated IRP1 binding to IREs. As a consequence, IRP1 target genes, such as the transferrin receptor (TfR1), a membrane-associated glycoprotein critical for iron uptake and cell proliferation, are controlled by SIRT3. Importantly, SIRT3 deficiency results in a defect in cellular iron homeostasis. SIRT3 null cells contain high levels of iron and lose iron-dependent TfR1 regulation. Moreover, SIRT3 null mice exhibit higher levels of iron and TfR1 expression in the pancreas. We found that the regulation of iron uptake and TfR1 expression contribute to the tumor suppressive activity of SIRT3. Indeed, SIRT3 expression is negatively correlated with TfR1 expression in human pancreatic cancers. SIRT3 overexpression decreases TfR1 expression by inhibiting IRP1 and represses proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells. Our data uncover a novel role of SIRT3 in cellular iron metabolism through IRP1 regulation, and suggest that SIRT3 functions as a tumor suppressor, in part, by modulating cellular iron metabolism.

Seasonal nutrient uptake of plant biomass in a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

The surface-flow constructed wetland (CW) located in Nonsan City, South Korea, and constructed as the final stage of a piggery wastewater treatment plant that aims to treat high nutrient content effluent during dry days and stormwater runoff during wet days was monitored from October 2008 to November 2011. This research investigated the seasonal nutrient uptake of plant biomass in the CW and nutrient concentration changes in each treatment region under monsoon and temperate climate conditions. Results showed that the mean total nitrogen removal during summer (June to August) was higher by 13% than in spring (March to May), while total phosphorus removal was higher by 22% in fall (September to November) than in winter (December to February). All plants in the CW reached their maximum biomass coverage and weight in summer and minimum growth in winter. The highest N and P content in plants occurred in September with 583.2 g/m(2) and August with 62.0 g/m(2), respectively. Based on the results, it is recommended that the harvesting of plants should be conducted during the time of the peak nutrient uptake and before the plants release the nutrient content back to the CW. The dependence of nutrient removal efficiency on plants is not so significant. In order to increase the nutrient removal rate by plant uptake, it is suggested that the treatment regions in the CW be covered by plants.

Deep sedation in natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES): a comparative study with dogs

BACKGROUND

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has been mostly performed with the animal under general and inhalational anesthesia (IA-NOTES). To date, NOTES using propofol sedation (PS-NOTES) has not been investigated. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of PS-NOTES for transgastric oophorectomy with carbon dioxide insufflation and to compare its success rates with those of conventional IA-NOTES.

METHODS

In this prospective randomized study, NOTES oophorectomy was performed for 19 female dogs randomized to two conditions: PS (study group) and IA (control group). Sedation success rates (ability to visualize and resect ovaries without converting to IA), operative success rates (ability to resect and retrieve both ovaries in full using only NOTES), and vital parameters including hemodynamic and respiratory changes were documented.

RESULTS

In the PS-NOTES group (n = 9), the sedation success rate was 100 %. The operative success rate was 67 % (6 of 9 animals) compared with 80 % (8 of 10 animals) in the IA-NOTES group. No purposeful movement occurred during surgical manipulation and no respiratory or cardiovascular complications in occurred the PS group. Heart rate (HR) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO(2)) were significantly higher in the PS group than in the IA group. Blood pressure (BP) was significantly higher in the PS group only during the middle part of the procedure. Only mild respiratory depression was noted in the PS group, as indicated by elevated but acceptable ETCO(2). Elevations in BP and HR are thought to be related to elevated CO(2) but did not appear to have an adverse impact on the course of the procedure. Recovery was uneventful for all the animals.

CONCLUSION

The use of PS-NOTES appears to be feasible, resulting in outcomes comparable with those for IA in dogs. Further studies are needed to determine the applicability of this concept in human NOTES.

Treatment performance of a constructed wetland during storm and non-storm events in Korea

The efficiency of a free water surface flow constructed wetland (CW) in treating agricultural discharges from stream was investigated during storm and non-storm events between April and December, 2009. Physico-chemical and water quality constituents were monitored at five sampling locations along the flow path of the CW. The greatest reduction in pollutant concentration was observed after passing the sedimentation zone at approximately 4% fractional distance from the inflow. The inflow hydraulic loading, flow rates and pollutant concentrations were significantly higher and variable during storm events than non-storm (baseflow) condition (p <0.001) that resulted to an increase in the average pollutant removal efficiencies by 10 to 35%. The highest removal percentages were attained for phosphate (51 ± 22%), ammonium (44 ± 21%) and phosphorus (38 ± 19%) while nitrate was least effectively retained by the system with only 25 ± 17% removal during non-storm events. The efficiency of the system was most favorable when the temperature was above 15 °C (i.e., almost year-round except the winter months) and during storm events. Overall, the outflow water quality was better than the inflow water quality signifying the potential of the constructed wetland as a treatment system and capability of improving the stream water quality.

Comparison of anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of xylazine or medetomidine in combination with tiletamine/zolazepam in pigs

Two different combinations of anaesthetics were evaluated and compared in a prospective randomised crossover experimental study in pigs. One of the two combinations was administered intramuscularly to each of six Landrace x Yorkshire mixed-breed pigs. The combinations were: 2.2 mg/kg xylazine and 4.4 mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam (2.2 mg/kg tiletamine plus 2.2 mg/kg zolazepam) (XTZ); and 0.04 mg/kg medetomidine and 4.4 mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam (MTZ). The anaesthesia and recovery times, score for anaesthetic effect and cardiopulmonary parameters were recorded for each pig. Anaesthesia was successfully induced in all of the pigs. Both drug combinations provided smooth induction and good immobilisation, and their anaesthetic effects were similar. In both treatment groups, the mean heart rate decreased significantly five minutes after the drugs were administered and remained consistent for 70 minutes, with no significant difference between the XTZ and MTZ groups. However, there were differences in cardiopulmonary effects between the groups. The arterial pressure was significantly higher in the MTZ group than in the XTZ group. The initial hypertension associated with medetomidine was more marked than the initial hypertension associated with xylazine. Arterial oxygen partial pressure and arterial oxygen saturation decreased significantly from baseline in both groups. The respiratory rates and levels of blood gases were similar in both groups. Hypoventilation and hypoxaemia were observed in both groups. The scores for anaesthetic effect, induction time, anaesthesia time and recovery times were similar in the two groups.

Association between central venous pressure and blood loss during hepatic resection in 984 living donors

BACKGROUND

Although low central venous pressure (CVP) anesthesia has been used to minimize blood loss during hepatectomy, the efficacy of this technique remains controversial. We therefore assessed the association between blood loss and CVP during hepatic resection, and examined significant determinants associated with intraoperative hemorrhage during hepatectomy in living donors.

METHODS

Between April 2004 and April 2008, 984 living donors who underwent a hepatic resection were assessed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to explore the relationships between intraoperative blood loss and several variables including CVP.

RESULTS

The mean intraoperative blood loss was 691.3 +/- 365.5 ml. Only four donors required packed red blood cell transfusions (mean, 1.5 U). The mean duration of hepatic resection was 92.1 +/- 26.3 min. The mean, maximum, and minimum values of CVP measured during hepatectomy were 4.6 +/- 1.7, 5.3 +/- 1.8, and 4.0 +/- 1.8 mmHg, respectively, and were not significantly correlated with intraoperative blood loss. On multivariate analysis, predictors of hemorrhage were liver fatty change, gender, and body weight, but none of the mean CVP, surgeons, anesthesiologists, anesthesia duration, resected liver volume, hepatectomy type, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, or body temperature were significant.

CONCLUSIONS

CVP during hepatic resection was not associated with intraoperative blood loss in living liver donors, suggesting that CVP may not be an important factor in predicting blood loss during hepatectomy in healthy subjects.

Segmental aplasia of the uterine horn with ipsilateral renal agenesis in a cat

A nine-month-old domestic short haired cat was admitted with the history of acute vomiting, depression and shivering. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed minimum enlargement of the right uterine horn filled with anechoic fluid. On excretory urography, functionally and anatomically normal, enlarged left kidney was found, but right kidney was absent. It was preliminary diagnosed as hydrometra with right renal agenesis. Aiming at the correction of hydrometra, we performed ovariohysterectomy. During spaying, we found a missing segment of distal part of the right uterine horn and absence of ipsilateral kidney and ureter. Compressed uterine structure and segmental aplasia of right uterine horn were found in histopathological investigation. Taken together, it was diagnosed as a segmental aplasia of uterine horn with ipsilateral renal agenesis.

Effects of electroacupuncture on intraocular pressure and hemodynamic parameters in isoflurane anesthetized dogs

The effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated in isoflurane anesthetized 10 (5 males, 5 females) normal mongrel dogs (8.1-9.8 kg, 6-8 years old). After determination of baseline IOP and hemodynamic parameters (cardiac index, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate and systemic vascular resistance index), EA was applied at 3 acupoints (LI-4, LIV-3 and GB-37) for 20 min. After the EA treatment, IOP was significantly decreased in the both eyes (p<0.05). However, there were not significant differences in hemodynamic parameters between those of before and after EA treatment. From these results, the EA treatment at LI-4, LIV-3 and GB-37 would be considered one of the valuable methods for the IOP treatment in dogs.

Characterization of a new HLA-DRB1*1405 variant, HLA-DRB1*140503, identified by sequence-based typing

A new human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*140503 differs from DRB1*140501 with T to C transition at codon 78 (TAT-->TAC) of exon 2 without coding change.

HLA-A*2634, a new allele identified by sequence-based typing in the Korean population

A new HLA-A*2634 allele differs from A*260101 by a change from C to T at the nucleotide 559 of exon 3, with a coding change R163W.

Identification of a novel HLA-A*26 allele, HLA-A*2632, by sequence-based typing in the Korean population

HLA-A*2632 shows three nucleotides difference with HLA-A*260101 and HLA-A*2624 in exon 3 at codon 95 (ATC--> ATG) and codon 97 (AGG --> GTG), resulting in two amino acids change from Ile to Met (I95M) and Arg to Val (R97V).

Determination of first flush criteria using dynamic EMCs (event mean concentrations) on highway stormwater runoff

Recently the Ministry of Environment in Korea has developed the total maximum daily load program in accordance with the target pollutant and its concentration goal on four major large rivers. Since the program is largely related to regional development, nonpoint source control is both important and topical. Of the various nonpoint sources, highways are stormwater intensive land uses since they are impervious and have high pollutant mass emissions from vehicular activity. The event mean concentration (EMC) is useful in estimating the loadings to receiving water bodies. However, the EMC does not provide information on the time varying changes in pollutant concentration or mass emissions, which are often important for best management practice development, or understanding shock loads. Therefore, in this study a new concept, the dynamic EMC determination method, will be introduced to clearly verify the relationship between EMC and the first flush effect. Three monitoring sites in Daejeon metropolitan city areas were equipped with an automatic rainfall gauge and a flow meter for accumulating the data such as rainfall and runoff flow. The dynamic EMC method was applied to more than 17 events, and the improved first flush criteria were determined on the ranges of storm duration and accumulated rainfall.

Comparison of the effects of sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in humans using positron emission tomography

This study compared brain glucose metabolism during sevoflurane anaesthesia and propofol anaesthesia using positron emission tomography (PET) in the same eight human volunteers. All the volunteers were anaesthetized twice, with a 1-week interval. Half of the volunteers received sevoflurane on the first occasion and propofol on the second; the other half received the two anaesthetics in the reverse order. PET scans using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose were performed after sevoflurane or propofol anaesthesia. The relative glucose metabolic rate (rGMR) in the brain was assessed with statistical parametric mapping. Propofol suppressed the rGMR of the neocortex area more than sevoflurane, and sevoflurane suppressed the rGMR of the paleocortex and telencephalon more than propofol. These findings suggest that these two anaesthetics act via different mechanisms and may provide an important clue to the relationship between anaesthesia and the brain.

Inhibitory effects of berberine against morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and analgesic tolerance in mice

We previously reported that a methanolic extract of Coptis japonica, which is a well-known traditional oriental medicine, inhibits morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. Berberine is a major component of Coptis japonica extract, and it has been established that the adverse effects of morphine on the brain involve dopamine (DA) receptors. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the inhibitory effects of berberine on morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and analgesic tolerance in mice. Here, we investigated the effects of berberine on morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and on the development of analgesic tolerance. Furthermore, we examined the effects of berberine treatment on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel activity expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Berberine was found to completely block both morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and analgesic tolerance, and reduce D(1) and NMDA receptor bindings in the cortex. Moreover, berberine markedly inhibited NMDA current in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing NMDA receptor subunits. Our results suggest that the inhibitory effects of berberine on morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and analgesic tolerance are closely related to the modulation of D1 and NMDA receptors, and that berberine should be viewed as a potential novel means of attenuating morphine-induced sensitization and analgesic tolerance.

Changes in magnesium concentration in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of neuropathic rats

BACKGROUND

Central sensitization of neuropathic pain is associated with an influx of extracellular calcium via the opening of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-gated ion channels, which are usually blocked by magnesium plugs. As magnesium-deficient rats develop a mechanical hyperalgesia and intrathecal or intraperitoneal magnesium suppresses neuropathic pain, the magnesium concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid may be altered in neuropathic pain. We therefore compared the magnesium concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of neuropathic rats with those in injured rats without symptoms of neuropathic pain and normal rats.

METHODS

Mechanical allodynia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by tight ligature of the left lumbar fifth and sixth spinal nerves. The threshold of paw withdrawal was evaluated by the up-down method using withdrawal response to stimulus with a von Frey filament on the third, seventh and 14th days. Rats with a threshold of less than 4 g were selected as the symptomatic group and compared with an asymptomatic group, an unoperated control group and a sham-operated group. On the 16th day, the Mg2+ concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were measured.

RESULTS

The magnesium concentrations in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of symptomatic neuropathic rats did not differ from those in the injured rats without symptoms of neuropathic pain, sham-operated rats and normal rats.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that physiologic homeostasis is maintained by active transport through the blood-brain barrier despite the activation of NMDA receptor-gated ion channels. However, rats with neuropathic pain may be in a magnesium-deficient condition at the effector site, such that magnesium treatment can decrease neuropathic pain.

Study on the Ophthalmic Diseases in ICR Mice and BALB/c Mice

In pharmaceutical companies and research institutes, many toxicity tests are performed with laboratory animals. This study was performed to produce reference data for eye toxicity tests and to investigate the ophthalmic diseases of 408 ICR mice and 119 BALB/c mice, which are commonly used as subjects in toxicity tests. The experimental animals without clinical disorders were selected regardless of sex. The ophthalmic diseases were examined by using special ophthalmic instruments: direct ophthalmoscope, indirect ophthalmoscope, slit-lamp biomicroscope and focal illuminator. The most prevalent ocular variation within normal limits was hyaloid vessel remnant (ICR mice, 28.2%; BALB/c mice, 31.9%) and the incidence gradually decreased with age. The ocular diseases found in ICR mice were retinal degeneration (9.8%), corneal scar (4.2%), focal cataract (2.2%), anisocoria (1.2%), corneal ulcer (0.2%) and uveitis (0.2%). In BALB/c mice, corneal scar (9.2%), focal cataract (1.7%) and corneal ulcer (0.8%) were the ocular diseases found.

Reversal of medetomidine-ketamine combination anesthesia in rabbits by atipamezole

This study was performed to determine the optimal reversal dosage of atipamezole on medetomidine-ketamine combination anesthesia. The subject rabbits were divided into five groups (n=5/group), and all were anesthetized with intravenous medetomidine (0.35 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg). Atipamezole was administered intravenously 35 min after administration of the medetomidine-ketamine mixture, at doses of a quarter, a half, equal, or two times higher than the preceding medetomidine -ketamine dose according to experimental group. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were measured every five minutes and the mean arousal time (MAT) was also recorded. This study revealed that the optimal atipamezole dosage to achieve reversal effects is equal to or double the dose of medetomidine. At these dosages, HR and MAP significantly recovered and MAT was significantly shortened with no side effects being observed (p<0.05).

Spontaneous Ophthalmic Diseases in 586 New Zealand White Rabbits

The purpose of this study was to investigate spontaneous eye disease in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits, which are commonly used for toxicity tests, and to provide reference materials for pharmaceutical companies and research centers. A total of 586 NZW rabbits were randomly chosen without sex preference and were examined using ocular equipment, including a direct ophthalmoscope, an indirect ophthalmoscope, a slit-lamp biomicroscope, a focal illuminator, and a fundus camera. This study showed that the incidence rate of temporary cataracts, regarded as a change within normal variation, was 0.5% in the NZW rabbits. Regarding abnormal ophthalmic disease, blepharitis was the most commonly observed ocular disease. Other findings included cataract, conjunctivitis, choroidal hypoplasia, keratitis, corneal scarring, eyelid laceration, posterior synechiae, uveitis, dacryocystitis, and persistent pupillary membrane. In total, the incidence rate of ophthalmic diseases was 9.6%. Based on sex and age distributions, females had more ocular diseases than males, and rabbits were less susceptible to eye diseases as they got older. In this study, photographs were taken to document findings, such as normal fundus, normal variations, ophthalmic disease, and histopathologic examination.

Comparison of the Effects of Nicardipine and Sodium Nitroprusside for Control of Increased Blood Pressure after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

We compared the haemodynamic effects of nicardipine and sodium nitroprusside after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. When post-surgery systolic blood pressure reached > 150 mmHg, patients were randomly given nicardipine (N group, n = 26) or sodium nitroprusside (S group, n = 21). The drugs were infused at a rate of 2 μg/kg per min for 10 min. If the target blood pressure (120-140 mmHg) was not achieved, the infusion rate was increased by 1 üg/kg per min every 10 min. Cardiac and stroke volume indices had increased significantly in the N group after 10 min and in both groups after 60 min. The infusion duration and total dose of drug were significantly lower in the N group compared with the S group. Nicardipine infusion controlled post-operative hypertension more rapidly and was superior to sodium nitroprusside in maintaining left ventricular performance immediately after drug infusion.

Cutaneous lymphoma in a juvenile dog

An 18-month-old male Doberman Pinscher was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine for an erythemic nodular mass on the right forelimb. The mass was diagnosed as cutaneous lymphoma, based on cytologic examination of a mass aspirate and histopathology. Using immunohistochemistry, the neoplastic cells were positive for CD3 but negative for CD79a, E-cadherin, and pancytokeratin, confirming their origin as T lymphocytes. No tumor recurrence was noted 18 months after surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a solitary nodular form of cutaneous lymphoma in a young dog.

Effect of electroacupuncture on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs

The effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane was evaluated in dogs. After determination of baseline MAC, EA was applied at each acupoints (LI-4, SP-6, ST-36 and TH-8) and nonacupoint for 30 min. MAC was determined again. EA at acupoints significantly lowered the MAC of isoflurane in dogs (17.5 +/- 3.1%, 21.3 +/- 8.0%, 21.2 +/- 7.5% and 15.4 +/- 3.1%, respectively). In control group and nonacupoint electrical stimulation group MAC were not decreased significantly. From these results, electroacupuncture at each acupoints used in the present study would have an advantage in isoflurane anesthesia with reducing its requirement.